Memory and Memory Memory and Memory StrategiesStrategies

Presented by Presented by

Colleen KleinColleen Klein

Chris HenryChris Henry

Types of MemoryTypes of Memory

• Working Memory (a.k.a. short term Working Memory (a.k.a. short term memory)memory)

• Long Term MemoryLong Term Memory

Working MemoryWorking Memory

• Component of memory where new Component of memory where new information stays while it is mentally information stays while it is mentally processedprocessed

• It is where much of our thinking, or It is where much of our thinking, or cognitive processing occurscognitive processing occurs

• Does most of the work of the Does most of the work of the memory systemmemory system

Working Memory continuedWorking Memory continued

• Two noteworthy charactersticsTwo noteworthy characterstics

• 1. Short duration- 5 to 20 seconds 1. Short duration- 5 to 20 seconds (e.g. L. R. Peterson & Peterson, (e.g. L. R. Peterson & Peterson, 1959)1959)

• 2. Limited capacity- works for a 2. Limited capacity- works for a moment moment

Long Term MemoryLong Term Memory

• Final component of human memory Final component of human memory systemsystem

• Holds information for a relatively Holds information for a relatively long time (day, week, year, lifetime)long time (day, week, year, lifetime)

• Has three characteristics-long Has three characteristics-long duration, essentially unlimited duration, essentially unlimited capacity, and a rich network of capacity, and a rich network of interconnections interconnections

Techniques to help refine Techniques to help refine our long term storage our long term storage methods for faster & more methods for faster & more accurate retrievalaccurate retrieval

Using Rehearsal to enhance Using Rehearsal to enhance retentionretention

• Rote rehearsalRote rehearsal

• -simple repetition-simple repetition

• -cumulative repetition-cumulative repetition

• - learner rehearses the first few - learner rehearses the first few items items then the next set of then the next set of items and so on items and so on

Other rehearsal strategiesOther rehearsal strategies

• ParaphrasingParaphrasing

• Selecting and note takingSelecting and note taking

• Predicting Predicting

• QuestioningQuestioning

• SummarizingSummarizing

Chunking (grouping) to Chunking (grouping) to enhance retentionenhance retention

• ExampleExample

• 34219416217763421941621776

Breakdown of previous Breakdown of previous numbernumber

• 342 (address)342 (address)

• 1941 (year U.S. entered WWII)1941 (year U.S. entered WWII)

• 62 (father’s age)62 (father’s age)

• 1776 (Declaration of Independence)1776 (Declaration of Independence)

Categorical ChunkingCategorical Chunking

• Learner establishes various types of Learner establishes various types of categories to help classify large categories to help classify large amounts of informationamounts of information

• ExampleExample-similarities/differences-similarities/differences

-arrays (observable features like shape, -arrays (observable features like shape, size, etc)size, etc)

MnemonicsMnemonics

• Useful for remembering unrelated Useful for remembering unrelated information, patterns, or rulesinformation, patterns, or rules

Two types-Two types-

Rhyming Rhyming

ReductionReduction

Rhyming mnemonicsRhyming mnemonics

• ExampleExample

• Columbus sailed the ocean blue in Columbus sailed the ocean blue in fourteen hundred ninety-twofourteen hundred ninety-two

• The Spanish Armada met its fate in The Spanish Armada met its fate in fifteen hundred and eighty-eightfifteen hundred and eighty-eight

Reduction MnemonicsReduction Mnemonics

• Reduce a large body of information Reduce a large body of information to a shorter form and use a letter to to a shorter form and use a letter to represent each shortened piece represent each shortened piece

Examples of reduction Examples of reduction mnemonicsmnemonics

• HOMESHOMES

• Huron, Ontario, Michigan, Erie, Huron, Ontario, Michigan, Erie, SuperiorSuperior

• BOY FANSBOY FANS

• Coordinating conjunctionsCoordinating conjunctions

• But, Or, Yet, For, And, Nor, SoBut, Or, Yet, For, And, Nor, So

One more example for the One more example for the Science GuyScience Guy

• King Phillip Came Over From Greece King Phillip Came Over From Greece Sailing VesselsSailing Vessels

• (the descending order of zoological (the descending order of zoological classifications: Kingdom, Phylum, classifications: Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species, Variety)Variety)

Visual Association-Visual Association-

• The ability to recall a word depends on The ability to recall a word depends on how meaningful and concrete a word is. how meaningful and concrete a word is.

• Concrete words you simply associate Concrete words you simply associate the word with what it is.the word with what it is.

• Abstract words require you to think of a Abstract words require you to think of a mental image that you would ssociate mental image that you would ssociate with it (ex. intelligence=Einstein).with it (ex. intelligence=Einstein).

•