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MCC BPBased on work by K. Foglia
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Chapter 5.
Macromolecules
MCC BPBased on work by K. Foglia
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Macromolecules Smaller organic molecules join together
to form larger molecules macromolecules
4 major classes of macromolecules: carbohydrates lipids proteins nucleic acids
MCC BPBased on work by K. Foglia
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Polymers Long molecules built by linking chain
of repeating smaller units polymers monomers = repeated small units covalent bonds
MCC BPBased on work by K. Foglia
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How to build a polymer Condensation reaction
dehydration synthesis joins monomers by “taking” H2O out
1 monomer provides OH the other monomer provides H together these
form H2O
requires energy & enzymes
MCC BPBased on work by K. Foglia
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How to break down a polymer
Hydrolysis use H2O to break apart monomers
reverse of condensation reaction
H2O is split into H and OH
H & OH group attach where the covalent bond used to be
ex: digestion is hydrolysis
MCC BPBased on work by K. Foglia
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Carbohydrates
MCC BPBased on work by K. Foglia
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So what’s all this talk about carbs?
Atkin’s Diet
South Beach Diet
MCC BPBased on work by K. Foglia
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Carbohydrates Carbohydrates are composed of C, H, O
carbo - hydr - ate
CH2O
(CH2O)x C6H12O6
Function: energy energy storage raw materials structural materials
Monomer: sugars
ex: sugars & starches
MCC BPBased on work by K. Foglia
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Sugars Most names for sugars end in -ose Classified by number of carbons
6C = hexose (glucose) 5C = pentose (fructose, ribose) 3C = triose (glyceraldehyde)
MCC BPBased on work by K. Foglia
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What functional groups?
carbonyl
ketone
aldehyde
hydroxyl
MCC BPBased on work by K. Foglia
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Sugar structure 5C & 6C sugars form rings in aqueous solutions
in cells!
Carbons are numbered
MCC BPBased on work by K. Foglia
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Numbered carbons
C
CC
C
CC
1'
2'3'
4'
5'
6'
O
MCC BPBased on work by K. Foglia
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Simple & complex sugars Monosaccharides
simple 1 monomer sugars glucose
Disaccharides 2 monomers sucrose
Polysaccharides large polymers starch
MCC BPBased on work by K. Foglia
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Building sugars Dehydration synthesis
|glucose
|glucose
glycosidic linkage
monosaccharides disaccharide
|maltose
MCC BPBased on work by K. Foglia
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Building sugars Dehydration synthesis
|fructose
|glucose
glycosidic linkage
monosaccharides disaccharide
|sucrose
structural isomers
MCC BPBased on work by K. Foglia
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Polysaccharides Polymers of sugars
costs little energy to build easily reversible = release energy
Function: energy storage
starch (plants) glycogen (animals)
building materials = structure cellulose (plants) chitin (arthropods & fungi)
MCC BPBased on work by K. Foglia
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Branched vs linear polysaccharides
MCC BPBased on work by K. Foglia
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Polysaccharide diversity Molecular structure determines function
isomers of glucose How does structure influence function…
MCC BPBased on work by K. Foglia
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Digesting starch vs. cellulose
MCC BPBased on work by K. Foglia
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Cellulose Most abundant organic compound
on Earth
MCC BPBased on work by K. Foglia
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Glycemic index Which food will get into your
blood more quickly? apple rice cakes corn flakes bagel peanut M&M
MCC BPBased on work by K. Foglia
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Glycemic index Ranking of carbohydrates based on their
immediate effect on blood glucose (blood sugar) levels
Carbohydrate foods that breakdown quickly during digestion have the highest glycemic indices. Their blood sugar response is fast & high.
MCC BPBased on work by K. Foglia
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Glycemic index Which food will get into your
blood more quickly? apple 36 rice cakes 82 corn flakes 84 bagel 72 peanut M&M33
MCC BPBased on work by K. Foglia
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Let’s build some
Carbohydrates!
