The Mauthausen parade ground – a viewtowards the main gate

Mauthausen-Gusen concentration campFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Mauthausen Concentration Camp (knownfrom the summer of 1940 as Mauthausen-Gusen Concentration Camp) grew tobecome a large group of Nazi concentrationcamps that was built around the villages ofMauthausen and Gusen in Upper Austria,roughly 20 kilometres (12 mi) east of the cityof Linz.

Initially a single camp at Mauthausen, itexpanded over time to become one of thelargest labour camp complexes in German-controlled Europe.[1][2] Apart from the fourmain sub-camps at Mauthausen and nearby

Gusen, more than 50 sub-camps, located throughout Austria and southern Germany, used theinmates as slave labour. Several subordinate camps of the KZ Mauthausen complex includedquarries, munitions factories, mines, arms factories and Me 262 fighter-plane assemblyplants.[3]

In January 1945, the camps, directed from the central office in Mauthausen, contained roughly85,000 inmates.[4] The death toll remains unknown, although most sources place it between122,766 and 320,000 for the entire complex. The camps formed one of the first massiveconcentration camp complexes in Nazi Germany, and were the last ones to be liberated by theWestern Allies or the Soviet Union. The two main camps, Mauthausen and Gusen I, were alsothe only two camps in the whole of Europe to be labelled as "Grade III" camps, which meantthat they were intended to be the toughest camps for the "Incorrigible Political Enemies of theReich".[1] Unlike many other concentration camps, intended for all categories of prisoners,Mauthausen was mostly used for extermination through labour of the intelligentsia, who wereeducated people and members of the higher social classes in countries subjugated by the Naziregime during World War II.[5]

Contents1 History

1.1 KZ Mauthausen1.2 KL Gusen1.3 Mauthausen-Gusen camp system1.4 Mauthausen-Gusen as a business enterprise1.5 Extermination through labour

2 Inmates2.1 Women and children in Mauthausen-Gusen2.2 The treatment of inmates and methodology of crime2.3 Death toll

3 Liberation and post-war heritage

Coordinates: 48°15′32″N 14°30′04″E

4 See also5 Notes and references6 Further reading7 External links

History

KZ Mauthausen

On 7 August 1938 prisoners from Dachau concentration camp were sent to the town ofMauthausen near Linz, Austria, to begin the construction of a new camp. The location waschosen due to its proximity to the transport hub of Linz, but also because the area was sparselypopulated.[4] Although the camp was, from the beginning of its existence, controlled by theGerman state, it was founded by a private company as an economic enterprise. The owner ofthe Wiener-Graben quarry (the Marbacher-Bruch, and Bettelberg quarries)or which was knownby prisoners the stairway to death, which was located in and around Mauthausen, was a DESTCompany: an acronym for Deutsche Erd- und Steinwerke GmbH. The company, led by OswaldPohl, who was also a high-ranking official of the SS, rented the quarries from the City ofVienna and started the construction of the Mauthausen camp. While DEST rented the quarriesat Mauthausen from the city of Vienna in 1938, the company bought its first lots of land atnearby Gusen already on 25 May 1938.[3] A year later, the company ordered the constructionof the first camp at Gusen. The granite mined in the quarries had previously been used to pavethe streets of Vienna, but the Nazi authorities envisioned a complete reconstruction of majorGerman towns in accordance with plans of Albert Speer and other architects of Naziarchitecture,[6] for which large quantities of granite were needed.

The money needed for the construction of the Mauthausen camp was gathered from a variety ofsources, including commercial loans from Dresdner Bank and Prague-based Escompte Bank,the so-called Reinhardt's fund (meaning money stolen from the inmates of the concentrationcamps themselves); and from the German Red Cross. [4][7]

Mauthausen initially served as a strictly-run prison camp for common criminals, prostitutes[8]

and other categories of "Incorrigible Law Offenders".[9] On 8 May 1939 it was converted to alabour camp which was mainly used for the incarceration of political prisoners.[10]

KL Gusen

DEST started to purchase a lot of land at Gusen in May1938 in order to establish a twin concentration camp atMauthausen and Gusen from the beginning, althoughconstruction of Concentration Camp Gusen was notstarted until autumn 1939. In the years 1938 and 1939,inmates of the nearby Mauthausen makeshift campmarched daily to the stone-quarries at Gusen whichwere more productive and more important for DESTthan the Wienergraben Quarry.[3] In late 1939, the notyet finished Mauthausen camp, with its Wiener-Grabengranite quarry, was already overcrowded with prisonerssince Germany started the war against Poland inSeptember 1939. Their numbers rose from 1,080 in late1938 to over 3,000 a year later. About that time theconstruction of a new camp "for the Poles" began in

Aerial view of the Gusen I & IIcamps

Map showing location of some of the mostnotable sub-camps of Mauthausen-Gusen

construction of a new camp "for the Poles" began inGusen, about 4.5 kilometres (2.8 mi) away. The newcamp (later named Gusen I) became operational in Mayof 1940 while the Kastenhof- and Gusen-Quarries in thevicinity of that new concentration camp were operatedwith concentration camp inmates from Mauthausen before. The first inmates were put in thefirst two huts (No. 7 and 8) on 17 April 1940, while the first transport of prisoners - mostlyfrom the camps in Dachau and Sachsenhausen - arrived on 25 May of the same year.[4] Thenew camp at Gusen saved the inmates of Mauthausen the daily march between both locations.

Like nearby Mauthausen, the Gusen camp also used its inmates as slave labour in the granitequarries, but they also rented them out to various local businesses. In October 1941, severalhuts were separated from the Gusen sub-camp by barbed wire and turned into a separatePrisoner of War Labour Camp (German: Kriegsgefangenenarbeitslager). This camp had alarge number of prisoners of war incarcerated, mostly Soviet officers. By 1942, the productioncapacity of both Mauthausen and Gusen had reached its peak. Gusen was expanded to includethe central depot of the SS, where various goods, which had been seized from occupiedterritories, were sorted and then dispatched to Germany.[11] Local quarries and businesses werein constant need of a new source of labour as more and more Germans were drafted into theWehrmacht.

In March 1944, the former SS depot was converted to a new sub-camp, and was named GusenII. Until the end of the war the depot served as an improvised concentration camp. The campcontained about 12,000 to 17,000 inmates, who were deprived of even the most basicfacilities.[1] In December 1944, another part of Gusen was opened in nearby Lungitz. Here,parts of a factory infrastructure were converted into the third sub-camp of Gusen — GusenIII.[1] The rise in the number of sub-camps could not catch up with the rising number ofinmates, which led to overcrowding of the huts in all of the sub-camps of Mauthausen-Gusen.From late 1940 to 1944, the number of inmates per bed rose from 2 to 4.[1]

Mauthausen-Gusen camp system

See also: List of subcamps of Mauthausen

As the production in all of the sub-camps ofMauthausen-Gusen complex was constantlyrising, so was the number of detainees and thenumber of the sub-camps themselves. Althoughinitially the camps of Gusen and Mauthausenmostly served the local quarries, from 1942, andonwards, they began to be included in theGerman war machine. To accommodate the ever-increasing number of slave workers, additionalsub-camps (German: Außenlager) of Mauthausen

began construction in all parts of Austria. At the end of the war the list included 101 camps(including 49 major sub-camps[12]) which covered most of modern Austria, from Mittersillsouth of Salzburg to Schwechat east of Vienna and from Passau on the pre-war Austro-Germanborder to the Loibl Pass on the border with Yugoslavia. The sub-camps were divided intoseveral categories, depending on their main function: Produktionslager for factory workers,Baulager for construction, Aufräumlager for cleaning the rubble in Allied-bombed towns, andKleinlager (small camps) where the inmates were working specifically for the SS.

Mauthausen-Gusen as a business enterprise

Sub-camp inmate countsLate 1944 – Early 1945[4][18]

Gusen (I, II and III combined) 26,311Ebensee 18,437Gunskirchen 15,000Melk 10,314Linz 6,690Amstetten 2,966Wiener-Neudorf 2,954Schwechat 2,568Steyr-Münichholz 1,971Schlier-Redl-Zipf 1,488

The production output of Mauthausen-Gusen exceeded that of each of the five other large slavelabour centres, including: Auschwitz-Birkenau, Flossenbürg, Gross-Rosen, Marburg andNatzweiler-Struthof, in terms of both production quota and profits.[13] The list of companiesusing slave labour from the Mauthausen-Gusen camp system was long, and included bothnational corporations and small, local firms and communities. Some parts of the quarries wereconverted into a Mauser machine pistol assembly plant. In 1943, an underground factory forthe Steyr-Daimler-Puch company was built in Gusen. Altogether, 45 larger companies tookpart in making KZ Mauthausen-Gusen one of the most profitable concentration camps of NaziGermany, with more than 11,000,000 Reichsmark[14][15][16][17] of the profits in 1944 alone.Among them were:[13]

DEST cartelAccumulatoren-Fabrik AFA (the main producerof batteries for German U-Boats)Bayer (main German producer of medicines andmedications)Deutsche Bergwerks- und HüttenbauLinz-based Eisenwerke Oberdonau (a majorWorld War II steel supplier for the GermanPanzer tanks[19])Flugmotorenwerke Ostmark (aeroplane enginemanufacturer)Otto Eberhard Patronenfabrik (munitions works)Heinkel and Messerschmitt (aeroplane factories,also a V-2 rocket fuselage factory)Hofherr und SchrenzLederkopfwerke BollomarkTeufel UJJÖsterreichische Sauerwerks (arms producer)PUCH (vehicles)Rax-Werke (machinery and V-2 rockets)Steyr (small arms factory)Steyr-Daimler-Puch cartel (arms and vehicles)Universale Hoch und Tiefbau (construction of tunnels in the Loibl Pass)

Prisoners were also 'rented out' as slave labour, and were exploited in various ways, such asworking for local farms, for road construction, reinforcing and repairing the banks of theDanube, and the construction of large residential areas in Sankt Georgen[3] as well as beingforced to excavate archaeological sites in Spielberg.

When the Allied strategic bombing campaign started to target the German war industry,German planners decided to move production to underground facilities that were impenetrableto enemy aerial bombardment. In Gusen I, the prisoners were ordered to build several largetunnels beneath the hills surrounding the camp (code-named Kellerbau). By the end of WorldWar II the prisoners had dug 29,400 square metres (316,000 sq ft) to house a small armsfactory. In January 1944, similar tunnels were also built beneath the village of Sankt Georgenby the inmates of Gusen II sub-camp (code-named Bergkristall). They dug roughly50,000 square metres (540,000 sq ft) so the Messerschmitt company could build an assemblyplant to produce the Messerschmitt Me 262 and V-2 rockets. In addition to planes, some7,000 square metres (75,000 sq ft) of Gusen II tunnels served as factories for various warmaterials.[3][20] In late 1944, roughly 11,000 of the Gusen I and II inmates were working inunderground facilities.[21] An additional 6,500 worked on expanding the underground networkof tunnels and halls. In 1945, the Me 262 works was already finished and the Germans were

Interior of a gas chamber inMauthausen-Gusen.

New prisoners awaiting disinfectionin the courtyard of Mauthausen

of tunnels and halls. In 1945, the Me 262 works was already finished and the Germans wereable to assemble 1,250 planes a month.[3][22] This was the second largest plane factory inGermany after the Mittelbau-Dora concentration camp, which was also underground.[21]

Extermination through labour

The political function of the camp continued in parallelwith its economic role. Until at least 1942, it was usedfor the imprisonment and murder of Germany's politicaland ideological enemies, both real and imagined.[2][23]

The camp served the needs of the German war machineand also carried out exterminations through labour.When the inmates were totally exhausted after havingworked in the quarries for 12 hours a day, or if theywere too ill or too weak to work, they were thentransferred to the Revier ("Krankenrevier", sick barrack)or other places for extermination. Initially, the camp didnot have a gas chamber of its own and the so-calledMuselmänner, or prisoners who were too sick to work,

after being maltreated, under-nourished or totally exhausted, were then transferred to otherconcentration camps for extermination (mostly to the infamous Hartheim Castle,[24] which was40.7 kilometres/25.3 miles away), or killed by lethal injection and cremated in the localcrematorium. The growing number of prisoners made the system too expensive and from 1940,Mauthausen was one of the few camps in the West to use a gas chamber on a regular basis. Inthe beginning, an improvised mobile gas chamber – a van with the exhaust pipe connected tothe inside – shuttled between Mauthausen and Gusen. By December 1941, a permanent gaschamber that could kill about 120 prisoners at a time was completed.[25][26]

InmatesSee also: List of notable Mauthausen-Guseninmates

Until early 1940, the largest group of inmates consistedof German, Austrian and Czechoslovak socialists,communists, anarchists, homosexuals, and people ofRoma origin. Other groups of people to be persecutedsolely on religious grounds were the Sectarians, as theywere dubbed by the Nazi regime, meaning BibleStudents and Jehovah's Witnesses. The reason for theirimprisonment was their total rejection of giving theloyalty oath to Hitler and their absolute refusal toparticipate in any kind of military service.[10]

In early 1940, a large number of Poles were transferred to the Mauthausen-Gusen complex.The first groups were mostly composed of artists, scientists, Boy Scouts, teachers, anduniversity professors,[4][27] who were arrested during the course of the AB Action.

Later in the war, all new arrivals were from everycategory of the "unwanted", but educated people, andso-called political prisoners constituted the largest partof all inmates until the end of the war. During WorldWar II, large groups of Spanish Republicans were alsotransferred to Mauthausen and its sub-camps. Most of

Heinrich Himmler of SS visitingMauthausen in 1941. Himmler is

talking to Franz Ziereis, campcommandant. The tall man on the leftis Ernst Kaltenbrunner and the manin the black uniform on the right isAugust Eigruber. These four men

were some of the people mostculpable for setting up the

concentration camp system and TheHolocaust

Camp file of a Polish politicalprisoner No. 382, Jerzy

Kaźmirkiewicz

transferred to Mauthausen and its sub-camps. Most ofthem were former Republican soldiers or activists whohad fled to France after Franco's victory and then werecaptured by German forces after the French defeat in1940 or handed over to the Germans by the Vichyauthorities. The largest of these groups arrived at Gusenin January 1941.[28] In early 1941, almost all the Polesand Spaniards, except for a small group of specialistsworking in the quarry's stone mill, were transferredfrom Mauthausen to Gusen.[29] Following the outbreakof the Soviet-German War in 1941 the camps started toreceive a large number of Soviet POWs. Most of themwere kept in huts separated from the rest of the camp.The Soviet prisoners of war were a major part of thefirst groups to be gassed in the newly-built gas chamberin early 1942. In 1944, a large group of Hungarian and Dutch Jews was also transferred to thecamp.[30] Much like all the other large groups of prisoners that were transferred toMauthausen-Gusen, most of them either died as a result of the hard labour and poor conditions,or were deliberately killed by throwing them down the sides of the Mauthausen quarry,nicknamed the Parachutists' Wall by the SS guards and Kapos. The nickname was a cruel jokewhich mocked the doomed prisoners by calling them "Parachutists without a parachute".

Throughout the years of World War II, the camps of Mauthausen-Gusen received new prisonersin smaller transports on a daily basis; mostly from other concentration camps in German-occupied Europe. Most of the prisoners in the sub-camps of Mauthausen were kept in variousdetention sites prior to transportation to their final destination. The most notable of suchcentres for Mauthausen-Gusen were the infamous camps at Dachau and Auschwitz. The firsttransports from Auschwitz arrived in February 1942. The second transport in June of that yearwas much larger and numbered some 1,200 prisoners. Similar groups were sent fromAuschwitz to Gusen and Mauthausen in April and November 1943, and then in January andFebruary 1944. Finally, after Adolf Eichmann visited Mauthausen in May of that year, KZMauthausen-Gusen received the first group of roughly 8,000 Hungarian Jews from Auschwitz;the first group to be evacuated from that camp before the Soviet advance. Initially, the groupsevacuated from Auschwitz consisted of qualified workers for the ever-growing industry of theMauthausen-Gusen camp complex, but as the evacuation proceeded other categories of peoplewere also transported to Mauthausen, Gusen, Vienna or Melk.

Over time, Auschwitz had to almost stop accepting newprisoners and most were directed to Mauthauseninstead. The last group— roughly 10,000 prisoners—was evacuated in the last wave in January 1945, only afew weeks before the Soviet liberation of theAuschwitz-Birkenau complex.[31] Among them was alarge group of civilians arrested by the Germans afterthe failure of the Warsaw Uprising,[32] but by theliberation not more than 500 of them were still alive.[33]

Altogether, during the final months of the war, 23,364prisoners from other concentration camps arrived at thecamp complex.[33] Many more perished during deathmarches, where they dropped dead because of pure

exhaustion, or in railway wagons, where the prisoners were confined at sub-zero temperatures—without adequate food or water—for several days prior to their arrival. Prisoner transportswere considered to be less important than other important services.

Many of those who survived the journey died before they could be registered, whilst others

One of the barracks in Mauthausenwith stones left by Jewish visitors in

memory of the past

Prisoners of Ebensee, one of the sub-camps of Mauthausen-Gusen, afterliberation by the US 80th Infantry

Division

Many of those who survived the journey died before they could be registered, whilst otherswere given the camp numbers of prisoners who had already been killed.[33] Most were thenaccommodated in the camps or in the newly-established tent camp (German: Zeltlager) justoutside the Mauthausen sub-camp, where roughly 2,000 people were forced into tents intendedfor not more than 800 inmates, and then starved to death.[34]

As in all other German concentration camps, not all the prisoners were equal. Their treatmentdepended largely on the category assigned to each inmate, as well as their nationality and rankwithin the system. The so-called kapos, or prisoners who had been recruited by their captors topolice their fellow prisoners, were given more food and higher pay in the form of concentrationcamp coupons which could be exchanged for cigarettes in the canteen, as well as a separateroom inside most barracks. In addition, following Himmler's order in June, 1941, a brothel wasopened for them in 1942, in the Mauthausen and Gusen I camps.[35] The Kapos formed themain part of the so-called Prominents (German: Prominenz), or prisoners who were given amuch better treatment than the average inmate.

Women and children in Mauthausen-Gusen

Although the Mauthausen-Gusen camp complex wasmostly a labour camp for men, a women's camp wasopened in Mauthausen, in September 1944, with thefirst transport of female prisoners from Auschwitz.Eventually, more women and children came toMauthausen from Ravensbrück, Bergen Belsen, GrossRosen, and Buchenwald. With them came some femaleguards. Twenty are known to have served in theMauthausen camp, and sixty in the whole campcomplex. Female guards also staffed the Mauthausensub-camps at Hirtenberg, Lenzing (the main women's

sub-camp in Austria), and St. Lambrecht. The Chief Overseers at Mauthausen were firstlyMargarete Freinberger, and then Jane Bernigau. Of all the female Overseers who served inMauthausen, almost all of them were recruited between September 1944, and November 1944,from Austrian cities and towns. In early April 1945, at least 2,500 more female prisoners camefrom the female sub-camps at Amstetten, St. Lambrecht, Hirtenberg, and the Flossenbürg sub-camp at Freiberg. It is rumoured that Hildegard Lächert also served at Mauthausen.[36]

The available Mauthausen inmate statistics[37] from thespring of 1943, shows that there were 2,400 prisonersbelow the age of 20, which was 12.8% of the 18,655population. By late March 1945, the number of juvenileprisoners in Mauthausen increased to 15,048, which was19.1% of the 78,547 Mauthausen inmates. The numberof imprisoned children increased 6.2 times, whereas thetotal number of adult prisoners during the same periodmultiplied by a factor of only four. These numbersreflected the increasing use of Polish, Czech, Russian,and Balkan teenagers as slave labour as the warcontinued.[38] Statistics showing the composition ofjuvenile inmates shortly before their liberation[37] revealthe following major child/prisoner sub-groups: 5,809foreign civilian labourers, 5,055 political prisoners, 3,654 Jews, and 330 Russian POWs. Therewere also 23 Roma children, 20 so-called "anti-social elements", 6 Spaniards, and 3 Jehovah'sWitnesses.

A list of the dead (click the image fora translation)

Survivors of Gusen shortly after theirliberation

The treatment of inmates and methodology of crime

Although not the only concentration camp where the German authorities implemented theirextermination through labour (Vernichtung durch Arbeit), Mauthausen-Gusen was one of themost brutal and severe. The conditions within the camp were considered exceptionally hard tobear, even by concentration camp standards.[39][40][41] The inmates suffered not only frommalnutrition, overcrowded huts and constant abuse and beatings by the guards and kapos,[29]

but also from exceptionally hard labour.[25] As there were too many prisoners in Mauthausento have all of them work in its quarry at the same time, many were put to work in workshops,or had to do other manual work, whilst the unfortunate ones who were selected to work in thequarry were only there because of their so-called "crimes" in the camp. The reasons forsending them to work in the "Punishment-Detail" were trivial, and included such "crimes" asnot saluting a German passing by.

The work in the quarries — often in unbearable heat or in temperatures as low as −30 °C(−22.0 °F)[29] — led to exceptionally high mortality rates.[41][42] The food rations werelimited, and during the 1940–1942 period, an average inmate weighed 40 kilograms,[43]

roughly 88 pounds. It is estimated that the average energy content of food rations dropped fromabout 1,750 calories a day during the 1940–1942 period, to between 1,150 and 1,460 during thenext period. In 1945, the energy content was even lower and did not exceed 600 to 1,000calories a day; that is less than a third of the energy needed by an average worker in heavyindustry.[1] This led to the starvation of thousands of inmates.

The inmates of Mauthausen, Gusen I, and Gusen II had access to a separate sub-camp for thesick — the so-called Krankenlager. Despite the fact that (roughly) 100 medics from among theinmates were working there,[44] they were not given any medication and could offer only basicfirst aid.[4][44] Thus the hospital camp – as it was called by the German authorities – was, infact, the last stop before death for thousands of inmates, and very few had a chance to recover.

The rock-quarryin Mauthausenwas at the baseof the infamous"Stairs of Death".Prisoners wereforced to carryroughly-hewnblocks of stone— oftenweighing asmuch as

50 kilograms (110 lb) — up the 186 stairs - one behindthe other. As a result, many exhausted prisonerscollapsed in front of the other prisoners in the line, andthen fell on top of the other prisoners, creating a horrificdomino effect; the first prisoner falling onto the next,and so on, all the way down the stairs.[45]

Such brutality was not accidental. The SS guards wouldoften force prisoners — exhausted from hours of hardlabour without sufficient food and water — to race upthe stairs carrying blocks of stone. Those who survived the ordeal would often be placed in aline-up at the edge of a cliff known as "The Parachute Wall" (German:

DeathToll of

Gusen I,II andIII[56]

JózefŻmij

StanisławNogaj

KZGusen

HansMaršálek

[10]

StanisławDobosiewicz

[56]

line-up at the edge of a cliff known as "The Parachute Wall" (German:Fallschirmspringerwand).[46] At gun-point each prisoner would have the option of being shot,or to push the prisoner in front of them off of the cliff.[12] Other common methods ofextermination of prisoners, who were either sick, unfit for further labour or as a means ofcollective responsibility or after escape attempts included:

Being beaten to death (by the SS and Kapos)Icy showers - some 3,000 inmates died of hypothermia - after having being forced to takean icy cold shower - and who were then left outside in cold weather.[47]

Mass-shootingsMedical experiments

Aribert Heim, dubbed Doctor Death by the inmates, was there for seven weeks,which was enough to carry out his experiments[48]

Another of the Nazi scientists to perform experiments on the inmates was KarlGross, who purposely infected hundreds of prisoners with cholera and typhus inorder to test his experimental vaccines on them. Between February 5, 1942, andmid-April 1944, more than 1,500 prisoners were killed as a result of hisexperiments[49]

HangingStarvationInjections of phenol. (A group of 2,000 prisoners who applied to be transferred to thesanatorium were declared mentally sick and were killed by Dr. Ramsauer in the course ofthe H-13 action)[47]

Drowning in large barrels of water (Gusen II)[50][51]

Beating to death or starving to death in bunkers[52]

Throwing the prisoners on the 380 volt electric barbed wire fence[52]

Forcing prisoners outside the boundaries of the camp and then shooting them on thepretense (pretence) that they were attempting to escape[53]

After the war one of the survivors, Dr. Antoni Gościński reported 62 ways of murdering peoplein the camps of Gusen I and Mauthausen.[47] Hans Maršálek estimated that an average lifeexpectancy of newly-arrived prisoners in Gusen varied from 6 months between 1940 and 1942,to less than 3 months in early 1945.[54]

Paradoxically, with the growth of forced labour industry in various sub-camps of Mauthausen-Gusen, the situation of some of the prisoners improved significantly. While the food rationswere increasingly limited every month, the heavy industry necessitated skilled specialists ratherthan unqualified workers and the brutality of the camp's SS and Kapos was limited. While theprisoners were still beaten on the daily basis and the Muselmänner were still exterminated,from early 1943 on some of the factory workers were allowed to receive food parcels fromtheir families (mostly Poles and Frenchmen). This allowed many of them not only to evade therisk of starvation, but also to help other prisoners who had no relatives outside the camps — orwere not allowed to receive parcels.[55]

Death toll

Because the Germansdestroyed much of the camp'sfiles and evidence and oftengave newly-arrived prisonersthe camp numbers of thosewho had already been

III[56]

1940 1,7847,214

1,430 1,389 1,7621941 5,793 5,564 5,272 6,3001942 6,088 7,203 5,005 7,410 9,5341943 5,225 5,303 5,173 5,248 6,1031944 5,921 4,790 4,691 4,091 5,4881945 12,600 197 4,673 15,415

Undated 2,843Total 37,411 24,707 30,536 33,451 44,602

who had already beenkilled,[25] the exact death tollof the Mauthausen-Gusencomplex is impossible tocalculate. The matter is furthercomplicated due to some ofthe inmates of Gusen beingmurdered in Mauthausen, andat least 3,423 sent to HartheimCastle, 40.7 km (25.3 miles)away. Also, several thousandswere killed in mobile gaschambers, without anymention of the exact numberof victims in the surviving files.[57] The SS, before their escape from the camps on 4 May1945, tried to destroy the evidence, allowing approximately only 40,000 victims to beidentified. During the first days after the liberation, the camp's main chancellery was seized bythe members of a Polish inmate resistance organization; secured against the wishes of otherinmates, who wanted to burn it.[58] After the war, the main chancellery was brought by one ofthe survivors to Poland, then passed to the Auschwitz-Birkenau Museum in Oświęcim.[59][60]

Parts of the death register of Gusen I camp were secured by the Polish inmates, who took it toAustralia after the war. In 1969 the files were given to the International Red Cross TracingBureau.[57]

The surviving camp archives include personal files of 37,411 murdered prisoners, including22,092 Poles, 5,024 Spaniards, 2,843 Soviet prisoners of war and 7,452 inmates of 24 othernationalities.[61] The surviving parts of the death register of KZ Gusen list an additional 30,536names.

Apart from the surviving camp files of the sub-camps of Mauthausen, the main documents usedfor an estimation of the death toll of the camp complexes are:

1. A report by Józef Żmij, a survivor who had been working in the Gusen I camp'schancellery. His report is based on personally-made copies of yearly reports from theperiod between 1940 and 1944, and the camps commander's daily reports for the periodbetween 1 January 1945 and the day of the liberation.

2. Original death register for the sub-camp of Gusen held by the International Red Cross3. Personal notes of Stanisław Nogaj, another inmate who had been working in the

chancellery of Gusen4. Death register prepared by the SS chief medic of the Mauthausen main chancellery for the

sub-camps of Gusen (similar records for the Mauthausen sub-camp itself were destroyed)

Because of that the exact death toll of the entire Mauthausen-Gusen concentration camp systemvaries considerably from source to source. Various scholars place it at between 122,766[62] and320,000,[47] with other numbers also frequently quoted being 200,000[63] and "over150,000".[64]

Various historians place the total death toll in the four main camps of Mauthausen, Gusen I,Gusen II and Gusen III at between 55,000[25] and 60,000.[65] In addition, during the firstmonth after the liberation additional 1042 prisoners died in American field hospitals.[66]

Out of approximately 320,000 prisoners who were incarcerated in various sub-camps of KZMauthausen-Gusen throughout the war, only approximately 80,000 survived,[67] includingbetween 20,487[66] and 21,386[68] in Gusen I, II and III.

Some of the bodies being removed byGerman civilians for decent burial atGusen concentration camp after its

liberation

Tanks of U.S. 11th Armored Divisionentering the Mauthausen concentration

camp; banner in Spanish reads"Antifascist Spaniards greet the forces of

liberation". The photo was taken on 6May 1945

Liberation and post-war heritageDuring thefinal monthsbeforeliberation, thecamp'scommanderFranz Ziereisprepared forits defenceagainst apossibleSovietoffensive.Most of theinmates ofGerman andAustriannationality"volunteered" for the SS-Freiwillige Häftlingsdivision,an SS unit composed mostly of former concentration

camp inmates and headed by Oskar Dirlewanger. The remaining prisoners were rushed to builda line of granite anti-tank obstacles to the east of Mauthausen. The inmates unable to cope withthe hard labour and malnutrition were exterminated in large numbers to free space for newly-arrived evacuation transports from other camps, including most of the sub-camps ofMauthausen-Gusen located in eastern Austria. In the final months of the war, the main sourceof calories, that is the parcels of food sent through the International Red Cross, stopped andfood rations became catastrophically low. The prisoners transferred to the "Hospital Sub-camp"received one piece of bread per 20 inmates and roughly half a litre of weed soup a day.[69] Thismade some of the prisoners, previously engaged in various types of resistance activity, begin toprepare plans to defend the camp in case of an SS attempt to exterminate all the remaininginmates. It is not known why the prisoners of Gusen I and II were not exterminated en-masse,despite direct orders from Heinrich Himmler; Ziereis' plan assumed rushing all the prisonersinto the tunnels of the underground factories of Kellerbau and blowing up the entrances. Theplan was known to one of the Polish resistance organizations which started an ambitious planof gathering tools necessary to dig air vents in the entrances.

On 28 April, under cover of a fictional air-raid alarm, some 22,000 prisoners of Gusen wererushed into the tunnels. However, after several hours in the tunnels all of the prisoners wereallowed to return to the camp. Stanisław Dobosiewicz, the author of a monumental monographof the Mauthausen-Gusen complex explains that one of the possible causes of the failure of theGerman plan was that the Polish prisoners managed to cut the fuse wires. Ziereis himself statedin his testimony written on May 25 that it was his wife who convinced him not to follow theorder from above.[70] Although the plan was abandoned, the prisoners feared that the SS mightwant to massacre the prisoners by other means. Because of that the Polish, Soviet and Frenchprisoners prepared a plan for an assault on the barracks of the SS guards in order to seize thearms necessary to put up a fight. A similar plan was also devised by the Spanish inmates.[70]

On 3 May the SS and other guards started to prepare for evacuation of the camp. The followingday, the guards of Mauthausen were replaced with unarmed Volkssturm soldiers and animprovised unit formed of elderly police officers and fire fighters evacuated from Vienna. Thepolice officer in charge of the unit accepted the "inmate self-government" as the camp's highest

The survivors of Ebensee sub-campshortly after their liberation

Memorial

police officer in charge of the unit accepted the "inmate self-government" as the camp's highestauthority and Martin Gerken, until then the highest-ranking kapo prisoner in the Gusen'sadministration (in the rank of Lagerälteste, or the Camp's Elder), became the new de factocommander. He attempted to create an International Prisoner Committee that would become aprovisional governing body of the camp until it was liberated by one of the approachingarmies, but he was openly accused of co-operation with the SS and the plan failed. All work inthe sub-camps of Mauthausen stopped and the inmates focused on preparations for theirliberation - or defence of the camps against a possible assault by the SS divisions concentratedin the area.[70] The remnants of several German divisions indeed assaulted the Mauthausensub-camp, but were repelled by the prisoners who took over the camp.[8] Out of all the mainsub-camps of Mauthausen-Gusen only Gusen III was to be evacuated. On 1 May the inmateswere rushed on a death march towards Sankt Georgen, but were ordered to return to the campafter several hours. The operation was repeated the following day, but called off soonafterwards. The following day, the SS guards deserted the camp, leaving the prisoners to theirfate.[70]

The camps of Mauthausen-Gusen were the last to beliberated during the World War II. On 5 May 1945 thecamp at Mauthausen was approached by soldiers of the41st Recon Squad of the US 11th Armored Division,3rd US Army. The reconnaissance squad was led byS/SGT Albert J. Kosiek. His troop disarmed thepolicemen and left the camp. By the time of itsliberation, most of the SS-men of Mauthausen hadalready fled; however, some 30 who were left werekilled by the prisoners;[71] a similar number were killedin Gusen II.[71] By 6 May all the remaining sub-campsof the Mauthausen-Gusen camp complex, with theexception of the two camps in the Loibl Pass, were alsoliberated by American forces.

Among the inmates liberated from the camp was Lieutenant Jack Taylor, an officer of theOffice of Strategic Services.[72] He had managed to survive with the help of several prisonersand was later a key witness at the Mauthausen-Gusen camp trials carried out by the DachauInternational Military Tribunal.[73] Another of the camp's survivors was Simon Wiesenthal, anengineer who spent the rest of his life hunting Nazi war criminals. Future Congressional Medalof Honor winner Tibor "Ted" Rubin was imprisoned there as a young teenager; a HungarianJew, he vowed to join the U.S. Army upon his liberation and later did just that, distinguishinghimself in the Korean War as a corporal in the 8th Cavalry Regiment, 1st Cavalry Division.

Following the capitulation of Germany, the Mauthausen-Gusencomplex fell within the Soviet sector of occupation of Austria.Initially, the Soviet authorities used parts of the Mauthausen andGusen I camps as barracks for the Red Army. At the same time,the underground factories were being dismantled and sent to theUSSR as a war booty. After that, between 1946 and 1947, thecamps were unguarded and many furnishings and facilities of thecamp were dismantled, both by the Red Army and by the localpopulation. In the early summer of 1947, the Soviet forces had blown the tunnels up and werethen withdrawn from the area, while the camp was turned over to Austrian civilian authorities.However, it was not until 1949 that it was declared a national memorial site. Finally, 30 yearsafter camp's liberation, on 3 May 1975, Chancellor Bruno Kreisky officially opened theMauthausen Museum.[2] Unlike Mauthausen, much of what constituted the sub-camps ofGusen I, II and III is now covered by residential areas built there after the war.[74]

In February 2009 the memorial was vandalized by persons unknown, who defaced a section ofthe wall with anti-Islamic graffiti.

See alsoThe community of former Russian prisoners of Mauthausen concentration camp(http://www.mauthausen.ru/en/)

List of subcamps of MauthausenList of Nazi-German concentration campsDachau International Military TribunalMauthausen-Gusen camp trialsSteyr-Münichholz subcamp

Notes and references1. ^ a b c d e f (Polish) Stanisław Dobosiewicz (2000). Mauthausen-Gusen; w obronie życia i ludzkiej

godności. Warsaw: Bellona. pp. 191–202. ISBN 83-11-09048-3.2. ^ a b c (English) Günter Bischof; Anton Pelinka (1996). Austrian Historical Memory and National

Identity. Transaction Publishers. pp. 185–190. ISBN 1-56000-902-0. http://books.google.com/books?ie=UTF-8&visbn=1560009020&id=75l45XlpXTsC&pg=PA185&lpg=PA185&dq=Mauthausen&sig=bkPrYRhv5wuk1RG9fcmO-p6kYnU.

3. ^ a b c d e f (English) Rudolf A. Haunschmied; Jan-Ruth Mills, Siegi Witzany-Durda (2008). St.Georgen-Gusen-Mauthausen - Concentration Camp Mauthausen Reconsidered. Norderstedt: Bookson Demand. ISBN 978-3-8334-7610-5.

4. ^ a b c d e f g (Polish) Stanisław Dobosiewicz (1977). Mauthausen/Gusen; obóz zagłady(Mauthausen/Gusen; the Camp of Doom). Warsaw: Ministry of National Defence Press. pp. 449.ISBN 83-11-06368-0.

5. ^ (Polish) Władysław Gębik (1972). Z diabłami na ty (Calling the Devils by their Names). Gdańsk:Wydawnictwo Morskie. pp. 332.

6. ^ (English) Albert Speer (1970). Inside The Third Reich. New York: The Macmillan Company. ISBN0-88365-924-7.

7. ^ Oswald Pohl, apart from being a high-ranking SS member, owner of DEST and several othercompanies, chief of administration and treasurer of various Nazi organizations, was also themanaging director of the German Red Cross. In 1938, he transferred 8,000,000 RM from memberfees to one of the accounts of the SS (SS-Spargemeinschaft e. V.), which in turn donated all themoney to DEST in 1939.

8. ^ a b (Polish) Tadeusz Żeromski (1983). Międzynarodówka straceńców. Warsaw: Książka i Wiedza.pp. 76+. ISBN 83-05-11175-X.

9. ^ As stated in Reinhard Heydrich's memo of January 1, 1941; in: Dobosiewicz, Stanisław, op.cit.,p.12

10. ^ a b c (German) Hans Maršálek (1995). Die Geschichte des Konzentrationslagers Mauthausen(History of Mauthausen Concentration Camp). Wien-Linz: Österreichischen LagergemeinschaftMauthausen u. Mauthausen-Aktiv Oberösterreich.

11. ^ Dobosiewicz, op.cit., p.2612. ^ a b (English) James Waller (2002). Becoming Evil: How Ordinary People Commit Genocide and

Mass Killing. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 3–5. ISBN 0-19-514868-1.http://books.google.com/books?ie=UTF-8&visbn=0195148681&id=dHBB4TJpcx0C&pg=PA4&lpg=PA4&dq=Mauthausen&sig=40Bj2HNIG1t24SjCpEIzLNHJzdE.

13. ^ a b (Spanish) various authors (2005). "Historia de los campos de concentración: El sistema decampos de concentración nacionalsocialista, 1933–1945: un modelo europeo". Memoriales históricos,1933–1945. http://www.memoriales.net/.

14. ^ 11,000,000 Reichsmark was equivalent to roughly 4,403,000 US dollars or almost 1 million UKpounds by 1939 exchange rates;

15. ^ as per: (English) Michał Derela (2005). "The prices of Polish armament before 1939". The PIBWLmilitary site. http://derela.republika.pl/prices.htm. Retrieved on 2006-05-22.

16. ^ In turn, 4,403,000 1939 dollars are roughly equivalent to 560,370,000 modern US dollars using therelative share of GDP as the main factor of comparison;

17. ^ as per: (English) Samuel H. Williamson (2004). "What is the Relative Value?". Economic HistoryServices. Miami University. http://eh.net/hmit/compare/result.php?use%5B%5D=NOMINALGDP&amount2=&year2=&year_result=2004&amount=4403000&year_source=1939. Retrieved on 2006-05-22.

18. ^ The sub-camp inmate counts refer to the situation as of late 1944 and early 1945, before the majorreorganization of the camp's system and before the arrival of a large number of evacuation trains anddeath marches

19. ^ (German) M.S. (2000). "Linz – Eisenwerke Oberdonau". Österreichs Geschichte im Dritten Reich.http://www.geheimprojekte.at/t_linz2.html. Retrieved on 2006-04-11.

20. ^ (English) Rudolf Haunschmied, Harald Faeth (1997). "B8 "BERGKRISTALL" (KL Gusen II)".Tunnel and Shelter Researching. http://www.geocities.com/CapeCanaveral/1325/berg.htm. Retrievedon 2006-04-26.

21. ^ a b Stanisław Dobosiewicz, W obronie życia…, op.cit., p.19422. ^ Though in reality the actual production never reached such levels23. ^ (English) Elizabeth Richardson (1995). "United States vs. Leprich". Administrative Law and

Procedure. Thomson Delmar Learning. pp. 162–164. ISBN 0-8273-7468-2.24. ^ (English) Marc Terrance (1999). Concentration Camps: A Traveler's Guide to World War II Sites.

Universal Publishers. ISBN 1-58112-839-8. http://books.google.com/books?ie=UTF-8&visbn=1581128398&id=TNt9IVBVeNQC&pg=PA142&lpg=PA142&dq=Mauthausen&vq=Mauthausen&sig=LICy2j9fVQHMJS7anXJDGm7tTDs.

25. ^ a b c d (English) Robert Abzug (1987). Inside the Vicious Heart. Oxford: Oxford University Press.pp. 106–110. ISBN 0-19-504236-0. http://books.google.com/books?ie=UTF-8&visbn=0195042360&id=CMfGlx3jDLIC&pg=PA107&lpg=PA107&dq=Mauthausen&sig=Gm0Bv_k8PLp4hFKnxl-9cVWlwk8.

26. ^ (English) Michael Shermer; Alex Grobman (2002). "The Gas Chamber at Mauthausen". DenyingHistory: Who Says the Holocaust Never Happened and Why Do They Say It?. University ofCalifornia Press. pp. 168–175. ISBN 0-520-23469-3.

27. ^ (Polish) Stanisław Nogaj (1945). Gusen; Pamiętnik dziennikarza (Gusen: Memories of aJournalist). Katowice-Chorzów: Komitet byłych więźniów obozu koncentracyjnego Gusen. pp. 64.

28. ^ (Polish) Włodzimierz Wnuk (1972). "Z Hiszpanami w jednym szeregu (With the Spaniards in OneLine)". Byłem z wami (I Were With You). Warsaw: PAX. pp. 100–105.

29. ^ a b c (Polish) Stanisław Grzesiuk (1985). Pięć lat kacetu (Five Years of KZ). Warsaw: Książka iWiedza. pp. 392. ISBN 83-05-11108-3.

30. ^ Roughly 8,000 people altogether31. ^ (Polish) Piotr Filipkowski (2005). "Auschwitz w drodze do Matchausen (Auschwitz on its Way to

Mauthausen)". Europe According to Auschwitz.http://www.reporter.edu.pl/europa_wg_auschwitz/kronika_reportaz/konferencja_historia_mowiona_a_kronika_reportaz/auschwitz_w_drodze_do_matchausen. Retrieved on 2006-04-11.

32. ^ (Polish) Jerzy Kirchmayer (1978). Powstanie warszawskie. Warsaw: Książka i Wiedza. pp. 576.ISBN 83-05-11080-X.

33. ^ a b c Stanisław Dobosiewicz, op.cit., pp. 365–36734. ^ (German) Florian Freund, Harald Greifeneder (2005). "Zeltlager". http://www.mauthausen-

memorial.at/db/admin/de/show_article.php?carticle=343&topopup=1. Retrieved on 2006-05-16.35. ^ KZ Gusen Memorial Committee (1997). "KZ Gusen I Concentration Camp at Langenstein". The

Nizkor Project. Nizkor. http://www.nizkor.org/hweb/camps/gusen/gu10101x.htm. Retrieved on 2006-04-10.

36. ^ (English) Daniel Patrick Brown (2002). The Camp Women: The Female Auxiliaries Who Assistedthe SS in Running the Nazi Concentration Camp System. Schiffer Publishing. pp. 288. ISBN 0-7643-1444-0.

37. ^ a b (English) various authors; Henry Friedlander (1981). "The Nazi Concentration Camps". inMichael D. Ryan. Human Responses to the Holocaust Perpetrators and Victims, Bystanders andResisters. Lewiston, New York: Edwin Mellen Press. pp. 33–69. ISBN 0-88946-901-6. as quoted inSybil Milton (1997). "Non-Jewish Children in the Camps". Annual 5 Chapter 2. Simon WiesenthalCenter. http://motlc.wiesenthal.com/site/pp.asp?c=gvKVLcMVIuG&b=395115#17. Retrieved on2006-04-10.

38. ^ (Polish) Adam Myczkowski (1947?). Poprzez Dachau do Mauthausen-Gusen (Through Dachau toMauthausen-Gusen). Kraków: Księgarnia Stefana Kamińskiego. pp. 31.

39. ^ (English) Simon Wiesenthal Center. "Selected Holocaust Glossary: Terms, Places andPersonalities". Florida Holocaust Museum webpage. Florida Holocaust Museum.http://www.flholocaustmuseum.org/frameworks/glossary.htm. Retrieved on 2006-04-12.

40. ^ (English) Donald Bloxham (2003). Genocide on Trial: War Crimes Trials and the Formation ofHolocaust History and Memory. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 210. ISBN 0-19-925904-6.http://books.google.com/books?ie=UTF-8&visbn=0199259046&id=ab4ZL8h5dFMC&pg=PA210&lpg=PA210&dq=extermination+through+labour&vq=Mauthausen&sig=horhgVquFxTIFvA02FbZGzzi4x0.

41. ^ a b (English) Michael Burleigh (1997). Ethics and Extermination: Reflections on Nazi Genocide.Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 210–211. ISBN 0-521-58816-2.http://books.google.com/books?ie=UTF-8&visbn=0521588162&id=y-tbb8Yx3ooC&pg=RA1-PA211&lpg=RA1-PA211&dq=extermination+through+labour&vq=Mauthausen&sig=FF-Nujc2T9wvayl-lFdQ8hWaJPU.

42. ^ It is often mentioned that the mortality rate reached 58% in 1941, as compared with 36% atDachau, and 19% at Buchenwald over the same period. Dobosiewicz - who made the most extensivestudy - compared various factors: his estimations were based on the number of prisoners to arrive ina year as compared to the number of that were murdered during a year.

43. ^ (English) David Wingeate Pike (2000). Spaniards in the Holocaust. London: Routledge. pp. 97.ISBN 0-415-22780-1. http://books.google.com/books?ie=UTF-8&visbn=0415227801&id=-9uRoGlfSM8C&dq=Mauthausen-Gusen&lpg=PA95&pg=PA97&sig=C9TJL0A0o9nDqtl8-p_WxWgC128.

44. ^ a b (Polish) Stefan Krukowski (1966). "Pamięci lekarzy (Memory of the doctors)". Nad pięknymmodrym Dunajem; Mauthausen (Mauthausen: At the Blue Danube). Warsaw: Książka i Wiedza.pp. 292–297.

45. ^ (English) Gary Weissman (2004). Fantasies of Witnessing: Postwar Efforts to Experience theHolocaust. Cornell University Press. pp. 2–3. ISBN 0-8014-4253-2. http://books.google.com/books?ie=UTF-8&visbn=0801442532&id=kXO9wXvYuAQC&dq=Mauthausen&lpg=PA1&pg=PA3&sig=Mmr8_dvGaJIJqrcQJ6j2DJfcyEo.

46. ^ (German) "Fallschirmspringerwand". Mauthausen Memorial. KZ-Gedenkstaette Mauthausen.http://www.mauthausen-memorial.at/db/admin/de/show_article.php?carticle=367&topopup=1.Retrieved on 2006-05-16.

47. ^ a b c d (Polish) various authors; Włodzimierz Wnuk (1961). "Śmiertelne kąpiele (Deadly Baths)".Oskarżamy! Materiały do historii obozu koncentracyjnego Mauthausen-Gusen (We Accuse!Materialson the History of Mauthausen-Gusen Concentration Camp). Katowice: Klub Mauthausen-Gusen ZBoWiD. pp. 20–22.

48. ^ (English) Dale Fuchs (October 2005). "Nazi war criminal escapes Costa Brava police search".Guardian (October 17, 2005).http://www.guardian.co.uk/secondworldwar/story/0,14058,1593885,00.html. Retrieved on 2006-04-10.

49. ^ (English) "Mauthausen". Holocaust Encyclopedia. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum.http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/. Retrieved on 2006-04-10.

50. ^ Stanisław Dobosiewicz, W obronie…, op.cit. p.1251. ^ Stanisław Grzesiuk recalls that in 1941, and 1942, all Kapos in charge of every Block in Gusen had

to drown two prisoners a day.52. ^ a b (English) Bruno Maida. "The gas chamber of Mauthausen - History and testimonies of the

Italian deportees; A Brief history of the camp". National Association of Italian political deportees inthe Nazi concentration camps. Fondazione Memoria della Deportazione.http://www.deportati.it/english_mauthausen_maida.html.

53. ^ (English) James Schmidt (2005) (pdf). "Not These Sounds": Beethoven at Mauthausen. Boston:Boston University. pp. 146–148. http://people.bu.edu/jschmidt/Mauthausen.pdf. Retrieved on 2006-05-16.

54. ^ Hans Maršálek (1968) Konzentrazionslager Gusen. Vienna, p. 32; cited in: Dobosiewicz, op.cit.,pp. 192–193

55. ^ Stanisław Grzesiuk, op.cit., pp. 252–255 and following56. ^ a b Compiled from a larger table published in: Stanisław Dobosiewicz, op.cit., p.421; the numbers

are fragmentary and only include the numbers for Gusen I, II and III, without the numbers for othersub-camps or the main camp in Mauthausen. Summary by Stanisław Dobosiewicz includescategories omitted by some of the sources, including roughly 2,744 former inmates who diedimmediately after liberation, both in the camp and in American field hospitals, as well as anapproximate number of Jewish children (420) and prisoners in the Sick Camp (1900) who were notregistered in the official camp statistics.

57. ^ a b Stanisław Dobosiewicz, op.cit., pp.418–42658. ^ (Polish) Stanisław Dobosiewicz (1980). Mauthausen/Gusen; Samoobrona i konspiracja

(Mauthausen/Gusen: self-defence and underground). Warsaw: Wydawnictwa MON. pp. 486. ISBN

83-11-06497-0.59. ^ (Polish) sm (2006-04-03). "Pracownicy muzeum Auschwitz zeskanowali już kartotekę Mauthausen

(The Workers of Auschwitz Museum Have Scanned the Mauthausen Files)". 61. rocznicawyzwolenia Auschwitz (Polish Press Agency).http://wiadomosci.wp.pl/kat,1342,wid,8253609,wiadomosc.html?ticaid=11682. Retrieved on 2006-04-11.

60. ^ (English) Adam Cyra (2004). "Mauthausen Concentration Camp Records in the AuschwitzMuseum Archives". Auschwitz-Birkenau Memorial and Museum. Historical Research Section,Auschwitz-Birkenau Museum. http://www.auschwitz-muzeum.oswiecim.pl/new/index.php?tryb=news_big&language=EN&id=664. Retrieved on 2006-04-11.

61. ^ (Polish) Zbigniew Wlazłowski (1974). Przez kamieniołomy i kolczasty drut (Through the Quarriesand Barbed Wire). Kraków: Wydawnictwo Literackie. pp. 7–12.

62. ^ As evidenced by one of the stone tablets commemorating the victims, erected after the war byAustrian authorities.

63. ^ David Wingeate Pike, op.cit., p.XII (http://books.google.com/books?ie=UTF-8&vid=ISBN0415227801&id=-9uRoGlfSM8C&pg=PR12&lpg=PR12&dq=Mauthausen&vq=Mauthausen&sig=d1_lzMojjgGddtkjvK4R_Nl5i1A)

64. ^ (Polish) various authors; Marian Filip, Mikołaj Łomacki et al. (1962). Wrogom ku przestrodze:Mauthausen 5 maja 1945. Warsaw: ZG ZBoWiD. pp. 56.

65. ^ (English) Martin Gilbert (1987). The Holocaust: A History of the Jews of Europe During theSecond World War. Owl Books. pp. 976. ISBN 0-8050-0348-7. According to Martin Gilbert, therewere 30,000 deaths in Mauthausen and its sub-camps in the first four months of 1945. According tohim, this was approximately half of the deaths in the whole history of the camp.

66. ^ a b Zbigniew Wlazłowski, op.cit., pp. 175–17667. ^ (Czech) Stanislav Hlaváček (2000). "Historie KTM". Koncentrační Tábor Mauthausen; Pamětní

tisk k 55. výročí osvobození KTM (Mauthausen concentration camp: Memorial publication for the55th anniversary of the liberation). ISBN. http://www.volny.cz/mauthausen/chronologie.html.Retrieved on 2006-05-18.

68. ^ Stanisław Dobosiewicz, Mauthausen/Gusen; Obóz śmierci, op.cit., p. 397; the difference innumbers given is most probably the result of the fact that Dobosiewicz included roughly 700 inmateswho were held in the Revier at the time of liberation

69. ^ Dobosiewicz, op.cit., pp.374–37570. ^ a b c d Stanisław Dobosiewicz, op.cit., pp. 382–38871. ^ a b Stanisław Dobosiewicz, op.cit., pp.395–39772. ^ (English) "Jack Taylor, American Agent Who Survived Mauthausen". Jewish Virtual Library.

2006. http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Holocaust/mauth32.html. Retrieved on 2006-04-28.73. ^ (English) Jack Taylor (3rd Quarter 2003). "OSS Archives: The Dupont Mission". The BLAST;

UDT-SEAL Association. http://www.udtseal.org/oss.html. Retrieved on 2006-04-28.74. ^ Marc Terrance, op.cit., pp. 138–139 (http://books.google.com/books?ie=UTF-

8&vid=ISBN1581128398&id=TNt9IVBVeNQC&vq=Mauthausen&dq=Mauthausen&lpg=PA137&pg=PA139&sig=JR-vHriYISIpCknJg7JauymBJ8M)

Further reading(Polish) Jakub Willner (1965). Moja droga do Mauthausen (My Path Towards Mauthausen).Lublin: Wydawnictwo Lubelskie.(Polish) Grzegorz Timofiejew (1960). Człowiek jest nagi. Łódź: Wydawnictwo Łódzkie. pp. 355.(German) Hans Maršálek (1960). Mauthausen mahnt! Kampf hinter Stacheldraht Tatsachen,Dokumente und Gerüchte über das größte Hitler'sche Vernichtungslager in Österreich. Vienna.(English) Evelyn Le Chêne (1971). Mauthausen, The History of a Death Camp. London:Methuen. pp. 296. ISBN 0-416-07780-3.(English) Istvan Deak (1992). "In the Shadow of Death". New York Review of Books (1992-10-08). http://www.nizkor.org/ftp.py?camps/mauthausen/shadow.death. Retrieved on 2006-05-16.(Polish) Jerzy Osuchowski (1961). Gusen: przedsionek piekła (Gusen; the Hell's Porch). Warsaw:Wydawnictwa MON. pp. 208.(German) Simon Wiesenthal (1946). KZ Mauthausen; Bild und Wort (Concentration CampMauthausen: Pictures and Words). Linz-Vienna: IBIS Verlag.(German) Simon Wiesenthal (1995). Denn sie wussten, was sie tun: Zeichnungen undAufzeichnungen aus dem KZ Mauthausen. Deuticke. pp. 107. ISBN 3-216-30114-1.(French) Michel Fabréguet (1994). Mauthausen. Camp de concentration national-socialiste enAutriche rattacheé (1938–1945). Paris: Editions du Seuil.

External linksMauthausen-Gusen Memorial (http://www.mauthausen-memorial.at)Mauthausen-Synopsis Shoaheducation.com(http://www.shoaheducation.com/camps/mauthausen.html)KZ Gusen Memorial Committee (http://www.gusen.org)Audiowalk Gusen (http://audiowalk.gusen.org)Map of the Mauthausen-Gusen complex (Google Maps) (http://maps.google.com/maps?q=http://bbs.keyhole.com/ubb/download.php?Number=1004930)Photos of the Mauthausen-Gusen camps (http://www.us-israel.org/jsource/Holocaust/mauthpictoc.html)USHMM (http://www.ushmm.org/) United States Holocaust Memorial Museum containsmore than 500 pictures of Mauthausen-Gusenhttp://www.remember.org/camps/mauthausen/Literary research project on texts by survivors(http://www.sbg.ac.at/rom/ag/moderne/homepage/holocaust_praesentation_englisch.htm)The blog of a grandson of the victims of the Shoah (http://kz2007.over-blog.com/) Privatevisit - Aug 2007

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