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Master of Arts in Sanskrit
(MASK)
SK-01
Vedic Language and Literature
Block -03
Upanisadic Literature
UNIT- 1 KENA-UPANISAD
UNIT-2 KENA-UPANISAD
UNIT-3 KENA-UPANISAD
UNIT-4 ISA-UPANISAD
MASK PROGRAMME
EXPERTS COMMITTEE
Prof. Prafulla Kumar Mishra, Former Vice-Chancellor, North Odisha University
Prof. Raghunath Panda , Retd. Prof, Utkal University
Prof. Gopal Krishna Dash, Retd. Prof. , Utkal University
Dr. Madhusudan Mishra, Controller of Exams , Sri Jagannath Sanskrit University, Puri
Dr. Harmohan Mishra , Reader ( Retd.)
Dr. Kadambini Dash , Reader in Sanskrit, SB Women’s College,
Dr. Debabrata Mohapatra , Sr . Lect. In Sanskrit, Emartidevi Women’s College,Cuttack
Dr. Nibedita Pati, Lecturer in Sanskrit , S.B Women’s College
CONVENOR
Dr. Dillip Kumar Nayak , Reader in Odia ,
Officer In Charge, Regional Centre, B.J.B Auto. College Bhubaneswar
COURSE WRITER
Dr. Paramba Shree Yogamaya, Assistant Professor, Shri Jagannath Sanskrit Vishvavidyalaya, Puri
PROGRAMME COORDINATOR
Dr. Sareeta Pujari , Senior Academic Consultant, OSOU, Sambalpur
Mr. Pratap Kumar Meher , Academic Consultant , Sanskrit , OSOU, Sambalpur
MATERIAL PRODUCTION
Dr. Manas Ranjan Pujari
Registrar Odisha State Open University, Sambalpur
© OSOU, 2019. History of Vedic Literature is made available
under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0
http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-sa/4.0
Printed by :
Odisha State Open University, Sambalpur 1
Unit- ⅰ - ⅰⅰⅰ
1.1 GENERAL INTRODUCTION ON UPANISAD-S
1.2 INTRODUCTION ON KENOPANISAD : SUBJECT
MATTER
1.3 PHILOSOPHICAL SIGNIFICANCE
OF KENOPANISAD
1.4 EXPLANATION OF MANTRA-S
1.5 MODEL QUESTIONS
1.6 FURTHER READING
Odisha State Open University, Sambalpur 2
UNIT-1
1.1. General Introduction on Upanisads
Vedas are four in number, the Rgveda,Yajurveda, Samveda na
Arthavaveda. They are eternal and described as the breth of the
supreme.
Dem³e cenlees Yetlem³e efve:éeefmeJecesleod ³eod $eÝiJesoes ³epegJexo:meeceJesoesçH³eef²jme:~~
(MeLeHeLeyeeïeCeced XIV/4/103)
The entireVeda is luminious with knowledge as depicted in
Manusmrti.
³e: keÀef½elkeÀm³eef®e×ceex cevegvee HeefjkeÀerefÊe&le:~
me meJeexçefYeefnlees Jesos meJe&%eevece³ees efn me: ~~ (cevegmce=efle: 2/7)
It is believed that in its original state the Veda was one and Krishna
Dvaipayana divided it in to four parts . this is reason for which he is
known as Vedavyasa. He arranged the four samhitas as per the
requirments of the processed of symbolic sacrifice and transmitted
the Rg-veda to Paila, the Yajurveda to Vaisampayan, the Sama-
veda to jaimini and the Atharva - Veda to Sumanta. In due course,
they transmitted them to their pupils and there after the tradition of
oral transmission of knowledge began . In this way, various
recensions of MeeKees of Vedas is found in Srimad Bhagavata
Mahapuranam (XII/6/50-80 & XII/7/1-25). A similar description is
also found in the shantiparva (chapter 342) of the Mahabharat.
Further, organized information on the MeeKees of the Vedas is found in
®ejCeJ³etn . There are three notable books of the ®ejCeJ³etn is attributed to
MeewvekeÀ, keÀel³ee³eve and J³eeme.
Odisha State Open University, Sambalpur 3
The entire collection of cev$es is called mebefnlee. The word Veda is
applicable to both the collection of cev$es (inevitable expression of
poetic inspiration and revelation ) and the ye´eïeCes. The ye´eïeCes are
supposed to be a detailed analysis and commentary on the mebefnlees. The
ye´eïeCes are divided in to three parts - (I) ye ´ eïeCe s (II) DeejC³ekeÀ s and
GHee f ve<ele d s. In the ye ´ eïeCes there is a detailed statement and
explanation of various kinds of scarcifices and their
ceremonies and rituals. The DeejC³ekeÀs are much more ecoteric
and the GHee f ve<ele d s expand the knowledge contained in the Vedas.
The GHee f ve<ele ds are also called Je soevle. At a later period, yeeoje³eCe
J³eeme composed the ye ´ïeme t$ e or Meeje rjkeÀme t$ e order to present the
GHee fve<ele ds in an the Bhagavadgita was composed as a part of the
great ceneYeejle and it is conserded to be the quintessence of the
GHee fve<ele ds. The GHee f ve<ele d, ye ´ïeme t$ e and YeieJeÃe rlee are collectively called
as ÒemLeeve$e³ee r. Vedic literature mainly consists of Mantra
Samhita, Bramhanas, Aranayaks and Upanisads. In
understanding the Mantra Samhita, the study of Brahmanas,
aranayaks and Upanisads is considered to be essential .
Further the study of the Bramhanasutra and Bhagavadgita is
also considered to be necessary.
There is no dout that the ye ´ eïeCes were much more close in time
to the Vedas than any other Vedic literature. It is well known
that the ye ´ eïeCes concentrate on keÀce &ke À eC[ rather than %eevekeÀeC[. As
for as %eevekeÀeC[ is concerned. We have a vast literature of
GHee fve<ele ds. GHee f ve<ele ds are called Je soevle, since they constitute the last
part of the fundamental core of vedic literature .
Odisha State Open University, Sambalpur 4
It is difficult to separate completely the DeejC³ekeÀs from GHeefve<eleds. The
main subjects dealt within the DeejC³ekeÀs are the esoteric meaning of the
sacrifies, the rituals and the meaning of the conduct related to inner
meaning of various sacrifices. The spiritual and philosophical
meaning of the Veda is largely to be found in the GHeefve<eleds.
The word GHeefve<eled is from the root <eod ue= (to eradicate to loose to go )
with GHe sufix which means nearer efve suffix which cannots ceternity
and eqkeÌJeHed affix. So the word GHeefve<eled means the secret teaching that
enters into the ultimate truth. This secrete knowledge is normally
transmitted and received when the disciple sits close to the teacher
or comes with earnest interest for the knowledge. When the
consciousness of the teacher and pupil vibrates in harmony, even in
silence the secrete knowledge (jnm³eefJeÐee) can be transmitted and
received.
Usuallly 10 GHeefve<eleds are treated as principal.
F&Me - kesÀve - keÀþ - ÒeMve - cegC[ - ceeC[gke̳e - lewefÊeefj:~
Sslejs³eb ®e íevoesi³eb ye=noejC³ekebÀ oMe ~~
The commentaries of Acharya Shankar are available upon these 10
GHeefve<eleds adding the 11th one entitled éesleeéelejesHeefve<eod. In his commentaries
on ye´ïemet$es, Achrya Shankar has quoted from íevoesi³eesHeefve<eod 809 times,
from Je=noejC³ekeÀesHeefve<eod 565 times, from lewefÊejer³eesHeefve<eod 142 times, from
cegC[keÀesHeefve<eod 129 times, from keÀeþkeÀesHeefve<eod 103 times, from keÀew<eerleke̳egHeefve<eod 88
times, from éesleeéelejesHeefve<eod 53 times, from ÒeMveesHeefve<eod 38 times, from
Sslejs³eesHeefve<eod 22 times, from peeyeeueesHeefve<eod 13 times, from ceneveeje³eCeesHeefve<eod 09
times, from Hew²îegHeefve<eod 06 times and from kesÀveesHeefve<eod 05 times. paul
Deussen, a german scholar has enumerated these figures in his book
the Philosophy of the Upanisads.
Odisha State Open University, Sambalpur 5
In cegefÊeÀkeÀesHeefve<eod, it is mentioned that the total number of GHeefve<eleds is 108
and each one of them are related to any Veda among the four .$eÝiJeso
has 10 GHeefve<eleds MegkeÌue³epegJexo has 19 GHeefve<eleds, ke=À<Ce³epegJexo has 32 GHeefve<eleds, meeceJeso
has 16 GHeefve<eles, and DeLeJe&Jeso has 31 GHeefve<eleds. The cegefÊeÀkeÀesHeefve<eled also lays
down that the process of the realization of Brahman the ultimate
reality, begins with ye´ïeefpe%eemee, aspiration to know the Bramhan. It
continues through the hearing of the GHeefve<eleds, refelection on the
GHeefve<eldes and dwelling on the GHeefve<eleds.
F&Me, kesÀve, keÀþ, cegC[keÀ, éesleeéelej and ceneveeje³eCe are poetic compositions and they
have great literary merits . The DeLeJe&Jeso has many GHeefve<eles, and among
them some are non-Vedic also. They have their connection with the
Upanisadic literature is taken into account, there are 250 Upanishads
at least.
The list of the principal Upanishads, their connections with the
Vedas and source are given below.
A.
I. Rg-Veda
Upanishads It has its source from Sslejs³eejC³ekeÀced. Three chapters of Ss.
Dee. from which 4 to ch.6are known as Sslejs³eesHeefve<eled whoch have their
origin in the 2nd DeejC³ekeÀ of Sslejs³eyeeïeCe
Sslejs³eesHeefve<eled These three chapters of Sslejs³eesHeefve<eled dealwith creation, peerJeelcee
(individual soul) and Bramhan( the universal soul).
II. keÀew<eerleke̳egHeefve<eled - This Upanishad of $eÝiJeso is an earlier one. Among the
15 chapters of keÀew<eerleefkeÀye´eïeCe ch-III and ch-VI are known as
keÀew<eerleefkeÀyeeïeCeesHeefve<eled.
Odisha State Open University, Sambalpur 6
III. yee<keÀueesHeefve<eled - This is also an older Upanishad. It is realted to the
lost yee<keÀue recension of $eÝiJeso.
B. Upanisads related to Yajurveda
(a). Shukla Yajurveda Upanishads
(i) F&MeeJeem³eesHeefve<eled - This Upanishad is realted as the oldest one as it is
the original form mebefnlee portion. The last 40th chapter of
MegkeÌue³epegJexoceeO³eefvovemebefnlee is known as F&MeeJeem³eesHeefve<eod .
(ii) ye=noejC³ekeÀesHeefve<eled - This Upanishad is the last six chapters of MeleHeLeye´eïeCe
without any change. This GHeefve<eled has two recension (MeeKees) namely
keÀeCJe and ceeO³eefvove as the source ye´eïeCeûevLe has.
(b) Krishna Yajurveda Upanishads.
(i) lewefÊejer³eesHeefve<eled - Among the ten prapathaks of lewefÊejer³eejC³ekeÀ 7th to 9th
prapathaks are known as lewefÊejer³eesHeefve<eled . They are named as efMe#eeJeuueer,
ye´ïeevevoJeuueer and Ye=iegyeuueer in the Upanishad.
(ii) keÀþesHeHeefve<eled - This Upanishad is a part of keÀþ recension of Krishna
yajurveda . There are two chapters and six yeuueers in this Upanishad.
The dialouge between Yama and Nachikete for the highest
knowledge is the subject matter of this Upanishad.
(iii) éesleeéelejesHeefve<eled - This Upanishad is a part of the lost yeeïeCe éesleeéelej of
Krishna Yajurveda. There are six chapters in this Upanishad. The
shaivisan and samukhya philosophy are enumirated from ch.III to V.
Odisha State Open University, Sambalpur 7
(iv) cew$ee³eC³egHeefve<eled - This Upanishad is a such latter addition as its
important from its theoritical aspect. There are seven prapathaks in
this Upanishad.
c. Upanishads realted to SamaVeda
(i) kesÀveessHeefve<eled - kesÀveef<eleb Heleefle ... is the first verse of this upanishad for
which this Upanishad is named after. It is related to the Tavalakara
recension of Sama Veda. There are four khands in this upanishad. A
descripition of difference between attributed and attributeless
Bramhan is there in the 1st khanda. The esoteric description of
Bramhan is there in the second khand. The legend of Uma -
Haimavati is there in 3rd and 4th khandas of this Upanishad. The
less power of the Gods are described in this Legend.
(ii) íevoi³eesHeefve<eled - There are 40 chapters in the Kauthuma recension of
Sama Veda . 32 chapters are divided into three Bramhana books.
The rest eight chapters are íevoi³eesHeefve<eled . Its a very important earlier
Upanishad where leÊJeceefme is adviced nine times in chapter VI through
different illustration by the Rsi Aruni to his discple svetaketu. The
last three chapters ( ch - VI, VII and VIII) are more important from
the stand point of Bramhan tattva.
D. Upanishads related to Atharva Veda
(i) ÒeMveesHeefve<eled - This Upanishad is related to the Paipalad recension of
Athrava Veda. Six Rsis ask questions to to Rsi Paipald and he
answers. This is the subject matter regarding Brahman, six Rsis - (i)
Sukesha, the son of Bharadvaja, (ii) Satyakama, the son of Shibi,
(iii) Sauryayani, the grandson of surya and of Garga gotra, (iv)
Kausalya, the son of Asvala, (v) Bhargava from vidarbha and (vi)
Odisha State Open University, Sambalpur 8
Kabandhi, the great grandson of Katya ask six questions regarding
Brahman to si Paipalada. The questions are -
(i) From where all these creatures born ?
(ii) How many powers support the created world ?
How many illumine this and who among them is the greatest ?
(iii) When this life born ? How doe it come into the body ?
How does it distribute itself, establish and depart ?
(iv) What are they that sleep in the person ?
What are they that keep awake in him ?
What is the God who sees the dreams ?
Whose is the happiness ?
(v) What world does he meditate on the syllable Aum until the end
of his life?
(vi) Where is the person with sixteen parts ?
(ii) cegC[keÀesHeefve<eled- The Mundaka Upanishad belongs to the Atharva
Veda. It has three chapters and each has two sections. The name is
derived from the root ‘mund ’ to shave. One who follows the
teaching of this Upanishad is shaved and liberated from error and
ignorance. The Upanishad states clearly the distincition the higher
knowledge HejeefJeÐee of the supreme Brahman and the lower knowledge
DeHejeefJeÐee of the empirical world. It is by the higher knowledge and not
by sacrifices or worship that one can reach Brahman. The detached
one who has given up everthing can obtain the highest knowledge
HejeefJeÐee.
(iii) ceeC[ke̳eesHeefve<eled - The ceeC[ke̳eesHeefve<eled belongs to the Atharva Veda and
contains twelve verses. It is an exposition of the principle of ‘aum ’.
It is consisting of three syllabus a,u,m which refer to the three states
of waking (peeiejCeced ), dream (mJeHve:) and dreamless sleep (meg<egefHle:) . The
Odisha State Open University, Sambalpur 9
supreme self is manilested in the universe in its gross, subtle and
casul aspects. There are four states of consciousness - wakeful ness
(peeiejCeced ), dream(mJeHve:), dreamless sleep (meg<egefHle:) and transcendental
consciousness (legjer³eeJemLee). The last one is all inclusive and ultimate
reality. The Absolute of mystic consciousness is the reality. The
Upanishad is enough to lead one to liberation.
Gaudapada (ieew[Heeo), Sankar’s teacher’s (Govindapada’s) teacher
wrote his famous keÀeefjkeÀe on this Upanishad. This is the first
systematic exposition of Advaita Vedanta. Sankar has commented
on both the Upanishad and the keÀeefjkeÀe.
1.2 INTRODUCTION OF KENOPANISHAD, SUBJECT
MATTER OF KENOPANISHAD
kesÀveesHeefve<eod is divided four parts (khandas). The first khanda has 08
verses, the second has 05 verses, the third khanda has 12 paragraphs
while the fourth khanda has the remaining 09 paragraphs (03
paragraphs of main text and 06 paragraphs of the epilouge). This is
the uniqeness of this Upanishad that it’s a combition of prose and
poetry.
1.2.(a) First Khanda - Nature of knowledge
The kesÀveesHeefve<eod opens by questioning. The 1st two parts are in the form
of dialogue and explain how one can arrive at the Deelceve through the
analysis of perception. kesÀveesHeefve<eod states that empirical knowledge can
be taught, described and discussed but conceptual axiomatic
knowledge cannot. Pure and abstract concepts are learnt and relized
insted where in it mentions Brahman as the highest Reality.
Odisha State Open University, Sambalpur 10
The Upanishad asserts that Brahman cannot be worshipped because
it has no attributes. It is unthinkable indescribable eternal, all present
and real. That whatpeople worship is neither Brahman nor the path
to It. so, Brahman cannot be perceived as empirical reality.
1.2 (b)Second Khanda- Self - awakening is the source of the inner
strength
The Upanishad describe the state of self- realization stating that
those who are self - awakened gave inner strength, perceive the
spiritual oneness in every being and attain immortality.
The first two khandas suggest that the Atman or the Absolute
consciousness can be intuited by detaching it from the functions of
the mind and the senses. It can only be done by the intuive faculty of
the Atman itself as the senses are latterly incapable of perceiving it.
1.2 (c) Third and Fourth Khandas - Allegorical description of three
gods, one goddess and Brahman as Yaska.
The third khanda of kesÀveesHeefve<eod is a fable, set in prose unlike the first
two poetic sections. Its an allegorical represention as stated by paul
Deusen, a German Scholar. The principles of the two earlier parts
are described in those latter two parts in allegorical form. The devas
stand for the senses, Uma Haimavati is the reveled spiritual
knowledge or HejeefJeÐee or ye´ïeeefJeÐee and the Yaksa, the adorable one is the
Brahman. (i) Agni embodies fire and symbolizes natural self with
vital fire in all beings and everthing (ii) Vayu embodies space that
covers empirical existence and symbolizes mental self akin to
thoughts about everything. (c) Indra embodies lightning, light and
illumination. He symbolizes casul conscious self with light of truth
that discerns correct knowledge from incorrect. Brahan is the Atman
Odisha State Open University, Sambalpur 11
and Eterpal. The Upanishad speaks of the subjective and objective
wys of meditating on Brahman.
The Upanishad asserts the timelessness and awareness of Brahman.
The knowledge of Atman - Brahman is transcendental happiness or
blissfulness.
The final two paragraphs of kesÀveesHeefve<eod asserts ethical life as the
foundations of self knowledge and knowledge about the Brahman.
lem³ew leHees oce: keÀcexefle Òeefleÿe Jesoe: meJee&²eefve mel³ecee³eleveced ~~
For ye´ïeefJeÐee or HejeefJeÐee austerity (or concentration) , cessation of sense -
objects (restraint), rites (dedicated work ) are the foundations. The
Vedas are all its limbs (because the study of the Vedas helps one to
gain this knowledge in all its phases). Truth is its abode (because the
Upanishadic wisdom shines in a person when he is free from deceit
and fraud in speech, mind and deed).
1.2 (d) Commentaries ( kesÀveesHeefve<eod khanda -4, Para- 8)
Acharya Sankar has written two commentaries on kesÀveesHeefve<eod one is
called HeoYee<³eced and another is called Jeeke̳eYee<³eced in his commentary on
the third khanda of kesÀveesHeefve<eod , Sankar equates Atman - Brahman with
Isvara - paramesvara. This eqality is also found in ye=noejC³ekeÀesHeefve<eod -
Yee<³eced (III/7/3 and IV/4/5), in íevoi³eesHeefve<eod- Yee<³eced ( I/1/1 and V/18/1)
and in keÀþesHeefve<eod - Yee<³eced (III/2/13).
The commentary of Anandagiri on kesÀveesHeefve<eod is a significant one.
Dara shikoh published a persian translation of it in 19th century. In
1878, Burnel published the Upanishad by getting a new Manuscript
Odisha State Open University, Sambalpur 12
of it. The French scholar, Anquetil duperron published the latin
translation from the persian translated version with the title‘Kin’
windischmann and others published a german translation of the
kesÀveesHeefve<eod . colebroke, poly, weber, Roer and Gough are among the
scholars who have discussed the Upanishad.
Paul Deussen’s German translation ‘Sixty Upanishads of the Vedas ’
in two volumes are significant in this line whose English translation
is done by Belvelkar.
1.3PHILOSOPHICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF KENOPANISHAD
The most significant feature of this Upanishad is that it gives a
subtle psychological analysis. Anyone who follows it closely is sure
to find himself at last to the very gate of Transcendent. Though very
short in size, its value is great. This is the only upanishad upon
which two commentaries namely, HeoYee<³eced and Jeeke̳eYee<³eced are availble.
The central idea of this Upanishad is to describe the Brahman who is
attributeless. cursenses, the mind and life are in themselves inert.
The Atman is the sole intelligent principle in man. By its presence
behind our various organs, they fulfill their respective functions. but
not knowing this fact, ignorant man mistaues the senses, mind etc. to
be really intelligent and therefore identifies the Atman with them.
On the other hand, the wise man, overcomes this identification,
realizes his spiritual nature and hence attains immortality.
The second and third part of this Upanishad can be explained in
DeeefOeowefJekeÀ and DeeO³eeeqlcekeÀ sense. The DeeefOeowefJekeÀ explanation is the literary
meaning of the texts. The DeeO³eeeqlcekeÀ significance is that all the
different aspects of the cosmic intelligence are known as Devas.
Odisha State Open University, Sambalpur 13
They given the forces of Nature. The whole of our bodily existence
is controlled by the gods like Indra, Mitra, Varuna, Agni, Vayu etc.
The desires and their evel trains are called Asuras and the pure
activities of senses and mind are conceived as the Devas. The
conflict between these two opposing tendencess is termed as
Devasura war.
The psycological victory of the Devas in the story narrated in this
Upanishad is not due to their own in herest power. It is indeed the
Brahman. It is named as Atman in our mental and psycological
powers. Indra is the Jivatman here. In same exalted moments of
divine intuition,a glimpse is caught of the self i.e. cit or intelligence
within . Because of the attraction of the glimpse, the whole group of
devas or the limbs which are revelaing strive to know it fully .
In kesÀveesHeefve<eod, first proceeds agni, the god of speech. he thinks that he
can explain easily the whole universe to its causes. But by
approching the object of the vision, he fails to comprehend it. so, he
returned without knowing the Yaksa. Then goes Vayu, the god of
prana probably mind is also included with it as mind is dependant on
prana according to some upanishads (ÒeeCeyevOeveb efn meewc³e ceve Fefle ~ íe.G.
æ6/8/12). He thinks that he can understand and control the whole
universe. But he too fails and returned back without knowing the
Yaksa. Then proceeds Indra, the Jivatma himself to know it. But it
vanishes from its presence. This disapperance of the Yaksa before
Indra, discloses the inner meaning of the story. The experience of
the Sadhaka of self - realization comes at the last stage through self -
analysis.
While the speech and thought tried to explain, the object of vision
posses distinctive forms of duality. But the moment the intuition is
fixed on the pure ‘ I ’ or the ego become divested, the object of
Odisha State Open University, Sambalpur 14
vision melts away i.e. the dual perception is suspended and appears
Uma Haimavati i.e. the glorious knowledge or HejeefJeÐee or ye´ïeefJeÐee or
GHeefve<eod efJeÐee. Through Her the Jiva realizes the Brahman within.
The story is an allegorical presentation of the truth related to the
theoritical narrations of first two parts of the Upanishad.
1.4. EXPLANATION OF MANTRAS
meeceJesoer³ee leJeuekeÀejesHeefve<eod (kesÀveesHeefve<eod)
ÒeLeceKeC[:
cev$e: 1 - ef®elmeÊee³ee: ÒesjkeÀefJe<e³ekeÀ: ÒeMve:
kesÀveesef<eleb Heleefle Òesef<eleb ceve:
kesÀve ÒeeCe: ÒeLece: Òewefle ³egÊeÀ: ~
kesÀveesef<eleeb Jee®eefceceeb Jeoefvle
®e#eg: Þees$eb keÀ G osJees ³egveefÊeÀ ~~
DevJe³e: - kesÀve Òesef<eleb ceve: Fef<eleb Heleefle ? kesÀve ÒeLece: ÒeeCe: ³egÊeÀ: Òewefle ? kesÀve Fef<eleeced Fceeb
Jee®eb Jeoefvle? ®e#eg: Þees$eced G keÀ: osJe: ³egveefÊeÀ ?
HeoeLe&: -kesÀve - by whom or by what agent, Òesef<eleb - sent forth, ceve: - mind,
Fef<eleb - desired, Heleefle - alights upon or blows towards its objects ?
kesÀve - by whom, ÒeLece: - the chief, ÒeeCe: - vital energy, ³egÊeÀ: - enjoied,
Òewefle - does proceed to perform its functions ? kesÀve - by whom,
Fef<eleeced - wished, Fceeb - this, Jee®eb- speech, Jeoefvle - (human being)
speak ? ®e#eg: - eye, Þees$eced - ear, G - indeed, keÀ: - who, osJe: - the
effulgent one, ³egveefÊeÀ - directs ?
Odisha State Open University, Sambalpur 15
HeoeLe&: - kesÀve - kesÀve ceeO³ecesve, Òeef<eleb - Òesefjleb Òe®eesefoleb Jee, ceve: -
ceveveJ³eeHeej³egÊeÀcevle:keÀjNCeb, Fef<eleb - DeYeereqHmeleced DeYeeräb Jee, Heleefle - ÒekeÀeMe³eefle
mecHeeo³eefle Jee ? kesÀve - kesÀve ceeO³ecesve, ÒeLece: ÒeeCe: - cegK³e: ÒeeCe:, Òewefle - ÒekeÀ<exCe ie®íefle
mJeJ³eeHeejefvejle: YeJeleerl³eLe&:, kesÀve - kesÀve ceeO³ecesve, Fef<eleeced - DeYeerHmeleeb, Fceeb - Sleeb, Jee®eb
- JeeCeeR, Jeoefvle - (pevee: ) keÀLe³eefvle ? ®e#eg: - oMe&veseqvê³eb, Þees$eb - ÞeJeCeseqvê³eb, G -
efve½e³esve, keÀ: osJe: - ÒekeÀeMekeÀ:, ³egveefÊeÀ - (leled leled J³eeHeejs<eg) ³eespe³eefle oerHe³eefle ÒeJeÊe&³eefle
Jee ?
mejueeLe&: - efpe%eemeg: GHeefve<eo: Dem³ee: ÒeejcYes mJeesHeosäejb ÒeMve®elegä³eb He=®íefle ~ me:
%eeefleefce®íefle IeìªHes Mejerjs pe[Jeled efJeÐeceeveb ceve: (Devle:keÀjCeb) keÀm³e ÒesjCe³ee
ceveveeefokeÀce&meg ÒeJe=Êeb YeJeefle ~ ³ele: Mejerjs leg Slee¢Meb meeceL³e¥ veeJenefle ~ ce=le s Mejerjs
meJexeqvê³eeCeeb efJeÐeceevelee³eeceefHe leeefve ve ef$eÀ³eeMeerueeefve YeJeefvle ~ efkebÀ ÒeeCe: De$e keÀejCeced ? ve
³ele: cegK³eÒeeCe: kesÀveeefHe Mejerjs mHevovee³e efve³egÊeÀ: Deefmle ~ ÒeeCeveef$eÀ³eeefHe meeHes#ee~ Hegve: kesÀve
MeefÊeÀ³egÊeÀe JeekedÀ Jeoefle ? keÀcexeqvê³eeCeecegHeue#eCelJesvee$e Jee®e: JeCe&veced ~ SJeb ®e#eg: Þees$eeoerefve
%eeveseqvê³eeefCe kesÀve Òesefjleeefve YetlJee mJe mJe J³eeHeejs<eg ÒeJe=Êeeefve YeJeefvle ? Dele: meJe&ÒesjkeÀ:
meJe&MeefÊeÀceeved osJe: keÀ: ³e: ef®elmeÊee³ee: DeeOeej: ?
Sles<eeb ÒeMveeveecegÊejsCe GHeosäe meJe&MeefÊeÀcele: Hejceelceve: ye´ïeCe: Jee mJeªHeb efveefo&Meefle ~
cev$e: 2 - Deelceve: meJe&efve³evle=lJeced
Þees$em³e Þees$eb cevemees cevees ³eod
Jee®ees n Jee®eb me G ÒeeCem³e ÒeeCe: ~
®e#eg<e½e#egjefleceg®³e Oeerje:
Òesl³emceeuueeskeÀeoce=lee YeJeefvle ~~
DevJe³e: - ³eled Þees$em³e Þees$eb ceveme: ceve: Jee®e: n Jee®eb ÒeeCem³e ®e#eg<e: ®e#eg: me G Deefleceg®³e
Oeerje: Demceeled ueeskeÀeled Òesl³e Dece=lee: YeJeefvle ~
Odisha State Open University, Sambalpur 16
HeoeLe&: - ³eled - ³eled leÊJeb, Þees$em³e - ÞeJeCeseqvê³em³e, Þees$eb - MeyoûeeefnkeÀe MeefÊeÀ:, ceveme: -
ceveveJ³eeHeejMeeruem³e Devle:keÀjCem³e, ceve: - ceveveMeefÊeÀ: mebkeÀuHeefJekeÀuHeeeqlcekeÀe Meeqke̳e: Jee,
Jee®e: - Jeeefieeqvê³em³e, n - efveef½eleeLe&ceJ³e³eb, Jee®eced - JeeCee, ÒeeCem³e - ÒeeCeveef$eÀ³eeMeeruem³e
leÊJem³e, ÒeeCe: - ÒeeCeceHeeveveef$eÀ³eekeÀejkeÀ:, ®e#eg<e: - oMe&veseqvê³em³e, ®e#eg: - oMe&veMeefÊeÀ:,
me: - leled leÊJeb, G - Hegve:, Deefleceg®³e - Þees$eeÐeelceYeJeb Heefjl³ep³e, Oeerje: - Oeercevle:, Demceeled
ueeskeÀeled - Slemceeled mebmeejeled Heg$eefce$ekeÀue$eJevOge<eg ceceenbYeeJeceJ³eJenejue#eCeeled, Òesl³e -
ÒekeÀ<exCe otjerYetlJee, Dece=lee: YeJeefvle - DecejCeOecee&Ce: pevcece=l³eg®e$eÀeled efJecegÊeÀe: YeJeefvle ~
HeoeLe&: - ³eled - that, Þees$em³e - of the ear, Þees$eb - the ear, ceveme: - of the
mind, ceve: - the mind, Jee®e: - of the speech, n - indeed, Jee®eb -
speech, ÒeeCem³e - of the prana, ÒeeCe: - the prana, ®e#eg: - of the eye,
®e#eg<e: - the eye, me - it, G - again, Deefleceg®³e - having relinQuished,
Oeerje: - the wise, Demceeled - from this, ueeskeÀeled - world, Òesl³e - rising,
Dece=lee: - immortal, YeJeefvle - become .
mejueeLe&: - Hejceelcee SJe DelceeªHesCe Mejerjs ÞeJeCeseqvê³em³e MeyoûenCeMeefÊeÀYetle: ~ lem³e
MejerjeJemLeevekkeÀaerjNCeeled meJexeqvê³eeefCe keÀce&meg Òesefjleeefve YeJeefvle HejceelceªHem³e ef®elmeÊee³ee:
efJeÐeceeveleekeÀaejCeeled Þees$e³ees: ÞeJeCeMeefÊeÀ: ceveme: ceveveMeefÊeÀ: Jee®e: Jee®eveMeefÊeÀ: ®e#eg<ees:
oMe&veMeefÊeÀ: leLee ÒeeCem³e peerJeveerMeefÊeÀ: ef$eÀ³eeªHeleeb ve³eefvle ~ ³e: Dem³e MejerjmebIeelem³e leLee
efJeéemekeÀuem³e efvecee&lee lem³e ³eLeeLe&%eevesve efJeJeskesÀve Jee mebÒeeefHle: DeefYeue#³eles ~ leped%eeveb
kesÀJeuecee$eb cees#emeeOeveYetleced ~
Hejceelcee mJeefJeue#eCeMeÊeÀîee peieled meáeeue³eefle ~ leled MeefÊebÀ ve %eeveseqvê³eeefCe ve Jee
keÀcexeqvê³eeefCe %eelegb meceLee&efve ~ me: Feqvê³eeleerle: Mejerjs<eg Feqvê³eeCeeb Òe®eeuekeÀ: Fefle ~ Dee®ee³e&:
Me¹j: mJem³e HeoYee<³es lem³e Hejceelceve: Sleeb efJeue#eCeMeefÊebÀ Þegl³evlejeefCe G×=l³e mHeä³eefle ~
³eLee - ‘DeelcevewJee³eb p³eesefle<eemles ’ ( ye=. G. 4/3/6), ‘lem³e Yeemee meJe&efceob efJeYeeefle ’ (
keÀ.G. 2/2/15, ées.G. 6/14, ceg. G. 2/2/10, ‘³esve met³e&mleHeefle lespemesod’ ( lew. ye´e.
Odisha State Open University, Sambalpur 17
3/12/6/9), ³eoeefol³eieleb lesve: peielYeeme³elesçefKeueced (ieerlee 15/12), #es$eb #es$eer leLee ke=À‚b
ÒekeÀeMe³eefle Yeejle (ieerlee 13/33), efvel³eesefvel³eeveeb ®esleve½esleveeced ( keÀejkeÀ. 2/213) Fefle ~
cev$e:-3 Deelceve: De%es³elJeceefveJe&®eveer³elJeáe
ve le$e ®e#egie&®íefle ve Jeeiie®íefle
ve cevees ve efJe¨ees ve efJepeeveercees ~
³e³ewleovegefMel³eeov³eosJe leefÜefoleeoLees DeefJeefoleeoefOe ~
Fefle MegÞegce HetJex<eeb ³es vemleÜîee®e®eeef#ejs ~~
DevJe³e:- le$e ®e#eg: ve ie®íefle ve JeekedÀ ve ceve: ~ ³eLee DevegefMe<³eeled lele ve efJe¨e: ve efJepeeveerce:~
leled efJeefoleeled Dev³eled SJe ~ DeLe DeefJeefoleeled DeefOe ~ Fefle HetJex<eeb MegÞegce: ³es ve: leled
J³ee®e®eef#ejs~
HeoeLe&: - le$e - leod ye´ïeHe³e&vleced, ®e#eg: - ves$e %eeveseqvê³eeefCe Fl³eLe&:, ie®íefle - ÒeeHlegb MekeÌveesefle,
ve - ve, JeekedÀ - JeeCeer Jeeieeoerefve keÀcexeqvê³eeefCe Fl³eLe&:, ve-ve, ceve: - ceve: Devle:
keÀjCeeveerl³eLe&:, ³eLee - ³esve ÒekeÀejsCe, DevegefMe<³eeled efMe<³eb leod ye´ïeesHeosMeb kegÀ³ee&led , leled - leod
ye´ïleÊJeb, ve -ve, efJe¨e: - Je³eb ve peeveerce:, ve-ve, efJepeeveerce: - DeJeJees×gb MekeÌvegce:, leled - leod ,
SJe-Fefle, efveef½eleced, DeLe-Hegve:, DeefJeefoleeled - Devle:keÀjCeseqvê³eeefoefYe: ve %eeve³eesi³ekeÀejCeeled ,
DeefOe -DeefOekebÀ Hejs Jee JeÊe&les, Fefle SJeb, HetJex<eeb - HetJee&®ee³exY³e: MeÞegce: -Je³eb ÞegleJevle:, ³es - ³es
Dee®ee³ee&: , ve: - DemceekebÀ ke=Àles, leled - leod , ye´ïeleÊJeb, J³ee®e®eef#ejs - J³eeK³eeleJevle: efJemHeäb
keÀefLeleJevle: Jee ~
mejueeLe&: - efvejekeÀejlJeeled ye´ïe Feqvê³eûee¿eb ve YeJeefle ~ Demebmke=Àlecevemee Devle:keÀjCew: Jee leVe
%eve³eesi³eced ~ GHeosäe mJeefMe<³eb JeesOe³eefle ³eled Hejye´ïe veseqvê³eevlekeÀjCe%eeve³eesi³eefceefle ~ ³eled
efkeÀefáeled DemceeefYe: efJeefoleb lemceeled leod efYeVeced ~ DeefHe ®e ³eomceeefYe: DeefJe%eeleb lemceeled leled
DeefOekeÀced ~ Hejye´ïemJeªHe: Hejceelcee keÀe³e&ªHepeiele: (³eled DemceeefYe: %eeleb) leLee
keÀejCeªHee³ee: Òeke=Àles: (³eled DemceeefYe: DeefJe%eeleb ) Hejs JeÊe&les ~ leled Hejye´ïeleÊJeefJe<e³ekebÀ
leL³ecemceeefYe: HetJee&®ee³exY³e: Þegleced ~ Fefle MegÞegce HetJex<eeced Fefle Jeeke̳eebMew:
Odisha State Open University, Sambalpur 18
ye´ïeleÊJeesHeosMeHejcHeje³ee: met®eveeJeeH³eles ~ De®ee³e&HejcHejele: ye´ïeleÊJeefJe®eej: Slee¢Me Fl³e$e
GHemLeeH³eles ~ les HetJee&®ee³ee&: leled ye´ïeleÊJecemceekebÀ ke=Àles mHeäle³ee ÒeefleHeeefoleJevle: Fefle ~
Deefleeqvê³eb ye´ïeleÊJeb %eelee%eeleleL³esY³e: Hejced ~ Dee®ee³eexHeosMeeled leod %eeleJ³eb YeJeefle Fefle ~
cev$e: - 4 - ye´ïeJeeieeefoY³e: HejcevegHeem³eb ®e
³eÜe®eeveY³egefoleb ³esve JeeieY³egÐeles ~
leosJe ye´ïe lJeb efJeef× vesob ³eefoocegHeemeles ~~
DevJe³e: - ³eled Jee®ee DeveY³egefoleb ³esve JeekedÀ DeY³egÐeles leled SJe lJeb ye´ïe efJeef× ~ Fob ³eled
(ueeskeÀ:) GHeemeles (leled ) ve ~
HeoeLe&: - ³ele - Je´ïeleÊJeb ®ewlev³ecee$emeÊeekeÀefceefle Jee®ee - efpendJeecetueeefo<eg Deä<eg mLeeves<eg
G®ee³e&ceeCew JeCez: Heow: Jee, DeveY³egefoleb - DeÒekeÀeefMeleceJeCe&veer³eb Jee ³esve ³esve leÊJesve , JeekedÀ -
JeeCeer, DeY³egÐeles - ÒekeÀeMeles G®®ee³e&les Jee , leled - leled leÊJeb, SJe - kesÀJeueb , lJeced - ns
efpe%eemees: lJeb, ye´ïe - efJe%eeveceevevob ye´ïe, efJeef× - efJepeeveerefn, Fob ³eled - Sleled ³eled efkeÀefáeled ,
(ueeskeÀ: - peieled mekeÀueb), GHeemeles - Hetpe³eefle, (leled - leled leÊJeb Je´ïe) ve-ve YeJeefle ~
HeoeLe&: - ³ele -that, Jee®ee -by words, DeveY³egefoleb -cannot be expressed, ³esve -
by which, JeekedÀ -speech, DeY³egÐeles - is expressed, leled - that, SJe -alone,
lJeced -you, ye´ïe -Brahman, efJeef× -know, Fob - this, ³eled - what, ( ueeskeÀ: -
people), GHeemeles - worship, ( leled - that), ve - not .
mejueeLe&: - mJe³eb ÒekeÀeMemJeªHelJeeled Hejye´ïe ve kesÀveeefHe ÒekeÀeMeles ~ lesvewJe JeeCeer ÒekeÀeefMelee
YeJeefle ~ meJexeqvê³eeefCe ye´ïeÒekeÀeMesve ( Mejerjs lem³e DeelceeªHesCe DeJemLeeveeled ) ÒekeÀeefMeleeefve
YeJeefvle ~ ³esve Hejye´ïeHejceelcevee Jeeieeoereqvê³eeCeer ÒekeÀeefMeleeefve YeJeefvle leeefve keÀLeb leb Hejceelceveb
ÒekeÀeMeef³elegb meceLee&efve YeefJe<³eefvle ? ³eLee met³ee&ueeskesÀve DeeueesefkeÀle: ®evêcee: ve met³e&m³e ÒekeÀeMeb
keÀÊeg&ce#ece: leLewJe ef®eledmJeªHeb ye´ïe Jee®e: JeekedÀ ®e#eg<e: ®e#eg: Þees$em³e Þees$eb ceveme: ceve: keÀÊee&
Odisha State Open University, Sambalpur 19
YeesÊeÀe efJe%eelee efve³evlee ÒeMeeefmelee efJe%eeveceaenvenvevob ®e ~ leled efve©HeeefOekeÀced ~ ³eogHeeefOe³egÊeÀm³e
Deveelceve: F&éejm³e GHeemeveeb O³eeveb Jee pevee: kegÀJe&efvle leled ve ye´ïeHeoJee®³eced Fefle Deveelceve:
Deye´ïelJeb ÒeefleHeeo³eefle Dee®ee³e&: Me¹j: ~
De$e GHeem³eosJesY³e: ye´ïe efYeVeefceefle me¹sle: DeJeeH³eles ~
cev$e: -5 . ye´ïe cevemeeefoY³e: HejcevegHeem³eb ®e
³evcevemee ve cevegles ³esveengce&vees celeced ~
leosJe ye´ïe lJeb efJeef× vesob ³eefoocegHeemeles ~~
DevJe³e: - (peve:) ³eled cevemee ve cevegles ³esve ceve: celeced (Fefle ye´ïeefJeo:) Deeng: leled SJe lJeb
ye´ïeefJeef× ~ ³eled (ueeskeÀ:) GHeemeles (leled ) ve ~
HeoeLe&: - (peve: - people), ³eled - what, cevemee - with mind, ve cevegles -do not
comprehend, ³esve - by which, ceve: - the mind, ceveve - is cognized, (Fefle
- so, Je´ïeefJeo: - the knower the Brahman), Deeng: - say (said), leled - that,
SJe - alone, lJeb - you, ye´ïe - brahman, efJeef× - know, ³eled - what, Fob - this,
ueeskeÀ: - world ), GHeemeles - worship, leled - that), ve - not .
HeoeLe&: - (peve: - ceʳe&ceveg<³e: ), ³eled - ³eled leÊJeb, cevemee - ceveveJ³eeHeej³egÊesÀve Devle:keÀjCesve,
ve cevegles - ve mebkeÀuHe³eefle ve efveefOeveesefle Fefle , ³esve - ³eled leÊJesve , ceve: -mebkeÀuHeefJekeÀuHeelceveb
ceveve- J³eeHeejMeerueefceeqvê³eb celeced - efJe<e³eerke=Àleb mJeJ³eeHeejefvejleb YeJeefle , (Fefle- Fl³esleled,
Je´ïeefJeo: - Je´ïeleÊJeJesleej: ) , Deeng: - Jeoefvle, leled SJe - leled lelJecesJe lJeb - ns efpe%eemees! ye´ïe
- Hejye´ïe ®ewlevlemJeªHeefceefle efJeef× - efJeMes<esCe peeveerefn~ ³eled -³eled lelJeced , (ueeskeÀ:-
ceʳe&ueeskeÀ: ) GHeemeles - Hetpe³eefle , leled - leÊJeb ), ve (ye´ïe) ve YeJeefle ~
mejueeLe&: - ceve: Fl³evle:keÀjCeb ³eod ye´ïe mebkeÀuHeef³elegb efve½eslegb Jee ve MekeÌveesefle leod ye´ïeleÊJeb
ceveme: ceveveMeeruelee³ee: nslegYetleFefle ~ ceveme: J³eeHeejs<eg keÀece: mebkeÀuHe: efJeef®eefkeÀlmee Þe×eÞe×e
Odisha State Open University, Sambalpur 20
Oe=efle: DeOe=efle: Ûer: Oe´er: Fl³esleled meJe&ced DevleYee&efJeleced ~ leled Hejye´ïeleÊJem³e Òe®eesoveeled ceveme:
J³eeHeeje: ef$eÀ³eeMeeruee: YeJeefvle ~ ³esve ceveme: Je=Êe³e: efJe<e³es<eg ÒeJe=Êee: YeJeefvle levceve: keÀLeb
lem³eekeÀueveb kegÀ³eee&led~ leosJe cevemeeÐevle:keÀjCeeveeb ÒeJeÊe&kebÀ leÊJeb ye´ïe Fefle meeOekeÀ: mecyegO³esle ~
ve leg peveeveeb GHeem³ee: osJee: ye´ïemJe©Hee: Fefle ~
cev$e: 6 -
³e®®e#eg<ee ve HeM³eefle ³esve ®e#egBef<e HeM³eefle~
leosJe ye´ïe lJeb efJeef× vesob ³eefoocegHeemeles ~~
DevJe³e: -³eled ®e#eg<ee ve HeM³eefle ³esve - ®e#egBef<e HeM³eefle leled SJe lJeb ye´ïe efJeef× ~ ³eled FocegHeemeles
Fobve~
HeoeLe&: - ³eled - ³eod ye´ïe, ®e#eg<ee - oMe&veseqvê³esCe ve HeM³eefle - êägb ve Meke̳eles efJe<e³eerYetleb keÀÊeg¥ ve
Meke̳eles Jee ³esve - ³eod leÊJesve ®e#egef<eB - oMe&veseqvê³eb ®e#egJe=efÊe: Jee, HeM³eefle- (peerJe:)
efJe<e³eerkeÀjesefle , leled - leod leÊJeb , SJe - efve½e³esve , lJeb - ns efpe%eemees , ye´ïece - Hejye´ïe Hejceelcee
Fefle efJeef× - peeveerefn, ³eled Fob - ³eled efkeÀefáeefoob peieefle GHeemeles - (pevew:) O³ee³eles Hetp³eles Jee
Fob ve Sleled ( ye´ïe) ve YeJeefle ~
mejueeLe&: - HetJe&cev$eܳeJeo$eeefHe GHeosäe $eÝef<e: ye´ïeCe: mJeªHeb mHeä³eefle ~ Hejye´ïeCe: MeÊeÀîee
ÒesjCe³ee ®e ®e#egjeoerefve %eveseqvê³eeefCe mJemJeefJe<e³eûenCee³e meceLee&efve YeJeefvle ~ Hejvleg ves$eeoerefve
%eeveseqvê³eeefCe mJee³eleveeoefHe DeefOekebÀ ye´ïeleÊJeb ve Òel³e#eerkeÀÊeg¥ MekeÌvegJeefvle ~
cev$e: 7 - ³e®í^es$esCe ve Me=Ceesefle ³esve Þees$eefceob Þegleced ~
leosJe ye´ïe lJeb efJeef× vesob ³eefoocegHeemeles ~~
DevJe³e: - ³eled Þees$esCe ve Me=Ceesles ³esve Fob Þees$eb Þegleb leled SJe lJeb ye´ïe efJeef× ~ Fob ³eled GHeemeles,
Fob ve~
Odisha State Open University, Sambalpur 21
HeoeLe&: - ³eled - ³eled leÊJeb, Þees$esCe - ÞeJeCeseqvê³esCe, ve Me=Ceesefle - ve efJe<e³eeref$eÀ³eles, ³esve -
³eÊeÊJesve, Fob Þees$eb - ÞeJeCeseqvê³eb Þegleb - ÞeJeCeMeefÊeÀmecHeVeb YeJeefle , leled - leled leÊJeced SJe -
efve½e³esve , lJeb - ns efpe%eemees ! lJeb, ye´ïe - ef®evcee$emeÊeeªHeb, efJeef× - peeveerefn, Fob ³eled -
(Deeqmceved ueeskesÀ ) ³eled Sleled, GHeemeles - (ceveg<³ew: osJeleeªHesCe) Hetp³eles, Fob ve leled (ye´ïe) ve
YeJeefle ~
mejueeLe&: - HetJe&cev$e$e³eJeo$eeefHe %eveseqvê³em³e Þees$em³e DeefJe<e³eYetleb ye´ïe Fefle ÒeefleHeeefoleceefmle ~
Hejye´ïeCe: meÊeeÜeje DeLeJee meeceL³ee&lde meeceL³e&³egÊebÀ Þees$eseqvê³eb ÞeJeCe#eceb YeJeefle ~ ³eefo
Þees$eseqvê³em³eeLeJee Feqvê³eslejm³e mJemeeceL³e¥ m³eeled leefn& ce=leMejerjsçefHe keÀCexeqvê³eefceeqvê³eeefCe Jee
meef$eÀ³eeefCe m³eg: ~ Hejvleg SJeb ve YeJeefle ~ Slemceeled Sleled mHeäb YeJeefle ³eled Hejye´ïeCe: meeceL³ee&led
Mejerjs ye´ïeleÊJeªHesCe DeelceleÊJem³eeJemLeeveeled mJeJ³eeHeejs<eg ÞeJeCeeoerefve Feqvê³eeefCe ÒeJe=Êeeefve
YeJeefvle ~ Dele: Feqvê³eeleerlem³e ye´ïeCe: %eeveb veseqvê³ew: leLee DeveelceJemleg<eg ye´ïeCe: GHeemevee ve
mecYeJeefle
cev$e: - 8- ³elÒee³esCe ve ÒeeefCeefle ³esve ÒeeCe: ÒeCeer³eles ~
leosJe ye´ïe lJeb efJeef× vesob ³eefoocegHeemeles ~~
DevJe³e:-³eled ÒeeCesve ve ÒeeefCeefle ³esve ÒeeCe: ÒeCeer³eles leled SJe ye´ïe lJeb efJeef× ~ ³eled Foced GHeemeles
Fob ve~
HeoeLe&: - ³eled - ³eled ye´ïeleÊJeb, ÒeeCesve - HeeefLe&Jesve Ie´eCesve DeLeJee veeefmekeÀeHegìevlejJeefmLeleeY³eeb
Je=efÊeY³eeb, ve ÒeeefCeefle - ievOeJeled DeLeJee ÒeeCeeHeeveJeled efJe<e³eerkeÀjesefle , ³esve - ³eled ye´ïeleÊJesve ,
ÒeeCe: - Ie´eCeseqvê³eceLeJee ÒeCeeHeeveeK³e: Je=efÊeªHeJ³eeHeej: ÒeCeer³eles - ®esäeb keÀjesefle ef$eÀ³eeMeerue:
YeJeefle Jee, leled - leled leÊJeced , SJe - efve½e³esve , ye´ïe - meef®®eoevevoce³eb, lJeb - ns efpe%eemees ! lJeb
, efJeef× - efJepeeveerefn, ³eled Foced - ³eled efkeÀefáeled Foced , GHeemeles - (ceveg<³ew:) osJeleeªHesCe
GHeemevee³ee: efJe<e³e: ef$eÀ³eles , Fob ve - leefoob ve (ye´ïe) Fefle ~
mejueeLe&: - Mejerjs keÀe³e&Yesosve ÒeeCem³e Yesoe: ÒecegKeesHeefve<elmeg HeáeYesoe: DeJejesHeefve<elmeg
oMeYesoe: ¢M³eles ~ ³eLee - 1. ÒeeCe: - veemeeHegìsve yeefn: Jee³ees: efve<keÀemeveb , 2. DeHeeve: -
Odisha State Open University, Sambalpur 22
veemeeHegìsve MejerjeY³eevlejb Jee³ees: ûenCeb 3. J³eeve: - Mejerjs efMejÒeefMejemeg jÊeÀmebJeener Jee³eg:, 4.
meceeve: - veeefYemebefmLele: Jee³eg: ³esve Mejerjs jme: mJeeÐemeej: HeefjJeeefnle: YeJeefle, 5. Goeve: -
keÀCþmLe: TOJe&ieeflekeÀ: Jee³eg: Jeceveeefoef$eÀ³eemeg leLee ce=l³egkeÀeues ³e: yeefn: efve:mejefle, 6. veeie: -
Mejerjeled ceueb efve<keÀeme³eefle , 7. keÀtce&: - He#ceHeeles leLee - ®e#eg©vceerueves keÀe³e¥ keÀjesefle 8.
ke=ÀkeÀue: - DeMeveHeeves®í³ee men mecyeefvOele:, 9. osJeoÊe: - pe=cYeCeef$eÀ³eekeÀejkeÀ: 10.
Oeve¡e³e: - efnkeÌkeÀecet®íe&JemLeeÒeeefHle: Devesve YeJeefle ~
meceûeMejerjJ³eeHeej: oMeÒeCew: YeJeefle ~ ye´ïeleÊJecevesve ÒeeCeJ³eeHeejsCe %eelegb ve Meke̳eles ~ DeefHeleg
Mejerjs DeelceeªHesCe leod ye´ïeleÊJe©Hem³e DeJemLeevesve ÒeeCeOeeefjCe: ÒeeCeveef$eÀ³eeb kegÀJe&efvle ~
ÒeeCelelJeceelceleÊJeeOeerveced~ ÒeeCe: Deelceve: íe³eekeÀuHe Fefle ÒeMveesHeefve<eo: efJeJe#ee (Òe.3.3/3)~
ye´ïeÒesjCe³ee ÒeeCeesçefHe Mejerjs ÒeeCeveJ³eeHeejb keÀjesefle ~ ³eLee MejerjsCe: DevegHeefmLel³ee lelíe³ee³ee:
DeveJemLeevelJeb leLewJe Deelceve: DevegHeefmLel³ee mJele: ÒeeCem³e DeYeeJe: Fefle ~
Heáe cev$es<eg De$e vesob ³eefoocegHeemeles Fefle cev$eebMe: ye´ïeCe: mJeªHeb mHeä³eefle ~ GHeemeles HeoeLe&:
³eÐeefHe HeoYee<³es Dee®ee³exCe Me¹jsCe O³ee³eefvle ef$eÀ³eles leLeeefHe ye´ïeCe: meeceerH³eeefOeieefleefjefle
meeceev³eeLe&: ~ leoLe¥ ye´ïe%eeveceeJeM³ekeÀced ~ ye´ïe%eeveeJeeefHlemeeOeveeefve Dem³eeb kesÀveesHeefve<eefo
JeefCe&leeefve meefvle ~ Deeqmceved ÒeLeces KeC[s DeveelceHeoeLexY³e: ye´ïeCe: efYeVelJeb mHeäb YeJeefle ~
efÜleer³e: KeC[:
cev$e: - 1. ye´ïe%eevem³e DeefveJe&®eveer³elJeced
³eefo cev³emes megJesosefle onjcesJeeefHe vetveced ~
lJeb JeslLe ye´ïeCees ªHeb ³eom³e lJeb ³eom³e osJes<JeLe veg ceerceeBm³ecesJe les cev³es efJeefoleced~
DevJe³e: - ³eefo lJeced Dem³e ye´ïeCe:³eled ªHeb (leled ) megJeso Fefle cev³emes vetveb lJeb onjced SJe JeslLe ~
DeLe veg ³eled Dem³e ªHeb lJeb ( JeslLe) osJes<eg efJeefoleb les ceerceebm³eced SJe cev³es ~
HeoeLe&:- ³eefo -³eefo, lJeced - efpe%eemeg: lJeced, Dem³e ye´ïeCe: - Slee¢M³eHetJe&JeefCe&lem³e
ef®evceee$emeÊeekeÀm³e ye´ïeCe: ³eled mJeªHeb- meef®®eoevevoce³e ³eled mJeªHeb (leled -leled mJeªHeb ),
Odisha State Open University, Sambalpur 23
megJeso - megÿg JesÊeeeqmce peeveeefce Jee, Fefle cev³emes - Fefle cev³eceeve: Deefme vetveb - efve½e³esve, lJeb -
SJeb YeeJeveeMeerue: lJeb onjced - DeuHeced, (kegÀ$eef®eled oYe´efceefle HeeþevlejesçefHe ¢M³eles), SJe - efn ,
JeslLe - peeveeefme, DeLe - DeefHe ®e, veg - efve½e³esve , ³eled Dem³e ªHeb - Dem³e ye´ïeCe: ³eled mJeªHeb,
lJeb (JeslLe) - lJeb peeveeefme, osJes<eg efJeefoleb - osJeleemeg Heefj%eeleceefmle (leoefHe mJeuHecesJe Fefle), les -
legY³eb, ceeRceem³eced - (ye´ïelJeced ) efJe®eej³eesi³eced, SJe - efn, cev³es - celeb Hees<e³eeefce ~
mejueeLe&: - ye´ïeesHeosMeHejkeÀ: leJeuekeÀej$eÝef<e: De$eesHeefoMeefle ~ lem³eesHeosMem³e leelHe³e&cesleled ³eled
ceveg<³e: ve keÀoeefHe Gleled ve cev³esle me: HetCe&le³ee ye´ïe peeveeleerefle ~ efpe%eemeJes efMe<³ee³e
ye´ïemJeªHekeÀLeveeovevlejb ÒeefleJeesOe³eefle ³eled lel%eeveb ve He³ee&Hleced ~ Dele: me ve ef®evle³esled ³eled lesve
ye´ïe efJe%eeleceefmle ~ lesve ³eled efkeÀefáeled %eeleb leled mJeuHecejJe ~ veeefHe FvêeefoefYe: osJew: ³eod%eeleb leled
He³ee&Hleceefmle ~ DeMeyocemHeMe&ceìgHeceJ³e³eb leLeejmeb efvel³eceievOeJe®®e ³eled (keÀ.G.1/3/15
ve=efmebnesÊej, cegefÊeÀkeÀ. 2/72) Fefle JeCe&veeled leod ye´ïeCe: Meyoeefo mJeªHeb Òeefleefme×ceefmle ~
ye´ïeCe: lelmJeªHeb efkeÀefáevcee$e³ee %eeleceefmle leoLe¥ ceveg<³e: meceefOekebÀ %eelegb ³elveMeerue: m³eeefoefle
De$e GHeefoM³eles ~ ye´ïe%eeveb meceOeerkebÀ efJe®eejCeer³eefceefle Dee®ee³e&m³e efMe<³ee³e efpe%eemeJes ceveg<³ee³e
JeesHeosMe: Fefle ~
cev$e: -2. ye´ïe%eeveefJe<e³ekeÀ: DevegYeJeesuuesKe:
veenb cev³es megJesosefle vees ve Jesosefle Jeso ®e ~
³ees vemleÜso leÜso vees ve Jesosefle Jeso ®e ~~
DevJe³e: - megJeso Fefle Denb ve cev³es ve Jeso Fefle ve cev³es ®e Jeso ~ ³e: ve: leled Jeso leled Jeso, leled Jeso
ve Jeso Fefle ve (efkeÀvleg) Jeso ~
HeoeLe&: - megJeso - (leod ye´ïe) megKeHetJe&keÀb %eeve³eesi³eced, Fefle - Fefle, Denb ve cev³es -
veencevegefceveesefce , ve Jeso Fefle - ve peeveeefceefle (ve cev³es) - ve mJeerkeÀjesefce, ®e Jeso - DeefHe ®e
peeveeefce ,³e: ve: - DeDeJe³ees: (ieg©efMe<³e³ees:) ³e:, leled - leled ye´ïeleÊJeb, Jeso - peeveeefle, leled -
lele leÊJeb, Jeso ve -ve peeveeleerefle, Jeso- peeveeefle, Fefle ve -ve, (efkeÀvleg) Jeso - efkeÀefáeledd peeveeefle ~
Odisha State Open University, Sambalpur 24
mejueeLe&: - ye´ïeefJe<e³ekeÀb efpe%eemees: JeÊeÀJ³ecesleled ³eled ye´ïemegKeHetJe&kebÀ %eeve³eesi³eefceefle ve ~ Sleled
me ve mJeerkeÀjesefle ~ efkeÀefáeoefHe ye´ïeefJe<e³ekebÀ ve peeveeleerl³eefHe ve ~ leelHe³e&cesleled ³eled efpe%eemeg:
ye´ïeleÊJeb efkeÀefáevcee$e³ee peeveeefle leLee efkeÀefáevcee$e³ee ve peeveeefle Fefle ~ De$e SleogHeefoM³eles ³eled
ve keÀoeefHe keÀef½eosleled ve ef®evle³esled ³eled lesve HetJe&le³ee ye´ïe%eeleceefmle ~ SleoefHe ve HeefjYeeJ³eb ³eled
ye´ïeleÊJeb lesve ve efkeÀefáep%eeleefceefle ~ SleoLe&ceg®³eles ~ ’ve Jesosefle Jeso ®e’b - ye´ïeefJe<e³ekebÀ leÊJeb ve
peeveeefle efkeÀefáeppeeveeefle ®e Fefle ~ ³eled efkeÀefáeppeeveeefle lesve ye´ïeeefmleke̳eb pee³eles leLee ³eVedepeeefle
lesve meceefOekeÀ %eeleJ³eb YeJeefle ~ Dele: ye´ïeceerceebm³ecesJe DeefOekebÀ efJe®eejmeeHes#eefceefle ~
cev$e: 3- %eelee De%e: leLee De%e: %eeveer
³em³eeceleb lem³e celeb celeb ³em³e ve Jeso me: ~
DeefJe%eeleb efJepeeveleeb efJe%eeleceefJe%eeveleeced ~~
DevJe³e: - ³em³e Deceleb lem³e celeced ~ ³em³e celes me: ve Jeso ~ efJe%eeveleeced DeefJe%eeleced ~
DeefJepeeveleeb efJe%eeleced ~
HeoeLe&: - ³em³e -³em³e ceveg<³em³e, Deceleced - HetJe&leL³es mecceefle: veeefmle Denb ye´ïe peeveeefceefle ³e:
efJeéeefmeefle Fl³eLe&:, lem³e - pevem³e lem³e celeced - Slee¢Meb celeb YeJeefle, ³em³e celeb - ³em³e Heg©<em³e
SJebefJeOeb celeb, me: - me: Heg©<e:, ve Jeso - (ye´ïeleÊJeb) ve peeveeefle, efJepeeveleeced -
ye´ïeleÊJe%eele=Ceeced, DeefJe%eeleced - (leod ye´ïeleÊJeced ) De%eeleb YeJeefle, DeefJepeeveleeb -
ye´ïeleÊJee%eele=Ceeb ke=Àles, efJe%eeleced - ye´ïeleÊJeb efJe%eeleb YeJeefle ~
mejueeLe&: - ³ees peve: leod ye´ïeCe: %eelee kesÀJeueb MeyoeLe&cee$esCe ye´ïe%eeveJeeved YeJeefle ve leg
ye´ïeevegYeteflemecHeVe: Slee¢Me: peve: Jemlegle: ye´ïeefJe<e³ekebÀ ve efkeÀefáeled peeveeefle ~ Hejvleg ³e:
ye´ïe%eeveevegYetl³ee mJeËefo ye´ïemee#eelkeÀjesefle me: ye´ïemJeªHeb peeveeefle ~ me SJe %eelee YeJeefle ³esve
kesÀJeueb HegmlekesÀY³e: ye´ïe%eeveced DeOeer³eeve: YeJeefle lee¢Me: Jee®ekeÀpeve: ye´ïeCe: JemlegmJeªHeb ve
peeveeefle ~ Jee®ekeÀ: DeO³e³eveeled kesÀJeueb Jee®ee ye´ïekeÀLeveb keÀjesefle ~ Slee¢Me: peve: leVe peeveeefle~
Hejvleg ye´ïe%eeveeO³e³esve men ³e: leovegYetefleb mJeelceleÊJeceeO³evesve DevegYeJeefle me SJe ye´ïeleÊJem³e
³eLeeLe&%eelee ~
Odisha State Open University, Sambalpur 25
cev$e: 4- efJe%eeveeJeYeemes<eg ye´ïeevegYetefle:
ÒeefleyeesOeefJeefoleb celecece=lelJeb efn efJevoles ~
Deelcevee efJevoles Jeer³e¥ efJeÐe³ee efJevolesçce=leced ~~
DevJe³e: - ÒeefleyeesOeefJeefoleb celeb efn Dece=lelJeb efJevoles ~ Deelcevee Jeer³e¥ efJevoles efJeÐe³ee Dece=lelJeb
efJevoles ~
HeoeLe&: - ÒeefleyeesOeefJeefoleb - ÒeefleyeesOesve (yeesOeb yeesOeb Òeefle lesve ) %eeleb, celeced - ’Fob leodye´ïe%eeveb ’
Fefle, efn - efveef½el³e, Dece=lelJeb - cees#eªHeced Dece=lelJeb efJevoles - ÒeeHveesefle, Deelcevee - DeelcelelJe
- %eevesve, Jeer³e¥ - yeueb ( ce=l³egb Hejepeslegb meeceL³e¥), efJevoles - ÒeeHveesefle, efJeÐe³ee - ye´ïeefJeÐe³ee
ye´ïe%eevesve Jee, Dece=lelJeb - cees#eb cegefÊebÀ Jee, efJevoles - ÒeeHveesefle ~
mejueeLe&: - ÒeefleyeesOeMeyom³eeLe&: yeejcyeejb Hejye´ïeC: efveefoO³eemeveb DeLeJee ef®evleveceLeJee
O³eeveefceefle ~ Feqvê³emeeOevew: ÒeeHleb %eeveb ceve: He³e&vleb ie®íefle~ Hegve: lep%eevecevle: keÀjCesve cevemee
Deelcee yeesefOeles YeJeefle ~ Dele: %eeveÒeeHles: meeOeveܳeefceeqvê³eeefCe ceve½e ~ yee¿eweqvê³ew: ÒeeHleb %eeveb
yeesOe: leLee Devle: keÀjCew: ÒeeHleb %eeveb ÒeefleyeesOe: Fl³eg®³eles Deelcevee ÒeeHle%eevesve meeOekeÀ:
ye´ïe%eeveceeHveesefle ~
Feqvê³eMeyosve yee¿ekeÀjCeeefve Devle:keÀjCeeefve ®e ie=nerleeefve YeJeefvle ~ yee¿ekeÀjCeeefve oMe -Heáe
%eeveseqvê³eeefCe Heáe keÀcexeqvê³eeefCe ®e ~ Devle:keÀjCeeefve $eerefCe - ceve:, yegef×:,DenbkeÀej½e ~
cevemee Heáe %eeveseqvê³ew: %eeveceefOeiec³eles leLee HeáekeÀcexeqvê³ew: keÀce& ef$eÀ³eles ~ SleoLe&cesles<eg ceveme:
ÞesÿlJeb efveieÐeles~
Deelceve: yeefnceg&Keer Je=efÊe: yee¿eseqvê³ewmleLee Devleceg&Keer Devle:keÀjCew: meeO³eles ~ yeefnceg&efKeJe =ʳee
ÒeeHleb %eeveb yeesOe: leLee Devleceg&efKeJe=l³ee ÒeeHleb %eeveb ÒeefleyeesOe: Fefle ~ Deelceve: meJeeYeeefJekeÀb
iegCeܳeb YeJeefle - %eeveb leLee Òe³elve: ~ SkeÀm³e: Je=Êes: efve©×sve DeHeje Je=efÊe: mJele: keÀe³e¥ keÀjesefle~
ܳe³ees: iegCe³ees: keÀesçefHe SkeÀ: meowJe ef$eÀ³eeMeerue: efleÿefle ~ ³eoe ceveg¿e: Òe³elveMeerue: meved
O³eeveeY³eemesve ceve: efveefJe&<e³eb ke=ÀlJee ye´ïemeeOeveb keÀjesefle leoeveerb JeefnJe&=Êe³e: efve©×e: YeJeefvle
Odisha State Open University, Sambalpur 26
leLeevleJe=&Êe³e: keÀe³e¥ kegÀJe&efvle ~ DevleJe=efÊe#es$eceelcee Hejceelcee ®e ~ Dele: Deelceve: Hejceelceve:
mecyeefvOe%eeveb ÒeefleyeesOe Fl³eg®³eles meeOekesÀve ³eoevegYet³eles ~
Deve³ee GHeefve<eoe G®³eles ³eled Devesve ÒeefleyeesOesve DelceevegYeJesve meeOekeÀ: Dece=lelJeb cees#eb
JeeJeeHveesefle~ pejecejCe®e$eÀm³e Hejepe³eeLe&cem³e ÒeefleyeesOem³e meeceL³e¥ cev$es Jeer³e&efcel³eg®³eles ~
cev$e: 5- Dee³elce%eevecesJe meejYetle:
Fn ®esoJesoeroLe mel³eceefmle ve ®esefoneJesoervcenleer efJeveefä: ~
Yetles<eg Yegles<eg efJeef®evl³e Oeerje: Òesl³emceeuueeskeÀeoce=lee YeJeefvle ~~
DevJe³e: - Fn ®esled DeJesoerled mel³eced Deefmle ~ DeLe ®esled Fn ve DeJesoerled cenleer efJeveefä:~ Oeerje:
Yetles<eg efJeef®evl³e Demceeled ueeskeÀeled Òesl³e Dece=lee: YeJeefvle ~
HeoeLe&: - Fn -Deefmceved pevceefve, ®esled - ³eefo, DeJesoerled - peeveeefle, mel³ece Deefmle - mecegef®eleced
Deefmle, DeLe - Hegve:, ®esled - ³eefo, Fn -Deefmceved pevceefve, ve DeJesoerled - ve peeveeefle, cenleer
efJeveefä: - ceneefJeveeMe: DeLeJee cenleer neefve: (YeJeefle), Oeerje: - Oeercevle: Òe%eeJevle: Jee Heg©<ee:,
Yetles<eg Yetles<eg - ÒeeCeer<eg, efJeef®evl³e - (leod ye´ïeeJemLeeveb) efJeef®evl³e (ÒeeCeercee$eb ye´ïemeleecevegYet³e),
Demceeled - ceʳe&ueeskeÀeled, Òesl³e - ÒekeÀ<exCeielJee (ce=l³eesjvevlejb ielJee) Dece=lee: - Deceje: cegÊeÀe:
DeLeJee DeJeeieceve®e$eÀeled cegÊeÀe: YeJeefvle ~
mejueeLe&: - Deeqmceved me=efäÒeHeáes efÜefJeOee: peerJee: efJeÐevles - (1) Yeesie³eesefve mecHeVee: peerJee: leLee
(2) keÀce&³eesefve mecHeVee: peerJee: ~ Yeesie³eesefvepeerJee: mJem³e efJeielekeÀce&HeÀueYeesefieve: YeJeefvle ~
keÀce&³eesveespeerJee: JeÊe&ceevepevceefve keÀcee&efOekeÀejb Yeg¡eefvle ~ ceveg<³e: SkeÀcee$eb peerJe: ³e:
GYe³eefJeOelJeb ÒeeHveesefle ~ Dele: GYe³e³eesefvemecHeVe: peerJe Fl³eg®³eles ~ ceveg<³epevcepeerJe ÒeeH³e efpeJe:
mJeefJeielepevceve: keÀce&HeÀueYeesiemeefnlesve veglevekeÀce& keÀjesefle ~ Dele: ceveg<³epevceefve MegYekeÀce&efCe
HegC³ekeÀce&efCe keÀÊeg¥ Meke̳eles ~ ceveg<³eslejpeerJee: ve leLeeefOekeÀejmecHeVee: ~ Dele: peerJes<eg ceveg<³e:
Fl³eg®³eles ~ Deeqmceved Þesÿpevceefve Hejye´ïeCe: Heleceelceve: %eeveb ye´ïe%eeveb Jee leLee
leovegketÀuecee®ejCeceHes#eles ~ ye´ïe%eeveeJeeefHlejsJe ceeveJepeerJevem³eeefvleceb ue#³eb YeJeefle ~
Odisha State Open University, Sambalpur 27
GHeefve<elmemeg lep%eeveb HeefjHetCe¥ efJeÐeles ~ Dele: leeceeceO³e³eveceLeJee keÀmceeled ye´ïe%eeefveve: GHeosMeb
mebie=nCeer³eeled ~ ye´ïe%eevemeeOeveáe meeOekeÀ: peerJeves ef$eÀ³eeeqvJeleb keÀjesefle ~ Devesve SJe
ceeveJepeeryevem³e meeLe&keÀleeHeeÐeles ~
meeOeve³ee ye´ïeesHeosMesve ®e ³eefo ceveg<³e: mJepeerJeveb ueeYeeeqvJeleb ve keÀjesefle leefn& mecHetCe¥ pevce
efvejLe&kebÀ YeJeefle ~ yeejcyeejb pevcecejCe³ees: DeJeeieceve®e$esÀ HeeflelJee FlejÒeeCeerJeled keÀce&HeÀueb
Yeg¡eeve: efleÿefle ~ ³eefo ye´ïe%eeveceJeeHveesefle leefn& peerJeveb meeLe&kebÀ YeJeleerefle GHeefve<eod Dem³ee:
mHeäesefÊeÀ: ~
le=leer³e: KeC[:
³e#eesHeeK³eeveced
Jeeke̳eced - 1 osJeleeveeceefYeceeveesefÊeÀ:
ye´ïe n osJesY³ees efJeefpei³es lem³e n ye´ïeCees efJepe³es osJee Decener³evle ~
HeoeLe&: - ye´ïe - Hejye´ïe Hejceelcee, n - efve½e³eHetJe&keÀ, osJesY³e: - osJeeveeb ke=Àles, efJeefpei³es -
efJepe³eb ÒeeHleJeled (HejceelceeHe#es) Jee, lem³e ye´ïeCe: - lem³e efJepeÞeerceefC[lem³e Hejye´ïeCe:, efJepe³es
- efJepe³ekeÀce&efCe, osJee: - Deiv³eeo³e: osJee:, Decener³evle - DeefYeceeveb ke=ÀleJevle: ~
mejueeLe&: - ³eoe ye´ïeCe: Deiv³eeoerveeb HeáeceneYetleeveeb meceglHeefÊe: ke=Àlee leoe lelme=efäªHesCe
efJepe³esve ÒeeogYet&lee: osJee: S<emles<eeb efJepe³e Fefle Decev³ele ~ ³ele: me=efäÒeHeáes les<eeb ÒeogYee&Jeeled les
Hetefpelee: DeYeJeved ~ osJeieCee: DeefYeceeveb ke=ÀleJevle: ³eod efJepe³e: DemcekeÀefceefle ~ mecHetCe¥ peieled
HeáeceneYetlew: efveefce&leced ~ Dele: leefÓVeceHej: Hejceelcee keÀef½eod JeÊe&les Fl³em³e leL³em³e
efvejekeÀjCecesJe osJeeveeceefYeceeveme¹sle: ~ Òeke=Àeflecee$eb me=äs: keÀejCeYetleb ³es cev³eles les
osJeeveeceefYeceeveJeled Ye´efcelee: Fefle ~ Òeke=Àl³eelcekeÀm³e pe[Jeie&m³eeefHe keÀef½eled efveefce&lee meb®eeuekeÀ½e
JeÊe&les Fefle ye´ïeCe: ³e#eªHeOeejCeb leLee osJeeveeb MeefÊeÀHejer#eCeced ~
mJemeJe&MeefÊeÀcele³ee: ÒeyeesOevee³e mJem³e Hetp³eb ªHeceskebÀ Oe=lJee Hejye´ïe Deiv³eeoerved osJeeved
JeesOeerleJeled~
Odisha State Open University, Sambalpur 28
Jeeke̳eced - le Ss#evleemceekeÀcesJee³eb efJepe³eesçmceekeÀcesJee³eb ceefncesefle ~ le×w<eeb efJepe%eew le sY³ees n
ÒeeogJe&YetJe leVe J³epeevele efkeÀefceob ³e#eefceefle ~
HeoeLe&: - les - les osJee:, Ss#evle - ¢äJevle:, (JeesefOeleJevle: Decev³evle Fl³eLe&:), DemceekebÀ -
DemceÎsJeeveeced, SJe- efn, De³eb efJepe³e: De³eb me=efäªHe: efJepe³e:, DemceekeÀced - DemceÎsJeeveeced,
De³eb - Slee¢Me:, ceefncee - cenlJeÒekeÀeMe:, Fefle ~ leled - leod ye´ïe, n - efve½e³esve, S<eeb -
Sles<eeceiv³eeefoosJeeveeb cevleJ³eb, efJepe%ees - %eeleJeled, lesY³e: - les<eeb osJeeveeb ke=Àles, n - efve½e³esve,
Òeeogye&YetJe - HejkeÀefìleJeled, leled ve - leoe (osJeeieCee:) ve J³epeeveled - %eeleJevle: efkeÀced Foced -
Slee¢Meb ³e#eªHeb efkeÀced Fefle ~
mejueeLe&: - Jemlegle: Hejye´ïeCe: DeefmlelJeb ®esleve: peerJeelcee Heefj%eelegb #ece: YeJeefle ~ pe[ªHesCe
efJeÐeceevee: Deiv³eeo³e: ve Fefle ~
Hejye´ïeCe - Hejceelceve: ÒeekeÀìîece$e DeeK³eeveceeO³ecesve GHe®eejcee$eced ~ lem³e mJeªHeOeejCeb
Deiv³eeoerveeb mJeuHe%eosJeeveeb mJejtHeÒeefleJeesOevee³e SJe ~ ³eLee cegC[keÀesHeefve<eefo DeeqiveªHesCe
Hejceelceve: cegKeb ®evêmet³e&ªHesCe lem³e ves$eܳeb efoMe: Þees$eb leLee Jeso: JeekedÀ Fefle JeCe&veceJeeH³eles ~
Heg©<emetÊeÀevegme=l³e keÀL³ecesleled lem³e Hejye´ïeCe: meJe&%elJem³e meJe&MeefÊeÀcelee³ee: Heefj®e³eb ooeefle ~
meJex<eeb pe[lelJeeveeb lelme=efäkeÀÊeg&: GHe®eej: De$e SJebªHesCe GHev³emleesçefmle ~ ³e#e: ve keÀesçefHe
Mejerjer ~ Deiv³eeo³e: lem³e meceerHemLee: SJe ~ Dele: lelmeceerHeb ieleJevle: veece les<eeb yeueHejer#eCesve
Hejye´ïeCe: meÊee³ee: mceejCecesJe Dem³ee: DeK³eeef³ekeÀe³ee: ue#³eb YeJeefle ~
Jeeke̳eced - 3 Deives: Hejer#ee
lesçeqiveceyegJe¡eeleJesod SleefÜpeeveerefn efkeÀefceob ³e#eefceefle leLesefle ~
HeoeLe&: - les osJee: ( Deeeqiveb J³eefleefj®³e), Deeqiveced - DeeqiveosJeced, Deye´gJeved - GÊeÀJevle:,
peeleJeso: - ns Deives !, Sleled - De$e ¢M³eceeveb, efJepeeveerefn - efJeMes<esCe %eeveb kegÀ©, efkeÀced Fob -
Sleled efkebÀ, ³e#eced Fefle - S<e: keÀ: Fefle DeefYeÒee³e: ~ ( ye´ïeMeyom³e veHegbmekeÀefue²lJeeled
leÜe®ekeÀkeÀejCeeled ³e#eMeyom³eeefHe leled ) ~
Odisha State Open University, Sambalpur 29
mejueeLe&: - osJee: DeûeCeerceeqiveosJecegÊeÀJevle: ³eod ns DeeqiveosJe ! lJeb lem³e ³e#em³e meceerHeb ielJee
Sleled efJeMes<esCe peeveerefn me: ³e#e: keÀ: Fefle ~ De$e DeeqiveosJees peeleJesomed ªHesCe mecyeesefOeleesçefmle~
peeleJesomedMeyom³e efveJe&®eveceskeÀcesJeb YeJeefle ’ peeles peeles efJeÐeles Fefle peeleJesoe: ’ Fefle ~
ÒeeflekeÀe³e¥ efJeÐeceeveb YetlJee keÀe³e&mecHeeovem³e keÀjCe Fefle ~ ³e#e Meyom³e efveJe&®eveb ’ ³e#³eles Hetp³eles
Fefle ³e#e: ~ ³e: Hetpee³eesi³e: Hetpeveer³e: me SJe ³e#e: ~ Hejceelceeve: DeHejb veece Sleled ~ me SJe
meowJe Hetp³ees YeJeefle ~ Deiv³eeo³e: ceneYetleelcekeÀosJee: mJem³e pe[lJekeÀejCeeled ³e#em³e Heefj%eeveb
keÀÊeg¥ ve #ecee: peelee: ~
Jeeke̳eced -4. leoY³eêJeÊeceY³eJeolkeÀesçmeerJ³eûeerJee& Dencemceerl³e ye´JeerppeeleJesoe Jee
Dencemceerefle ~
HeoeLe&: - leled - ³e#eb Òeefle ³e#emeceerHeb Jee, DeY³eêJeled - DeefYecegKeceYeJeled , keÀ: Deefme Fefle -
(lJeb) keÀ: Deefme Fefle, Deeqive: Jee - (Denced ) Deeqive: Deeqmce Fefle, Deye´Jeerled - GÊeefjleJeeved ,
peeleJesoe: - meJee&efCe peeleeefve Jeso Fefle peeleJesoe: Jee - DeLeJee, Denceeqmce Fefle - Deeqive:
mJeelceHeefj®e³eb ooeefle ~
mejueeLe&: - De$e Deeqive³e#e³ees: mecyeeo: JeefCe&leesçefmle ~ osJew: Òesef<eleesçeqive: ³eoe ³e#eªHem³e
ye´ïeCe: meceerHeb ieleJeeved leoe ³e#em³e ÒeMve Demeerled - ’ lJeb keÀ: Fefle ’ ~ Dem³eesÊejs Deives:
keÀLeveefceob ³eled ’ Denb peeleJesoe:’ Fefle ~ efve©ÊeÀevegmeejb ‘ peeleJesomed ’Meyom³e efveJe&®eveeefve SJeb
YeJeefle ~ - (1) peeleeefve Jeso ~ ³e: peeleeefve mekeÀueeefve Yetleeefve peeveeleerl³eLe&: ~ (2) peeleeefve Jee
Sveb efJeog: ~ meceglHeVeeefve YetlemekeÀueeefve ³eb peeveefvle ~ (3) peeles peeles efJeÐeles Fefle ~ mekeÀuekeÀe³ex<eg
³e: efJeÐeceeve: efleÿefle ~ (4) peeleefJeÐees Jee peeleÒe%eeve: ~ ³e: %eeveHejkeÀ: Fefle ~ (5) peeÊeefJeÊees
Jee peeleOeve: ³e: ®e©Hegjes[eMeeefonefJeêJ³eeCeeb meceglHeeokeÀ: Fefle ~ meeefYeceeveceeqiveveesÊeeefjleb me:
peeleJesoe: Fefle ~ lem³e ÒekeÀeMeiegCem³eeefYeceevekeÀejCeeled Hegve: Òel³egÊeefjleb lesve ³eled me: Deeqiveefjefle ~
lem³eeefOeÿele=lJeb Hejer#eCee³e ³e#e: lem³e meceerHes le=CeceskebÀ mLeeHeef³elJee oiOegcegÊeÀJeeved ~ De$e le=Cem³e
ÒepJeeuekeÀÒeme²eled HeeefLe&Jeeives: JeCe&veefceefle mHeäb YeJeefle ~
Jeeke̳eced - 5 leeqmcebmlJeef³e efkebÀ Jeer³e&efcel³eHeerob meJe¥ ons³eb ³eefoob He=efLeJ³eeefceefle ~
Odisha State Open University, Sambalpur 30
HeoeLe&: - leeqmceved - ³e#eesçeqiveb He=®íefle lJeef³e , efkebÀ Jeer³e&ced - keÀer¢Meb yeueb meeceL³e¥ Jee, Fefle -
Fefle, Fob meJe¥ - Fob He=efLeJ³eeb ³eled efkeÀefáeled JeÊe&les leled meJe¥, ons³eb - ce³ee oen³eesi³eceLeeJenb oiOegb
meceLe&:, ³eled Fob - ³eled Fob, He=efLeJ³eeced - YeeweflekeÀced, Fefle ~
mejueeLe&: - ye´ïeªHe: - ³e#e: Deives: DeefYeceevem³e efvejmlee³e He=®íefle - lJeef³e efkebÀ meeceL³e¥ JeÊe&les
Fefle ~ DeefYeceevemeefnleceeqive: HegvejefHe Òel³egÊejefle ³elom³ebe He=efLeJ³eeb ³eled efkeÀefáeled JeÊe&les leled meJe¥
oiOegb MekeÌveesefce ~ Fle: Hejb ³e#eªefHeCee ye´ïeCeeives: meeceL³e&m³e Hejer#ee ke=Àleeçefmle ~
Jeeke̳eced - 6 lemcew le=Ceb efveoOeeJesleÐensefle ~ leogHeÒes³ee³e meJe&peJesve leVe MeMeekeÀ oiOegbb me lele
SJe efveJeJe=les vewleoMekebÀ efJe%eelegb ³eosleÐe#eefceefle ~~
DevJe³e: - lemcew le=Ceb efveoOeew Sleled on Fefle ~ meJe&peJesve leled GHeÒes³ee³e ~ leled oiOegb ve MeMeekeÀ ~
me lele SJe efveJeJe=les ~ ³eled Sleled ³e#eced Fefle efJe%eelegb ve DeMekeÀced ~
HeoeLe&: - lemcew - lemcew Deive³es, le=Ceb - le=CeKeC[ceskebÀ, efveoOeew - mebmLeeH³e, Sleled - Sleled
KeC[cee$eb le=Ceb, on Fefle - onveb kegÀ© Fefle, meJe&peJesve - meJeexlmeenkeÀlJesve Jesiesve, leled - leled
le=CeKeC[cee$eced, GHeÒes³ee³e - meceerHeb ieleJeeved, leled - leled KeC[b, oiOegb - onveeLe¥, ve MeMeekeÀ: -
meceLe&: ve DeYeJeled , me - me: Deeqive:, lele SJe - ³e#eeled SJe, efveJeJe=les - efveJe=le: DeYeJeled DeLeJee
ÒeefleieleJeeved, ³eled Sleled ³e#eced - Sleled ³e#eªHeb ye´ïe ³eled, Fefle - Fefle, Sleled - Sleled mecHeefke&Àleb
leL³eb, efJe%eelegb - Heefj%eevee³e, ve DeMekeÀced - ve MeÊeÀJeeved ~
mejueeLe&: - Hejye´ïeCe: meccegKesçeqive: Meg<kebÀ le=CeKeC[ceskeÀceefHe oiOegb ve meceLex peele: ~ Slemceeled
mHeäb YeJeefle ³eled Deiv³eeefoY³e: HeáeceneYetlesY³e: Hejye´ïeCe: meeceL³e¥ meceefOekeÀced ~ leled Hejye´ïe
meJe&MeefÊeÀceled meJe&%eb meJe&meeceL³e&³egÊebÀ leLee ceneYetleeefOeÿele=osJee:
mJeuHeMeefÊeÀcevleesçuHe%eeuHemeeceL³e&³eglee½e YeJeefvle ~
Hejye´ïe - Hejceelceve: MeÊeÀîee MeefÊeÀcevlees osJee mJeeefYeceevees efvejLe&keÀ Fl³eJeieleJevle: ~
Jee³ees: Hejer#ee
Odisha State Open University, Sambalpur 31
Jeeke̳eced - 7 DeLe Jee³egceye´gJevJee³eJesleefÜpeeveerefn efkeÀcesleÐe#eefceefle leLesefle ~
DevJe³e:-DeLe Jee³egced Deye´gJeved - Jee³ees! Sleled efJepeeveerefn ‘efkeÀced Sleled ³e#eced ’ Fefle ~ leLee Fefle~
HeoeLe&: - DeLe - Deives: Hejer#eCeeled ÒeefleefveJe=Êes½eevevlejb , Jee³egced - ceneYetles<Jev³eleceb Jee³egced,
Deye´gJeved - osJee GÊeÀJevle:, Jee³ees - ns Jee³ees ! Sleled - Sleled ³e#ejtHeb leÊJeb, efJepeeveerefn - Heefj%eeveb
kegÀ©, efkeÀceced Sleled ³e#eced - Sleled ³e#eb keÀer¢Meb leÊJeefceefle, leLee Fefle - leLewJe YeJeeqlJeefle Jee³ees:
mJeerke=Àefle: Deemeerled ~
mejueeLe&: - Deiveso&nkeÀMeÊesÀ: Hejer#eCeeovevlejb leLee lem³e HejeYeJeeled Òel³eeJeÊe&veeovevlejb osJee:
HeáeceneYetlees<Jev³eleceb Jee³egb ³e#eb Òeefle Òesef<eleJevle: ~ Jee³egjefHe ³e#emeceerHes ievlegb mJeerke=Àefleb oÊeJeeved
Fefle ~
Jeeke̳eced ö 8
leoY³eêJeÊeceY³eJeolkeÀesçmeerefle Jee³egJee& Dencemceerl³eye´JeervceeleefjOJee Jee Denceeqmce ~
DevJe³e: - leled DeY³eêJeled ~ leced DeY³eJeoled - keÀ: Deefme Fefle ~ Jee³eg: Jee Denced Deeqmce Fefle
Deye´Jeerled ~ ceeleefjéee Jee Denced Deeqmce ~
HeoeLe&: - leled - leled ye´ïeªHeb ³e#eb Òeefle , DeY³eêJeled - DeefYecegKeced DeYeJeled , leced ö leb Jee³egced ,
DeY³eJeoled - meccegKele: He=äJeeved, keÀ: - Deefme Fefle - lJeb keÀ: JeÊe&les Fefle, Jee³eg: Jee - Jee³egosJe:,
Denced Deeqmce Fefle - Denb JeÊex Fefle ,Deye´Jeerled - GÊeefjleJeeved , ceeleefjéee- Devlejer#es
efJe®ejCeMeerue:, Jee Denced Deeqmce - DeLeJee Denb YeJeeefce ~
mejueeLe&: - ³e#eye´ïeCe: ÒeMvesve DeeqiveJeled meeefYeceeveb Jee³egveeefHe mJeHeefj®e³e: ÒeoÊe: ~ GÊeÀJeeáe
³eled me: JesieJeeved Jee³eg: ~ Hegve: ceeleefj DeekeÀeMes ée³eefle ie®íleerefle ceeleefjéee Fefle ~ DeekeÀeMes
Devlejer#es efJe®ejCeMeeruekeÀejCeeod Jee³egceeleefjéesefle keÀL³eles ~
Odisha State Open University, Sambalpur 32
Jeeke̳eced - 9
leeqmcemlJeef³e efkebÀ Jeer³e&efcel³eHeerob meJe&ceeooer³e ³eefoob He=efLeJ³eeefceefle ~
DevJe³e: - leeqmceved lJeef³e efkebÀ Jeer³e&ced Fefle ? DeefHe He=efLeJ³eeced ³eled Foced Fob meJe&ced Deeooer³e ~
HeoeLe&: - leeqmceved lJeef³e - Slee¢efMe Jee³ees ceeleefjéeefj lJeef³e , efkebÀ Jeer³e&ced Fefle - efkebÀ meeceL³e¥
JeÊe&les Fefle, DeefHe - efve½e³esve, He=efLeJ³eeb - HeeefLe&Jeb YeeweflekebÀ Jee, ³eled Foced - ³eled Sleled , Fob meJe&ced
- leled meJe&ced , Deooer³e - Deoevee³e ûenCee³e meceLe&: Fefle ~
mejueeLe&: - mJeHeefj®e³eesÊeÀiegCeeefYeceeveeled ³e#eªefHeCee yeïeCee He=äb ³eled Jee³eew ceeleefjéeefj keÀer¢Meb
meeceL³e¥ JeÊe&les Fefle ~ Òel³egÊejsCe lesveesÊebÀ ³eled HeeefLe&Jeb meJe¥ lesveeoeve³eesi³eceg·³eve³eesi³eefceefle Jee ~
Jeeke̳eced -10
lemcew le=Ceb efveoOeeJesleoeolmJesefle leogHeÒes³ee³e meJe&peJesve leVe MeMeekeÀeoelegb me lele SJe efveJeJe=Êes
vewleoMekebÀ efJe%eelegb ³eosleÐe#eefceefle ~~
DevJe³e: - lemcew le=Ceb efveoOeew Sleled DeeolmJe Fefle ~ meJe&peJesve leled GHeÒes³ee³e ~ leled Deeoelegb ve
MeMeekeÀ ~ lele: SJe me: efveJeJe=les ~ ³eled Sleled ³e#eced Fefle Sleled efJe%eelegb ve DeMekeÀced ~
HeoeLe&: - lemcew- lemcew Jee³eJes, le=Ceb - le=CeKeC[ceskebÀ, efveoOeew - mebmLeeH³e, Sleled - KeC[cee$eb
le=Ceb, DeeolmJe Fefle - Deeoeveb ûenCeb Jee kegÀ© Fefle , oJe&peJesve - meJeexlmeen - ke=Àlesve Jesiesve, leled -
leled le=CeKeC[ced, GHeÒes³ee³e- meceerHeb ieleJeeved, leled - leled KeC[ced, Deeoelegb - ûenerlegb ve MeMeekeÀ -
ve meceLe&: peele: ~ lele: SJe - lemceeled ³e#e mece#eeled , me - me: Jee³eg:, efveJeJe=les - ÒeefleefveJe=ÊeJeeved,
³eled Sleled ³e#eced Fefle - Sleled ³e#eªHeb ye´ïe ³eled, Fefle Sleled mecyeefvOeleb leL³eb , efJe%eelegb -
Heefj%eevee³e ve DeMekeÀced - ve meceLe&: peele: ~
mejueeLe&: - HetJe&JeefooeveerceefHe ³e#e: le=CeKeC[ceskebÀ Jee³ees: mece#es MmLeeH³e leoeoelegcegÊeÀJeeved ~
Jee³eg: mJem³e meJe&meeceL³e&Òe³eesiesveeefHe le=CeKeC[m³e efJe®euevee³e ve meceLee peele: ~ ueefppele: meved
ÒeefleefveJe=l³e osJeeveeb meceerHes Òel³eYee<ele ³eled efkebÀ leled ³e#elelJeb lesve ve %eeleefceefle ~
Odisha State Open University, Sambalpur 33
meeceL³ee&efOeke̳eeled osJee ³e#eye´ïeCe: meeceL³e&ceefJepeevevle: ÒeefleefveJe=Êee YeJevleerefle ~
Jeeke̳eced - 11 Fvêm³e efve³egefÊeÀ:
DeLesvêceye´gJevceIeJeVesleefÜpeeveerefn efkeÀcesleÐe#eefceefle leLesefle leoY³eêJeÊemceeefÊejesoOes ~
DevJe³e: - DeLe Fvêced Deye´gJeved - ceIeJeved ! Sleled ³e#eced efkeÀced Fefle Sleled efJepeeveerefn ~ leLee Fefle ~
leled DeY³eêJeled ~ lemceeled eflejesoOes ~
HeoeLe&: - DeLe - Fle: Hejced, Fvêced - peerJeelceªHeced Fvêced, Deye´gJeved - GÊeÀJevle:(osJee:), ns
ceIeJeved ! ns Ssée³e&mecHeVe peervlceved ! Sleled ³e#ebb efkeÀced Fefle - Sleled ³e#elelJeb efkebÀ YeJeefle Fefle, Sleled
- Sleled leL³ebb, efJepeeveerefn- Heefj%ee³emJe, leLee Fefle - Fvê: leLee Fefle mJeerke=Àeflebb oÊeJeeved, leled
DeY³eêJeled - leled ³e#eye´ïe meceerHeb ieleJeeved lemceeled eflejesoOes - lemceeled FvêmeceerHeeled (leled ³e#ebb)
eflejesefnleced DeYeJeled ~
mejueeLe&: - Fvê: ³eoe ³eÐe#eye´ïemeceerHemLees peele: me lemceeled eflejesefnleesçYeJeled ~ Fvêesç$e
peerJeelceeve: ÒeleerkeÀ:~ Hejvleg me De$e ye´ïe%eevejefnle: meved ye´ïe ÒeHle³es ieleJeeved ~ Dele: ³e#eªefHe
ye´ïe lemceeled efleefjefnle: mebpeele: ~ ³eeJeled He³e&vleb peerJeelceeefOekeÀeefjlJeb veeHveesefle leeJeled He³e&vleb ye´ïe
lemceeled eflejesefnleb efleÿefle ~
Jeeke̳eced -12- Gcee³ee: ÒeeogYee&Je:
me leeqmceVesJeekeÀeMes efm$e³eceepeieece yengMeesYeceeveecegceeb nwceJeleerb leeb nesJee®e efkeÀcesleÐe#eefceefle ~~
DevJe³e: - me: leeqmceved SJe DeekeÀeMes yengMeesYeceeveeb nwceJeleerced Gceeb efm$e³eced Deepeieece ~ leeced n
GJee®e - ’ efkeÀced Sleled ³e#eced Fefle ~
Odisha State Open University, Sambalpur 34
HeoeLe&: - me: -me: peerJeelceªHeer Fvê:, leeqmceved SJe DeekeÀeMes ³eeqmceved Yeeies ³e#eb eflejesefnleb peeleb
leeqmceved SJe veYeesYeeies, yengMeesYeceeveeb - meJex<eeb efn MeesYeceeveeveeb MeesYevelecee efJeÐee - leeb,
nwceJeleerced - nsceke=ÀleeJejCeJeleerJe MeesYeceeveeb megJeCee&Yee³egÊeÀeced, Gceeced - GceeªefHeCeeR, efm$e³eced -
m$eerªHeeb efJeÐeeced, Deepeieece - DeeieleJeleer, leeced - leeb efJeÐeeÒeleerkeÀeb efm$e³eb, n - efveef½el³e, GJee®e
- He=äJeeved, efkeÀced Sleled ³e#eced - Sleled Hetpeveer³eb ³e#eb efkebÀ leÊJeb YeJeleer,Fefle ~
mejueeLe&: - Deeqmceved le=leer³es KeC[s ³eeK³eeef³ekeÀe JeefCe&leeçefmle leovegmeejb DeeqiveJeeKeeoerefve
HeáeceneYetleeefve Heáe%eeveseqvê³eeCeeb ke=Àles GHeueef#eleeefve meefvle ~ Deefivemlespe Fl³em³e mecyevOe½e#egY³ee¥
men Jee³ees: mecyevOemlJeefieeqvê³esCe men JeÊe&les ~ Hejye´ïeCe: meeceL³e¥ efJevee Sleeefve ceneYetleeefve ³eLee
pe[ªHeeefCe leLewJeelceleÊJeb efJevee Mejerjs Feqvê³eeefCe ce=leJeled HeefjieefCeleeefve YeJeefvle ~
Sles<eeefceeqvê³eeCeeb mene³esve ve kesÀveeefHe ye´ïeleÊJeb ÒeeHleceefmle ~ leosJee$e DeeqiveJee®³eeefoosJeeveeb
ye´ïe%eeves JewHeÀu³eefceefle me¹sefleleceefmle ~
³eoe HeáeceneYetlewmle³eseqvê³ew: ³e#eªefHeye´ïeCe: %eeveb ve mecYeJeefle leoe osJewefjvê: Òesef<eleesçefmle ~
Hejvleg ³eosvê GHeefmLelees peelemleoe ³e#eb eflejesefnleceYetled ~ le$e Gcee nwceJeleer ÒekeÀefìleeYetled ~ S<eescee
nwceJeleer ÒekeÀeMemJeªHee meJe&MeesYeeJeleer efJeÐesefle ~ Fvêes peerJeelcee ³e: Keueg ye´ïeefJeÐeeceeO³ecesvewJe
ye´ïemee#eelkeÀejb keÀjesefle ~
HeeefCevesjäeO³eeceskebÀ met$eb JeÊe&les - ’ Feqvê³eefcevêefue²efcevvê¢äefcevêpeg<e=efcevêefceefle Jee ’ ~ ’
Fvêm³e efue²efceeqvê³eced ’ Fl³evegmeejb ³em³e keÀÊeg&lJes Feqvê³eeefCe meefvle me Fvê: ~ peerJeelceeve:
meeOeveeveereqvê³eeefCe ~ Dele Fvê SJe peerJeelcee ~
’ Gcee ’ Meyom³e J³eglHeefÊejsJebb YeJeefle ~ ’Gb Hejceelceveb ceeefle ÒeceeCe³ee fle Fl³egcee ’ ~ ³e³ee
Hejceelce%eeveb YeJeefle yeesOees Jee YeJeefle mee Gcesefle ~ S<ee ye´ïeefJeÐesefle ³e³ee ye´ïeleÊJemeeOeNveXb leLee
ye´ïemee#eelkeÀej: YeJeefle ~ Dee®ee³e&Me¹jsCeeefHe mee efJeÐesefle JeefCe&leeefmle - ‘ efJeÐee GceeªefHeCeer
ÒeogjYetlm$eerªHee’ (HeoYee<³eced, kesÀve G. 3/12) ~ leeb nwceJel³eg®³eles Fl³e$e keÀejCeb YeJeefle meJex<eeb
MeesYeceeveevee Fefle ~ (HeoYee<³eced, kesÀve. G. 3/12) ~ efJeÐee meJee&efOekeÀe meewvo³e&mecHeVee
oerefHlece³eer ®e YeJeleerl³eLe&: ~ DeefHe ®e nwceb efJeÐeles ³em³ee mee nwceJeleer efJeÐesefle ~ efve: mevosn: Gceew
nwceJeleer meJe&ÒekeÀeMeceevee ye´ïeefJeÐesefle ~
Odisha State Open University, Sambalpur 35
Dele: peerJeelceve: ke=Àles ye´ïeefJeÐee ye´ïemeeOevem³e GHee³e Fefle ~ Devesve peerJeelceªHeervê: ³e#eªefHe
ye´ïe mee#eelkeÀjesefle ~
®elegLe&: KeC[:
Gcee³ee GHeosMe:
Jeeke̳ecedö 1 mee ye´ïesefle nesJee®e ye´ïeCees Jee SleefÜ<e³es cener³eOJeefceefle lelees nwJe efJeoeáekeÀej
ye´ïesefle ~~
DevJe³e: - mee n GJee®e ye´ïe Fefle ~ ye´ïeCe: Jee Sleled efJepe³es cener³eOJeced ~ lele: n SJe ye´ïe Fefle
efJeoeb ®ekeÀej~
HeoeLe&: - mee- mee ye´ïeefJeÐee Gcee nwceJeleer, n - efveef½el³e, GJee®e - GÊeÀJeleer, ye´ïe Fefle - lel³e#eb
ye´ïe Fefle, ye´ïeCe: - lem³e ye´ïeCe:, Jee - (ve osJeeveeceefYeceevesve efJepe³em³e keÀuHevee) DeefHeleg, Sleled
efJepe³es - Deeqmceved me=efäÒeeogYee&Jes, cener³eOJeced - mJeceefncvee (ye´ïeÒemeeoeled) ceefnceeeqvJeleb YeJe, lele:
- leovevlejb, n SJe - efve½e³esve, ye´ïe Fefle - Sleled ³e#eb ye´ïe Fefle, efJeoeb ®ekeÀej - DeJeOeejCeb
ke=ÀleJeeved (Fvê:) Fefle ~
mejueeLe&: - ³eoe Gcee nwceJel³eK³ee ye´ïeefJeÐee mebHe=äe YeJeefle leoe mee mHeä³eefle ³eled leÐe#eªHecesJe
ye´ïesefle ~ lem³e meeceL³ee&led SJe peieled meeceL³e&³egÊeÀced ~ le®íefÊebÀ efJevee mJekeÀer³eb mJelev$eb meeceL³e¥
veeefmle osJeYetleeveeb HeáeYeeweflekeÀeveeceefmlelJeb ~ Hejye´ïeCe: MeÊl³ee HeáeceneYetleeveeb osJelJeb
ÒekeÀeMekeÀlJeb Jee ~ DevesveesHeosMesve peerJeelcee yeesefOeleJeeved ³eled mecHegCexçefHe ye´ïeeC[s ³eeqlkeÀefáeled
®eueled#eceb ¢M³eles lelmeJe¥ ye´ïemeeceL³ee&led meeceL³e&³egÊeÀefceefle ~
Jeeke̳eced -2 lemceeÜe SJes osJees DeeflelejeefceJeev³eevosJeev³eoeqiveJee&³egefjvêmles ¿esveVesefoäb HemHe=Megmles
¿esvelÒeLecees efJeoeáekeÀej ye´ïesefle ~~
DevJe³e: - ³eled Deeqive: Jee³eg: Fvê: - Sles osJee: efn Sveled vesefoäb HemHe=Meg: les efn Sveled ÒeLece: ye´ïe
Fefle efJeoeb ®ekeÀej lemceeled les Dev³eeved osJeeved Deeflelejeced FJe ~
Odisha State Open University, Sambalpur 36
HeoeLe&: - ³eled - ³emceeled keÀejCeeled, Deeqive: - lespemlelJem³e osJe:, Jee³eg: - mHeMe&levcee$ee³ee: osJe:,
Fvê: peerJeelceYetle:, Sles osJe: - Fl³esles osJee:, efn - efve½e³esve, Sleved - Sleled ye´ïelelJeb , vesefoäced -
DeefvlekeÀleceb efÒe³eleceb, HemHe=Meg: - mHe=äJevle: me#eelke=ÀleJevle:, les efn - les ossJee: SJe, Sveled -
Hejye´ïewleled ÒeLece: - meJee&oew, ye´ïe Fefle - ye´ïelelJeced Fefle, efJeáekeÀej - %eeleJevle:, lemceeled -
lelkeÀejCeeled, Sles osJee: - HetJeexÊeÀe: osJee:, DeefOekeÀe: Þesÿe Jee Fefle (efJeefJe®³evles) ~
mejueeLe&: -
Dev³eosJesY³eesç$eeeqiveJeejJesvêe: Þesÿe Fefle HeefjieC³evles ~ Sles<eg peerJeelceªHesvê: Þesÿ Fefle
efJeJes®³eles ~ DeeqiveJee³eg ³eÐeefHe Hetpeveer³em³e ye´ïeCe: meeceerH³eb ieleJevleew leLeeefHe
pe[ªHelJeeled ye´ïelelJeb ve %eeleJevleew ~ Hejvleg ®esleveeJeeved peerJelcesvê: ³eoe lelmeeceerH³eb
veerleJeeved leoe leovleefn&leb peeleced ~ le$e efJeÐeemJeªHeescee nwceJeleer ÒekeÀefìlee peelee ~
³em³eeªHeosMesvesvê: efveef½eleb peeleb ³eled leod ³e#eªHeb ye´ïeCe Fefle ~ ye´ïe%eevee³e
Òe³elveMeeruee: Þesÿe Fefle cev$em³e leelHe³e&ced ~
Jeeke̳eced 3
lemceeÜe FvêesçeflelejeefceJeev³eevosJeevme ¿esveVesefoäb HemHeMe& me ¿esvelÒeLecees efJeoeáekeÀej ye´ïesefle ~~
DevJe³e: - lemceeled Fvê: Dev³eeved osJeeved Deeflelejeced FJe ~ me efn Sleled vesefoäb HemHeMe& ~ me efn Sveled
ÒeLece: ye´ïe Fefle efJeoeáekeÀej ~
HeoeLe&: - lemceeled - lelkeÀejCeeled, Fvê: - peerJeelceªHeervê:, Dev³eeved osJeeved - Dev³eosJesY³e:
Deeflelejeced FJe - DeefOekeÀ: meved efleÿefle Þesÿ Fefle Jesl³eLe&: ~ me efn - me SJe Fvê:, Sleled vesefoäb -
Sleled ³e#eªHeer meceerHemLeb, HemHeMe& - mHe=äJeeved mee#eelkeÀ=leJeeved, me efn - me SJe Fvê:, Sveled -
Sleled ³e#eªHeb, ÒeLece: - ÒeLece: meved meJee&oew, ye´ïe Fefle - Hejye´ïeªHesCe, efJeoeáekeÀej - %eeleJeeved
Fefle ~
mejueeLe&: - ®esleve: peerJeelcee ³eesç$esvêªHesCe HeefjkeÀefuHeleesçefmle me: ye´ïeefJeÐeemene³esve ye´ïeleÊJeb
meJee&oew mee#eelke=ÀleJeeved ~ SleoLe&cev³eosJesY³ees osJejepesvê: Þesÿ Fefle G®³eles Fefle ~
Odisha State Open University, Sambalpur 37
Jeeke̳eced -4 - ye´ïeefJe<e³ekeÀeefOeowJeeosMe:
lem³ew<e DeeosMees ³eosleefÜÐegles J³egÐegleoe FleerV³eceerefce<eoe Fl³eefOeowJeleced ~~
DevJe³e: - lem³e S<e: DeeosMe: ~ ³eled Sleled efJeÐegle: Dee J³eÐegleled Fefle ~ leoe Dee v³eceerefce<eled Fefle
DeefOeowJeleced ~
HeoeLe&: - lem³e - lem³e ye´ïe%eevem³e, S<e: DeeosMe: - S<e: GHeceesHeosMe: ( efve©Hecem³e ye´ïeCees
³esveesHeceevesveesHeosMe:meesç³eceeosMe Fefle Me¹j:) ³eled Sleled - ³eled Sleled ye´ïe, efJeÐegle: - JewÐegleeives:
(FJe), DeeJÐeÐegleled - Deemecevleeled ÐeesefleleceYetled, leoe - Hegve:(lelmeefnlebb), Deev³eceerefce<eled -
®e#egHe#e,Heeleme¢Meced FJe ( ÒeleerleceYeJeled), Fefle - SJeb ÒekeÀejsCe, DeefOeowJeleced - DeefOeowefJekeÀ -
¢äevlesve (ye´ïeeJeyegO³eles) ~
mejueeLe&: - ³eoesHeemekeÀesçLeJee meeOekeÀ: Hejye´ïemeeOeve³ee lem³e mee#eelkeÀej³es®íeb keÀjesefle leoe
lem³e ke=Àles HejceelcevejeYeeme: keÀLeb YeJeleerefle GHeceeceeO³ecesvee$eesHemLeeH³eles~ efJeÐegle: leerJe´ÒekeÀeMe
FJeeLeJee ®e#egHe#ceHeeleefceJe #eefCekeÀeJeYeeme: leodye´ïeCe: Fefle ~ ®esleve: peerJeelceeªHeervê: ³eoe
Hejceelceve: mee#eelkeÀeje³e ie®íefle leoe ³e#eªHeb ye´ïeevleefnleceYetled ~ #eCecee$eb ³eeJeled
leefovê¢efäHeLeeª{b peeleced ~ Òeme²sçeqmceved DeLeJe&Jesoer³ees cev$e SkeÀ Dem³e: Deeke̳eeef³ekeÀe³ee YeeJeb
ÒekeÀì³eefle -
De%ees ¿eivesjpeefveäb MeeskeÀelmeesçHeM³eppeefveleejceûes ~
lesve osJee osJeleeceûe Dee®eved lesve jesneved ©©ìgce&O³eeme: ~~
( DeLeJe&. 4/14/1)
efveef½eleªHesCe ye´ïeªHeeivesmlespemees peerJeelcee peefveb ueYeles ~ me: meJee&oew mJelHeeokebÀ
Hejye´ïeeHeM³eled~ ÒeejcYes lem³e ye´ïeCe: mene³esve Deiveeo³ees osJee osJelJeb ÒeeHleJevle: ~ %eeveseqvê³eeefCe
mJemeeceL³e¥ ÒeeHleeveerl³eLe&: ~
Odisha State Open University, Sambalpur 38
Fvêes peerJeelcee leLee HeáeceneYetleeefve ÒeeefCeve Heáe %eeveseqvê³eeefCe lem³e peerJeelceveesçJemLeeveeled
mJemJekeÀe³ee&³e ³eesi³eeefve YeJevleerefle ~
Jeeke̳ece - 5 - ye´ïeefJe<e³ekeÀeO³eelceeosMe:
DeLeeO³eelceb ³eosleîíleerJe ®e ceveesçvesve ®ewleÎgHemcejl³eYeer#Ceb me¹uHe: ~~
DevJe³e: - DeLe DeO³eelceced ~ ³eled Sleled ceve: ie®íefle FJe ®e ~ Devesve mebke‹ÀHe: DeYeer#Ceced Sleled
GHemcejefle ~
HeoeLe&: - DeLe - DeefOeowJele¢äevleeled Devevlejced, DeÐeelceced - DeO³eelceb ¢äevleeled oer³eles ~
Deelceeveced DeefOeke=Àl³e DeO³eelceefceefle ~ ³eled Sleled - ³eled Sleled ye´ïeefJe<e³ekebÀ, ceve: - ceve:, ie®íefle
FJe ®e - ieceveMeerueced Fefle ÒeefleYeeefle, ®e - Hegve:, Devesve - Devesve cevemee mebkeÀuHe: ke=ÀlJee
(GHeemekeÀ), DeYeer#eCeced - Jeejcyeejb, Sleled - Sleled ye´ïe, GHemcejefle - meeceerH³eb ke=ÀlJee mcejefle ~
mejueeLe&: - peerJeelceevees cevees ³eoe ye´ïeekeÀejefJeefMeäb YeJeefle leoe cevees ieefleMeerueefceJe Òeleer³eles ~
Jemlegleef½eÊeJe=efÊeefve©×b ceve: efmLejb meled ye´ïeeJeYeemeceeHveesefle ~ efve©×ef®eÊeJe=l³ee ³eod ye´ïeef®evleveb
ef$eÀ³eles leogHeosMeceeO³eelceeosMeFl³eg®³eles ~ DeO³eelce Meyom³e ³eÐeefHe DeelceeLe&mleLeeH³e$e
cevemeesçJeJeesOekeÀ Fefle ~
ye´ïeesHeemekeÀes vewjvle³e&&sCe ceveefme Hejye´ïemcejCeb keÀjeleerefle ye´ïeeO³eelceosMe: ~
Jeeke̳eced - 6
Jevemeb%ekeÀm³e ye´ïeCe: GHeemevee³ee: HeÀueced
le× leÜveb veece leÜveefcel³egHeeefmeleJ³eb me ³e SleosJeb JesoeefYe nwveb meJee&efCe Yetleeefve mebJee_íeefvle ~~
DevJe³e: - leled n leled Jeveb veece ~ leled Jeveced Fefle GHeeefmeleJ³eced ~ me: ³e: Sleled SJeb Jeso n Sveb
meJee&efCe Yetleeefve mebJee_íefvle ~
Odisha State Open University, Sambalpur 39
HeoeLe&: - leled n - leled ³e#eªHeb ye´ïe, leled Jeveb - lem³e Jeveb leÜveb lem³e ÒeeCeerpeelem³e ³eesefievees Jee
Jeveveer³eb mebYepeveer³eefceefle, veece - ÒeK³eeleced, leled - leled ye´ïe, Jeveced Fefle - Devesve iegCesve,
GHeeefmeleJ³eced - Hetpee³eesi³eb O³eeve³eesi³eb Yepeveer³eced, ef®evleveer³eced Jee, me: ³e: - me: ³e: GHeemekeÀ:
meeOekeÀ: Jee, Sleled - ye´ïeleÊJeced, SJeb - SJeb Yepeveer³eiegve³egÊebÀ, Jeso - peeveeefle %eelJee GHeemeles
Jee, n - efve½e³esve, Sveced - GHeemekebÀ meeOekebÀ Jee, meJee&efCe Yetleeefve - meJex ÒeeefCeve:, mebJee_íefvle -
ÒeeLe&³evles Fefle ~
mejueeLe&: - ye´ïeCe: efÒe³elJeb meJex<eeb ke=Àles JeÊe&les ~ %eelee%eelesve Jee meJex<eeb ke=Àles JeÊe&les ~ %eelee%eelesve
Jee meJez: ³esve kesÀveeefHe ÒekeÀejsCe leodJeeefHleefce®íefvle ~ lep%eeveb efJevee og:KeYeesefievees YeJeefvle ~
DelemleÜeHe=³egHee³ee GHeefve<elmeg DeJeeH³eles ~ leoO³e³esveb ye´ïeeJeeHe=³es GHekeÀejkebÀ efme×îeefle ~
ceeveJepeerJevem³e Deefvleceue#³eb ye´ïeeyeeefHlejsJe ~ mebmeejs og:Ke$e³eeled efveJe=efÊejsJe mebmeesefJecegefÊeÀ: ~
og:Ke$e³em³eel³evleeYeeJees cees#ees cegefÊeÀJee& ~ ³eLee v³ee³eoMe&ves G®³eles - ‘leol³evleefJecees#eesçHeJeie&:
’ (v³ee³e -met$eced 1/1/22) ~ ye´ïeefJeÐewJe meeOeveªHee ye´ïe%eeveesHeueyOe³es ~ ye´ïeefJeOeeJeCe&vecesJe
meJeexHeefve<eoeb efJe<e³eJemleg YeJeefle ~ efpe%eemegefMe<³eb Òeefle Dee®ee³eexHeosMeesç$e Heefj®eef®e&leesçefmle~
³e#eªHeye´ïeCeesçHejb veece Jeveefceefle ~ Jeveb veece ÒeeefCepeelem³e Òel³eieelceYetlelJeeod Jeveb Jeveveer³eb
mebYepeveer³eefcel³ee®ee³e&Me¹jm³e celeced ~ Dem³e ye´ïeCe: GHeemeve³ee meeOekeÀesçefHe meJex<eeb ÒeeCeerveeb
efÒe³eYeeiedYeJeefle ~ De$e ye´ïeesHeemevee³ee ¢äb HeÀueb JeefCe&leceefmle ~
Jeeke̳eced 7 DeeK³eeef³ekeÀe³ee GHemebnej:
GHeefve<eob Yees ye´tnerl³egÊeÀe le GHeefve<eodye´eïeer JeeJe le GHeefve<eoceye´gcesefle ~~
DevJe³e: - Yees: GHeefve<eob yetefn Fefle ~ les GHeefve<eod GÊeÀe ~ JeeJe les ye´eïeer GHeefve<eod Deye´tce Fefle ~
HeoeLe&: - Yees: ! - ns Dee®ee³e& !, GHeefve<eob - jnm³eefJeÐeeb ye´tefn Fefle - GHeefoÔì Fefle, les - leJe
ke=Àles, GHeefve<eod- jnm³eefJeÐee ye´ïeefJeÐee Jee, GÊeÀe - keÀefLelee, JeeJe - SJe, les - legY³eb, ye´eïeer -
HejceelceefJe<e³elJeeled DeleerleefJe%eevem³e, GHeefve<eod - efJeÐeeced , Deye´tce Fefle - DeJeOeej³e Fefle YeeJe:~
Odisha State Open University, Sambalpur 40
mejueeLe&: - GHeefve<eoesçm³eemleLeeK³eeef³ekeÀe³ee GHemebnejs efpe%eemegefMe<³em³eeHe=äe leLee ieg©©HeosMe:
ye´ïeefJe<e³ekeÀ Deemeerefol³eg®³eles ~ GHeefoäeb leeb efJeÐeeceJeOeej³e Fefle Dee®ee³e&m³eeMe³e: ~
leefÜÐeeOeejCem³e meeOeveeveecegHeosMeesçefHe ef$eÀ³eles ~
Jeeke̳eced - 8-
lem³ew leHees oce: keÀcexefle Òeefleÿe Jeso: meJee&²eefve mel³ecee³eleveced ~
DevJe³e: - lem³ew leHe: oce: keÀce& Jeso: meJee&²eefve Fefle Òeefleÿe mel³eced Dee³eleveced ~
HeoeLe&: - lem³ew - lem³ew ye´eïed³egHeefve<eos, leHe: - keÀe³eseqvê³ecevemeeb meceeOeeveced, oce: - GHeMeece:,
keÀce& - Deeqivenes$eeefo, Jeso: - ®elJeej: Jesoe:, meJee&²eefve - efMe#ee keÀuHe: J³eekeÀjCeb efve©ÊebÀ
ívo: eqp³eefle<eefceefle <e[²eefve, mel³eced - Deceeef³elee DekeÀewefìu³eb Jee*ceve: keÀe³eeveeced Fefle Òeefleäe
- efJeÐee³ee: mebj#eCee³e DeeOeej: HeeoªHelJeb Jee, Dee³eleveced - ³e$e GHeefve<eod efJeÐee efleÿefle leled
Dee³eleveefceefle ~
mejueeLe&: - ye´eïeefJeÐeeJeeHe=³es ÒecegKemeeOeve$e³ecegHeefoäceefmle - 1 leHe: - Mejerjseqvê³ecevemeeb
meceeOeeveb, 2. oce: - ceveme: Feqvê³eeCeeb ®e mJeelceeOeervelJeb, 3. keÀce&-
JewefokeÀkeÀce&Ceevegÿeveceeqivenes$eeoerveeefcel³eLe&: ~ Sleled $e³ecegHeefve<eodefJeÐee³ee: DeeOeejYetleefceefle
GHeefve<eo: mHeäesefÊeÀ: ~ Sles<eecegHee³e$e³eeCeeb efve³eceleesçvegÿevesve meeOekeÀ: ye´ïeefJeÐee³ee: Òeefleÿeb
ÒeeHveesefle ~ Dem³e: efJeÐee³ee: Dee³eleveb mebmLeeH³emLeeveb mel³eb YeJeefle ~ Jee*ceve: keÀe³eeveeb
meeju³ececeeef³elee Jee mel³eceg®³eles ~ Sleled meJe¥ Jesos<eg Jesoe²s<eg ®eesHeHeeefoleceefmle ~ mee²b
JesoeveeceO³e³eveb Jesoevegceesef®eleb keÀcee&®ejCeb leHemee ocesve ®e men ye´ïeefJeÐeeJeeHlesªHee³ee Fefle ~ meowJe
mel³em³e HeeueveceefHe efJeÐeeÒeefleÿe³ee DeHejb meeOeveceg®®³eles ~ Òeme²sçeqmceved veerefleMeem$es G®³eles -
Fp³eeO³e³eveoeveeefve leHe: mel³eb Oe=efle: #ecee ~
DeueesYe Fefle ceeieexç³eb Oece&m³eeäefJeOe: mce=le: ~
Odisha State Open University, Sambalpur 41
Jeeke̳eced - 9 ûevLeeJeieenvem³e HeÀueced
³ees Jee SleecesJe JesoeHeËl³e Heelceevecevevles mJeiex ueeskesÀ p³es³es Òeefleefleÿefle Òeefleefleÿefle ~~
DevJe³e: - ³ees Jee Sleeced SJeb Jeso Heelceeveced DeHeËl³e Devevles p³es³es mJeie&ueeskesÀ Òeefleefleÿefle ~
HeoeLe&: - ³e: meeOekeÀ: Heg©<e:, Jee Sleeced - Sleeb ‘kesÀveesef<eled’efceefle ye´ïeefJeÐeeced, SJeb - GHejesÊewÀ:
meeOevew:, Jeso - peeveeefle, Heelceeveced - DeefJeÐeepeefveleb mebmeejJevOeb meebmeeefjkeÀkeÌuesMeb Jee, DeHeËl³e -
efJeOet³e, Devevles - DeceeHes DeHeefjmeerefceles, p³es³es - meJe&Þesÿs, mJeie&ueeskesÀ - megKeelcekeÀs ye´ïeueeskesÀ,
Òeefleefleÿefle - ÒeefleÿeceeHveesefle ve Hegve: mebmeejb Òel³eeie®íefle ~
mejueeLe&: - ye´ïeefJeÐee³ee: mebmeeOeveb leHeme: ocem³e keÀce&Ce: JesoJesoe²eO³e³evem³e mel³em³e ®eesHeefj
Òeefleefÿleced ~ ³e: meeOekeÀ: leHemJeer efpeleseqvê³e: meved Sles<eeb meeOeveevecevegÿevesve men yeïeeefJeÐeeYeemeb
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परथमखणडः – अनिरवचिीयातमतततवसय सरवनियनतरतवम
किोपनिषद सामरदसय तरलकारशाखाया िरमोऽधयायः। एषोपनिषद परबरहमणः पनरचचाा करोनत । तरलकारशाखाया िरमाधयायात पराक कमवणः कमवकाणडसय रा, कमवणामाशरयभतसय पराणसयोपासिानरषयः कमवणोऽङगभतायाः सामोपासिाया रण वि पनरसमापतमनि । ततः पर गायतरसामनरषयकनरचारसय तथा नशषयपरमपरारपरशसय रण विमनप कतमनि । निषकामममकषतव नरिा जञािकमवणोः समपादिि साधकः शरौतसमात वकम वणोः
Odisha State Open University, Sambalpur 42
दानकषणयमाग वनमरापनोनत तथा मरततवलोक पिरागचछनत। तनिननमशासतरीयसवचछनदररततापशत आरभय सथाररपरय वनतमधोगनतमरापनोनत । यः इहजनमिः पर वजनमिशच कमवणा ससकारनरशषण बाहयनितयसाधयसाधिसमबनधानतवरकतः सि नरशदधनचततो निषकामः साधको भरनत तसय 'किनषचम ' इतयादयः नजजञासा भरननत । एतादशसय साधकसय करल परतयागातमनरषयक शररण मिि साकषातकारसामरथवञच भरनत । बरहमतततवनरजञािि कामिािा कम वपररततः कारणािा ससाररीजभतसयाजञािसय च पण वतया निरनततभ वरनत । कदानचत मिनस परशनो भरनत यत कम वणा सह जञािनसनदधः(बरहमजञािनसनदधः) ि भरनत रा ? िनत। एतत सपषटीकरण बहदारणयकोपनिषनद दशयत - “पतरणाय लोको जययो िानयि कमवनण कमवणा नपतलोको नरदयया दरलोकः” इनत (बहदारणयकोपनिषद – 1.5.16)। पतरदवारासय मरततवलोकसय परानपतः कमवणा (शरौतसमातत वकमवणा) नपतलोकपरानपतिथा नरदयादवारा (उपासिादवारा) दरलोकपरानपतभ वरनत । बरहमनरदयया लोकतरयाद नभननमािनदसय बरहमलोकसयारानपतनरनत उपनिषदा पनरचचा व । एषा बरहमनरदया तकण बदधया रा जञािगमया । यथोचयत - “िषा तकण मनतरापिया” (कठोपनिषद – 1.2.9) इनत । आचाय वराि बरहमरतता गररररासया नरदयाया उपदषटा भरतीनत । “आचाय वराि परषो रद” (छानदोगयोपनिषद – 4.9.3) “तनदवनदध परनणपाति पनरपरशनि सरया” (शरीमिगरदगीता – 4.34) इतयादीिा शरनतसमनतनियमाििसतय बरहमतततवनरजञािसय िासतयपायानतरनमनत । अतितपरमपदपरापतय जजञासः साधकनशषयो बरहमनिषठ गर नरनधपर वक पचछनत - 'किनषतनम'तयादीनि ।
Odisha State Open University, Sambalpur 43
असय परथमखणडसय मखय परनतपादय भरनत यत परबरहम -परमातमा चकषरानदनभनरनियरगमयो भरनत । अनप त तिर चकषरानदनियानण सवकमवस पररततानि भरननत । यि तततवि (बरहमाशभतिातमिा शरीर नियाशील भरनत) तदर बरहमनत आचाय वः नशषय सपषटयनत । जिाः यदिातमरिनि पजयननत तनन बरहमनत बरहमनरषयक सपषटमरधारणमतरारापयत ।
नदवतीयः खणडः–बरहमतततवसय सकषमततवमिीर वचिीयतवञच ।आचाय वसय बरहमारधारणासपषटीकरणात नशषयः आतमर बरहम इनत जञािाचच “अहमर बरहम सषठ रदाहनम” नत मनयत । बरहमजञािनरषयक निनशचतजञािमारशयकम । परनच पराथनमकिर 'अह सषठ जािानम' इतयनभमािो निरथ वकः इतयाचाय वसय परबोधिानसमि नदवतीय खणड परनतपानदतानि । जञातमनि तसमात बरहम नभनन भरनत तथा यदजञातमनि तसमादरधवा भरनत । पिरनप करल तजजञािि बरहमतवोपलनि व भरनत। यथा दहिशीलसयागः नरषयो दाहयपदाथो भरनत ि त दाहयपदाथ वसय सवरपकथिमर करल बरहमसवरपजञािि ि तसयोपलनभ वरतीनत । आचायण उचयत – यनद मनयस तवया बरहमजञािमरापतनमनत तनहि निशचयि तवया सवलपमातरया तदरापतनमनत । “अशबदमसपशवमरपमवयय तथारस नितयमगनधरचच यत”(कठोपनिषद – 1.3.15); िनसहोततरोपनिषद – 9; मनकतकोपनिषद – 2.72) इनत शरतयिसारतद बरहम शबदानदतनमातरानभः परनतनषदधकारणादनतनियम । “नरजञािमािनद बरहम”(बहदारणयकोपनिषद – 3.9.28); “नरजञािघि एर” (बहदारणयकोपनिषद – 2.4.12), सतय जञािमनत बरहम (तनततरीयोपनिषद – 2.1.1), “परजञाि बरहम” (ऐतरयोपनिषद – 5.3) इतयररपण शरनतष बरहमणः सवरप निनण वतमनि । बरहमनरषयक जञाि नकनञचनमानतरकनमनत अतरापोदषराचाय वसयाशयः।
Odisha State Open University, Sambalpur 44
भोगकमवरपऽनसमि मिषयजनमनि यनद जीरः सवातमसवरप ि जािानत तनहि तजजनम वयथा भरतीनत असया उपनिषदराशयः। बरहमजञािि अमततवसय परानपतम वतयजयसामरथवमातमजञािि च लभयत इनत । परमातमिः परबरहमणो रा सकषमतवनररचिमनसमि नदवतीय खणड आचायण कतमनि। ततीयः खणडः – यकषोपाखयािम अनसमि ततीय खणड आखयानयकामाधयमि परबरहमणः सरवजञतव महाभतानभमानिदरािाम अलपजञतव परनतपानदत िः। बरहमनरषयाः ितयथ वमतत पनरकलपिम । बरहमजञािि तथा ततसामरथि एर दराः सामरथवरनतः। परनत तषामनभमािकारणात यकषरनप बरहम तषा शनकतपरीकषण करोनत । परकतयातमकसय जडरग वसयानप कनशचत निमा वता सञचालकशच रत वत इनत निशचत बरहमणः यकषरपधारण तथा दरािा शनकतपरीकषणम । 'यकष पजय महद भतनमनत' आचाय वशङकरसय पदभाषय परनतपानदतमनि। सरा वदौ दरािा नरलय काय वपरनतपादि सनषटसपादि महाभतरपण योगदाि रा अगः अनभमािः पनरनकषतोऽनि । यकषसय समकष जातरदस रपण सवपनरचय दतवा सः तणखणडमकमनप दगध ि समथो जातः। यतः सः परबरहमततवमनभजञातम असमथो जातः । एररपण महाभतसय रायोरनप परीकषाभरत । सोऽनप तणखणडमक गरहीत ि समथो जातः। अनगरत तसयानभमािकारणात । एर बरहमणः अनरजञािात पञचभतानि अनप जडरपण पनरगनणतानि भरननत ।
Odisha State Open University, Sambalpur 45
ततः इिः यथा यकषरनपबरहमणः समीपसथः जातः तदािी तत हरहम तसमात सथािात नतरोनहतमभरत । अतर इिः जीरातमिः परतीकभतः। तसय सनरध बरहमजञािारापतः सामरथा रत वत। परनत बरहमजञाि नरिा यदा सः बरहमारापत गतराि तदा तद बरहम नतरोनहत जातम । ततसथाि आकाश ति उमा हमरती दषटा । एषा उमा हमरती शोभितया शरषठा बरहमनरदयनत। ‘उ परमातमाि मानत परमाणयनत इनत उमा’। यया परमातमजञाि बोनधत भरनत सा उमा इनत । सरवनरदयास शरषठकारणात तथातमपरकाशताकारणात हमारतीनत उचयत ।
चतथ वः खणडः – उमया परबरहमणः अनधदराधयातमोपासिोपदशः जीरातमरपी इिः बरहमनरदयासवरनपणीम उमा बरहमसवरप नजजञासनत । सा सपषटयनत यत इद पजय यकषमर बरहम इनत । तसय सामरथि एर जगनदद चलतकषमम । एतत अनरजञातवा एर दराः अनभमानििः भतवा तसवररप ि जञातरनतः। चतिः जीरातमा जडपञचभतभयः शरषठः इतयतर सकनततमनि । इिः जीरातमा तथा दराः अथरा पञचमहाभतानि पञचजञािनियानण यषा सामरथा वनतनरकत बरहमतततवनमनत । एतत एर बरहमणः अनधदरतवम । मिनस बरहमणः िरनतयण निनदधयासिमर तसय अधयातमोपासिा । भजिीयसय बरहमण उपासिा यः साधकःकरोनत सः सरषा नपरयभाजिः भरनत । यतः सरष बरहमसतता रतत वत । बरहमजञािसय परकाशः नरदयतः सफरणनमर चकषषः पकषमपात इर कषणमधय भरनत । बरहमजञानििा नरदषा एर निरपानधकसय बरहमणःपनरजञाि समभावयत।
बरहमणः अपर िाम ‘रिम ’ इतयतर परनतपानदतमनि । ‘रि रििीय सभजिीयम ’ इनत आचाय वशङकरसय पदभाषयम । एतत गणवयञजक िाम इनत ।
Odisha State Open University, Sambalpur 46
उपसमहार नजजञासोः नशषयसय परशनसय उततरण बरहमनिषठः आचाय वःनिशचयनत यत ति बराहमी उपनिषद परनतपानदता । आदौ परनतपानदत बरहमसररप तसय अिीर वचिीयतव दरािाम अलपजञतव जीरातमिः कत महतः बरहमणः पनरजञािाय बरहमनरदयायाः उपयोगः उपदशशच परबरहमणः अनधदराधयातमोपासियोः परकारः इनत एतत सरा समारनयतमतर आचाय वः ‘बरामी रार त उपनिषदमबरमनत’ इनत कथयनत।बरहमजञािारापतय तपसः(कायनदयमिमा समाधािम) दमसय(उपशमः) कमवणः (अगीहोतरादीिा शरौतकमवणा) अिषठािमपकषत । एतानि एर बरहमनरदयायाः परनतषठा इनत उपनिषदः परनतपादिम । एतषामिषठाि रदािा रदाङगािा च अिसतय समपादिीयनमनत । अतः तपः दमः कमव रदाः सरा वनङगनि बरहमनरदयायाः परनतषठा । सतयरानदष बरहमनरदया परनतनषठता भरनत। अतः असयाः नरदयायाः आयति सतयनमनत उचयत।‘सतयमनत अमानयता अकौनिलय राङमिः कायािाम। तष नह आशरयनत नरदया य अमायानरिः साधरः िासरपरकनतष मायानरष ; ि यष नजमहमित ि माया च’(परशनोपनिषद – 1.16) इनत शरतः। 1.5 Model Questions Unit – I (किोपनिषदः परथमनदवतीयखणडौ) Group –A - 01 mark questions (Answer in one word/sentence) 1. किोपनिषद कि रदि सह समबननधता ? 2) किोपनिषदः अपर िाम नकम ? 3) किोपनिषद तरलकारशाखायाः कनसमि अधयाय रत वत ? 4) कि परनषतानि भतवा चकषसशशरोतरादीनि नियाशीलानि भरननत ?
Odisha State Open University, Sambalpur 47
5) यनमिसा ि मित यिाहः ......... मतम । Group – B – 5 marks questions (short type questions) to be answered in 50 words.
1) परथम खणणड पनठतािानमनियाणा िामानि नलखत यानि बरहमणा परनरतानि भरननत। 2) बरहमजञािसय जञयतवमनरजञयतवञच सकषपण परनतपादयत । 3) मािरजीरिसय कत बरहमजञािसय अपनरहाय वताम उपनिषदमखि परनतपादयत । 4) नरजञािारभासः कथ बरहमािभनतः भरनत ? 5) 'ि अह मनय सरद' इनत मनतराशसय तातपया नलखत ।
Group – C 10mark questions (medium type) to be answered in 200 words.
1) किोपनिषदः परथमखणडसय सार नलखत । 2) किोपनिषदः नदवतीयखणडसय सार नलखत । 3) आतमतततवसय अजञयतवमनिरवचिीयतवञच परनतपादयत । 4) बरहमजञािसय अनिरवचिीयतवम उनिखत । 5) परनतबोधनरनदत मतममततव नह नरनदत । आतमिा नरनदत रीया नरदयया नरनदतऽमतम
इनत मनतरवयाखया करत ।
Odisha State Open University, Sambalpur 48
Group – D 15 marks questions (essay type) to be answered in 250 words.
1) किोपनिषदः महतव परनतपादयत । 2) मिसः इनियाणा च कोऽनप सचालकः रत वत इनत तरथ किोपनिषददषटया परनतपादयत । 3) परबरहमतततवसय अनिरवचिीयतव कथम आचायण नशषयाय परनतबोनधतमनि तत
परनतपादयत।
Unit – II (किोपनिषदः ततीयः खणडः) Group – A 1mark questions (answer in one word/sentence.)
1) यकषोपाखयाि किोपनिषदः कनसमि खणड रत वत ? 2) यकषशबदसय कोऽथ वः (शाङकरभाषयािसारम) ? 3) जातरदाः इनत पद कसय अपर िाम भरनत ? 4) रायोः काया नक भरनत ? 5) इिः कसय परतीकः? 6) यकषतततव कसय तततवसय सकत करोनत ?
Group – B 5marks (short type) questions to be answered in 50 words.
1) दरष अगः यकषसममख शनकतपरीकषणनरषय नलखत । 2) यकषसममख रायोः शनकतपरीकषणनरषय नलखत । 3) इिसय सममखात यकष कथ नतरोनहत जातम ?
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4) उमा हमारती का ? 5) यकष शबदसय कोऽथ वः असया किोपनिषनद 'यकषम ' इनत िप सकनलङगानत कथ
परयकतमनि?
Group – C 10marks (medium type) questions to be answered in 200 words.
1) किोपनिषदः ततीयखणडसय सार नलखत । 2) यकषोपाखयाि दरतािा कथ पराभारः जातः तदवण वयत । 3) इिः कसय परतीकः? तसय कत उमा हमारतयाः आनरभा वरः नक सकतयनत इनत
उनिखत ।
Group – D 15marks (essay type) questions to be answered in 250 words.
1) किोपनिषदः यकषोपाखयाि रण वयत । 2) यकषोपाखयािसय दाश वनिकतव परनतपादयत । 3) इिसय कत यकषसय नतरोधाि तथा उमा-हमारतयाः आनरभा वरः इनत रण विसय
तातपया नलखत ।
Unit – III Group – A 01marks questions (answered in one word/sentence.)
1) दरष परथमः कः यकष बरहम इनत जञातराि ? 2) 'अभीकषणम ' इनत पदसय कोऽथ वः ?
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3) 'रिम ' इनत पदसय अथ वः नक भरनत ? 4) बरहमनरदयायाः परनतषठाया कानि तततवानि सननत ? 5) बरहमनरदयायाः नकमायति भरनत ?
Group – B 05 marks (short type) questions to be answered in 50 words.
1) बरहमणः अनधदरोपासि नलखत । 2) बरहमणः अधयातमोपासि नलखत । 3) गरोः अननतमा बराहमी उपनिषद का ? बरहमनरदयायाः सपरापतय कानि साधिानि
उपनदषटानि सननत ? 4) बरहमनरदयारगाहिसय नक फल भरनत ?
Group – C 10marks (medium type) questions to be answered in 200 words.
1) किोपनिषदः चतथ वखणडसय सार नलखत । 2) उमा-हमारतयाः बरहमोपदश परनतपादयत । 3) बरहमनरदयारापतः परनतषठायआयतिाय च नकमारशयकम ? नरदयारापतः फल च
परनतपादयत।
Group – D 15marks (essay type) questions to be answered in 250 words.
1) उमा-हमारतयाः आखयाि रण वयत ।
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2) किोपनिषदः सार परनतपादयत । 3) किोपनिषदः परथमखणडदवयसय तततव कथमननतमखणडदवय (आखयािदवय)
परनतफनलतमनि परनतपादयत ।
1.6 Further Readings. (सहायकगरनाः) 1. ईशानद िौ उपनिषद (शाङकरभाषयाथ वसनहता), गीतीपरस, गोरखपर। 2. एकादशोपनिषदः, ईशादयषटस शरीमददासीिरयण अमरदासाखयनरदषा नररनचतया
उपनिषनमनणपरभया, छानदोगय-बहदारणयकयोः शरीनितयािनदाशरमनररनचतया नमताकषरया करलय च शरीशङकरािनदनररनचतया दीनपकया समलकताः, मोतालालबिारसीदास, बगालोरोड, जराहार िगर, नदिी-110007 ।
3. कलयाण – उपनिषद अङक, गीतापरस, गोरखपर । 4. किोपनिषद (जयकषणदास ससकत गरनमाला), नहनदी वयाखयाकार-आचाय व डा सरिदर,
चौखमबा ओनरयनटनलया, राराणसी । 5. किोपनिषद (शाङकरभाषयसनहता), गातापरस, गोरखपर । 6. किोपनिषद (भारपरकानशकोपति शाङकरभाषयण सनहता), नहनदी वयाखयाकर –
शरीनशरपरसाद नदवरदी, चोखमबा सरभारती परकाशि, राराणसी । 7. Kenopanisad, ed. By Swami Sarvananda, Sri Ramakrishna
Math Road, Madras – 600004. 8. Kena Upanisad (with commentary of sankaracharya translated
by wami Gambhirananda, Adwaita Ashrama, Publication Department, 5 Dehi EntallyRoad , Calcutta 700014.
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9. The Upanisads, Sri Aurobinda Ashram, Pondichery. 10. The principal Upanisads, Translation & notes by Dr. S.
Radhakrishnan, Harper Collins Publishers India, IA Hamilton House, Connaught place, New Delhi 110001.
11. Upanisads (selections from 108 upanisads) T.M.P Mahadevan, MLBD, Delhi.
12. Sixty Upanisadsof the Veda, Vol-I, PaulDeussen, translation from German into English by V.M. Badekar and G.B. palsul, MLBD, Delhi.
13. The thirteen principal Upanisads (Translated from the Sanskrit), Robert Earnest Hume, Shivalok Prakashan, 27/16, Shakti Nagar, Delhi 110007.
14. The thirteen principal Upanisads, Translation by Prof S.L. Seru, Nag Publishers, II – A(U.A.), Jawahar Nagars, Delhi – 100007.
15. The Upanisads, Sacred Books of the east series,Vol-XV, Part-I, edited and translated by F. Max Muller, MLBD, Delhi.
16. Chakravarti, S.C. The philosophy of the upanisads, Seema Publications, Rana Pratap Bagh, Delhi 110007.
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17. Deussen, Paul. The Philosophy of the upanisads Authorised English translation and revised by A.S. Geden, Oriental Books Reprint Corporation, 54 Rani Jhansi Road, New Delhi -110055.
18. Gough, ArchibaldEdward, The Philosophy of the upanisads (Ancient Indian Metaphysics.), Ess Ess Pubication, Delhi – 110052.
19. Hock, Hans Henrich. An Earlui Upanisdic Reader. MLBD, Delhi.
20. Mukhopadhyaya, Govinda Gopal, Studies in the Upnisads, CalcuttaSanskrit College, Researh Series No. IX, Sanskrit College, Calcutta.
21. Singh, Satyaprakash. Upanisadic Symbolism, Meharchand Lacchamandas, Daryaganj, New Delhi-2.
22. – The Cultural Heritage of India, Vol-I, The Early Phases (Prehistoric Vedic and Upanisadic, Jaina and Boudhist), The Ramakrishna Mission, Institute of Culture, Gol Park, Calcutta.
23. Kena Upanisad – Wikipedia(https://en.wikipedia.org).
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Unit – IV ḹśāvāsyopaniṣad (ईशारासयोपनिषद) 1.1 Introduction on ḹśopaniṣad The ईश or ईशारासयोपनिषद derives its name from the very opening words of the first verse of this उपनिषद(ईशारासयनमद सरा..). It occupies a pre-eminent position in the age – old spiritual tradition of India. It gets the first place in all collections and enumerations of the उपनिषदs. It is also known as सनहतोपनिषदd. Because this is the only उपनिषद that is found as an integral part of the सनहता, namely theराजसिनयसनहता. It forms the last chapter of the शकलयजरद राजसिनयसनहता and काणरसनहता. The ईशोपनिषद manuscript differs in these two recensions(शाखाs). In both the recensions, the ईशोपनिषद of शकलयजरद is the 40th chapter. Versions with 18 verses refer to काणर, while those with 17 verses refer to माधयननदि. The similarity and a little variation of the mantras in these two recensions are as follows – ईश comes from the root ईश which means ‘to rule’ , ‘to own’ . The word ईश literally means ‘the ruler’, mester, lord; The term रासयम means ‘hidden in, covered
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with, enveloped by’. Scholars suggest that ईशरासयोपनिषद was likely one of the earliest Upanishads after बहदारणयकोपनिषदand छानदोगयोपनिषद . ईशारासयोपनिषद is the only उपनिषद that is attached to a सनहता, the most ancient layer of Vedic text known for their mantras and benedictions. Other उपनिषदs are as बराहमण and आरणयक. Max Muller notes that this does not necessarily mean that ईशोपनिषद is among the oldest because शकलयजरद is acknowledged to be of a latter origin than textual layersof other रद such as ऋगरद. The भाषय or commentary of आचाय व शङकर is the most authentic one upon the principal उपनिषदs. The Sanskrit commentary entitled उपनिषनमनणपरभा by the scholar Udalina Amaradasa is significant also. The German translation by Paul Deussen and its English translation by V.M. Bedekar and G.B. Palsule, the English translations by R.E. Huenea and T.M.P Mahadevan etc. are noteworthy in the line. Swami Chinmayananda’s commentary is also one among the above.
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1.1. (a)Subject Matter of ईशोपिोषद
अदवतरादः– The ईशारासयोपनिषद is significant for its singular mention of the term ‘ईश’ in the first hymn. The term never repeats in any other hymns. The concept of the ‘ईश’ exhibits monism or monotheism which refers to one self or Lord. जञािकमवणोः चचा व – ईशोपनिषदacknowledges the contrasting views within Hinduism i.e. between the empirical life of householder with action (कमव) and the spiritual life of renunciation with knowledge (जञाि) . नरदयानरदय – The ईशारासयोपनिषद suggests that root of the sorrow and the suffering is due to ignorance. When one considers one’s self is distinct and conflicted with the self of others, assuming that the nature of existence is a conflicted duality where one’s happiness and suffering is viewed as different from another living being’s happiness and suffering. Such sorrow and suffering can not exist when an individual realizes that the self is in all things, understands the oneness of the self, focuses beyond the individual egos and in the pursuit of universal values.
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ईशोपनिषद asserts both नरदया and अनरदया. अनरदया empowers a person to overcome death or makes one capable to live a life and नरदया empowers him for immortality. The real knowledge delivers one for freedom, liberation from all sorrows and fears and to a blissful state of life. पणयपाप – Towards the end, the उपनिषद Asserts a longing for knowledge which is hidden behind the golden disc of light. That is the light which one seeks. Again a mantra reminds one’s own mind to remember one’s own deedsand accept the consequences. Though the काणर and माधयननदि recension very in relative sequencing of the मनतरs, still both asserts the introspective precept – ‘O Agni !lead me towards a life of virtues, guide me away from a life of vices and thus unto the good path and enjoyment of wealth.’ The उपनिषद also declares the foundational promise i.e. ‘I am He’, equating the individual soul with the universal or cosmic soul.
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1. 2 Philosophical significance of ईशोपनिषद :
The मनतरs beginning with ईशारासयम have not been utilized in कमव (rituals). They serve to reveal the true nature of the self.the true nature of the self consists in its purity, simlessness, oneness, eternity, incorcoreity, omnipresence etc, which are discussed in this उपनिषद. For this the mantras are not associated with rituals. The real nature of self is neither a thing to be created, translated, achieved or purifiednor it is of the nature of an agent or enjoyer where it could become a factor of कमव. कमवs have been enjoined by assuming the qualities of multiplicity, agentship, enjoyership and impurity, sinfulness etc, which common sense takes for granted. उपनिषदs determines the true nature of self. People who are versed in the science dealing with competence, verily say that this man is qualified for कमव when he hankers after the results of कमव. These mantras remove one’s natural ignorance about the self through the revelation of the true nature of the self and thereby produces the knowledge of oneness of the self. This knowledge helps the uprooting of sorrow, delusion and sufferings of the mundane existence.
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This is the only उपनिषद where जञाि and कमव are complimentary for each other in the second मनतर. But that कमव is the निषकामकमव of शरीमिगरदगीता. The spiritual Message of this small उपनिषद, having only eighteen मनतरs, is as profound as it is all – comprehensive. It proclaims the divinity of man, nature, everything in manifestation and spiritual oneness of all existence. It asserts that परमातमा (the Universal Soul) is enveloping everything and he is in everything. In a sense, it can be said that this उपनिषद provides the fundamental theme of Vedantic thought. 1. 3 Explanation ofमनतर s :
शाननतपाठः (The invocation) – ॐपण वमदः पण वनमद पणा वतपण वमदचयत । पण वसय पण वमादाय पण वमरारनशषयत ।। ॐ शाननतः शाननतः शाननतः।।
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अनवयः –ॐ अदः पण वम । इद पण वम । पणा वत पण वम उदचयत । पण वसय पण वमादाय पण वम अर अरनशषयत । पदाथ वः –ॐ, अदः – तत (परबरहम), पण वम – पनरपण वम सवयसमपण वञच, इद – एतत काय वबरहम, पण वम – अनप पनरपण वमनि, पणा वत – ततपरबरहमणः, पण वम – असय काय वबरहमणः, उदचयत – उतपनततः जायत, पण वसय – परलयारसथाया पण वकाय वबरहमणः पण वम – पण वतवम , आदाय – सवातमनि नरलीय, पण वम – पणा परबरहम, एर अरनशषयत – एर अरनशषट भरनत । ॐ शाननतः शाननतः शाननतः – आनधभौनतकसय आनधदनरकसयआधयानतमक – तापसय शाननतः परानथ वतानि। सरलाथ वः – अय मनतरः बहदारणयकोपनिषदः पञचमाधयायसय परथमबराहमणसय परथमकनणडकायाः परा वदध वः। तसयाः अनप उपनिषदः अयमर शाननतमनतरः। शकलयजरदीयोपनिषदा शाननतमनतरः आयमर रत वत । मनतरऽनसमि परबरहमणः पण वता रनण वतानि। “ॐ ततसनदनत निदशो बरहमणनसतरनरधः समतः” इनत गीतारचिािसार परमरः परबरहमणः राचकः। ॐ इतयसय अरयराथ वनरचार नरनशषटादवनतिः रदननत यत - 'अ', 'उ' तथा 'म ' इनत तरायाणाम अकषराणा सयोगि 'ओम ' शबदनिषपनततः। एतष परथमः अकारः भगरतः नरषणोः राचकः। कोश अपयचयत –'अकारो रासदरः सयात ' इनत । पर वमीमासायाः शाररभाषय उचयत – अ इनत बरहमणः परथम िाम। अकारसय राचयाथ वः भरनत – जगतः सनषटरकषापरलयानदकाया वणा कारकः भगराि नरषणः। तनततरीयोपनिषदः भगरलयामचयत -
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“यतो रा इमानि भतानि जायनत यि जातानि जीरननत यत परयतयभिनभसनरशननत तनदवजािसव तद बरहम”। 'कारण त धययम ' इनत शरतयिसारम धारणानसदधयथा ममकषः कारणतततवसय शभाशरयरपण धयाि कया वत । एतत रदाननतिा मतम । ियानयकाः रशनषकाशच जगतः निनमततकारणमातर ईशवर इनत आमिननत । अदवनतिा मति सनचचदािनदरप बरहम । शदध-बदध-मकतसवभारयकत बरहम। यदा मायोपनहत भरनत तदा सवसकलपि जगतः सनषटनसथनतनरिाशवयापार करोनत । परनत नरनशषटादवनतिः बरहम ईशवरः परमातमा इनत िामानि परबरहमराचकानि इनत । तद बरहम अनखलहयपरतयिीक तथा अनखलकलयाणगणगणाकारनमनत । उभयनरधगणधारकरपण तद बरहम उभयनलङगातमक तथा जगतकारणनमनत । परलयदशाया जगत िामरपािहा भरनत । पिः सनषटकाल एतम िामरपािहा जगत सवसकलपि िामरपनरभागाहा करोनत । अनसमि कमवनण बरहमसहायकानतरनिरपकष नतषठनत । अतः बरहम जगतः अनभनननिनमततोपादािकारणम इनत । अतः छानदोगया शरनतः रनकत - 'सदर सोमयदरगर आसीदकमरानदवतीयम ' इनत । 'पण वमदः..' इनत शरनतः जगतःकारणबरहमणः निदश करोनत । सरवतोभारि ततपनरपण वम । इद जगदनप ति परबरहमणा परपण वमनि । यतः 'ऐदमातमयनमद सरवम ' (छानदोगयोपनिषद) इनत शरनतः जगद बरहमातमक तथा पण वञच इनत परनतपादयनत । पण वबरहमणः जगतः आनरभा वरः। पण वबरहमणः पण वता िीतवा जगतः आनरभ वरि अनप बरहम पण वमर नतषठनत । यथा आचाय वसय पण वनरदया गहीतवा नशषयः पण वनरदवाि भरनत परनत आचाय वसय नरदया तथर पनरपणा व नतषठनत
Odisha State Open University, Sambalpur 62
तथर परबरहमणः पण वता तथा जगनत तदातमकता । एतदिसननधतसः नरदवाि भौनतक-दनरक-दनहकसनतोषभयः नरमकतः भरनत । मनतरः -1 सरवतर परबरहमदषटः जञािाय उपदशः ॐ ईशारासयनमद सरा यनतकञच जगतया जगत । ति तयकति बञजीथाः मा गधः कसय नसवदधिम ।। अनवयः - जगतया यत नकञच जगद इद सरवम ईशा रासयम । ति तयकति भञजीथाः । कसयनसवत धि मा गधः। पदाथ वः – जगतयाम – समपण अनप बरहमाणड, यनत नक च जगत - यत नकनञचत सथाररजङगमातमक रत वत जडचतिरप रत वत रा, रप रत वत रा, इद सरवम – तत सर वम , ईशा – सरवशनकतमता परमातमिा, राचयम – आचछादिीयम आचछानदत पनरवयापतनमतयथ वः। ति – अतः तसमात कारणात रा, तयकति – तयागभारिया, भञजीथाः –उपभोगः करणीयः पालयथाःरा, कसयनसवत – कसयानप परसय सवसय रा, धि – समपनतत, मा गधः – ित मानभलाष कर मा आकाकषा काषषः इनत। सरलाथ वः – अनसमि मनतर समपणा जगत आतमनि अधयिनमनत रनण वतमनि । कतत वतव भोकततवनमतयादीनि ि त आतमिः सवाभानरकाः गणाः अनप त एतानयनप आतमनि अधयिानि सननत। दशयमाि जगत नमरथारप तथा परबरहमतततवमर सतयम । एतदातमतततव परबरहमतततव
Odisha State Open University, Sambalpur 63
रा जगदाचछादकम । उदाहरणतया आचाय वशङकरण सवभाषय रनण वतमनि यत चनदिागरा वदः सगनधः सवाभानरकः। जलमधय यदानधककालपय वनत नतषठनत तनहि दग वनधोऽनप भरनत । परनत चनदिसय सगननधः औपानधकः। सगनधः असय सवभारः। अतः यदा घष वण नियत तदा सवतः सगनधः भरनत। एर जगतया समगरपनथवया दवतरप िामरपकमा वखय नरकारजात परमातमातमतवभारनचनतिि नरलीयत । असया शरतौ आचायण नशषयाय ररागयभनषतरततः उपदश करोनत । रदानतदनशकि असयाः शरतः वयाखयाया परनतपादयनत यत समपण वसय चतिाचतिातमकसय जगतः सवरप नसथनतः पररनततशच ईशवराधीिा । समपणा जगत परामानणक ि त नमरथारपनमनत ।यथा उचयत - “भोकता भोगय परनरतारञच मतवा जषटः” (शवताशवतरोपनिषद-1.12) । भोकतः जीरसय सवरप भोगय च जडरपम । परनरतः ईशवरसय सवरप चतिनमनत । एतजजञातवा जीरः परमातमिः नपरय भरनत । “कषरः परधािममताकषर हरः कषरातमािारीशत दर एकः” (शवताशवतरोपनिषद – 1.9) । नरकारसवभारयकतायाः परकतिथा परकतः भोगाथ वमर जीरः। परकनतपरषयोः नदवयतव परमातमा नियनतरयनत । अिया शरतया जगतः सवरप नरजञाय जीरः सचतः भरनत । समपणा जगत परमातमनि वयापय तथा परमातमा जगनत वयापकः इनत । उभयोः मधय नियामय-नियामकभारसमबनधः। परलयारसथाया समपणा जगत तनसमि निरसनत तथा सनषटकाल जगत ससजय सः तनमधय पनरवयापतो भरनत । सामानयजिसय कतत वतवभोकततवानदभरमः जायत । परनच तततवजञसय अिासकतता भरनत । सरा तयागभारि परमातमसततवरपण वयरहरणीयम । कसयानप ि सवसय िानप अपरसय धिाकाकषा ि करणीयनत उपदशः।
Odisha State Open University, Sambalpur 64
अतः आतमनिषठपरषः एषणातरयरनहतः (पतरषणा-नरततषणा-लोकषणा च) सि आतमतततवाथा यतनशीलः सयात । मनतरः 2 कर वननरह कमा वनण नजजीनरषचछत समाः। र तवनय िानयथतोऽनि ि कमव नलपयत िर ।। अनवयः - इह कमा वनण कर वि एर शत समाः नजजीनरषत । तवनय िर एर कमव ि नलपयत । इतः अनयथा ि अनि । पदाथ वः- इह – अनसमि लोक ससार रा, कमा वनण कर वि – अनगहोतरादीनि धमा विमोनदतानि रदोकतकमा वनण समाचरि , एर – निशचयि, शत समाः – शतसखयकाि सरतसराि , नजजीनरषत –जीनरतनमचछत , तवनय िर – एर जीनरतम इचछनत िर, कर – अनगहोतरादीनि समपानदतानि कमा वनण, ि नलपयत – ससारबनधिहतभतानि ि भरननत बारमबारम आरागमिसय कारणानि ि भरननत, इतः – कमा वनण कर वतः रत वमािात परकारात , अनयथा – परकारानतर, ि अनि – ि नरदयत इनत । सरलाथ वः - आचाय वशङकरसय भाषयात एतत सपषट भरनत यत अय मनतरः मिषयानभमािीिा कत कमा विषठािसय उपदश करोनत। परनत रदानतदनशकसय मति मिषयः आजीरि नरदयापरानपतपय वनत नितयिनमनततकािामनगहोतरादीिाम अिषठाि कया वनदनत । ममकषः परषः
Odisha State Open University, Sambalpur 65
फलानभसननधरनहतः सि भगरतसमप वणि कमा वनण अिनतषठत ।बरहमजञािी अनप कमा वनण अिनतषठनत ।ममकषः नरदयाङग कमव कदा ि तयजनदनत रदानतदनशकाचाय वः। “िानरशषात”(बरहमसतरम – 3.4.13) इनत सतरािसार 'कर वननरद कमा वनण' इनत राकय साधिभतकमवणा नरधाि ि करोनत । अतर नरदयापरापतयिकलानि कमा वनण समाचरणाय उपदशः इनत ।'ितयऽिमनतरा व'(बरहमसतरम -3.4.14) इनत सतरसय शरीभाषय शरीरामािजाचायण 'रा' सबदः निनशचताथ वक इनत परनतपानदतः। अतर 'कर वननरह' इतयानदराकय नरदयाितय सवसय अनधकारािसार नितयिनमनततककमवणामिषठाि निनद वषटमनि ।“ईशारासयम” इनत तरथ मिनस निधाय कमा वनण अिषठाय ममकषपरषः कमवबनधि ि पततीनत । मनतर 'तवनय' पद ममकषपरषसय कत परयकतः अनि । ममकषजीरः चराचरातमक जगनत परमातमिः पनरवयानपतम अिभय ततपरदततरिनि अिासकतभारिया सवीकतय शासतरािमोनदतानि कमा वनण समाचरत । फलानभसननधरनहतः सि निषकामभारिया यदा कमा वनण आचरनत तदा कमा वफलारनलपतः ि भरनत ससारबनधि ि पतनत च । मनतरः 3 अजञानििः निनदा असया व िाम त लोका अनधि तमसारताः। ता ि परतयानभगचछननत य क चातमहिो जिाः।। अनवयः - त असया वः िाम त लोकाः अनधि तमसा आरताः। य क च आतमहिः जिाः त परतय ताि अनभगचछननत ।
Odisha State Open University, Sambalpur 66
पदाथ वः -त असया वः – अरपपरमातमभारमपकषय दरता अनप असराः तषा सवभताः निरासाः असया वः, िाम – अथ वहीि अवययपदम , लोकाः - यतर कमवफलािा लोकि दश वि भोग रा भरनत मतय वजनमानि इनत, अनधि तमसा – अदशविातमकि अजञािि अनधकारण, आरताः – आचछानदतानि भरननत, य क च – य क आतमजञािरनहताः अनरदवासः, आतमहि जिाः त – आतमाि घननतीनत त अजञानििः, परतय - परकषण एतय असमात मरततवलोकात मतयदवारा परकषण गतवा इनत, ताि – ताि परोकताि आतमजञािरनहताि लोकाि , अनभगचछननत – (पिः) परापनरननत । सरलाथ वः - अनसमि मनतर आतमजञािरनहताःमिषयाः आतमघानति इतयचयनत । तषा गनतनरषय अतर चचा व दशयत । अजञािकारणात आतमिः सवरप मिषयसय कत नतरोनहत भरनत । आतमजञािरनहतः आतमजञािनरषय चषटारनहतशच जीरः आतमहि इनत । इद समपणा जगत परबरहमणातमरपण पनरवयापतम । चतिाचतिातमकम जगत परमातमिः शरीरम । निषकामभारि नितयिनमनततककमवणामाचरणमर परनतमािरमपकषत । जीरः परमातमोपासिपराङमखःसि फलानभसननधतसः सि कम वणा सह पापानि अनप आचरनत । एतादशाः िारकीय लोक गचछननत । ततर जञािरशात अनधकाराचछननतव परनतपानदतमनि । एरगनतकाः मिषयाः आतमघातनचि इनत । सवसवरपम अनरजञातवा आतमानितव जञािाभारः एर आतमघानततवम ।यथा तनततरीय शरतौ उचयत - “असननर स भरनत असद बरहमनत रद चत” (तनततरीयारणयकम) । सववयनतनरकत बरहम िानि । एतादशजञािपरकः परषः असत इनत ।
Odisha State Open University, Sambalpur 67
नरनहतकमवणामिषठाि तथा निनषदधकमवणामिषठािमर िरकभोगसय कारणम ।यिातमहििि अजञािी रारमबार ससार ससरनत तदवपरीतयि जञािी मकतः भरनत । मनतरः 4 आतमिः सवरपम अिजदक मिसो जरीयो ििदरा आपनरनपर वमष वत । तदधारतोऽनयाितयनत नतषठत अनसमननपो मातनरशवा दधानत ।। अनवयः - अिजत एक मिसः जरीयः पर वमष वत एतत दराः ि आपनरि । त नतषठत धारतः अनयाि अतयनत । तनसमि मातनरशवा अपः दधानत । पदाथ वः - अिजत – ि एजत (एज कमपि) ि कमपि ि चलिम अनरचनलतनमतयथ वः, एकम –सदर एकरपम , मिसः जरीयः – सकलपानदलकषणात मिसः रगरततरम इनत, पर वमष वत – सरववयापकतवात परनतदह परतयरभासकम , अित –एतत आतमतततव, दराः – दयोतिात चकषरादीिीनियानण, ि आपनरि – ि परापतरनतः, तत नतषठत – तत आतमतततव सवयमनरनिय सत , धारतः अनयाि – दरतम गचछतः अनयाि अिातमभतानि मिोरानगनियादीनि अतयनत – अतीतय अनतिमय रा गचछनत, तनसमि – आतमतततव नितयचतनयसवभार, मातनरशवा – मातनर अनतनरकष शवयनत गचछतीनत मातनरशवा सरवपराणातमकः रायः, अपः – कमा वनण दरािा पराणीिा च चषटालकषणानि, दधानत – नरधारयनत इनत ।
Odisha State Open University, Sambalpur 68
सरलाथ वः - एषा शरनतः आतमतततवम अनरकमपिम एक मिसोनप रगरततर रण वयनत । आतमिः एतादश नररोधसवभारः (अनरकमपय पिः मिसोनप रगरत) सोपानधकनिरपानधकधयाियोः कत उनदषटः। आतमा निरपानधकतवि एकिथा अनरचलः। तसय सवरप िानि कनशचद नरकारः। पर स एर आतमा नतः करणसय सकलपनरकलपातमकोपानधम अिसतय मिसः रगादनप अनधकः रगशाली भरनत िसः रगरततव कारणरपः भरनत रा । अनतः करणसय सकलपादर जीरः कषणमधय दरसथ बरहमलोकमापनोनत । परनत मिसः परागर ततरआतमाभासः ततर नरदयमािः नतषठनत । अतः मिसोनप रगराि आतमा। मनतर दरशबदः इनियानभधायकः। आतमतततवम ि कदानप इनियाणा नरषयभतम । आतमनियष मिः वयरनहत भरनत यदातमतततजञािाय साधिभत भरनत । आतमतततवसय शरीर अरसथािात रायः जीरष ततततकमवणो नरभाग करोनत । 'अिजत ' पद परमातमतततवसय सथया दश वयनत । मिः ससार सरा वनधक रगरत भरनत । परनत मिसः गनतः सरवतर ि भरनत । परनत परमातमा सरववयापकः। सरववयापककारणादनप 'अिजत ' पदि तसय सकतः। यः सरवतर नरदयमािः ि तसय कनतर परानपतः आरशयकी । परमातमिः सपरानपतः नरदयानधगमात अिनतरमर सभरनत । छानदोगया शरनतः रनकत - 'तद यथा नहरणयनिनधनिनहत कषतरजञाः उपय वपनर सञचरनतो ि नरनदयः एरमरमाः सरा वः परजाः अहरहग वचछतयभिः एत बरहमलोक ि नरनदननत' (छानदोगयोपनिषद- 8.3.2) । यथा अजञािी जीरः सरणा वकरसय उपनर नरचरणशीलः अनप तनन परापनोनत तथर सरा वः परजाः सषनपतकाल परनतनदि अनतया वनमिा परमातमिा सह नमनलतवानप अजञािाचछननकारणात त ि परापनोनत । स अर रायजलादीिा नरधारकः।
Odisha State Open University, Sambalpur 69
मनतरनसमि परमातमिः सरववयापकतव सरवधारतव च रणयत। मनतरः 5 तदजनत तननजनत तदर तदननतक । तदनतरसय सरवसय तद सरवसयासय राहयतः।। अनवयः - तत एजनत तत ि एजनत । तत दर तत उ ननतक । तत असय सरवसय अनतः तत असय सरवसय उ बाहयतः। पदाथ वः - तत - तत आतमतततवम , एजनत – चलनत, तत तत आतमततव, ि एजनत – ि चलनत सवतः अचलमर सत चलनत इर इतयथ वः। तत – तत तततव, दर – बहसाधिि नरदषा कत परापतावयतवात रष वकोनिशतः अनप नरदषाम अपरापयतवात दर इतयथ वः। तत – तत तततततरम , उ अननतक – नरनदषा परापतवयतवात निकि इनत, तत – तत आतमतततवम , असय सरवसय – असय िामरपनियारपसय जगतः, अनतः – आतमरप साररप रा, तत – तत आतमतततवम , असय सरवसय िामरपनियातमकजगतः बनहरनप आकाशरत वयापतमनि इनत । सरलाथ वः - आतमतततवसय सवरपम अनसमि मनतर अनप पर वमनतररत परनतपानदतमनि । परनत एतयोः चतथ वपञचममनतरयोः पारसपनरकनररदधगणाः परापयनत । एषः नररोधः निरपानधकतव सोपानधकतव िीतवा एर । चनतथ वमनतर परमातमिः अनरचलतव सरववयापकतव सरवपरधाितव च रनण वतमनि । अनसमि मनतर उचयत यत यतः आतमतततव मिसः रगरत अतः चलनत इनत । पिः यतःसरववयापकः अतः तत ि चलनत इनत । सरववयापकतवात कतरानप
Odisha State Open University, Sambalpur 70
गमिसय आरशयकता िानि । तत पिः अजञानििा कत अपरापयकारणात दर रत वत । परनत जञानििा नरदषा कत साधयतवात उपलवयतवात च निकि रत वत ।असय तरथसय रण वि नरषणधमोततरपराण शौिकमखि एर दशयत –
पराङमखािा गोनरनद नरषयासकतचतसाम । तषा ततपरम बरहम दरात दरतर नसथतम ।। तनमयतवि गोनरनद य िरा नयिचतसः। नरषयतयानगििषा नरजञय च तदननतक ।।
(नरषणधमोततरपराण – 99.13-14) अनसमि ससार ि एर नकनञचत रि रत वत यत कसय रितः अनतः पिः बनहरनप रत वत। परनत परमातमा सरववयानपकारणात रायरत सर वसय जगतः अनतिथा बनहरनप रत वत। सरषा जीरािामातमारपण अनतः नरदयमािः सि सर ववयापककारणात बनहरनप रत वत । यचच नकनञचजजगतयनसमि दशयत शरयत नप रा । अनतबवनहशच ततसरा वयापयिारायणः नसथतः।। इनत । मनतरः 6 अभददनश विः नरदषः नसथनतः
यि सरा वनण भतानयातमनयरािपशयनत । सरवभतष चातमाि ततो ि नरजगपसत ।।
Odisha State Open University, Sambalpur 71
अनवयः - यः त सरा वनण बतानि आतमनि ए सरवभतष आतमाि च अिपशयनत ततः ि नरजगपसत । पदाथ वः - यः – यः ममकषपरषः, त – निशचयाथ वम अवययम , सरा वनण भतानि – चतिाचतिानि सथाररजङगमानतानि, आतमनि – आतमततव ससय आतमनि रा, एर – निनशचतय, सरवभतष तष चराचरातमकष चतिाचतिष, आतमाि - आतमतततव सरवसानकषरप, च – तथा, अिपशयनत – पशयनत एर दनषटसमपननः भरनत, ततः – तसमात कारणात , ि नरजगपसत – घणा ि करोनत । सरलाथ वः - जगदातमिः सवातमाि यः पथग जञाि ि करोनत एतादशः ममकषपरषः ि कसमात नरजगपसत । आतमतततव सरववयापकनमनत परनतपानदतमनि । अतः सरवतर बरहमातमजञाि करणीयनमनत परोकषोपदशः। 'सरा वनण भतानि' इनत बरहमतः आरभय िमभपययवनतानि इनत । चराचरातमकािा चतिाचतिािा सरषामनतः आतमतततव रत वत । सवातमिा सह तदातमतततवसय तादातमयािभरः अतर दयोनततः अनि । सवातमनि सरवभतािा धयाि तथा सरवभतष सवातमतततवसय नरिनतजञाि नरदषः ममकषपरषसय एर भरनत । 'आपल' (वयापतौ) धाततः आतमाशबदनिषपनततः । अतर आतमा पदि परमातमा एर सनचतः भरनत। बरहमनिषठः परषः पनथवयानदभतष पानथ वरशरीरष परमातमतततव धयायनत पशयनत च। अतः ि कसयानप कत तसय मिनस नरकारः जायत । सरा वनण सवातमरत नपरयभतानि भरननत । सकतगरहमाधयमि तततवमतत यजञः जिकसय मखि एरमचयत –
Odisha State Open University, Sambalpur 72
अिनत त म नरतत यसय म िानि नकञचि । नमनथलाया परनकषपताया ि म नकनञचत परदहयत ।।
मम समपनततः अिनता । यतः मम नकनञचदनप रि िानि ।(यतः सरवरि परमातमाधीिनमनत)। अतः समपणा वयाः नमनथलायाः जवलििानप ि नकनञचत मदीय नरिषट भरतीनत नसथरधीसमपननसय परमातमकनिषठसय जिकसय उनकतः मनतरनममम अिरदनत । मनतरः 7 यनसमनसरा वनण भतानयतमराभनदवजाितः। ततर को मोहः कः शोक एकतवमिपशयतः।। अनवयः - यनसमि नरजाितः सरा वनण भतानि आतमा एर अभत ततर एकतवम अिपशयतः कः मोहः कः शोकः ? पदाथ वः - यनसमि – यदा यनसमि काल रा, नरजाितः – आतमजञानििः कत, सरा वनण भतानि – चतिाचतिानि चराचरानण, आतमा एर – आतमतततवरपण अिभतानि, आभत – जातानि आभरि रा, ततर – तदा तनसमि काल आतमािभरादिनतरनमनत अथ वः, एकतवम –सरवतर एकातमतवम , अिपशयतः – दशविशीलसय – अिभरशीलसय ममकषोः, कः मोहः – ममतवपरतवबोधः, शोकः – मदीयतवहािौ दःखम इनत ।
Odisha State Open University, Sambalpur 73
सरलाथ वः - ममकषजिसय कत सरवभतष सरमाथि आतमदशविकारणात सर वम आतममय भरनत। सपणा जगत तसय कत आतमरप भरनत । आतमारामसय ि मोहः रत वत िानप शोकः। आतमिः नरशदधरप सकारणससारसय लशोऽनप ि नतषठनत । आतमजञानििः ममकषोः राजाजिकरत मोहः शोकशच ि भरतः। तसय सथय वपरीकषाथा नमनथलादहिसय नमरथासमबादः त ि नरचालयनत। अिनत बच म नरतत यसय म िानि नकञचि । नमनथलाया परदीपताया ि म नकनञचत परदहयत ।। एकतवमिपशयतः इनत मनतरआिसार सः सरवतर परमातमासतताम अिभरनत । अतः ममतवहािौ शोकमोहादीिा िाशः इनत । मनतरः 8 आतमनिरपणम आतमिः लकषण रा स पय वगाचछिमकामवरणामसनानरर शदधमपापनरदधम। कनरमविीषी पनरभः सवयमभया वथातरथतोऽथा वि वयदधाचछाशवतीभयः समाभयः।। अनवयः - स पय वगात शिम अकायम अवरणम असनानरर शदधम अपापनरदधम । कनरः मिीषी पनरभः सवयमभः शाशवतीभयः समाभयः यथातरथतः अथा वि वयदधात ।
Odisha State Open University, Sambalpur 74
पदाथ वः - सः – सःपरोकतः आतमा, पय वगात – सरवतर वयापतः, शिम – शदधः जयोनतषकः, अकायम – अशरीरी नलङगशरीररनहतः, अवरणम – अकषतः, असनानररम –सनायरनहतः, (अवरणअसनानररपदाभया सथलशरीरसय निषधः), शदध –पनरशदधः अजञािरनहतः, अपापनरदधम –पापरनहतः, कनरः – िानतदशष, मिीषी – मिसः ईनषता सरवजञः इतयथ वः, पनरभः – पनरतः भरतीनत, सवयमभः – सवय भरतीनत, शाशवतीभयःसमाभयः – नितयाभयः सरतसराखयभयः परजापनतभयः, यथातरथतः – यथािरपम , अथा वि – कतत ववयपदाथा वि , वयदधात – नरनहतराि वयभजत इतयथ वः। सरलाथ वः - अनसमि मनतर आतमिः लकषणानि रनण वतानि सननत । पय वगात पदतः सवयमभः पय वनतानि एकादश नरशषणानि परदततानि सननत । मनतरसय परा वदध परदततानि नरशषणानि िप सकलङगोकतानि तथा उततरादध प नलङगानतानि । आचाय वशङकरसय मति शिनमतयादीनि रचानस प नलङगतवि पनरणयानि । (i) आकाशरत सरववयापकतवात तसय कत पय वगात इनत पद परापयत । (ii) आतमतततव शदध परकाशरप भरनत । (iii) एतत तततव कमवजनयशरीररनहत भरनत। (iv) नदवयशरारकारातअकषत भरनत । (v) सथलशरीरसय निषधात सनायरनहत भरनत। (vi) अजञािानद दोषरनहत शगदध भरनत । (vii) आतमतततव अजञािकारणात पणयपापकमवणामभारःभरनत । (viii) िानतदशष आतमा भरनत । िानतपद नतरकालसय उपलकषणतवात आतमा सरवदक इनत । (ix) मिसः ईनशता शासकः जञाता यः भरनत सः सरवजञः परमातमा इनत । (x) पनरभः – सरषामनध सरभयः अनधकः अथरा पनरतः रत वत इनत सरववयापकाथ वः। (xi) सवयमभः – आतमतततवसय ि कोनप निमा वता। सः सवयमर भरतीनत । एतादशः यः परमातमा सः कमव-फल साधिािसार कतत ववयािा यथािरप नरभजनत । तसय
Odisha State Open University, Sambalpur 75
सकतिर जगतसफल चलतकषम रत वत । ति नितयािा सरतसरिामकािा परजापनतिा कत पथक कतवा कतत ववयानि आरनणतानि इनत । मनतरः 9 जञािमाग वकम वमाग वयोशच रण विपरारमभः कमवमागोपासिायाः फलम - अनधनतमः परनरशननत यऽनरदयामपासत । ततो भय इर त तमो य उ नरदयाया रताः।। अनवयः - य अनरदयाम उपायत अनध तमः परनरशननत य नरदयाया रताः त तत उ भयः इर । पदाथ वः - य – य जिाः, अनरदयाम – अनगहोतरानदकमवरपाम , उपासत – सरनत ततपराः भरननत इतयथ वः, अनध तमः – अदशविातमकम अनधकार, परनरशननत –पररश कर वननत, य – य जिाः, चत उ – करल कमोपासिातः अनप, भयः इर – अनधक अनधकार (परनरशननत) इतयथ वः। सरलाथ वः - ईशारासयोपनिषदःअनसमि िरम मनतर कमा विषठािसय दरताजञािसय च समचचयसय निनदा दशयत । करल अनगहोतरानदकमोपासकाः जिाः कमवनण ततपराः सनतः अिषठातारः अदशविातमक अनधकार अजञािानधकार रा परनरशननत । कमवणः आतमजञािनररोधात कमोपासिायाः फलम अजञािनमनत उकतमनि । य पिः कमोपासिा तयकतवा करल नरदयाया दरताजञाि इतयथ वः अिरकताः त कमोपासिातोऽनप अनधक अनरदयानधकार परनरशननत । कमवदरताजञाियोः एकतर रण विसय कारणमचयत यत फलयकतसय
Odisha State Open University, Sambalpur 76
फलहीिसय अङगाङगीतव सयात । फलयकतसय कमवणः फलहीि दरताजञािम अङग सयात । परनत अतर तदभयसय अजञािफल निनद वषटमनि फलहीितव रा इनत । अतर अनरदयाशबदि सकामकमवणा सकतः नियत । नरषणपराण उचयत - “अनरदया कमवसजञानया ततीया शनकतनरषयत”(नरषणपरणम -6.7.61)। यः उपासकः तततत कमा वणा फलानि एताः दरताः परददनत इनत मतवा उपासिा कर वननत सः घोरजञािानधकार परनरशननत । पिः पिः ससारचि आरनत वतः भरनत इनत । रणा वशरमधमा वि नरहाय यः उपासकः सवकमव पनरतयजय करल दरताजञािमाग वमाशरयनत तसयानप मक िानि । करल कमवमाग वसय करल जञािमाग वसय समाशरयतवमतर निननदतमनि इनत । मनतरः 10 कमवदरतोपासियोः फल पथक भरनत
अनयदराहनर वदययानयदाहरनरदयया । इनत शशरम धीराणा य ििनदवचचनकषर ।।
अनवयः - नरदयया अनयत र आहः अनरदयया अनयत आहः इनत धीराणा शशरमः य िः तत नरचचनकषर । पदाथ वः - नरदयया – दरताजञािि, अनयत – अनय फलम , एर आहः – उचयत, अनरदयया – कमोपासिया, अनयत – अनय पथक रा फलम , आहः – उचयत, इनत धीराणा – एर
Odisha State Open University, Sambalpur 77
धीमताम आचाया वणा, शशरमः – शरतरनतः रय, य – आचाया वः, िः – असमाक कत, तत – जञािकमवणोः पथक फल, नरचचनकषर – वयाखयातरनतः। सरलाथ वः - नरदयाशबदः दरताजञाि तथा नरदयाशबदः कमवमागा सचयतः। नरदयाफलरपणदरलोकपरानपतः तथा अनरदयाफलरपण नपतलोकपरानपतः इनत सकतः। 'नरदयया दरलोकः' (बहदारणयकोपनिषद – 1.5.16) 'नरदयया तदारोहननत' इनत शरनततः जञायत यत दरताजञािि दरलोकपरानपतनरनत पथक फल भरनत । अनरदयया कमा विषठािि 'कम वणा नपत-लोकः'(बहदारणयोकोपनिषद – 1.5.16) इनत नपतलोकपरानपतः भरनत । एतत तरथ धामदभयः रदनरदभयः रय शरतरनतः य असमाक कत कमवजञाियोः वयाखयाि परमपरय कतरनतः सननत । एतसमात जञायत यत मोकषसाधि कण वः कनम वरपकषात दरताजञािादनप पथक भरनत । मनतरः 11 नरदया चानरदया च यिदवदोभय सह । अनरदयया मतय तीतवा व नरदययामतमशनत ।। अनवयः– यः तत नरदया च अनरदया च सह रदः (सः) अनरदयया मतय तीतवा व नरदयया अमतम अशनत । पदाथ वः - यः – यः साधकपररषः, तत नरदया च – तत दरताजञाि च, अनरदया च – तत कमा विषठािपरक जञाि, सह रद – एकतर जािनत इनत उभय जािानत रा, (सः – सः साधकः), अनरदयया – अनगहोतरानदिा कमवणा, मतय तीतवा व – सवाभानरकम आरागमि जनममतयबनधि
Odisha State Open University, Sambalpur 78
रा अनतिमय, नरदयया – दरताजञािि तततवजञािि रा, अमतम – दरतातमभारम अमरतव मोकष रा, अशनत – परापनोनत । सरलाथ वः - आचाय वशङकरसय भाषयािसार नरदयायाः जञािमाग वसय अनरदयायाः कमवमाग वसय च इतयभयसय उपासिा साधिा रा करणीया । एकि साधकपरषण यदा उभयोः अिषठाि भरनत तदा तदकि परषाथि समबननधत भरनत । अनरदयया अनगहोतरानदकमवणा मतय िाम वयारहानरक कमव जञाि च अनतिमय नरदयया दरताजञािि अमत दरतातमभार रा साधकः समनधगचछनत । परनत शरीरदानतदनशकः रामािजािचाय वसय शरीभाषयसय छायाया मनतरवयाखया करोनत । शरोनतरयात बरहमनिषठाचाया वत तततवािा यथाथ वरपण यः उपासकः परमातमोपासिारपा नरदया तथा परमातमोपासिायाः अङगभता कमा वत का अनरदया इतयभय जािानत सः नसनदधमनधगचछनत।अतर िाि नररोधाभासः। अनप त उभयमङगाङगीतवि परसपरमपकरतः।साधकः सवरणा वशरमजनित नरनहत कमव अिषठाय जञािसकोचकानरण मतय तत परयोजक पर वजनमकमवफलञच पण वरपण तरनत । ततः परमातमोपासिया सरवदोषरनहतममत परबरहमतततवमापनोनत । रदानतदनशकसय मति मनतरमाधतय नरषणपराणमनप रनकत –
इयाज सोनप सबहि यजञाि जञािवयपाशरयः। बरहमनरदयामनधषठाय तत ा मतयमनरदयया ।।
(नरषणपराणम – 6.6.12)
Odisha State Open University, Sambalpur 79
ति बरहमजञानििा राजञा कनशरधवजि बरहमोपासिानिषठि नरनहतकमवणा नरनरधािा यागािामिषठाि कतम । अिि सः परानरदयोतपततः नररदधािा पराचीिकमवणाम अनतिमण करोनत इनत । मनतर 12 अनध तम परनरशननत यऽसमभनतमपासत । ततो भय इर त तमो य उ समभतया रताः।। अनवयः - य अशमभनतम उपासत (त) अनध तमः परनरशननत य समभतया रताः त तत उ भयः इर तमः। पदाथ वः - य – य जिाः, असमभनतम – अवयकता परकनत (समऊरि समभनतः सा यसय काय वसय सा समभनतः, तसयाः अनया असमभनतः परकनतः कारणमनरदया अवयाकताखया ताम असमभनतमवयाकताखया परकनतम इनत आचाय वशङकरः) कमवबीजभतानमनत, उपासत – सरनत, (त) – त जिाः, अनध तमः – अदशविातमकमनधकारम , अजञाि रा, परनरशननत – परपनरननत, य – य जिाः, समभतया – काय वबरहमनण, रताः – सलगाः(नमरथोपासिाया निरताः), त – त जिाः, त उ – अवयकतापरकतः उपासिातोऽनप, भयः इर तमः – अनधक अजञािानधकार, (परनरशननत)। सरलाथ वः - यः परषः असमभतः उपासिा करोनत अवयकतपरकतः उपसिा करोनत सः अजञािानधकार परनरशनत तथा पिः यः करल समभतः काय वबरहमणः उपासिा करोनत सः ततोऽनधकः अजञािानधकार परनरशनत इनत । समभरि िाम समभनतः। तसयाः नभनना या सा
Odisha State Open University, Sambalpur 80
असमभनतः अवयाकता परकनतनरनत । अवयाकता परकनतः अजञािनतमकायाः अनरदयायाः कामकमवणा बीजभता भरनत । अतः य जिाः तसयाः असमभतयाः उपासिा कर वननत त अजञािमर आपनरननत। तनदवपरीच य जिाः समभनत काय वबरहमरप नहरणयगभा वखय परजापनतमपासत कारण तयकतवा य काय वमपासत त ततोऽनधकमजञाि परापनरननत । अतर नरदया दरताजञािमनरदया कमा विजञािनमर असमभतः समभतः पनररण विनमनत । मनतर 13 वयकतावयकतयोः उपासिायाः फलम
अनयदराहः समभरादनयदाहरसमभरात । इनत शशरम धीराणा य ििनदवचचनकषर ।।
अनवयः - समङरात अनयत एर आहः असमभरात अनयत आहः धीराणा शशरम य िः तत नरचचनकषर । पदाथ वः - समभरात –काय वबरहमणःउपासिाफळम इनत, अनयत – पथक, एर आहः – इनत रदननत, असमभरात – अवयकतपरकतः कमवकारणबीजसय उपासिायाः फलम इनत, अनयत – पथक, आहः – रदननत, इनत – अर, धीराणा –नरदषा, शशरमः – (रचि)रय शरतरनचः, य – य नरदवासः आचाया वः, िः – असमाक कत, तत – तत तततवजञाि नरचचनकषर –वयाखयातरनतः।
Odisha State Open University, Sambalpur 81
सरलाथ वः - समभतः उपासिायाः काय वबरहमणः नहरणयगभ वसय परजापतः उपासिायाः फल पथग भरनत । काय वबरहमोपासिादवारा ऐशवय वलकषण फलमरापयत । असमभतः उपासिया अवयकतपरकतः उपासिया नभनन फलमरापयत । 'अनध तमःपरनरशननत' इनत राकयदवारा तत पाथ वकय परा वदर सनचतमनि । पौरानणकाः ताम अवयाकता परकनत परकनतलयः परलयारसथा रा इनत रण वयननत। एतत तरथमसमानभः बरहमनिषठाचायभयः शरतम । अतः वयकतावयकतयोः उपासिायाः पथक पथक पथक फलनमनत अतर रनण वतमनि । मनतर 14 समभनच च नरिाश च यिदवदोभय सह । नरिाशि मतय तीतवा व समभतयामतमशनत ।। अनवयः - यः तत समभनत च नरिाश च उभय सह रद (सः) नरिाशि मतय तीतवा व समभतया अमतम अशनत । पदाथ वः - यः – यः साधकपरषः, तत समभनत – तत काय वबरहम, नरिाश च – तामवयकतारसथा परलयारसथा च, उभय सह – एतत उभयमकतर, रद – जािानत, (सः – सः परषः), नरिाशि – यसय काय वसय कारणि सहाभदः सः नरिाश इनत ति, मतय – अधमवकामिानदनभः दोषः उतपननम – अिशवय वरप मतय , तीतवा व – अनतिमय, असमभतया – अवयाकतपरकतया, अमतम – परकनतलयलकषणम , अशनत – अरापनोनत ।
Odisha State Open University, Sambalpur 82
सरलाथ वः - समभनत काय वबरहम असमभनतम अवयाकतापरकनतम इतयभय जािानत स एर अमतततवमनधगचछतीनत अतर रनण वतमनि ।ि करल काय वबरहमजञािि ि रा करलमवयाकतायाः कमवबीजभतायाः परकतः जञािि नसनदधभ वरनत । अनप त उभयसय समचचयजञािि साधकः अमततततवसय अनधकीरी भरनत । अनसमि मनतर असमभनतः नरिाषपदि वयपनदशयत । नरिाशो धमो यसय काय वसय स, ति धनम वणा अभदि उचयत नरिाश इनत आचाय वशङहकरः। परकनतलयातमकि जञािि अधमवकामिानदनभः दोषः समतपननमशवय वरप मतय साधकः जयनत । ततः नहरणयगभा वखयि काबर वहमणः उपासिया ऐशवय वपरानपतरप फलमपलभयत ।अिया उपासिया अिशवया मतय तीतवा व अवयकतोपासिया परकनतलयरपम अमततवमरापनोनत साधकः। अतर अरण वसय लोपपर वकः निदशः। अतः 'असमभतयामतमशनत' इतयथ वः। मनतर 15 उपासकि उपासिामाग वसय अनभयाचिम नहरणमयि पातरण सतयसयानपनहत मखम । तततव पषननपारण सतयधमा वय दषटय ।। अनवयः - सतयसय मख नहरणमयि पातरण अनपनहतम । ह पषि ! सतयधमा वय दषटय तत तवम अपारण । पदाथ वः - सतयसय – आनदतयमणडलसथसय, बरहमणः, मख – दवार सवरप रा, नहरणमयि जयोनतम वयि, पातरण – अनपधािभति आररकि रा , अनपनहतम – आचछानदतम , ह पषि – ह बरहमाणडसकलसय पोषक परमातमि , ह माग वसय अधयकष रा, सतयधमा वय –उपासिाधनम वण
Odisha State Open University, Sambalpur 83
धमवसय यथायथािषठातर रा, तत – जयनतम वयपातरण आचछानदत सतयसय मखम , अपारण – अिारतम अिाचछानदत रा कर । सरलाथ वः - अनसमि मनतर सरण वमय पातर सासानरकपरलोभािाम उपलकषणम । ततसरा मिषय समाकष वननत । तष नलपतः सि मिषयः सवातमसवरप नरसमरनत . अतः सनमागा वत चयतः सि सवजीरिसय परमलकषयात चयतः भरनत । भगरतसाकषातकाराय यानि साधिानि अपकषनत तानि नरसमतानि भरननत । ससारसय नरषयपरलोभिष आतमनरसमतः भरनत जीरः। अिि जनममतयति आरागमिात तसय मनकतः ि भरनत । एिकजनमस नरगतकमवणा पनरणाममर भञजनत जीरः। एतत एर ससारसय नरषयसमाकष वकानि तततवानि अतर नहरणमय पातरनमतयचयत। मनतरसय उततराध मागा वधयकषः पषाः सपरारथवत ससवररपसय परबरहमणः साकषातकाराय माग वसय उनमोचि परमातमिमथरा मागा वधयकष पषण सतयसकलपाय सततततव धमवरपण समाचरणाय साधकाय अथरा सतयसवरपाय परमातमिः आतमिः गभीरपरदश समपलय पराथ वयनत । तततवजञसय ममशरोः समकष परबरहम सवतः परकानशतः भरनत । यथा कठोपनिषनद उचयत – सतयष आतमा नररणत तिसतवाम .(कठोपनिषद – 2.23) आनदतयसमपरदायसय रदभागतवात आनदतयमणडलसथ बरहम इनत उिखः दशयत । मनतर 16 पषननकष यम सय व पराजापतय वयह रशमीनसमह तज यतत रप कलयाणतम तत
पशयानम । योऽसारसौ परषः सोहमनसम ।।
Odisha State Open University, Sambalpur 84
अनवयः - पषि , एकष, यम, सय व, पराजापतय, रशमीि बयह, तजः समह ।यत त कलयाणतम रप तत त पशयानम ।यः असौ असौ परषः अह सः अनसम । पदाथ वः - पषि – ह जगतपालक आनदतय, एकष – ह एकनसमि गमिशील, यम – ह जगनननयामक, सय व – ह रशमीिा पराणािा च सगराहक, पराजापतय – ह परजापनतपतर अथरा जगतसरषटः समबननधत, रशमीि – सवसय नकरणाि , वयह –दरय, तजः – तर तपक जयोनतसवरप, समह – एकतरीकतय सहर, यत त –तारकीि यत , कलयाणतम – जगदाधारक जीरषक कलयाणमयम अतयनत शोभि रप, तत त – तारकीि तत सवरप, पशयानम – अरलोकयानम अिभरानम रा, यः असौ परषः यः असौ आनदतयमणडलसथः परमातमापरमपरषः, अह – साधकः, अनसम – भरानम। सरलाथ वः - अनसमि मनतर आनदतयमणडलसथः परबरहमणः सबोधिपदः सवरप परकनशतमनि । जगतः पोषणकारी यः सः पषा । परबरहम-परमातमा बरहमाणडसकलसय पोषकः। पिः तसय कत 'एकष' इनत समबधिपद परापयत ।एक एर ऋषनत गचछनत इनत एकनष वः। जगतः नियामकतवात सः यमः। रशमीिा पराणािा रसािा च सवीकरणात सय वः इनत । परजापतः अपतयकारणात पराजापतय इनत समबोधिम । अकषरसः एतानि नरशषणानि आनदतयसय कत परयकतानि सननत । आनदतयसमपरदायसय सनहताभागतवात अतर आनदतयमणडलमधयरततष परमातमा इतयचयत । त सपरारथव साधकः रदनत यत नहरणयमयाखयाि नकराणाि तजसशच सहरण भरत । जगदासननमातमाचछननम अजञािमतर समाकष वकः नकरणः नरषयपरकाशः तजसा च सह तलयत।
Odisha State Open University, Sambalpur 85
आनदतयमणडलमधयरततष परमातमा एर साधकसय अनतया वमी आतमा । अतः 'यो असौ असौ परषः सः आहमनसम' इनत परनतपादयत ।परषसकतपरनसदधः परषः आनदतयमणडलरततष परमातमा तथा जीरातमिः अनतरातमा एक एर ।'असौ असौ' इनत नदवरनकतः आदरानतशयात इनत । यः आनदतयमणडलमधयसथः परषाकारकारणात पराणबदधयानदरपण जगनत समपण वः अथरा पनर शरीर शयिादवा परषः इनत सः अहनमनत आतमािभनत परापनोनत साधकः। मनतर 17 मरणोनमखोपासकसय पराथ विा रायरनिलममतमथद भसमानत शरीरम । ॐ ितो समर कत समर ितो समर कत समर ।। अनवयः - अथ रायः अमतम अनिलम इद शरीर भसमानतम । ितो !ॐ समर । कत समर । ितो ! समर । कत समर । पदाथ वः - अथ – इदािी मम मनरषयतः, रायः –पराणः शवासरायः रा, शरीरारचछद पनरतयजय, अमत – सतरातमाि, अनिलम – सरववयापक राय (परापयत), इद शरीरम – इद पञचभतातमक शरीर, भसमानतम – (अतयभिनषटससकार अगौ हत भतवा) भसमारशष भरतीनत। ितो !– ह सकलपातमक मि !, ॐ समर – परबरहमराचक परणर समर, कत – बालयकालात आरभय इदािी मतयपय वनत यतकमवजात कत तत सरा, समर – समरण कर, ितो – ह सकलपातमक मिः, समर – समरण कर, कत समर – कतकमा वनण समरण कर ।
Odisha State Open University, Sambalpur 86
सरलाथ वः - अनसमि मनतर मतयकाल उपासकि नक कतत ववय तत रनण वतमनि । मनतरसय परा वहन मतयकाल शरीरधारकसय पराणसय तथा दहसय नक भरनत तत नलनखतमनि । मनतरसय उततरादध एर मतयसमय अनतःकरणि नक करणीय तत रनण वतमनि । मरणशीलसय पराणः शरीरपनरचछद तयकतवा अनधदररप सरववयापक सतरातमक राय परापनोनत । एर पञचमहाभतानि तततत महाभतष अनप नरलीयनत इतयतर उपलनकषतमनि । शरीर यदा पराणातमभया पनरतयकत भरनत तदा तत अगौ अतयभिनषटकमवनण दहयत । भसमशष सरा वनत भमौ लीयनत। इनियाणा मतयौ यदा ए। पनरणनतः तदा अनतःकरणि सकलपातमकि मिसा उपासकः साधकः रा यः परमातमाधयािाभयिः ति परमातमराचकम ॐकार समरत इतयपदशः। पिः सवसय बालयात आरभय मरणानत यारत यानि यानि कमा वनण कमा वनण समाचनरतानि पापपणयानि रा कतानि तत सर वमनप समरत इतयपदशः। एतत तरथ नदरार मनतर आदरानतशयात रकतवयसय गरतवपरनतपादिाय उकतमनि । परमातमिः राचकः ॐकारः परणरः रा । यथा शरीमिगरदगीतायामचयत - ॐ इतयकाकषर बरहम वयाहरि मामिसमरि इनत। पिः पतढञजनलयोगदशवि अनप उचयत – कलशकमवनरपाकाशरपरामषटः परषनरशषः ईशवरः इनत। सः परषामनप गरःकालिारचछदात , तसय राचकः परणरः इनत । आजीरि साधिाकाल अभयिनचततोपतः उपासकः एर मतयकाल परमातमिः धयािाय समथ वः भरनत । अिि सः परम पद नदवयलोकममततव मोकष रारापनोनत । अनयथा- पराणपरयाणसमय कफरातनपततः कणठारोधिभयात समरण कति ।
Odisha State Open University, Sambalpur 87
मनतर 18 अग िय सपथा राय असमाि नरशवानि दर रयिानि नरदवाि । ययोधयसमजजहराणमिो भनयषठा त िम उनकत नरधम ।। अनवयः - (ह) अग, असमाि राय सपथा िय । (ह) दर, नरशवानिरयिानि नरदवाि असमत जहराणम एिः ययोनध । त भनयषठा िम उनकत नरधम । पदाथ वः - ह अग !– ह तजिततवसय दर ह यजञसवरप रा, असमाि – असमाि साधकाि , राय – धािाय कमवफलभोगाय इतयाचाय वशङकरः मोकषशवय वपरापतय रा, सपथा – शोभिि मागण आरागमि मागा वनतनरकतण मागण रा, िय – अगर सारय, ह दर – ह दािशील ह परकाशक ह दयोतिशील रा अग, रशवानि – सकलानि, रयिानि – कमा वनण परजञािानि रा, नरदवाि – जािि , असमत – असमदीय, जहराणम – कनिल पररञचिातमकम , एिः – पाप, ययोनध – नरयोजय नरिाशय इनत, त – तर कत , भनयषटा – बहतरा, िम उनकत – िमसकाररचि, नरधम – पनरचरम समपादयामः इनत । सरलाथ वः - अनसमि मनतर अनगशरीरातमकः परमातमा सनमाग मोकषपनथ ियत इनत पराथ विा नियत । 'यसयानगः शरीरम '''साकषात अपयनररोध जनमनिः'' इनत बरहमसतरािसारमगनयानदशबदः अतर परमातमाराचकः। अनगशबदि परमातमिः अनभधािमतदथा भरनत यदषः सवानशरताि अगर सपथ ियनत इतयकः अथ वः।
Odisha State Open University, Sambalpur 88
अय मनतरः सनहताभागसय (राजसिनय-काणरसनहतायाः)अननतमः मनतरः। कमा विषठािसय पनरसमापतौ परबरहमपरतीकसय अगः कच सवधमवकमा विषठािाय धिाज विाय च सनमाग वसय पराथ विा कतानि । आचाय वशङकरसय भाषयािसार 'सपथा'पदिातर आरागमिरपसय दनकषणमाग वसय (दनकषणायि पराणपरयाणसय) निरनततः परानथ वतानि ।बारमबार जनिमतयोः आरतत वि अनतषठः ममकषः पिः तनमाग वसय इचछा ि करोनत । 'राय' िाम धिाय । अतर कमवफलभोगाय इतयाचाय वशङकरः। मोकषरपशवय वपरापतय इनत अथरा मोकषसाधिभतसय जञािधिसय परापतय निरनततमाग वसय अनभयाचिा साधकोपासकि कतानि । मिषयजनमिा पण वजनमकमवफलरपण च यत नकनञचत कनिल शासतरनररोधातमक पररञचि कम तथा तिानज वत पापमनप नरिाशाय परकाशसवरप परमातमा सपरानथ वतोऽनि । जीरिसय अननतम कषण अथर निरनततमाग वनबलनििः कः कमवशषः ? अतः करल बहतरण िमसकाररचिि ति परबरहमण- पनरचचा व करोतीनत । सरा वः उपनिषदः बरहमनरदयायाः आतमतततवसय रोपदश कर वननत। उप+नि+सद, उप – बरहमसामीपय, नि – निशचयि, सीदनत परापनोनत यया सा उपनिषद इतयनप अथ वः। यया परानरदयया बरहमसाकषातकारः भरनत सा एर उपनिषनदनत । ए। ईशारासयोपनिषदनप बररहमनरदयापरनतपानदका । कमवजञाियोः पाथ वकय समचचय बराहमीसाधिा परमातमिः सवरप ततपरानपतमाग वसयानभयाचिा इतयत नरषयाः असयाः उपनिषदः अभयनहिततव सथापयननत ।
Odisha State Open University, Sambalpur 89
ईशारासयोपनिषदः सारः
पण वबरहमणः सवरपमसया शकलयजरद उपनिषनद शाननतमनतररपण पठयत । समपणा जगनददम ईशा परबरहमणा आचछानदत पनरपणा रा । अतः ि नकनञचत रि सवकीय परकीय रा यतर लोभसय ततपरापतः राञछा रा काया व । लोकऽनसमि रदोकतमागण कमा वनण समपादय एर कनशचत शतायः भनरतनमचछत । परनत निषकामकमवनण एर समाचरणीयानि यि जीरः कमवबनधि ि पतनत । ि करल कमवणा अनप िानप करल दरताजञािि जीरसय परमागनतः भरनत । तत परबरहमतततव सनसथरमनप सरववयापकतवात मिसः अनप रगरततरम । मिरानदनियानण धारनतोऽनप ततमनतषठनत ि आपनरननत । एतत नरलकषण परमतततव नसथरतवात अनरचानलतवात ि चलनत । पिः सरववयापकतवात तत गनतयकतनमनत । ससारनभलानषजिसय कत अजञािकारणात सः दर रत वत । पर नररकशीलसय आतमनजजञासोः ममकषोः कत सः निकिसथः। जगतसकल ति अनतःबनहशच आपनरतम । तततवदशष आतमािभतरिनतर सवातमनि सरवभतानि तथा सरवभतष आतमाि पशयनत । अिि शोकमोहानदभयः अतीतः सि सः ि कमनप परानणि सवातमिः नभनन पशयनत जगपसत रा । ततपरबरहमतततव सरववयापक शदध जयोनतषमनतमकषत सनातरनहत निम वलमनरदयामलरनहत धमा वधमा वनदपापपणयरनज वतनमनत । िानतदशष सरवजञः सरवतर नरदयमािः सवयमानरभ वतः परमातमा जगनत कमवफलभोगाय जीरसनषट करोनत । अनरदयानरदययोः समभतयसमभतयोः माग वपाथ वकय समचचयममरतवपरापतयपायमनप उपनिषनदय रण वयनत । सतयसय आतमजञािसय अिाररणाय पराथ विा, मतयकाल उपासकि करणीया िनतः तथा कलयाणतमसय मोकषमाग वसय
Odisha State Open University, Sambalpur 90
अरलमबिाय अनगरपः परमातमा परानथ वतोऽनि । सवसय काय वजातसय सवयमर समीकषकः सि दा जीरः समरनत तदा सदसदोः नररकजञािि सनमाग वपरयासी भरतीनत ।
1.4 Model Questions
Group –A – 01 mark questions(answer in one word/sentence) 1. ईशारासयोपनिषद कि रदि सह समबननधता ? 2. शकलयजरदसय कनत शाखाः काः च ? 3. कर वननरह_______नजजीरषचछत समाः । 4. अनरदयया मतय तीतवा व अमतमशनत । 5. ‘राय’ शबदसयाथ वः कः ? 6. नहरणमयि पातरण ______अनपनहत मखम ।
Group – B 05marks questions (Short type) to be answered in 50words.
1. ‘जगतया जगत ’ इनत ‘जगत ’ पदसय परयोग नक तातपय वम ? 2. कीदश कमव समाचरणीयम ? 3. कथममतमापनयात/ परापयत ? 4. तततवदशष कीदशः भरनत ? 5. आतमिः सवरपलकषण नकम ?
Odisha State Open University, Sambalpur 91
Group–C – 10 marks questions(medium type) to be answered in 200 words.
1. ईशारासयोपनिषदािसार जञािकमवणोः समचचय नलखत । 2. ईशोपनिषददशा आतमसवरप परनतपादयत । 3. सनहतोपनिषदािसारमभददनश विः तततवजञानििः लकषण नलखत । 4. ईशारासयपनिषदािसार बरहमोपासकसय माग वः कीदशः सयात ?
Group – D 15 marks questions (essay type) to be answered in 250 words.
1. ईशोपनिषदः सार नलखत । 2. ईशारासयोपनिषदः दाश वनिकमहतव परनतपादयत । 3. ईशोपनिषदािसार बरहमजञािारापतयपाय नररणत । 4. (क) कर वननरह कमा वनण नजजीनरषचछत समाः।
(ख) नहरणमयि पातरण सतयसयानपनहत मखम । इनत मनतरयोः वयाखया करत ।
1.5 Further Readings (सहायकगरनाः) 1. ईशानद िौ उपनिषद (आचाय वशाङकरभाषयाथ वसनहता), गीतापरस , गोरखपर। 2. एकादशोपनिषदः, ईशादयषटस शरीमददासीिरयण अमरदासाखयनरदषा
नररनचतयाउपनिषनमनणपरभया, छानदोगय-बहदारणयकयोः शरीनितयािनदाशरमनररनचतया नमताकषरया करलय च शरीशङकरािनदनररनचतया दीनपकय समलकताः, मोतीलाल बिारसीदास, रगालो रोड, जराहर िगर, नदिी -110007 ।
Odisha State Open University, Sambalpur 92
3. कलयाण, उपनिषद-अङक, गीतापरस, गोरखपर । 4. ईशारासयोपनिषद (सािराद शाङकरभाषयसनहत), गीतापरस, गोरखपर । 5. ईशारासयोपनिषद अथरा ईशोपनिषद, नहनदी वयाखयाकार आचाय व डा.सरिदर, चौखमबा
ओनरयनटनलया, राराणसी । 6. शकलयजरदानतग वत – काणरसनहता ईशारासयोपनिषत , वयाखयाकार –आचाय व नशरपरसाद
नदवरदी, चौखमबा सरभारकती परकाशि, राराणसी । 7. Isa Upnisad (with commentary of sankaracharya), translated by
Swami Gambhiranda, Advaita Ashram, 5 Delhi Entally Road,
Calcutta – 700014 . (Other English translations and discussions
Isabasya Upanisad is same to the list of kenopanisad
Reference books , serial no. 09 to 22)
8. Isha Upanisad –wikipedia (Http://en.m.wikipedia.org)
9. E-pg pathashala, Sanskrit M.M., Paper – 1, Vedic Language &
literature, Module Number 26, Mantras of Ishavasyopanishad.
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