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1MARINTEK
Assessment of CO2 emission performance of individual ships: The IMO CO2 index
Øyvind Buhaug
MARINTEK
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Contents
Why IMO developed the CO2 index A description of the CO2 index Trial results and interpretations Future developments Closing remarks
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Why IMO developed the CO2 index
(1997) MEPC invited to consider CO2 reduction strategies
(2000) IMO study on GHG emissions from ships
(2003) Assebly resolution A.963(23) urges MEPC to identify and develop the mechanism or mechanisms needed to achieve the limitation or reduction of Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions from international shipping
CO2 not part of MARPOL Annex VI
List of policy instrument in executive summary
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Basic concept of the environmental index
IncentivesIncentives
Index
Incentives
Guidelines for indexcalculations
Standards, algorithms Ship data,Environmental
account
IMO Ship
Governments, ports, others
IncentivesIncentives
Index
Incentives
Guidelines for indexcalculations
Standards, algorithms Ship data,Environmental
account
IMO Ship
Governments, ports, others
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2005: Interim Guidelines for voluntary ship CO2 indexing for use in trials (MEPC circ. 471)
IncentivesIncentives
Index
Incentives
Guidelines for indexcalculations
Standards, algorithms Ship data,Environmental
account
IMO Ship
Governments, ports, others
IncentivesIncentives
Index
Incentives
Guidelines for indexcalculations
Standards, algorithms Ship data,Environmental
account
IMO Ship
Governments, ports, others
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Current status:
Guidelines for CO2 indexing are voluntary and temporary
MEPC has invited the industry to use the guidelines and report experiences
Based on reported experience, the interim guidelines will be discussed / developed further at MEPC 58, 2008
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About the IMO index
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What to measure?
IncentivesIncentives
Index
Incentives
Guidelines for indexcalculations
Standards, algorithms Ship data,Environmental
account
IMO Ship
Governments, ports, others
IncentivesIncentives
Index
Incentives
Guidelines for indexcalculations
Standards, algorithms Ship data,Environmental
account
IMO Ship
Governments, ports, others
Index (design)Promote better design
Index (operation)Promote improved operation
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Design index
Theoretical design efficiency of containerships
Source: MEPC 51/inf 2 (Germany)
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Design index
Developing a design index is complicated
Risk of sub-optimisation, questions about cost-effectiveness
Design element covered in an overall efficiency indicator utility
emissionactual _I
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Efficiency indicator: What should be considered?
Fuel consumption Include auxillaries? Include boilers? From fuel delivery notes? By mass or by volume?
Utility cargo * miles? How to measure cargo? (CWT, DWT, TEU, Passengers?) How to measure distance? Include speed?
utility
nconsumptiofuelcI
And in addition: Measure good/bad? One per shiptype? how to verify?
Other GHGs Which to include? When to include? How to include?
?
sGHGother
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CO2 index as per interim guidelines
Total fuel consumption Distance travelled over ground Cargo mass or alternative cargo unit
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Experience from trials using the IMO CO2 index
Results from Task 2: IMO CO2 indexEU Tender No. ENV.C.1/SER/2005/0077
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CO2 index Trial: Sources of data
Directly from ships (by excel form)
Via ship owner databases
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Trial results Average CO2 index and Average gross tonnage for ship groups and individual observations
LNG Tanker
Chemical Tanker
Crude oil tanker Bulk dry
Container
Refridgerated cargo
Ro Ro Cargo
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
0 20000 40000 60000 80000 100000 120000
GT
Ave
rag
e E
mis
sio
n [
g C
O2
/ to
n n
.mil
e]
Crude oil tankers
Trendline - volume intensive cargo
Trendline - dry and liquid bulk
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Trial results – single ship
Voyage leg CO2 index for Car Carrier
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
10000
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Voyage leg number
CO
2 in
dex
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Reasons behind variation in index value
ship size cargo requirements utilization of cargo space speed length of ballast (repositioning) voyages ship condition (engine condition, hull and propeller
fouling, etc) weather and currents errors in measurement and registration
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Reference level
Average CO2 index and Average gross tonnage for ship groups and individual observations
LNG Tanker
Chemical Tanker
Crude oil tanker Bulk dry
Container
Refridgerated cargo
Ro Ro Cargo
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
0 20000 40000 60000 80000 100000 120000
GT
Av
era
ge
Em
iss
ion
[g
CO
2 /
to
n n
.mil
e]
Crude oil tankers
Trendline - volume intensive cargo
Trendline - dry and liquid bulk
Reference level (benchmark) is needed to evaluate performance
Establishing benchmark is key challenge to make use of index
Gap between performance and benchmark may be used for incentive schemes, to generate emission trade credits or other policy instruments
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Trials: Recommendations on use
Suitable for reporting specific emission levels (useful for cargo owners)
Other indexes more practical to identify improvement areas in daily operation
A reference level is needed to assess performance for use with incentive scemes, taxtation scemes etc.
Performance must be judged on basis of performance of other ships carrying comparable goods on comparable routes
A reference level must be regularily updated to stay relevant.
By ship operators By autorites
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Future developments
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IMO database for trial results
Web based reporting systems Scheduled to be in operation by end of October Data to be submitted by National administrations (or
someone acting on their behalf)
Database will be used to further develop the index and to identify baseline/benchmark values
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IMO database for trial results (GISIS)
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Closing remarks
The IMO CO2 index is an accurate measure of actual efficiency
To reduce emissions, it must be implemented it in emission reduction schemes. This is possible only when reference levels are established
The efficiency of a ship is constrained by external factors such as availability of goods
Further development is needed to develop suitable reference levels that take external factors into account
More data is needed to support development. The IMO database will support this activity, but ship owners and maritime administrations must cooperate to provide data
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Thank you for your attention