Maria de Fatima Andrade - Fapesp · Maria de Fatima Andrade Atmospheric Sciences Department. FAPESP, NOV 28TH, 2016 Outline-The Characteristics of Brazil Megacities-Geography

Air Pollution: local and remote sources

Maria de Fatima Andrade

Atmospheric Sciences Department

FAPESP, NOV 28TH, 2016

Outline

- The Characteristics of Brazil Megacities- Geography- Air pollution sources- São Paulo Metropolitan Area- Evolution of Pollutants Concentration- Characteristics of Sources

- Main Pollutants: primary and secondary production- Ozone- Fine Particles

- Sources characterization- Modelling of transport – Chemical Transport Models

- Open questions

Population of Brazil 202.768.562

Populationdensity

Brazil - Geography


Recife

Belo Horizonte

Rio de JaneiroSão Paulo Curitiba

Porto Alegre

Metropolitan Region Population (Millions) Area (mil km2)

São Paulo 19.9 7.9

Rio de Janeiro 11.8 5.6

Belo Horizonte 5.0 0.9

Porto Alegre 9.8 4.1

Curitiba 3.2 15.4

Recife 3.8 2.8

Mega-cities impacts

◦ CO, NOx, SO2, PAN, Ozone

◦ Particles: sulfate and Carbon

◦ CO2

◦ N2O

◦ O3

◦ CFC


Short-lived Climate Pollutants

URBAN POLLUTANTS GREEN HOUSE GASES

Radiative Balance

PM2.5

0 50 100 150

Rio de Janeiro

Osasco

São Paulo

Vitoria

Berlin

Birmingham

Stockholm

Sydney

Jakarta

Beijing

Tehran

Istanbul

Seoul

Hong Kong

Los Angeles

Buenos Aires

Annual Mean PM2.5 (μg m–3)

Megacities worldwide

Other cities

worldwide

Brazilian cities

WHO annual mean PM2.5 (10 μg m–³ )

0 50 100 150 200 250 300

Rio de Janeiro

Osasco

São Paulo

Vitoria

Amsterdam

Birmingham

San Francisco

Sydney

Mumbai

Beijing

Tehran

Seoul

Istanbul

Hong Kong

Los Angeles

Paris

Annual mean PM10 (μg m–3)

WHO annual mean PM10

(20 μg m–³ )

Megacities

worldwide

Other cities

worldwide

Brazilian

cities

PM10


Fuel consumption in Brazil. Data

from the Brazilian National

Agency of Petroleum, Natural

Gas and Biofuels. The biodiesel

consumption was calculated

considering its minimum content

in diesel: 2% in 2008-2009 and 5% 2010-2013.

New light-duty vehicles

registered in Brazil by fuel

type. Data from the

Associação Nacional dos

Fabricantes de Veículos Automotores (ANFAVEA).


0

0,2

0,4

0,6

0,8

1

1,2

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015

Emis

sio

n f

acto

r g/

km

μg

m–³

São Paulo Rio Belo Horizonte Emission Factor

Mean concentration of PM10 obtained at the air quality stations in São

Paulo, Rio de Janeiro and Belo Horizonte and the average emission

factor for light-duty fleet.

NUANCE - NARROWING THE UNCERTAINTIES ON AEROSOL AND CLIMATE CHANGE IN SAO PAULO

Maria de Fatima Andrade

Atmospheric Sciences Department

Instituto de Astronomia, Geofísica e Ciências Atmosféricas

Universidade de São Paulo

Processo número: 08/58104-8

NARROWING THE UNCERTAINTIES ON AEROSOL AND CLIMATE CHANGES IN SAO PAULO STATE NUANCE-SPS

Website: http://nuance-lapat.iag.usp.br/Coordenation: Maria de Fatima AndradeCO-PI: Paulo Saldiva, Eduardo Landulfo e Edmilson Dias de Freitas.

IAG: prof. Adalgiza Fornaro, prof. Fabio Gonçalves, prof. Edmilson Freitas, profa. Rita Yuri YnoueIQ: profa. Perola VasconcellosIPEN: prof. Eduardo LandulfoIGc: Profa. Marli BabinskiIF: prof. Americo KerrFMUSP: prof. Paulo SaldivaEACH-USP: profa. Regina Miranda e prof. Andrea CavichiooliUFABC: Claudia BoianMackenzie: prof. Jairo PedrottiUNESP: profa. Maria Lucia AntunesUTFPr: Prof. Jorge Martins, Profa. Leila MartinsCETESB: Maria Lucia Guardani, Jesuino Romano, Maria Helena Martins, Maria Cristina Oliveira.

http://nuance-lapat.iag.usp.br/

The megacity of São Paulo was an example of integrated approach regarding evaluating of the impact of the climate change on its air quality. In this project, MASP was considered an “observatory of the climate”, with special attention to the variation of the meteorological characteristics due to the climate change.

The NUANCE project - Target

Metropolitan Area of São Paulo - MASP

Metropolitan Area of São Paulo

Area: 8051 km2

Urb: 1500 km2

Pop: 23 million people

Vehicles: > 6 million

Distance from the sea-shore: 70 km

Lat=-23.6o

Lon=- 46.7o

Vehicles: > 7 million

MASP= São Paulo city + 38

cities

•20 million inhabitants

•7,2 million vehicles

•2000 significative industrial

plants

•8000 km2


Important questions

Expansion of urban areas and population growth

Very dense urban area

Contrast between urban and suburban areas

Social Inequalities: airpollution, soil use and

transport sector.



- Mega-city with desorganized growth- Meteorological conditions: worst events in winter (dry season

with radiative inversions)

Questions:PARTICULATE MATTER

- Source characterization◦ Primary and secondary process

◦ Vehicular emission

◦ Of VOC and inorganic compounds

◦ Industrial emissions

◦ Biomass burning from outside Metropolitan area + local burning of wood and charcoal

OZONE

Importance of gasohol and ethanol for the VOC emissions

Identification of more reactive compounds to ozone formation

Formation of secondary organic aerosol


Characterization of the Problem

P. Kumar et al. (2016), Atmos. Environ.


MASP (Metropolitan Area of São Paulo )

Population:~ 20 million inhabitants.

Area: 8511 km2

Vehicle fleet: 7 million passenger and commercial vehicles

85% light-duty vehicles (LDVs)

55% of LDVs use gasohol (75% gasoline

+25% ethanol)

4% use hydrous ethanol (95% ethanol

+5% water)

38% are flex-fuel (any proportion of gasohol

or ethanol)

2% use diesel (diesel with 8% biofuel)

3% heavy-duty diesel vehicles (HDVs)

12% motorcycles

•Ethanol represents 55% of the burnedfuel.

•50% of the cars are older than 1997.

Temporal evolution of fuel burned (ethanol plus gasoline) and total

fleet in the State of São Paulo.

Vanessa Silveira Barreto Carvalho , Edmilson Dias Freitas , Leila Droprinchinski Martins , Jorge Alberto Martins , C...

Air quality status and trends over the Metropolitan Area of São Paulo, Brazil as a result of emission control policies

Environmental Science & Policy, Volume 47, 2015, 68 - 79http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2014.11.001


Annual evolution of fuel consumption for ethanol and gasohol

and the number of vehicles running that burn gasohol, ethanol

and flex-fuel vehicles in MASP, from 2000 to 2013.

Characterizationof regulatedpollutants


Air quality Monitoring Stations from CETESBEnvironmental Agency from São Paulo State

49 automatic stations2 mobile stations39 manual sampling site


Air quality Monitoring Stations from CETESB –Metropolitan Area of Sao Paulo


monthlymean fuelsales for gasoline, ethanol anddiesel

and theconcentrationfor NOX , CO and O3

gasoline

ethanol

Diesel

NOx

CO

O3

Perez et al., 2015, JGR


Programs for Reduction of Emissions by Vehicular Fleet

PROCONVE: PROGRAM FOR CONTROLLING THE VEHICULAR EMISSIONS

Established in 1983 for light and heavy-duty vehicles

PROMOT: PROGRAM FOR CONTROLLING THE EMISSIONS BY MOTORCYCLES

Established in 2003 for regulation of motorcycles emission.

2013

Passangerscars

Diesel


Sources not accounted properly- Vehicles Evaporative emission (refuelling, running losses, etc)

- Domestic emissions

- Wood and charcoal burning for restaurants

- waste burning

- biomass burning from agricultural process



Sources notaccounted correctly: evaporative emissions

NMHCs average mixing ratios in São Paulo compared with

those in other megacities.

Paris and London data were obtained in urban background air quality stations (Evry (AIRPARIF, 2013) and

London Eltham site (DEFRA, 2013), respectively). Los Angeles data were attained from CalNEx study in

2010 (ref) (CalNex, 2010). Dominutti et al., 2016. Atmos. Environ.


May 19 – 22, 2016 – Active Data Fire, MODIS, 1 km -NASA

Particulate Matter composition


- Secondary Organic Aerosol- Black Carbon / OrganicCarbon- Bio-aerosol- Secondary Inorganic Aerosol

Historical Data S, V and Pb decrease

OC/PM2.5= 0.55EC/PM2.5= 0.20


1

10

100

1000

10000

1977 1981 1983 1986 1989 1994 1997 1998 1999 2003 2005 2008 2009 2012 2013

C o

nce

ntr

atio

n

MP2.5 S K V Fe Pb

CARBONACEOUS AEROSOL COMPOSITION IN PM2.5

• 90 % Vehicularsources

• 10% Biomass BurningEC

• Secondary Carbonfrom Vehicles

• Primary OrganicCarbon (BiomassBurning, Vehicular)

OC

Vehicular emissions of organic particulatematter in Sao Paulo, BrazilAuthor(s): B.S. Oyama et al.MS No.: acp-2015-774


SOURCE APPORTIONMENT: AMBIENT DATA

• Two sources for EC: vehicular and biomass burning

• OC: OCprim (vehicular + biomass burning) and OCsec (vehicular + other)

Mainly Analyzed Sporous. A: Pithomyces sp.; B: Venturia sp.; C: Torula sp.; D: Basidiósporo

colorido indeterminado; E: Spegazzinia sp.; F: Myxomycota; G: Gliomastix sp.; H: Ascósporo de 4

células com cor; I: Ganoderma sp.; J: Epicoccum sp.; K: Diatrypaceae Grande; L: Ascósporo de 2

células sem cor; M: Paraphaeosphaeria sp.; N: Basidiósporos hialino grande; O: P: Cladosporium

sp. sp.; Q: Ascósporo de 4 células sem cor R: Drechslera-like. S: Xylariaceae T: Periconia sp.

Pollen Spores in São Paulo

PM

10

–B

ioae

roso

ls

Mendes et al. 2016, submitted Environmental Pollution


Ascomicetos

Basidiomicetos

Basidiosporo

Ascosporo

Myxomicetos

Deuteromicetos

Mitosporos

Methodology:

HAINES et al., 2000; Imagens: VALERO, 213; GUIMARÃES, 2008; ONTARIO CROPIPM, 2009; ROCA, 2015

Average Maximum Minimum

Arabitol 0,11% 0,38% 0,04%

Mannitol 0,22% 0,72% 0,08%

Levoglucosan 2,01% 14,19% 0,54%

Galactosan 0,05% 0,39% 0,00%

Mannosan 0,19% 1,28% 0,06%

Threitol 0,07% 0,19% 0,02%

Methyl-Threitol 0,14% 0,51% 0,00%

Meyhyl-erythritol 0,43% 1,12% 0,00%

Total carbohydrate 3,66% 17,97% 1,02%

WSOC 25,16% 82,07% 0,00%

Average, maximum and minimum percentage of the contribution of

each sugar, all sugars and the WSOC for the PM10 mass

(Mendes et al, 2016)

PM10



Contribution from neighborhood sources

- Southeast ( sea spray & industrial sources)

- Northwest (biomass burning)

Source Apportionment – Biomass Burning

Biomass

burning

plumes

2 4 6 8 10 12

0.1

1

10

Dp (

nm

)

X Title

0.0

3.0x10-1

6.0x10-1

9.0x10-1

1.1x100

6M 6N 7M 7N 8M 8N 9M 12M 12N 13M 13N 14M

Days

BC

Oliveira et al., 2016, ACP


LIDAR IPEN

2 4 6 8 10 12

0.1

1

10

Dp

(n

m)

X Title

0.0

3.3x10-1

6.6x10-1

9.9x10-1

1.2x100

6M 6N 7M 7N 8M 8N 9M 12M 12N 13M 13N 14M

Days

Cl

Source Apportionment – Sea salt

Oliveira et al., 2016, ACPFAPESP, NOV 28TH, 2016

LIDAR IPEN

Summary-Mass balance of fine particles showed theimportance of carbonaceous compounds

-- OC and EC mainly from vehicular emissions

-- Biomass burning from local sources x remote transport from Amazonian Region

-How to identify local biomass burning fromregional transport?


Modeling approachSPM-BRAMS & WRF-CHEM


Spatial distribution of emissions

Street data (www.openstreetmap.org)


http://www.openstreetmap.org/

Geographic information from Open Street Maps

RoadMain streetPrimary streetSecondary streetstreet


Density (km of street\grid) number of vehicles proportional to the density

Grid 9km x 9kmFAPESP, NOV 28TH, 2016

FAPESP, NOV 28TH, 2016www.lapat.iag.usp.br


Impact of ethanol/gasohol on ozone formation

Scenarios

1- All the FLEX Fuel vehicles running with gasohol

2- All the Flex Fuel vehicles running with ethanol




SOME CONCLUSIONS

PM2.5

• OC 40-50% MASS

• SOA

• EC 25-30 % MASS

• FUEL (90%) AND BIOMASS

BURNING (10%)

• IONS + METALS 15% MASS

PM10

• SOIL DUST AND SEA SALT

(40%)

• ORGANIC MATERIAL (40%)

• COMBUSTION PROCESS

SOME CONCLUSIONS

CCN

• BIOMASS BURNING AND

SEA SALT AIR MASS WERE

IDENTIFIED BY A

COMBINATION OF LIDAR

ANALYSIS, HYSPLIT

TRAJECTORY AND SIZE

DISTRIBUTED CHEMICAL

COMPOSITION.

• IMPACT OF EVAPORATIVE

EMISSIONS (RUNNING LOSS,

REFUELLING AND HOT

SOAK)

OZONE

New targets- improve representation ofsurface- improve emissions factor- inclusion of GHG

Experimental SITES

CO2 and CH4 sites

Jaraguá

IAG


Acknowledgements

THANK YOUOBRIGADA


http://www.cetesb.sp.gov.br/

http://www.cetesb.sp.gov.br/

http://www.fapesp.br/index.php

http://www.fapesp.br/index.php

Documents

Maria de Fatima Andrade - Fapesp · Maria de Fatima Andrade Atmospheric Sciences Department. FAPESP, NOV 28TH, 2016 Outline-The Characteristics of Brazil Megacities-Geography