MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM.docx

MIS NOTES BY IMRAN

NISCHAY COLLEGE

2010

MIS NOTES BY IMRANBY IMRAN

JITU[Type the company address]

MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM

Concept /Introduction to mis:- bldk iwjk uke Mangagement information system gSA bldks eq[;r;k rhu Hkkxksa esa ckaVk tk ldrk gSAManagementInformationSystemSystem:-fdlh dk;Zjr bdkb;ksa ds e/; laxfBr :i ls mn~ns”; dh iwfrZ ds fy;s dk;Z djus ij bls System dgrs gSsAfdlh Hkh System ds ewy :i ls rhu mn~ns”; gksrs gSaA 1-mn~ns”; dh iwfrZ ds fy;s separate unit dh rjg dk;Z djukA2-;g vkarfjd :i ls ,d nwljs ls inter link gksrk gSA3-fdlh Organization ds subsystem ds mn~ns”; ml organization ds mn~ns”; dh rqyuk esa de egRoiq.kZ gksrs gSAInformation system:- ,slh lqpuk;sa tks vkids Business dks izHkkfor dj ldrh gS cgqr egRoiq.kZ gksrh gSA fdlh Business eas lwpuk ds fy;s iz;ksx esa yh tkus okyh O;oLFkk dks Information System dgrsa gSA bl izdkj ds system dh vko”;drk dk ew[; dkj.k Business esa gks jgsa fuEu ifjorZuksa ds dkj.k gSA1.Globalization of business (Global economy) oSf”od vFkZO;oLFkk2.Transformation And industrial economics(vkS|ksfxd vFkZO;oLFkk dk :ikarj.k)3.Transformation and the enterprise(O;olkf;d miØe dk :ikarj.k)Stock HoldersCompetitorsRegulatory agenciesFeedbackSuppliersCustomerOutputProcessingClassifyArrangecalculateInputInformation dks lclsa cM+k izHkko decision making ij iM+k gS vFkkZr business ;k Economic esa mls lqpk: :i ls cuk;sa j[kus ds fy;s vko”;d lqpukvksa ds vk/kkj ij fu.kZ;

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MIS NOTES BY IMRAN

ysukAvr% Information System dks ,sls Interrelated components ds lewg ds :i esa ifjHkkf’kr fd;k tk ldrk gS tks decision making o Organization dks fu;af=r djus esa lgk;d gksus ds fy;s Information dks feykdj process laxzfgr o Lo;a forfjr djrk gSA dksbZ Information system computer based information system gks ldrk gS ;k Manual gks ldrk gSAEnvironmentOrganization information system

Information system dh izfØ;k dks rhu Hkkxkas esa ckaVk tk ldrk gSA1-ckgj ls vyx izdkj dh vko”;d lwpukvksa dks ,d= djuk ,ao blsa Organization ls lacf/kar O;fDr dks nsukA2-nwljs pj.k esa izkIr gwbZ lqpuk dks Process fd;k tkrk gSA og vyx vyx vko”;drk ds vuqlkj ckaV nh tkrh gS ,ao bl arrangement ds ckn lqpuk ds vk/kkj ij fu.kZ; fy;k tkrk gSA3-bl decision dks iz;ksx esa ysus ij compatitors,suppliers,stock holders,bR;kfn ds chp D;k ifj.kke jgk bldks Feedback ysdj iqu% dk;Z “kq: fd;k tkrk gSaAManagementfdlh O;olk; ;k System ;k Organization esa fo”ks’k mn~ns”;kaas dh iwfrZ ds fy;s Organization ;k system ds fofHkUu components dks ,d fn”kk esa fu;af=r <ax ls dk;Z djus ds fy;s izsfjr djrk gS rks og O;fDr Manager dgyk;sxkAo ;g izfØ;k Management dgyk;sxhAContemporary approaches to information systemBehavioral approachesTechnical approachesInformation system ds vk/kkj ij dk;Z djus okyk Manager cgwr lh izfØ;kvksa ds fy;s mRrjnk;h gksrk gSAbldk dk;Z py jgs System dks Manage djus ds lkFk& lkFk u;s Product create djuk] vkSj services nsuk]laxBu dk iqu% fuekZ.k djuk tSlh egRoiq.kZ Hkwfedk Hkh fuHkkrk gSA izca/ku ds izR;sd Lrj dks Information vkSj Information system lEcf/akr fofHkUu vko”;drk;sa gksrh gSA

Information system dks pykus ds fy;s dbZ izdkj dh Approaches dks dke esa fy;k tkrk gSA1.Technical approach:-vyx&vyx izdkj dh techniques dk iz;ksx djds fdlh System dk model cukdj ml ij research dh tkrh gSA2.Behaviorel approach:- O;ogkfjd leL;k;sa ,ao m|ksx dks /;ku esa j[kdj] dk;Z iz.kkyh dk fu.kZ; fy;k tkrk gSA blesa euksoSKkfud]jktuSfrd]lkekftd Hkkouk;sa egRo j[krh gSAMIS:-MIS og Concept gS tks fd system ds output dks vuwdqyre :i ls Sub system ds lkFk tksM+rk gSA MIS rdfud Manager dks ,slh lqpuk dh iwfrZ djus esa dnn djrh gSA


MIS NOTES BY IMRAN

ftUgsa fdlh operation dh ;kstuk cukus ,aoe mldks fu;af=r djus ds dke esa fy;k tk ldrk gSAvr% Management system fuEu izfØ;kvksa ds fy;s mRrjnk;h gksrk gS1-,d ,dhd`r user machine system nsrk gSA2-lwpuk miyC/k djkus dk dk;Z djrk gSA3-operations, management,analysis ,ao decision making function,function dks support djrk gSAManagement information system dks dbZ vkSj uke ls Hkh tkuk tkrk gSA tSls Information system , Information& decision system. The computer based information system.Mis dh ,d ls vf/kd ifjHkk’kk;sa gSa ftuesa ls dqN fuEu gSa1-Mis dks ,d ,sls System ds :i esa ifjHkkf’kr fd;k tk ldrk gS tks fd fdlh organization esa ls decision making ds fy;s vko”;d information support miyC/k djkrk gSA2-Mis dks man vkSj machine ds ,sls interrelated system ds :i esa ns[kk tk ldrk gS tks fofHkUu izdkj ds operations,management, ,ao decision making function esa vko”;d information support miyC/k djkrk gSA3-Mis dks ,sls system ds :i esa ifjHkkf’kr fd;k tk ldrk gS tks fdlh organization esa dke djus okys yksxksa dks lqpuk miyC/k djkus ds mn~ns”; ls organization dk vko”;d database j[krk gSAMIS dh vkSj Hkh dbZ ifjHkk’kk;sa gSa ijUrq lHkh ifjHkk’kk;sa ,d fcUnw ij dsafnzr gSa og fcUnw ;g gS fd MIS dk ew[; mn~ns”; fdlh Organization esa decision making function ds fy;s support miyC/k djkukAvyx&vyx organization esa vyx vyx yksxksa dks vius mn~ns”; dh iwfrZ ds fy;s fofHkUu izdkj dh lwpuk;sa pkfg;s gksrh gSaA MIS system }kjk vf/kdrj le; bl izdkj ds data collection document processing ,aoe~ stored lwpuk dk yksxksa ds lkFk Communication djus esa vf/kdrj le; fn;k x;kA ;g ,d izdkj dk unproductive dk;Z gS ysfdu cgwr gh egRoiq.kZ dk;Z gS information dks ,d= djus esa eq[; :i ls fuEu ckrska dk /;ku j[kuk iM+rk gSA1-lwpuk iwjh gksuh pkfg;s(completeness)2-og lgh gksuh pkfg;s(accuracy)3-lwpuk dks iwjh rjg ij[kk gwvk gksuk pkfg;s(validity)4-lwpuk dks lgh le; ij lgh O;fDr dks igqw¡puk pkfg;s(Timeliness)5-fdlh lwpuk dks decision dh vko”;drk dks iq.kZ djus ds fy;s cuk gwvk gksuk pkfg;sS(meeting the decision making needs)Mis dh dk;Ziz.kkyh ds concept dks fuEu izdkj n”kkZ;k tk ldrk gSAJudgment-external environment Intuition-Experience skillDecision

PerformanceDecision ImplementationInformation

Decision making

ChoiceDesignIntelligenceData

Data

Data


MIS NOTES BY IMRAN

MIS

Database

Human beingComputersProcessing logicMonitoring/feedback

Nature and scope of MIS:-MIS ds concept dks fdlh fo”ks’k :i ls ugha ns[kk tk ldrk gS]bls dbZ izfØ;kvksa dks feykdj cuk;k x;k gSA tSls accounting computer organization, management, operation research vkSj behavioural science etc. bldh blh fofo/krk ds dkj.k MIS dks u rks Pure science dgk tk ldrk gS vkSj uk gh bls pure art dgk tk ldrk gSA ;g okLro esa nksuks dk combination gSA,d Information system dks logic system ds :i esa ns[kk tk ldrk gS tks ;g crkus ds fy;s dk;Z djrk gS fd fdlh dk;Z dks djrk gSafdlh dk;Z dks dSls djuk gSA

Operations research

MISComputer scienceBehavioral science

Accounting

Management

(Inter disciplinency nature of MIS)Mis dh izfØ;k dks management dh izfØ;k ls dkQh tksM+k tk ldrk gS ftlesa computer dks ,d Tool dh rjg iz;ksx esa fy;k tkrk gSA D;ksfd computer gesa accuracy Speed ,ao cgwr cM+s data dks Handle djus dh lwfo/kk nsrk gS vktdy ge MIS System dks gj izdkj ds organization es ns[k ldrs gSAMis Characteristics


MIS NOTES BY IMRAN

1.System approach:-Mis esa system Approach dks iz;ksx es fy;k tk ldrk gSa blds vUrxZr fdlh System dk v/;;u djds ml dks fdl mn~ns”; ls cuk;k x;k mu mn~ns”;ksa ds izfr System performance dks ukIkk tk ldrk gSA nwljs “kCnksa esa System Approach dk vfHkizk; fdlh Approach dk vfHkizk; fdlh organization ds varxZr dke djus okys interlockin sub system dks iw.kZ :i ls ij[kuk ,ao mudk comprehensive view nsuk vkrk gSA2.Mangement Oriented:-Mis dh rjg ,d cgwr egRoiq.kZ xq.k gS Mis dh design esa Top down Approach dks iz;ksx es fy;sk tkrk gS ;g approach ;g crkrh gS fd fdlh system ds fodkl dh “kq:vkr management dh vko”;drkvksa ,ao Business ls lEcf/kr lHkh mn~ns”;kas dks /;ku esa j[kdj dh tkrh pkfg;ss management Oriented xq.k/keZ esa ;g Hkh “kkfey gks fd system development ds iz;kl ls management active :i ls fn”kk funsZ”k nsrk gSa lkFk gh ;g Hkh /;ku j[krk gS fd fodflr system esa vko”;d specification iq.kZ gks jgsa gSa ;k ugha vr% manager dk le; le; ij gLr{ksi cuk jgrk gSSA3.Need based:-Mis dk fodkl ,ao design Manager ds vyx&vyx level ij (strategic Planning level, management control level and operation control level)dh vko”;drk ds vuwlkj bl izdkj dh lwpuk pkfg;s bl vk/kkj ij fd;k tkrk gSaA4.Exception based:-Mis ds fodkl dks Exception based reporting principal ds vk/kkj ij fodflr fd;k tk ldrk gSSA ftldk vfHkizk; ,slh vlkekU; ifjfLFkfr;ksa ls gSa ftlesa lgu”khyrk ds ckgj fdlh ifjfLFkfr dk lcls fuEu Lrj ij ;k vf/kdre Lrj ij igwap tkuk /;ku esa j[kk tkrk gS bl izdkj dh fLFkfr esa vko”;d level ij decision maker dks Exception reporting nh tkrh gSA5.Future oriented:-Exception based reporting ds lkFk&lkFk Mis essa Hkfo’; ds izfr fodkl Etc. lwpukvksa dk laxzg.k Hkh gksrk gSA nqljs “kCnksa esa MIS esa dsoy past ;k History ls lEcf/kar lwpuk j[kh tkrh gS ftlds vk/kkj ij projection ds le; dkSulk decision ysuk gS ;g crk;k tkrk gSA6.Integrated:-Mis dk ;g ,d cgqr egRoiq.kZ ,ao vko”;d xw.k gS Integrated blfy;s egRoiq.kZ gS D;ksafd blds dkj.k vko”;d lqpukvksa dks T;knk vPNs ls le>k tk ldrk gS tSls fd mnkgj.k ds rkSj ij ;fn gesa fdlh effective production scheduling system dk fodkl djuk gS rks fuEu Factors dks Balance djuk vko”;d gS

● Setup cost● Work force● Overtime job● Production capacity● Inventory level● Capital requirement● Customer service etc.dksbZ system ;fn blesa ls fdlh ,d Element dks Ignore dj nsa tSls fd Inventory level ij management dks lgh fLFkfr dk irk uk yxs rks inventory ds fy;s vko”;d cost system ds nwljs benefit ij izHkko MkysxhA vr% integration og xw.k gS tks ges xfr”khy company esa interlogged sub system ij ,d lkFk Comprehensive view nsrk gSA vFkkZRr ,d complete picture miyC/k djkrk gSAMIS dk fodkl djus ds fy;s ,d ,d sub system ij dk;Z fd;k tk ldrk gSAijUrq rc rd iq.kZ ugha ekuk tk;sxk tc rd dh lHkh sub system dks properly Mis esa reflect ugha fd;k tkrkA7.Common Dataflow:-MIs ds integrated concept ds dkj.k blesa data dks ,df=r djus ,ao Store djus ,ao mldk forj.k drs le; mldh duplicity & redundancy dks nwj fd;k tk ldrk gSa System designers ;g tkurs gSa fd dwN ,sls egRoiq.kZ Document gS ftUgsa vf/kdrj information flow esa dke esa fy;k tkrk gSA mnkgj.k ds fy;s Customer dk order ,d cgwr egRoiq.kZ Document gS ftls Billing,raw material order, setting up, a/c receivable, productions activity dh “kq:vkr, sales analysis bR;kfn esa dke esa fy;k tkrk gS ;g ;gk¡ cqf)erk gksxh fd vyx vyx functional area esa common data flow concept }kjk


MIS NOTES BY IMRAN

bl lwpuk dks dke ess fy;k tk;sA ;g izfØ;k Economically system dks vPNk cukrh gS lkFk gh logical concept dks Hkh lgh j[krh gSA8.Long term planning:-Mis dk fodkl yEcs le; rd mi;ksfxrk dks /;ku esa j[kdj fd;k tkrk gS bldk fodkl esa ,d cgwr vPNh Planning dh vko”;drk gksrh gSA Mis ds designers dks fdlh company dh Hkfo’; dh vko”;drkvksa dks ,ao mn~ns”;ksa dks /;ku esa j[kdj dke djuk iM+rk gSAMIS ij dke djus okys O;fDr dks lnSo Business ds On going igyq(aspect) dks /;ku esa j[kdj dke djuk iM+rk gSA9.Sub system concept:-Mis dk fodkl ,d complex izfØ;k gS tgk¡ fdlh uk fdlh igyq ds NqV tkus dh laHkkouk cuh jgrh gS vr% ,d system ij mls Single entity ekurs gw;s dke djus ds lkFk lkFk mls lHkh laHko sub system es ckaV dj MIs ds fodkl dh Planning dh tkrh gSA10.Control database:-;g og egRoiq.kZ izfØ;k gS tks lHkh fØ;k”khy system dks ,d lkFk tksM+s j[krk gSa A izR;sd system lqpuk dh vko”;drk iM+us ij data dks master fIle dks Access djrk gSA ;fn data common use dks /;ku esa j[krsa gw;s cuk;k x;k gS rks lHkh fØ;k”khy system }kjk vko”;d lqpuk data ds }kjk izkIr dh tk ldrh gSA

useruseruserSourceSource

DisseminationProcessingData capture

SourceSource

Storage of dataRetrieval

MIS FUNCTION (MIS ORGANIZATION)fdlh organization esa managers }kjk decision making esa iz;ksx esa yh tkus okyh management information dks /;ku esa j[kdj ,ao organization ,ao organization ds eq[; mn~ns”;ksa dks /;ku esa j[kdj MIS dk setup fd;k tkrk gS vr% MIS Organization esa fuEu Functions dks mn~ns”;ksa dh izkfIr ds fy;s iz;ksx esa fy;k tkrk gSAdata capturing:- organization ls lEcf/kr vkarfjd ,ao ckg~; Lkzksrksa }kjk vyx vyx izdkj dh information dks ,df+=r fd;k tkrk gSAbl izfØ;k esa Information dh Manually paper ij ,d= djds computer esa feed fd;k tkrk gS ;k fl/ks gh computer ij feed fd;k tkrk gSAProcessing of data:-,d= fd;k x;k data management ds }kjk vko”;d lqpuk esa ifjofrZr dj fn;k tkrk gSaAData processing dh fØ;k esa fuEu izfØ;k “kkfey gS&


MIS NOTES BY IMRAN

1. Calculating2. Comparing3. Sorting4. Classifying5. Summarizing

bu activity ds }kjk data dks fofHkUu statical, mathematical operation research ,ao vU; Business ds Model esa iz;ksx djus ds fy;s organize analysis fd;k tkrk gSStorage of information:-Hkfo’; ds iz;ksx ds fy;s MIS data dks store djds Process ,ao unprocess fd;k tkrk gS ;fn fdlh lqpuk dk rqjar izHkkols mi;ksx ugh gS rks bls vkus okys le; esa iz;ksx esa ysus ds fy;s save djds j[kk tkrk gSA store fd;s gw;s data dks lk/kkj.kr;k

Retrieval of information:- user dh vko”;drk ds vuwlkj lqpuk dh demand djus ij Mis Store Message lwpuk dks <qa<dj fn[kk;k tkrk gSDissemination of information:-,slh lwpuk tks iw.kZ izfØ;k ls xwtjd mi;ksfxrk ds pj.k esa igwp xbZ gSMis dk finish productdgykrh gS A bls lkewfgd lwpuk ds :i esa Organization ds izR;sd O;fDr rd igqqpk;k tkrk gSAConceptual view of misIntegrated is structureSupport structure to MIS

Physical viewConceptual value

Symbols to showing flow chartDecisionTerminal interuptExportArrow headDisplayMagnetic tapeCommunication link

ConnectorSortMergeProcess boxPreparationOf page connectionManual operationDocumentInput/outputProcess box

Auxiliary operationTransmitted tapeKeyingOnline storagePunched tapePunched card


MIS NOTES BY IMRAN

Mis organization information and system conceptManagement information system dh dk;Ziz.kkyh dks eq[; :i ls nks Hkkxksa esa CkkaVk tk ldrk gSA 1. Information2. System1. Information:- fdlh Organization esa decision making izfØ;k esa lqpuk dks cgwr egRoiq.kZ ,ao vko”;d input dh rjg fy;k tkrk gSA gkykafd ;g rS;kj :Ik ls ughsa gksrh] cfYd bls prepare djuk iM+rk gS bls rS;kj djus esa data dks Raw material dh rjg dke es fy;k tkrk gSA vr% fdlh data dks fo”ks’k Process ls xwtjus ds ckn Information ds :Ik esa ns[kk tkrk gS Unprocessed :I esa lwpuk dks data dgrs gSADevis & olsan ds vuwlkj:-Information data dk og Processed :Ik gS tks bls izkIr djus okys dks ,d meaningful :Ik iznku djrk gSA ;g fdlh decision ;k dk;Z ;k value vkfn dh okLrfod :i dks n”kkZrh gSAdataInformationProcessingdata

Information generation

Type of information:-lwpuk dks purpose ds vk/kkj ij rhu Hkkxksa esa ckaVk tk ldrk gSA1. Strategic information2. Tectical information3. Operational information

Strategic Information:- bl izdkj dh lqpuk dks manager }kjk Strategic level ij organization dh Stratage cukus ds fy;s iz;ksx esa fy;k tkrk gSA ;g fdlh organization dh long term Planning policy ls related gSATactical information:- management control level ij mi;ksfxrk ds fy;s short term planning esa iz;ksx esa fy;s tkus okyh lwpuk tactical information dgykrh gSA bl lwpuk esa iz;ksx ea fy;s tkus okyk data fdlh organization dh equitant activities dks /;ku esa j[kdj fy;k tkrk gSA Ex.. sales analysis and forecastOperational information:- bl izdkj dh lwpuk Hkh short term ds fy;s dke esa yh tkrh gS ;g period dqN ?kaVs ls dqN fnu dk gks ldrk gSA;g lk/kkj.kr;k decision maker }kjk operational level ij dke esa yh tkus okyh lwpuk gSA ;g vf/kdrj Immediate action ysus ds fy;s dke esa yh tkrh gS bl izdkj dh lwpuk dk Data Hkh current activities

Information quality:-fdlh Information esa fuEu egRoiq.kZ xq.k gksus vko”;d gSa1. Timeliness:- Information vko”;d O;fDR rd lgh le; ij igp tkuh pkfg;sA fdlh lqpuk

dk izHkko rHkh cuk jgrk gS A tc og vko”;drk gksus ij vko”;drk ds le; esa izkIr gksA

2. Accuracy:-Accuracy dk vfHkizk; lwpuk dk fdlh Hkh izdkj dh xyfr;ksa ;k pwd ls eqDr gksuk gS lkFk gh information dks clear Hkh gksuk pkfg;sA vFkkZr Information dk vfHkizk; lgh lgh le; ij le> esa vk tkuk pkfg;sA


MIS NOTES BY IMRAN

3. Relevance:- fdlh Information esa Information dks izkIr djus okys dks ;g ckr Li’V le> esa vkuh pkfg;s fd information D;k gS D;ks feyh gS dgk¡ ls feyh]dc mi;ksx gksxk] fdlds }kjk gksxk vkSj D;k gksxk(what, where ,why,when, who) vFkkZr dksbZ lwpuk Manager dks decision yrs le; vko”;d Report ds :Ik esa iz;ksx esa yh tkrh gS ;fn dksbZ lwpuk fdlh ,d O;fDr ls lEcfa/kr gksxh fdlh lwpuk dh relevancy vyx vyx O;fDr;ksa ds vuwlkj cnyrh jgrh gSS

4. Adequecy:-bldk vfHkizk; lwpuk ds Ik;kZIr gksus ls gS MIS ds }kjk bl izdkj dh lwpuk dk collection fd;k tkrk gS tks decision making ds fy;s vko”;d gks vko”;drk ls vf/kd lwpuk gksus ij ;g fu.kZ; ysus esa dfBukbZ mRiUu djrh gS vr% bls Inadequate dgrs gSsA

5. Completeness- manager dks miyC/k gksus okyh lwpuk }kjk mlds lHkh vko”;drkvksa dks iq.kZ fd;k tkuk pkfg;sA

6. Explicitness:- bldk vfHkizk; lwpuk dh vPNh Quality ls gS vFkkZr lwpuk bl izdkj dh gksuh pkfg;s fd decision making ds fy;s i;kZIr lwpuk ds vykok fdlh izdkj ds analysis(“kks/k) dh vko”;drk u iM+sA

7. Exception based:-blls vfHkizk; gS fd lwpuk esa dsoy mUgh rRoksa dks “kkfey djuk pkfg;s tks fdlh manager dks feyus okyh report ds :i esa vko”;d gSA

Dimension of information1. Economic Dimension:- cost of information and benefits.2. Business dimension:- requirements of management on different level3. Technical dimension:- related to database management

SystemSystem dh dbZ ifjHkk’kk;sa nh xbZ gSA system dk dk;Z vyx vyx yksxksa ds fy;s vyx vyx gS lkFk gh ifjfLFkfr ds vuwlkj system dk vFkZ Hkh cnyrk jgrk gSA System analysis and design ds vUrxZr system “kCn dk vfHkizk; ;g gS fd ftl izfØ;k }kjk analysis djus ds fy;s fdlh Fully functional unit dk v/;;u djrs gSa rks og system dgyk;sxkA Management Information ds system dks MIS dh Hkk’kk esa ,d ;g ,d ,sls O;fDr }kjk cuk;k x;k gSSA ftlesa input and output process dh izfØ;k gksrh gS vr% System dks set of entities ;k set of elements dgk tk ldrk gS ftlesa ijLij fdlh input ds izfr varj izfØ;k(Interaction) gksrh gS ftlds QyLo:i ,d fuf”pr output izkIr gksrk gS ;k fo”ks’k mn~ns”; dh izkfIr gksrh gS ;s system dgykrk gSAinputoutput

outputinput

Process

inputoutput

Kinds of system:-1. Abstract and physical system


MIS NOTES BY IMRAN

2. Deterministic and probabilistic system3. Open and closed systems4. User machine system

Abstract and physical system:- blds varxZr ,slk system vkrk gS tks fd yksxksa] e”khuksa] materials energy,,ao vU; HkkSfrd oLrqvksa ls feydj cuk gksrk gSA ;g concrete Operational system Hkh dgykrk gS Physical system fdlh Hkh Conceptual system ls vyx gksrk gSa ;g okLrfod :i esa fofHkUu izdkj dh activities ,ao behavioraldks n”kkZrk gSA bl izdkj ds System ds lHkh rRo Common Object dh izkfIr ds fy;s ,d nwljs ls Interaction djrs gsSAEx. Transportation systemDeterministic and probabilistic system:-bl izdkj ds System esa Systrm ls lacf/kr izR;sssd element dh lgh lgh tkudkjh gksrh gS vFkkZr fdlh fo”ks’k le; fcUnw ij System state dk v/;;u djds mls fn[kk;k tkrk gS bl izdkj ds system dk ,d mnkgj.k Computer program gS ftlesa izR;sd izfØ;k fn, x, Interaction ds vuwlkj gksrh gSA bl izdkj ls System deterministic system dgykrs gSSA probabilistic system esa fdlh Hkh event dks iq.kZr;k lgh :i ls determine ughs fd;k tk ldrkA vFkkZr ;gk¡ system dk Behavior probabilistic esa n”kkZ;k tkrk gS blh dkj.k vkus okys ifj.kke esa dqN u dqN error ;k =qfV jgrh gSAEx . Warehouse and its contents.Open and closed system:-Open system ,d bl izdkj dk system gS ftlesa fofHkUu izdkj ds Input ckgjh okrkoj.k metarial ;k energy ds :i esa fy;s tkrs gSsA vDlj open system ifjfLFkfr ds vuwlkj <yus okys gksrs gSa tks cnyrh ifjLfFkfr;ks esa vius Qk;ns ds vuwlkj cny tkrh gS lHkh thfor system tSls (Human, plant, colls)lHkh Open System ds mnkgj.k gSA bl izdkj ds system vDlj self organized gksrs gSAdksbs organization tks Customer dh vko”;drkuqlkj Customer dks D;k vPNk yxrk gS ;k D;k vPNk ugha yxrk gS ds vuwlkj vius product dks cukrk gS vkSj cnyrk gS rks og system open organization ds :i esa dk;Z djrs gSA ,d closed system og system gksrk gS A ftlesa ckgjh okrkoj.k dk dksbZ Interaction ugha gksrk gSA ;g system isolated system Hkh dgykrk gSaAdksbZ Hkhsystem Relativaly closed ;k Isolated gks ldrk gSA ijUrq iqjh rjg closed ughs gks ldrk gSAex. ,d Computer program, D;kssfd ;g dsoy mUgh input dks ysrk gS tks igys ls Define gS ,ao Lo;a Program esa fn;s x;s Output ds vuwlkj gh izfrfØ;k djrk gSA vFkkZr fdlh closed System esa okrkoj.k }kjk fdlh izdkj dk Disturbance mRiUu ugha gksrk gSAUser machine system:-vf/kdrj physical system user machine system gksrs gSa ,sls system dh dYiuk djuk cgwr dfBu gS ftles fdlh mn~ns”; dh izkfIr ds fy;s euq’; }kjk machine dk iz;ksx ugha fd;k tkrk ,sls system dh dYiuk djuk dfBu gS vFkkZr user machine system esa fdlh mn~ns”; dh izkfIr euw’; ds lkFk lkFk machine Hkh dk;Z djrh gSS ;gk¡ machine dk Element relatively close gksrk gS ysfdu O;fDr;ksa dks Open ;k probabilistic dgk tkrk gS vFkkZr bl izdkj ds system esa user Lo;a Machine dk Combination gksrk gSAElement of system:-FeedbackDecisionInformation

Output

IClassify sort summarize calculateProcessing

Data


MIS NOTES BY IMRAN

Input

Effective and decision data conversion a systemSystem ds element dks le>us ds fy;s ,d data conversion system dk mnkgj.k ysrs gsSa tSlk fd fp= esa n”kkZ;k x;k gS vFkkZr eq[; :i ls system ds element dks rhu Hkkxksa esa ckaVk tk ldrk gSA

1. Input2. Processing3. Output

Input:-Input dks fdlh system dks pykus dk “kq:vkrh Component dgk tk ldrk gS TkSls fd ;gk¡ vyx vyx lEca/k esa vko”;d Data input gSAOutput:- output dks fdlh izfØ;k ds ifj.kke ds :i esa ns[kk tk ldrk gS vFkkZr ;g fdlh system dk end result gSA ,ao ;g System ds mn~ns”; dks crkrk gSA tSls fd fn;s x;s System esa output information gSAProcess:-;g ,d ,slh Transformation dh izfØ;k gS ftlds }kjk fn;s x;sa input dks Output esa cnyk tkrk gSA TkSlk fd bl system ess data dh sorting mldk classification, calculation vkfn dh izfØ;k crk;h xbZ gSADesigning of MISfdlh Hkh MIS System dks cukus ds fy;s loZizFke mlds Concept dks cukuk vko”;d gSAConceptual design:- bl Designing dks feasibility design ;k cross design ;k High level design ds :i esa tkuk tkrk gSaA ;g fuEu :i esa Input gksrk gSA

1. izca/k lwpuk lac/kh vko”;drk dk ,d laf{kIr statement2. Mis ds fy;s izca/ku ds mn~ns”;ksa dk ,ao mn~ns”;ksa dks iqjk djus dh

tkudkjh dk leqgAConceptual design dks lEiUu djus dh izfØ;k esa Mis ds fy;s izca/ku ds y{;ksa dks ifjiq.kZ djus dh O;ogkfjrk fn[kkukA system dh lEiq.kZ Picture dks fn[kkuk lkFk gh ;g “kkfey djuk fd mPp Lrj ij System fdl izdkj work djsa conceptual design dk Output document dk set gksrk gSA ftlesa technicians dks vius dk;Z dks “kw: djus ds fy;s vko”;d lwpuk dk iwq.kZ HkMkj gksrk gSSAConceptual design esa lEiUu gksus oksys dk;Z fuEu gSa System y{;ksa dks iq.kZ “kks/k ds lkFk fn[kkukASystem dh izfrca/krkvksa(constraints) dks LFkkfir djukALkwpuk dh vko”;drkvksa dk irk yxkukAlqpuk lzkrks dk fu/kkZj.k djukAvyx vyx alternative design rS;kj djuk rkfd mlesa ls fdlh dk p;u fd;k tk ldsASystem concept ds ckjs esa Document cukukAConcept designing dh report rS;kj djukA

MIS dh designing esa mlds concept dks fn[kkus ds ckn leL;kvksa dks ifjHkkf’kr fd;k tkrk gSADefining problems:-leL;k fdlh Hkh xfr”khy O;olk; esa vk ldrh gSA tks phtsa miyC/k ughs gs ;k eqf”dy ls miyC/k gS System esa muds fy;s priority dk izko/kku fn;k tkrk gS rkfd izca/kd MIS design esa fn[kkbZ xbZ leL;kvksa dks /;ku esa j[kdj igyk dne mBkrh gS fdlh Hkh


MIS NOTES BY IMRAN

Business ds fy;s y{;ksa dh iqfrZ gsrq mission statement j[ks tkrs gSAftlds vk/kkj ij y{;ksa dh iqfrZ ds fy;s ;kstuk cukbZ tk ldrh gSA information ls lEcf/kr ;g vko”;drk,as gh MIS dk og Function gS ftlesa leL;kvksa dks solve fd;k tk ldrk gS bl izfØ;k esa gesa fuEu Process ls xwtjuk iM+rk gSA

1. lwpuk dh vko”;drkvksa dks ifjHkkf’kr djukA2. vko”;drkvkss ds ckjs esa mBus okys vko”;d iz”uksa dks crkukA3. vko”;drk dh description dks crkukA4. ewy Statement dk foLr`r fooj.k nsukA5. Management ds lkFk fn;s x;s Statement dh leh{kk djukA6. Mis ds Øec) fodkl dks ge fuEu fp= ls n”kkZ ldrs gSA

Development scheduleDevelopment costEvaluationImplementation

Detail designConceptual designPlanning System requirement and objectivesManagement needs and objectives

MIS DEVELOPMENT

Set system objectives:-company ds lapkyu ls lEcf/kar xfrof/k;ksa esa objectives dh izd`fr dks le>us ads fy;s mudk fu/kkZj.k fd;k tkrk gSa ,d technician ds vuwlkj tks fd vyx vyx topics dks ifjHkkf’kr djrs gSsA tSls fd file structure ,ao retrievel technique esa Inpt ij iq.kZ /;ku nsuk ftlls mn~ns”;ksa dh iqfrZ dh tk ldsA MIS esa blds foifjr mn~ns”;ksa dks /;ku esa j[krs gw;s lwpuk lac/kh ekaxkss dks /;ku esa j[kdj dke fd;k tkrk gSA System fo”kys’k.k Processing laca/kh n{krk ij tksj nsrs gSa ,ao Staff dk dke djus okys Supervisor bl ckr ij /;ku nsrs gSa fd muds fy;s vko”;d report dks izca/kd rd lgh le; ij igqapkus ds fy;s ml Report dks iq.kZ djuk vko”;d gS vFkkZr vyx vyx Lrj ij mn~ns”;ksa dk vyx vyx izdkj ls fu/kkZj.k gksrk gSA Bhd mlh izdkj MIS }kjk Hkh vyx vyx mn~ns”;ksa dh iqfRkZ records ,ao Data processing }kjk Lopkfyr :i ls fdlh lapkfyr Organization ds fy;s fn[kkbZ tkrh gSAMIS ,d lwpuk iz.kkyh gS vkSj fdlh lwpuk iz.kkyh eas okLrfod mn~ns”;ksa dk irk yxkuk cgwr eqf”dy gS A bl dk;Z esa dfBukbZ gksus ds ckotwn MIS esa bls fof”k’V :i ls crk;k tkrk gSa blds fy;s fdlh Organization ds mn~ns”;ksa]leqgks]Fucntion ;k Manager lEca/kh lwpuk dks /;ku esa j[kk tkrk gSaS bldks fn[kkus ds fy;s HkkjE;krd statement, flowchart,etc ek/;e dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS tgk¡ rd laHko gks ogka rd mn~ns”;ksa dks mudh xw.kkRedrk ds vk/kkj ij j[kdj muds ifj.kkeksa ds vk/kkj ij j[kk tkrk gSAMaterial control ds System ls lacf/kr objectives statement dks mnkgj.k ds :i esa fUkEu izdkj ls le>k tk ldrk gSA


MIS NOTES BY IMRAN

Material control System

Sr no

Sub system Objectives

1 Routing dk;Z dks iq.kZ djus esa manufacture esa yxh Cost }kjk dke dk control ds vk/kkj ij status, iqu% Roouting djus ij iM+usokys izHkko dks bl ds eqY; ,ao Routing dh lwpuk ds :i es laxzfgr djds j[kk tkrk gSA

2 Status blds varZxr ,slh iz.kkyh dh LFkkiuk dh tkrh gS ftlls mRiknu ds fy;s Shop esa Workload dk fu/kkZj.k fd;k tk ldsAvfrfjDr dk;Z feyus ij mldk izHkko tkuk tk ldrk gSA vyx vyx dsUnzksa esa Lor% fuEu ds dk;Z dh fLFkfr vkfn eas bl iz.kkyh dk iz;ksx fd;k tk lds

3 Tools lEkLr izdkj ds Tools lEcaf/k lwpuk ftuds }kjk Work shop esa dk;Z “kq: gksus ls igys Tools dh fLFkfr ,ao muds j[k j[kko dh izfØ;k lEcaf/k lwpuk dks capture djds j[kukA

4 Cost control Manunfacturing ls lEcf/kr fofHkUu izdkj dh Cost dks fudkyus ds fy;s bldk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS tSls Labour cost, material cost. Tools cost, over run etc.

5 Scheduling fØ;k iz.kkyh esa vkus okys fofHkUu izdkj dh dfe;ksa dk fu/kkZj.k djus tsls Engineering changes locks of material, tool shorter etc.

6 Make or buy fuekZ.k ds Process dks dke ea vkus okys item dk fu/kkZj.k djuk rkfd bUgs Contract ij fn;k tk ldsA

7 Request for proposed information

,sls System dh LFkkiuk djuk tks manufacturing }kjk xzkgd ds vuwjks/kksa ;k izLrko ds fy;s okfNar vko”;d lqpuk dk Rofjr mRiknu djus ds fy;s iz;qDr fd;k tk ldsA

8 Elapsed time ,d ,slh O;ofLFkr izfØ;k dk fo”ys’k.k ftlds }kjk lq/kkj vkSj rS;kjh esa xwtjs le; dh report nh tk ldsA rkfd bls Hkfo’; eas iz;ksx ea fy;k tk ldsA

9 Inventory fofHkUu izdkj dh Inventory Cost ,ao fdlh Order dksoptimized cukus ds n`f’Vdks.k ls Softimised stock level ,ao order ek=k dk vuweku yxkuk “kkfey gSA bls lr~r ,ao Lppkfyr System dks cuk;s j[kus esa vklkuh gksrh gSA

10 Account payable purchaging

fofHkUu izdkj dh [kjhnnkjh ls lEcf/kar Bills ,ao vU; [kpsZ dk 100% iqokZuqeku gksuk pkfg;s] rkfd fu/kkZfjr lhek ds vUrxZr fu;af+=r fd;k tk ldsA

11 Production control

fdlh laLFkk ds fy;s ,d fnu ds HkhRkj yxh ykxr dks igpkuuk rkfd Production control esa vkus okyh vfLFkfrrkvksas ij fu;a=.k fd;k tk ldsA

12 Project control

Plan ds vuwlkj Performance dh igpku djuk ftlls fofHkUUk Events, post ,ao Specification dks Project control eas dke eas fy;k tk ldsA

System design vr% system design dh izFke pj.k esa fuEu iz”uksa dk lek/kku <qa<k tkrk gSA

1. System dk y{; D;k gS\2. ;g D;ksa vko”;d gS\3. blls D;k fd;s tkus dh mis{kk Feel gksrh gS\4. bldk mi;ksxdrkZ dkSu gS\ vkSj muds mn~ns”; D;k gS\ ;g lHkh iz”u System

design ds “D;k” ls related gSas MIS system ds mn~ns”;ksa dh jpuk dks vYivof/k vkSj Organization objective dks /;ku esa j[krs gw;s Changes ughs fd;k tk ldrk

Establish system constraints


MIS NOTES BY IMRAN

CustomersOther suppliers etcGovt.and legal etcExternal constraints

Constraints on system design

Self imposed Acceptance Cost and resources Manager power Organization policy Top management support

(Internal constraints);g Mis system design dk rhljk step gS ;gk¡ ge system esa vkus okyh leL;kvksa ck/kkvksa ,ao systemds dk;Z djus dh lhekvksa dk fu/kkZj.k djrs gSA ;gka nks ckrksa dks /;ku esa j[kk tkrk gSA1-,slh fLFkfr cukuk ftlesa system ds mn~ns”; dks izkIr fd;k tk ldsA2-mn~ns”; dks izkIr djus esa vkus okyh ck/kkvksa dks /;ku esa j[kukAmn~ns”; dk fu/kkZj.k ,aoe vkus okyh ck/kkvksa dk fu/kkZj.k nksuks steps dks ,d lkFk recharge djds design fd;k tkrk gSA gkykafd ck/kkvksa dks system design dh negative :i esa ns[kk tkrk gSaSA ijUrq bldk positive aspect(igywq) Hkh gSA ;g system design dks okLrfod ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa sytem dks pykus ds fy;s vko”;d fLFkfr dk iq.kZ Kku nsrk gS lkFk gh ftUgs iq.kZ u fd;k tk lds ,slh fLFkfr dk Kku feyrk gSASystem Constraints dks nks :i esa ckaVk tk ldrk gSA

1. Internal constraints2. external constraints

Internal constraints:-Mis ds fy;s ,d vPNk okrkoj.k gksuk cgwr vko”;d gs vFkkZr ftl Organization ds fy;s system development djus tk jgs gSa mlds Manager ,aoe dk;Z djus okys bl ifjorZu dks lgt :i ls Lohdkj djsa fdlh Organization dh lajpuk vkSj fofHkUu inksa ij dk;Zjr izca/kd information flow ls System Output dks izHkkfor djrs gSaA fdlh Company esa pyus okyh policies Hkh MIS System dks izHkkfor djrh gS manager and user }kjk company esa turn over lsa lEcf/kar policies Hkh MIS system dh limits Hkh fu/kkZfjr djrh gSA Company dh policy esa dqN fuEu gSa tSls products and services, research and development, production, marketing, financial and personal related.deZpkfj;ksa dh vko”;drkvksa ,ao mudh miyC/krk Information System design ,ao mlds mi;ksx nksuks esa gh ;g egRoiq.kZ rRo gS D;kasfd okLro esa dksbZ Hkh Organization fcuk i;kZIr deZpkfj;ksa ds dq”ky :i ls ugha py ldrh gSACost fdlh Hkh Organization dks izHkkfor djus okyk og eq[; resource gS vr% ;g mn~ns”;ksdh izkfIr djus esa Major resource limitations ds :i esa ns[kk tkrk gS vFkkZr


MIS NOTES BY IMRAN

yxus okyh cost ds Qk;ns igys /;ku esa j[ks tkrs gsa ;gka fofHkUu izdkj dh vko”;drkvksa dks izkFkfedrk ds vk/kkj ij j[kdj mudk Cost Analysis fd;k tkrk gS ,ao vko”;drkvksa dh iqfrZ las izkIr ykHkksa dks Hkh /;ku esa j[kk tkrk gSASelf imposed restriction:-bl izdkj ds restrictions(ck/kk;sa) gS ftUgsa Manager ,ao designer }kjk j[kk tkrk gSA organization dk manager mnns”;ksa dh izkfIr ds fy;s fofHkUu izdkj ds outputs,midj.kksa ,ao ck/kkvksa dks lek;ksftr djds dk;Z djus dh dksf”k”k djrk gS lk/kkj.kr;k iz;kl ,ao yxus okys le; dks ck/kk ds :i esa ns[kk tkrk gS vFkkZr fdlh Hkh pht dk fodkl (fu;r)fix time esa gksuk pkfg;SA functional requirement dks Hkh constraints ds :i esa ns[kk tkrk gS ;s vko”;drk;sa system ds user }kjk j[kh tkrh gSAExternal constraints:- lk/kkj.kr;k ckgjh okrkoj.k esa xzkgd laca/kh ckrsa ew[; :i ls vkrh gSaAtSls Order billing ,ao ,sls lHkh system tks xzkgd ls Interlace djrs gSs vr%System dk design xzkgd dks /;ku esa j[kdj djuk pkfg;sA rkfd blls feyus okys Output xzkgd dh vko”;drk ds vuwlkj gksaACustomer ds vykok dqN vU; External ck/kk;as gSa tSls Government }kjk Data processing ij yxk;s izfrca/kA vFkkZr dwN bl izdkj ds data gks ldrs gS tks dkuwu ,ao fu;e ds vk/kkj uj ughas fn[kk;sa tkus pkfg;saS rks gesa mudk /;ku j[kdj system dk fodkl djuk iM+rk gSA bl izdkj ds Data eq[;rksj ij record keeping ,ao reporting to stock holders esa ns[ks tk ldrs gSaAfofHkUu izdkj dh unions Hkh fdlh System dh fØ;kvksa dks izHkkfor dj ldrh gSA tSls {kfriqfrZ deZpkfj;ksa ds chp vlarks’k etc. System design djrs oDr Suppliers Hkh ,d ,slk Important group gksrs gSa ftudk Interface system ds lkFk gksrk jgrk gSaA vr% gesa budh vksj Hkh /;ku nsuk pkfg;sAInformation dh vko”;drkvkas dk irk yxkuk:-

fdlh vPNs MIS ds design ds fy;s lqpuk dh vko”;drkvksa dk irk yxkuk vfr vko”;d gksrk gSA,slh lwpuk;sa tks leL;kvksa]fodYiksa]Opportunities vkSj ;kstukvksa tsls xEHkhj {ks=ksa eas Manager ds n`f’Vdks.k dks vPNk cuk ldrh gSA cgqr gh t:jh ,ao MIS esa “kkfey djus ;ksX; lwpuk;sa gksrh gS bl izdkj ds System dks cukuk vklku ugha gksrk gS bl dk;Z ds fy;s ,d rjhdk ;g gS fd vyx vyx level ij manager ls mudh vko”;drkvksa dks fyf[kr esa ekaxk tkrk gS blesa egRoiq.kZ Hkkx ;g gS fd izR;sd Manager }kjk(i) de ls de 4&5 eq[; ftEesnkfj;k¡ fy[kh tk;ssa ftlesa mUgs mother dh vko”;drk gksrh gS (ii)izR;sd responsibility dks iqjk djus ds fy;s vko”;d 4&5 item ;k Info dh list nh tkrh gSA;g vko”;drk;sa lEcaf/kr O;fDr }kjk mUgsa iq.kZ djus ds fy;s drZO; ds :i eas ns[kh tkrh gS ;fn bldh iqfrZ MIS }kjk gks ikrh gS rks ges ;g eku ysuk pkfg;s fd System design lgh :i ls gks jgk gSAvU; approach esa bl izdkj ds lokyks dks Vkydj designer lh/ks gh dk;Z djus okys ls ;g request djrk gS fd ftl system dks design djuk gS mles fofHkUu izdkj ds fu.kZ; ysus ds fy;s dkSuls dk;Z ;k izfØ;kvksa dh vko”;drk iM+rh gS ;g Approach manager user ds fy;s vPNh fl) gksrh gSAManagement process esa fdlh manager dks dbZ dkj.kksa ls lwpuk dh vko”;drk iM+ ldrh gS vyx vyx le; ij ,aoe vyx vyx dkj.kksa ls mRiUu gksus okyh lwpuk dh vko”;drk dks lf{kIr :i esa nks izdkj ls ns[kk tkrk gSAPersonal managerial attributeOrganization environment in which decision are madePersonal managerial attribute:-fdlh manager ds fy;s mlds experience ds vuqlkj dwN ckrksa dk Kku gksuk vko”;d gS

1. knowledge of information system:-vxj fdlh manager dks computer based system ds ckjs esa ;g irk gS fd og og fdl izdkj dk;Z djrk gS rks manager }kjk dh tkus okyh


MIS NOTES BY IMRAN

request T;knk specific ,ao vPNh gksxhA vr% fdlh manager dk personal Kku vPNs system design esa lgk;d gksrh gSA

2. Managerial style:-fdlh manager dk technical background mlds }kjk usr`Ro djus dh “kSyh ,aoe~ fu.kZ; ysus dh {kerk]bu rhuksa ij ;g fuHkZj djrk gS fd Manager dks fdl izdkj dh lqpuk dh vko”;drk gksxhA TkSls dqN le; Manager detail Information pkgrk gS ,ao dHkh dHkh laf{kIr tkudkjh ls dke py tkrk gSA

3. Manager perception of information need:- Information system esa eq[; leL;k ;g gS gksrh gS fd mUgs ;g irk gh ugha gksrk fd mUgs fdl Information dh vko”;drk gS ijUrq Mis design esa dk;Z djus dh i)fr ;g jgrh gS fd vki crk;sa fd eq>s D;k tkuus dh vko”;drk gS vkSj eq>s lHkh rF;ksa ls voxr djk;saA bl izdkj dh ew[; /kkj.kk dk dkj.k Firm esa dke djus okys yksx vyx vyx nkf;Roksa dk fuokZg djrs gw;s ckgjh lewg dks lwpuk nsrs gSAMis esa lwpukvksa dks ,d= djus ds fy;s manager ds O;fDrxr xq.kksa ds vykok organization Hkh egRoiq.kZ gksrh gSA

Organizational environment:-fdlh Organization esa mldh nature mlesa dke djus okys Manager ds level ,ao mldh lajpuk cgwr egRoiq.kZ gksrh gSA MIs ds fodkl esa bu rhuksa fcUnwvksa dks vko”;d :i ls j[kk tkuk pkfg;sA

● Nature of company:-company fdruh Complex gS bl ckr ij mlesa pyus okys Operations esa vko”;d lwpuk dk fu/kkZj.k fd;k tkrk gSA

● Level of management:- management ds mainly three level gks ldrs gsSaa. Strategic planningb. Management controlc. Operational control

IkzR;sd level ij information dh vyx vyx vko”;drk gksrh gS ftls Top level ij lqpuk report ;k summary ds :i esa nh tkrh gS tcfd management control level ij report ds lkFk lkFk mlls twM+s vU; Information points dks Hkh fn[kk;k tkrk gSSA operational control level ij transaction dh day to day reporting fofHkUu fØ;kvksa dks fuf”pr le;kUrjky ij ns[krs jgus ds fy;s fo”ks’k process ls gksus okyh reporting “kkfey jgrh gSA bls nSfud report (daily reporting)dgrs gSsaSA

2. Structure of organization:-vxj dksbZ Hkh Organization lgh O;ofLFkr gks rks mldh lwpuk lEcaf/k vko”;drkvksa dks vklkuh ls tkuk tk ldrk gS ;gk¡ managers dks fn;ss x;s {ks= esa decision ysus ds fy;s vko”;d lwpukvksa dks vklkuh ls le>k tk ldrk gSA

3. Determine information sources:- lwpuk ds Source ,oa requirements, ;s nksuks points ,d nwljs ds iwjd gSasA tSls fdlh system esa ckgjh Information dh vko”;drk iM+us ij mldh vko”;drk dk irk yxkus dk dk;Z Hkh Firm dh Hkhrj gh gksrk gS blh dkj.k analysis dk dk;Z eq[; rkSj ij mldh lwpuk dh vko”;drkvks dk irk yxkus ds fy;s fd;k tkrk gSA information dh requirement dk irk yxkus ds ckn og fdl izdkj iwjh dh tk;sxhA ;g izfØ;k dh tkrh gSA bl step dks ge eq[; :i ls pkj Grounds ij ifjiw.kZ dj ldrs gSaSS

a. orZeku system esa fdlh cM+s redesign iz;kl ds ctk; NksVk lk ifjorZu dj lwpuk dh requirement dh iwfrZ dh tkrh gSA

b. orZeku system ij “kks/k djds ,sls fof”k’V {kS=ksa dk irk yxk;k tk;s ftuesa lw/kkj dh vko”;drk gksA

c. pqafd vf/kdrj system esa dqN input common gksrs gSa vr% existing system dk v/;;u djuk ,slh vko”;drkvksa dks tkuus ds fy;s Important gksrk gSA

d. ubZ designes ds lkFk lfEefyr data dh ek=k ,ao mlesa ykxr dk fu/kkZj.k djus ds fy;s existing system dk v/;;u djuk vko”;d gksrk gSA


MIS NOTES BY IMRAN

System design dks nwljh theory dks Logical approach Hkh dgrs gSs ftlesa existing system dh Detailed analysis vko”;d ughs gksrh]D;kasfd u;s system esa mfpr ifjoRkZu djus ds fy;s orZeku System ds vk/kkj ij fu.kZ; ugha fy;k tkrkA vr% bls fresh approach Hkh dgrs gsSA okafNr Information dk rkyesy system ds mn~ns”;ksa ds lkFk djus dh requirements dh iwfrZ ds fy;s logical methods dk fuekZ.k esa ,d:irk lfgr existing system dh okLrfodrk ls cuk gks ldrk gSAfdlh designers }kjk bu Approaches ds combination dks use esa fy;k tkrk gSA buds }kjk fdl izdkj ds System dk development gks jgk gS] bl base ij fresh approach ;k existing system approach ;k nksuksa ds combination dks use fd;k tkrk gSA design ds nkSjku ;fn dsoy ubZ information lac/kh vko”;drkvksa dks iw.kZ djus d fy;s lzksrksa dk irk yxkuk gks rks vFkok v/;;u ds vUrxZr Subsystem ls la;ksftr djuk gks rks existing company files ds lkFk gh ckgjh lzksrksa ds ifj{k.k dh vko”;drk Hkh gksrh gSA bldks ge eq[; :i ls nks Hkkxksa esa ckaV ldrs gSS

1. Analysis And integration2. Summary of sources of information

Analysis and integration:- bl izfØ;k esa ge existing system es information dh vko”;drk dk irk yxkus ds lkFk lkFk mUgs fdl izdkj iqjk fd;k tk;sxk] bl ckr ij tksj fn;k tkrk gSAlwpuk ds Sources dks eq[; :i ls fuEu Hkkxksa eas CkkaVk tkrk gSAi)Internal or external records:- vkarfjd records vf/kdka”kr fyf[kr lkexzh ds :i esa gksrs gSa] ftuesa fofHkUu Files,Lej.k ys[k(memorandom),letter,reports etc. “kkfey gksrs gSA external records esa dbZ ckrsksa dk izHkko iM+rk gS] tSls crade publications,ljdkjh vkadM+k],ao blh izdkj ds vU; Sources “kkfey gSSSsaSAii)Interviewing managers and operational personnel:- ;g existing systemds analysis dh ,ao Information ds laHkkfor Sources dks tkuus dh Important method gSA bl method }kjk fofHkUu izdkj ds information ls lacaf/kr data dks lqjf{kr :i ls ,d= fd;k tk ldrk gSAlkFk gh bldk iz;ksx vPNs ifj.kkeksa ds fy;s fd;k tk ldrk gS ijUrw blds fy;s bl Process dk lgh <ax ls fulfill gksuk vko”;d gSA ;gk¡ izR;sd O;fDr dks Interviewing djus ls igys trustable cukuk vko”;d gSAiii)Sampling & estimating method:- bl izdkj ds Method dh vko”;drk rHkh gksrh gS tc Data dk collection cgwr cM+s {ks= esa fd;k tkuk gksA vr% bls NksVs NksVs Hkkxksa esa ckaVdj izR;sd Hkkx ls vyx vyx sample ,d= dj lqpuk dks ,d= fd;k tkrk gSaSA sampling Technique dk eq[; ykHk Time & cost esa cpr djuk gS vf/kdrj use esa fy;s tkus okyk sampling dk :i work sampling gSsSA ftlds vUrxZr fdlh O;fDr dh izfØ;k ;k machine dh izfØ;k dks le; ;k event ds base ij tkapk tkrk gSA Estimating method esa fofHkUu izdkj ds Interviews dks verify djus ds fy;s estimate djus dk dk;Z fd;k gSA ;g izfØ;k analysis process gSA analysis ds fy;s dbZ technique use esa yh tkrh gSA buessa nks fof”k’V gSa

1. Input,output analysis case2. Multidimensional flow.

Summary of information sources:- Information ds fofHkUu Sources dk irk yxkus ds ckn next step ,d list create djuk gS ftlesa lwpuk dh vko”;drk ,ao lacf/kr lzksarks dks “kkfey fd;k tkrk gSa bl List dks ckj ckj test djds ,ao iquZeqY;kadu djds ubZ List cukbZ tkrh gSbl izfØ;k dks rc rc pykrs gSa tc rd fd source of information ,ao need dks iq.kZr% classified ugha fd;k x;k gksA5.Building alternatives conceptual design and select one:- fdlh System ds concept dks develop djuk ,d creative process gSa ftlds vUrxZr la”ysf’kr Kku dk iz;ksx ,d fuf”pr pattern esa fd;k tkrk gS MIS ds Concept dks eq[; decision Points ds base ij cuk;k tkrk gS ftuesa ls dqN fueu gSA Pattern 1. Pattern of information flowPattern 2. Channels of information


MIS NOTES BY IMRAN

Pattern 3. Role of managersPattern 4. Role of competitorsbl concept esa MIS ls lEcfa/kr lHkh Functional operating system Hkh “kkfey gksrs gSs pkgs oks existing system ds ckjs esa gks ;k Plan fd;s gw;s System ds ckjs esa gksA ;g Concept fn”kk funZs”k dk ,aoe~ izfrca/kksa dk foLr`r design cukdj mUgs js[kkfp= ds :i esa n”kkZrk gSA;fn Conceptual design dks fdlh structure ds :i esa ekuk tk;srks detailed design ml Structure dh body gksxhA ;g LokHkkfod gS fd fdlh Hkh alternation concept esa vius xq.k ,ao nks’k gksxsa ijUrq dksbZ concept ckdh Concepts ls izR;sd eq[; criteria ij T;knk vPNk dk;Z djrk gS rks bldk pwuko dj fy;k tkrk gSA,d ls vf/kd concept gksus ij izR;sd dks lko/kkuhiqoZd fodflr djds j[kk tkrk gSa ,ao bldk ewY;kadu fd;k tkrk gS ftlds fy;s fuEu process dh tkrh gSA

1. fdlh system ds objectives dks /;ku esa j[kdj conceptual design dh visf{kr performance dks compare djukA

2. fdlh system dk dPpk ,ao izkjfEHkd analyst system cukrk gS ;g cukdj ml system ds chp izkIr ifj.kkeksa dks compare djukA

3. Flow chart dk ifj{k.k djuk vkSj izR;sd concept design dk strong o weak point irk djuk vkSj lkFk gh miyC/k djk;sa tkus okyh Information o database dh quality dk ifj{k.k djukA blds vykok fUkEu points ij Study djukA

a. fdrus izdkj ds Option gks jgss gSAb. fdrus QSyko ,ao Files dh duplicacy vkSj eq[; :i ls break down ds Points dks

consider djukA4. Conceptual design dks O;kid o foLr`r :i nsuk] ,slk rHkh fd;k tkuk pkfg;s rc

miyC/k designes esa ls fdlh dks Hkh izkFkfedrk ugha nh xbZ gksA7.Document the system concept:- System concept ds vf/kd foLr`r fooj.k dks “kq: djus ds fy;s bl Step rd igqwpus ls igys i;kZIr lwpuk fey pwdh gksrh gSbl fooj.k dks fof”k’V :i ls Flow chart ;k system esa Information ds Flow dks crkus okys vU; Documents ds :i esa j[kk tkrk gSA ;gk¡ input, output ,ao fofHkUu Operation dh izfØ;k dks fyf[kr :i es j[kk tkrk gS ge system design esa Manager ds involvement dks foLr`r :i ls j[ksxsaA designers }kjk fd;s tkus okys dk;ksZ esa fuEu points “kkfey gSa

dkSulk data LFkku ysxk vkSj dc iz;ksx esa vk;sxk dkSulh files iz;ksx esa yh tk;ssxhA processing dSls dh tk;sxhA system }kjk dkSu dkSuls Output fn;s tk;sxsaA bu lc ls lacf/kr fof”k’V funZs”k j[ks tkrs gSa system elements, input,output ,ao master file ,ao blockbox ls gksdj xwtjus okys data dh izfØ;k ls lacf/kr fu;e cuk;s tkrs gSaA;g fu;e ;kProgram fuEu fo”ks’krkvksa dks j[krs gSSaSA

1. File data ds fo:) Input data dh processing ,ao Output dks izkIr djukA 2. File dks Update djus ds fy;s data input dh processing djukA3. Output esa Input data processing dks fcuk file references ds djuk ,ao4. fcuk fdlh input ds fdlh file ls output izkIr djukA

bl Processing ds steps dks fuEu Hkkxksa eas ckaVk tk ldrk gSAa. General system flow:-;g computer based information system dh lkekU; lajpuk dks

fufnZ’V djus dh ,d lk/kkj.k fo/kh gSA ,sls chart esa data Processing dh logic ds fooj.k dks general terms esa crk;k tkrk gSA system flow designer ds iz;klksa dks Hkh fn[kkrk gS]ftUgsa bl Step ls igys fd;k x;k FkkA;gk¡ mn~ns”;ks dk fu/kkZj.k ,ao lwpuk lEca/kh vko”;drkvkas ,ao muds lzksrksa dk fu/kkZj.k fd;k tkrk gSA system flow dh izfØ;k vR;ar gh Simple gksrh gSA ,aoe~ ;k Sysem ds eq[; components dks gh denote djrh gSs ;gk¡ dksbZ Chart ;g ugh crkrk fd fdl step esa dkSulk process pyk;k tk;sA;k dkSulk fof”k’V data equipment, O;fDr fo”ks’k fdl le; ij dke esa vk;sxkA ijUrq ;g Chart cgwr egRoiw.kZ gksrk gS


MIS NOTES BY IMRAN

D;ksafd ;g gesa ¼vk/kkjHkwr½ foundation lwpukvksa dks foLr`r :i esa crkrk gSA

i. System ds mn~ns”;ksa o miyfC/k;ksa dks flow chart esa crk;k tkrk gS

ii. lqpuk lEca/kh vko”;drkvksa ,ao lwpuk ds lzksr System esa viuk vkdkj ysrs gSA

iii. Decision rules ,ao decision points dks fn[kk;k tkrk gSAiv. Input,output dks lkSaik tkrk gSAv. Sub system dks ,dhd`r fd;k tkrk gSA

b. System Input:-;gk¡ input ds format dh design dk dk;Z fd;k tkrk gSA D;kasfd input vDlj mlh :i esa fy;k tkrk gSS tSlk mls izkIr fd;k x;k gSA ;fn input esa ifjorZu dh vko”;drk gks rks hkh mls mruk gh cnyk tkrk gS ftlds }kjk machine mls mi;ksx esa ys ldsA ;fn input firm ds Hkhrj Sub systemds gksrs gSs rks buls lEcf/kar vkus okyh leL;k;sa bu system ls xwtjus okys Data implements ,ao bu medium dh gksrh gSA data ls lEcf/kar fuEu ckrsa /;ku esss j[kh tkrh gS o fdl Lo:i esa gksrk gSA ,aoe muds fy;s dkSu ftEesnkj gS os dsls cuk;s tk;sxsaA System input vk/kqfud O;olk; esa ije vko”;d gS rFkk system design esa eq[; dk;Z djrs gSA

c. System outputs:- System output dh ifjHkk’kk destination ds specification dks crkrh gS bu Specification esa data dks fdl izdkj distribute fd;k tkrk gS] og frequency ftl ij output dks call fd;k tkuk gS ,ao fdl izdkj Output dks izkIr fd;k tkuk gS etc. “kkfey gksrs gSa manager }kjk lwpuk ds bl izdkj dks eq[; izdkj ls izHkkfor fd;k tkrk gSA

7. Prepare the conceptual design report:-Detail system design1. Inform and involve the organization2. Aim of detail design3. Project management of MIS detailed

a. Project planningb. Project control

4. Identify dominant & trade off criteria5. Define the subsystems

a. Obtain informationb. Task force meetingc. Direct observation

6. Sketch the detail operating subsystems & information flow7. Determine the degree of automation of each operation8. Information & involve organization9. Input and output & processing

;g MIS design dk vfUre pj.k gSA blds vUrxZr miyC/k Mis design fund ls lacf/kar [kpsZ ,ao organization esa vko”;d ifjorZu dk izLrko fn;k tkrk gSA pqafd ;g Manager dks Instructions nsrk gSa blfy;s bls system dh vko”;drk]objectives,nature of system dks izHkkfor djus okys dkj.kksa dks bR;kfn dks ,ao vU; izeq[k fcUnwvksa dks lkjka”k ds :i esa lgh lgh fn[kk;k tkrk gS bl izdkj manager dks fdlh system dks implement ,ao resources ls voxr djk;k tkrk gSa ;g izLrko system ;k performance specification dks crkrk gSAperformance specifications mu lHkh points dks crkrs gSa ftUgsa perform djuk vko”;d gSaA system design ds bl step dks fuEu points esa fn[kk;k tk ldrk gS

● Information & involve the organization :- blds vUrxZr system esa gksus okys dk;Z ds fy;s support miyC/k djk;k tkrk gSA;gka system designer organization esa dk;Zjr


MIS NOTES BY IMRAN

eq[; vf/kdkfj;ksa dh lgk;rk ls ;g fu.kZ; ysrk gS fd Final system fdl izdkj dk gksxk\ ,ao mlds mn~ns”; D;k D;k gksxsa\ ;fn bldh vU; Approach dks fy;k tk;s rks System design esa employees dks fdlh izdkj dk disturbance ughsa gksxkA ,slk gksus ij fufEkZr system esa dbZ dfe;ka gks ldrh gSa ,ao bUgsa ckj ckj analysis djds bldh dfe;ksa dks blds }kjk mRiUu gkfudkjd xfrfof/k;ksa dks nwj fd;s tkus dh vko”;drk gksxhA dkQh ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa ;g System (bl izdkj cuk gwvk½ organization ds fy;s vR;f/kd gkfudkjd gks ldrk gSA

● Aim of detail design :- MIS dk detail design operating system ds design ls cgwr vf/kd related gksrk gSA ;g lR; gS fd MIS esa fd;s x;s ifjorZu dsk operating system }kjk fcuk change fd;as accept fd;k tkuk pkfg;s lkFk gh nksuksa system lekUkkUrj :i ls design ds fy, accept fd;s tkus pkfg;s]Hkys gh gekjk lkjk /;ku MIS ij gksA detail design dk y{; ,d ,slk fooj.k izkIr djuk gSa tks conceptual system design dh vko”;drkvksa ,ao mn~ns”;ksa dks iw.kZ djsA ;g fooj.k drawing,flow charts, equipments ,ao personnel specification procedures, support task, specification of information files ,oa organization o operating manuals dk cuk gksrk gS blds lkFk lkFk design dk rkRi;Z mu lHkh Documentation ls gS tks system analysis & testing dks Li’V :i ls crkrs gSaaA system design esa management ls lEcaf/kr lHkh izdkj dh detail gksuh pkfg;s] ftUgs system esa implement fd;k tkuk gSA vr% conceptual design gesa MIS ds fy;s overall performance specification nsrk gSAProject management of MIS detail:- dksbZ Hkh iz;kl tks system design dks iq.kZ djus ds fy, vko”;d gS]project ds vk;ke ds :i esa dk;Z djrk gSA detail design dh izFke step dh :i esa planning o organization dks fy;k tkrk gSA

● Project planning:- ;g fuEu points esa iw.kZ gksrh gSsAi. Project ds mn~ns”;ksa dk fu/kkZj.k ,ao conceptual design }kjk bu mn~ns”;ksa dh iqu% leh{kk dh tkrh gSii.Project ds dk;kZs dh O;k[;k ;g MIS design esa lEiUu fd;s tkus okys dk;kZs dks hierarchical structure esa crkrk gSAiii. Plan the logical development of sequence & concurrent task & task activities, this usually leads a network diagram of event & activity. Øfed ,ao yxkrkj gksus okys dk;kZs ,ao xfrfof/k;ksa ds rkfdZd fodkl dh ;kstuk cukrk gS blds vUrxZr fofHkUu izdkj ds events ,ao activities dks network diagram }kjk crk;k tkrk gSAiv.izca/kd }kjk vko”;d dk;kZs dks fu/kkZfjr djuk blds vUrxZr fdlh dk;Z dh lekiu frfFk ,ao mldh xfrfof/k;ksa dk fu/kkZj.k djuk “kkfey gSA ;gk¡ pert diagram dk use fy;k tkrk gSAv.mRre midj.k vkSj project ds fy;s vU; ykxrksa dk vuweku yxkukAvi. Project ds fy;s mldh lEiw.kZ dk;Zfof/k esa eghus nj ij vko”;d fund dk fu/kkZj.k djuk ,ao izR;sd task ds fy;s [kpksZ dk fu/kkZj.kAvii. organization esa vko”;d staff dh ;kstuk cukukA● Project control:- blesa fuEufyf[kr points vkrs gSsai.;g irk yxkuk fd project dk nature mlds mn~ns”;ksa ds vuw:i gS ;k ughaSAii.Critical activities esa vko”;d foyEc gksus ij vko”;drkuqlkj workload esa ifjorZu djukA ,ao blds schedule dks cuk;s j[kukAiii. working performance ,ao Timing ds laca/k esa fund dk fu/kkZj.k djuk ,ao dk;Z esa ifjorZu gksus ij vko”;drkuqlkj budgeting djukAiv. fofHkUu izdkj ds workforce dk irk yxkdj ,ao O;fDrxr dk;Z izd`fr dk irk yxkdj muds chp lkeatL; fcBkukAv.Schedule, budget ,ao technical plannings ds laca/k esa le;]ykxr ,ao work performance dh x.kuk djuk] ftlls ikjLifjd fØ;k dh leL;kvksa dks gVk;k tk ldrk gSA


MIS NOTES BY IMRAN

Warehousing and distributionManufacture and production controlVendorsPurchasing & material controlAdvanced engineering and design

Design DataPurchaser &InventorsMaterialReportEngineering information request

InvoicesPaymentsOrders and ShippingShipment and Inventory statusShoping informationInventory status

Manufacture and instructionEngineering documentation

Customermarketing


MIS NOTES BY IMRAN

Accounting and billingOrder processing

OrderInformation

Conceptual system design for a business system

Identify dominant and trade off criteria:-fdlh system dk Dominanant criteria og gS gksrk gS tks fdlh xfrfof/k dks egRoiq.kZ cuk nsrk gS lkFk gh vU; lHkh xfrfof/k;k¡ vius lkis{k dqN egRoiq.kZ cuk nsrk gSA ;g ew[;r inventory ykxr dks U;qure djus dk criteria gksrk gSA ,sls criteria human blood, thou j{kd nok ;k electricity cspus okyh dEifu;ksa esa eq[; rkSj ij izHkkfor gksrs gSa ;g miHkksDrk mRikn foØ; djus okyh ds fy;s Hkh [kjk mrjrk gS tgk¡ consumer dk loss LFkk;h rkSj ij fn[krk gSATrade Off criteria:-og gksrk gS ftlesa fdlh xfrfof/k dks djus ds fy;s mlds criteria dks vU; xfrfof/k;ksa ds criteria dh rqyuk esa ?kVk;k tk ldrk gS rkfd vU; xfrfof/k;ksa dh performance esa lq/kkj yk;k tk ldsAbl criteria dks igpkuus ds fy;s ihNs detail design cukuk ,ao bl design eas decision center }kjk bl criteria ds vk/kkj ij decision nsus dk dkj.k gksrk gSADefine the subsystem:-sub system dks define djus dh izfØ;k dks nks eq[; Hkkxksa esa izkjEHk djrs gSaAConceptual designDominant & trade off performance criteriaConceptual desing es subsystem ls lEcf/kr concept dh leh{kk dh tkrh gSA ew[; :i ls dk;Zjr block dk v/;;u djds mldh activity dh detail cukbZ tkrh gS bl dk;Z eas cM+s cM+s blocks dks NksVs subsystem esa ckaV dj muds input, output lEcaf/kar vko”;d lqpukvksa ,ao eq[; eq[; activities dk foLrkj iqoZd ,ao lQyrkiqoZd v/;;u fd;k tkrk gSAtSlk fd fp= esa crk;k x;k gSaA information output dk izdkj information ij vk/kkfjr decision dks ysus ds fy;s cuk;k gwvk gksuk pkfg;sA blds vk/kkj ij bl izfØ;k dks fuEu :i ls fn[kk;k tk ldrk gSA

1. Operating rFkk MIS system ds fy;s egRoiq.kZ :i ls dominant ,ao trade off criteria gSA2. Company esa miyC/k resources dh iqfrZ djus dh ftEesnkjh gksuh pkfg;sA system

dks design djrs le; ;g /;ku j[kuk pkfg;s fd mUgs implement djrs le; fdl fdl pht dh vko”;drk ;k miyC/krk gksxhA

3. MIS esa ;g lqpuk miyC/k gksuh pkfg;s fd system operation ,ao Performance specification fdl izdkj dh gksuh pkfg;sA ,ao bUgs pykus ls lEcaf/kr xfrfof/k;ksa dks igpkudj mUgs MIS esa j[kuk pkfg;sA


MIS NOTES BY IMRAN

4. System eas vko”;d fu;a=.k dh fLFkfr;k¡ nh tkuh pkfg;sAMIS designer dks information flow develop djrs gw, Li’V fu;a=.k fLFkfr;ka izkIr djuh pkfg;sA

5. System planning ,ao control ds fy;s management decision point fn;s tkus pkfg;s bl dk;Z ds loksZp management ds inksa dks igpkudj mudh t:jrksa dks Li’V :i ls fn;k tkuk pkfg;sA

6. Program esa decision making ds fy;s vko”;d lwpuk “kkfey djuh pkfg;sA bl dk;Z ds fy;s table o models dks process djrs gw;s dke djuk pkfg;sA

7. lHkh system dh fof”k’V output dh vko”;drkvksa dks fn;k tkuk pkfg;ss blesa System output }kjk iznku fd;s tkus okys mn~ns”;ks dh foLr`r lqph “kkfey gSA sub system dks define djus ds fy;s fuEu inksa eas dk;Z fd;k tkrk gSA

a. Optaining Information:- Mis designer dks pkj lzksrksa dk iz;ksx djuk pkfg;sAi. Task force meeting

ii. Personal interviewiii. Internal and external source documentiv. Personal observation of operation and communication when feasible

b. Task force meeting:- large system dh design ds fy;s vko”;d lqpuk ,ao ideas dks fodflr djus ds fy;s task force dk mi;ksx fd;k tkuk vR;ar ykHknk;d gS fdlh eq[; activity ds lEca/k esa task Force dk iz;ksx manager ,ao izeq[k fo”ks’kKksa ij vk/kkfjr gksrk gSA dEiuh }kjk ;gka ij dksbZ ;k fdlh izdkj dh lEiq.kZ lqph iznku ugha dh tkrh gSA fdlh organization ,ao mudh policy ;k manual ,ao master ctV ,ao Account <kapk vyx vyx dk;ksZ ds fy;s engineering o manufacturing o marketing, purchasing vkfn }kjk nh xbZ report dks muds lkis{k ij[kuk pkfg;sA blds lkFk gh ckgjh lzksr ls lEcaf/kr nLrkost xzkgdksa dh f”kdk;r o service calls ds record dks Hkh “kkfey fd;k tkuk pkfg;sA

c. Direct observation:- designers dks Loa; ds vkarfjd ,ao vyx vyx dk;kZy;ksa esa design dk js[kkfp= [khapdj bu dk;kZy;ksa ds ckjs esa ugha crkuk pkfg;s cfYd ekSds ij tkdj loZs{k.k djuk pkfg;s designers tSls tSls vkxs c<rs gSa mUgs ,df=r fd;s tkus okys processing data dks record djrs jguk pkfg;sA large documentation gksus ij dsoy mUgha fcUnqvksa dks “kkfey fd;k tkuk pkfg;s tks investigation dh n`f’V ls vko”;d gksaA vafre fcanwvksa esa operating sub system ds fy;s conceptual dk design dk js[kkfp= [khapk tkuk pkfg;sA

6. Sketch detailed operating sub system and information flows:- sub system functional ,ao task level dk fooj.k detail design esa loZizFke fy;k tkrk gS ;g Detailed ingerning design ls feyrh tqyrh izfØ;k gS blesa fuEu izfØ;k;sa dke esa yh tkrh gS tSls Trialed& errors vPNs arrangement ds fy;s operations dks fl) djuk. System dks tkapus ds fy;s fofHkUu izdkj dh x.kuk;sa djuk];gka rhu izdkj ds flow chart dke esa fy;s tkrs gSaAi.Task oriented chart:- blds vUrxZr fofHkUu task activity ds chp block diagram }kjk relationship crk;k tkrk gS blls dHkh dHkh flow process chart Hkh dgk tkrk gSAii.Forms oriented chart:- ;g chart laxBu ds Hkhrj communication ds fy;s ;k report ds fy;s iz;ksx esa fy;s tkus okys forms dks ,ao copies dks flow ds :i esa crkr gSSAiii. Program oriented flow chart:- ;g mu yksxkas }kjk cuk;k tkrk gS tks computer dks handle djrs gsSa ;g programming dk basic step gS tks computer }kjk iq.kZ fd;s tkus okys step dks logical flow ds :i eas crkrk gSAFlow chart foLr`r design ugha gksrs gSa os izkjafHkd :i ls Flow ,ao relations dks fn[kkrs gSa ,ao input,output dks gross :i esa fn[kkrs gSaA7. Determine the degree of automation of each operatin:-izR;sd operation dks flow chart Eks n”kkZus ds ckn buesa lHkao automation dks search fd;k tkrk gSA vyx vyx block esa


MIS NOTES BY IMRAN

management dh vko”;drkuqlkj ftu process dks lapkfyr fd;k tk ldrk gS mUgs igpkuk tk ldrk gSA8. Inform and involve organization again:-uper management }kjk design ,ao project ls lEcaf/kr design effort ds status dks la{ksi es fd;k tkuk pkfg;sA low level management }kjk system ,ao sub system dk flow chart fn;k tkuk pkfg;sA izR;sd case esa fdl Lrj automation dh vko”;drk gS bldk C;kSjk Hkh fn;k tkuk pkfg;sA ;g lcls vf/kd supporty ,ao effective process gSA ;g fdlh system dh lEiq.kZ detail dks system o sub system ds vfUre user dks crkrk gSA9.Input and output processing:-mis esa(blank)

System development approaches:-blesa fuEu approaches gks ldrh gSA● System investigation:-blds vUrxZR manager }kjk system analyst ;k information analyst

dks cqyk;k tkrk gS ,ao system development ds izFke step esa user dh change, development ;k enhancement dh request dks /;ku esa j[kdj preliminary investigation bldk main mn~ns”; ;g gS fd user }kjk dh xbZ request okLro esa existing system ;k u;s system cukus ds fy;s valid gS ;k ughaA lkFk gh ;g visible gS ;k ugha ;g okLro ess fdlh izdkj dh design study ugh gS uk gh ;g fdlh business system dh iqjh rjg describe djrk gSA preliminary investigation dks eq[;r;k nks stage esa ckaVk tkrk gS

i.Problem definitionii.feasibility study

problem definition:-gkykafd fdlh Problem dks ifjHkkf’kr djuk fdlh system development process dk egRoiq.kZ vax ugha ekuk tkrk gS vr% System analyst dh izFke ftEesokjh fdlh problem ds mn~ns”; ,ao scope ds fy;s written statement rS;kj djuk gksrk gSA bl dk;Z ds fy;s analyst user ds interview ysrk gS vkSj mldh leL;kvksa dks le>dj la{ksi esa fn[kkrk gSa system esa yksxksa }kjk written statement dks ns[kdj le>dj mlesa ik;s tkus okyh dfe;ksa dka ,ao misunderstanding dks lq/kkjk tkrk gSA vr% fdlh problem dks lgh :i esa le>uk ,ao define djuk cgqr vko”;d gS bl izfØ;k esa what is being done?Why? is there an underlaying reason different from the me the user identify? Tksls lokyksa dks iqNk tkrk gS leL;kvksa dks fuEu laHkkfor :i ls ifjHkkf’kr fd;k tk ldrk gSAi.Existing system has a poor response time(slow system)ii. It is enable to handle the work load the problem of cost vFkkZr existing system esa O;kikfjd :i ls ,ao economically lgh ykxr ugha vk jghAiii. the proble of accuracy and reliabilityiv.the requested information is reduced by the adjusting systemv.problem of securityvr% system analyst system fodkl esa vkus okys [kpZ dk Rough estimate miyC/k djkuk ;g Hkh system development dk egRoiq.kZ Hkkx gksrk gSAfeasibility study:-;gk¡ develop fd;s tkus okys system dks organizationds fy;s mi;ksfxrk dk irk yxk;k tkrk gS ;g entire process dk la{ksi fooj.k gS vr% bls High level capsule version Hkh dgk tkrk gS bls dbZ egRoiq.kZ lokyksa ds tokc ds :i esa j[kk tkrk gSA tSls What is problem is the problem even woth solving? Means leL;k D;k gS D;k ;g bl yk;d gS fd bldk lek/kku <qa<k tkuk pkfg;s\ feasibility study ,ad laf{kIr fo”ys’k.k izfØ;k gksrh gS ftldk eq[; mn~ns”; scope dk vuweku yxkuk gSA;g fdlh Hkh project life dk egRoiq.kZ fu.kZ; fcanw gksrk gs fdlh project ds approve gksus ds ckn feasibility study }kjk Problem dks lgh :i ls le>dj ;g system ds fodkl esa fdruh lgk;d gS bldk lgh o Li’V C;kSjk fn;k tkrk gS bldk eq[; mn~ns”; system dh study dj fodkl ds fy;s t:jh u;s system dk izLrko j[kuk ;k existing system esa ,sls ifjorZu dk izLrko j[kuk gS tks feasible gks fdlh Hkh system dh feasibility dks 4 rjhds ls ns[k ldrs gSa


MIS NOTES BY IMRAN

organizational feasibility:- organization ds information system }kjk bldh strategic planning dks support djukAEconomic feasibility:- fdlh system project esa fd;s investment ij cost ds vuqlkj feyus okyk return Qk;nsean gS ;k ugh ;g irk yxkkukA blds preliminary investigation ds oDr fuEu iz”u mBrs gSA

● iq.kZ system investigation dks pykus es fdruh cost vk;sxhA● egRoiq.kZ application ds fy;s software/hardware dh vko”;drk● fuEu Qk;ns dks j[kuk]cost de djuk] customer services dks vPNk cukuk] resources

dh mi;ksfxrk c<kukA errors de djukAtechnical feasibility:-fn;s x;s system dh vko”;drk iqfrZ ds fy;s vko”;d hardware o software reliable gksus pkfg;sA blds fy;s fuEu iz”u mBrs gSa

● tks suggest fd;k x;k gS mls iw.kZ djus esa miyC/k technology l{ke gS ;k ugha\● New system esa vko”;d data j[kus esa proposed equipment l{ke gS ;k ugh\● Users dh laHkkfor la[;k }kjk dh xbZ queries ;k inquiries dks iq.kZ djus esa system

l{ke gS ;k ugha\● D;k system dk izlkj laHko gS\● D;k system, accuracy,reliability ,ao data security ds izfr technically secure gSA

Operational feasibility:- Mangement, employees customers, suppliers bR;kfn ds }kjk purpose fd;s x;s system dks Lohdkj djus ds fdlh bPNk gS\ ,ao mudh fdruh {kerk gSA o bl system dks fdruk support djrs gSa ;g lc fcanw operational feasibility esa vkrs gSaA vFkkZr operational feasibility ;g irk yxkrk gS fd system esa og lgh :i ls dk;Z djsxk ;k ugh\ operational feasibility esa fuEu loky iqNs tkrs gSa

● D;k system dks management, employees customers suppliers }kjk vko”;d support miyC/k djokukA

● User ds fy;s vkt dke esa vkus okys business methods Lohdkj djus ;ksX; gksxsa ;k ugha\

● fn;s x;s system project ds fodkl esa ,ao mldh planning esa user “kkfey gksxsa ;k ugha\

bu pkjksa izdkj dh category ls system esa legal feasibility ,ao schedule feasibility dk irk yxk;k tk ldrk gS fd develop fd;k tkus okyk system tgka bls develop djuk gS ogka ds rule& regulation ds ewrkfcd lgh gS ;k ugha tcfd schedule feasibility ess ;g irk yxk;k tkrk gS fd vko”;d time ds vUnj vUnj system dks develop dj ikus dh fdruh laHkkouk gS rkfd system dh mi;ksfxrk cuh jgsA fdlh Hkh system }kjk lHkh feasibility test pass fd;s tkus pkfg;s vU;Fkk system feasible ugha gksxk ,aoe mls fodflr ugha fd;k tk ldsxkApreliminary investigation eas nks eq[; method gksrs gSa

● reviewing documents● interviewing selected persons

reviewing documents:-Investigation djus okys analysist }kjk lcls igys ;g irk yxk;k tkrk gS fd organization fdlesa involve gS ;k organization dks dkSu dkSu izHkkfor djrk gS blesa dkSu dkSu ls project gS tSls mnkgj.k ds rkSj ij inventory system esa ;g irk yxk;k tkrk gS fd ;s dSls pyk;k tk;sxk\ ,ao blds manager o supervision dkSu gksxsa bldk irk yxkus ds fy;s organization chart o written operating procedures dk lgkjk fy;k tkrk gSAInterviewing selected persons:- fdlh organization esa py jgs operation ds ckjs esa document }kjk iwjk vuweku ugha yxk;k tk ldrk gS vr% vPNs retail ds fy;s analysis }kjk system project esa dk;Zjr egRoiq.kZ yksxks ds interview fy;s tkrs gSa ;gk¡ interview ysrs le; bl ckr dk /;ku j[kk tkrk gS fd vkus okys le; esa fdl izdkj dh leL;k vk ldrh gSa dsoy existing system esa fodkl ds fy;s dkSulh leL;kvksa dk lek/kku djuk vko”;d gS ;gk¡ ;g hkh irk yxk;k tkrk gS fd fn;k x;k mik; economically operationally ,ao technically executable gksxk ;k ugha


MIS NOTES BY IMRAN

Preliminary investigation dks fuEu Format esa fn[kk;k tkrk gSA● Project title● Problem statement:-Problem dks de ls de Line ds laf{kIr dk iq.kZ :i ls crkukA● Project objectivities:- problem dks define djus ds fy;s vko”;d objective nsrs gSaA● Priliminary ideas:- LkaHkkfor solution ;gk¡ j[ks tkrs gSa● Project scope iq.kZ Cost estimate fd;k tkrk gS● Feasibility study:-next step esa vko”;d time o cost nsukA

System analysis:-analysis dk vfHkizk; business activity esa py jgsa operation dh detail study ls gSAblesa operations dh boundation ddks Hkh decide fd;k tkrk gSA bl phase dk eq[; mn~ns”; ;g crkuk gS fd fdlh problem dks solve djus ds fy;s D;k djuk vko”;d gSA system analysist dHkh dHkh technical background ls Hkh gksrk gS vr% technical person }kjk program design dks rsth ls lekIr djus dk ykyp ls cpuk pkfg;ss ,ao mls system dk logical Model rS;kj djuk pkfg;sA bl model dks cukus ds fy;s data flow diagram, ,d elimentary data dictionary ,ao lEcf/kar algorithms dk rough description tSls tools dk iz;ksx djuk pkfg;sA system analysis esa fuEu points dh study dh tkrh gSA

● Organization }kjk ,ao blds end user ds }kjk blds fdl izdkj ds lwpuk dh vko”;drk iM+rh gSA

● Existing information system es D;k gS¼tSls mudh activitie, resources ,ao products).● Expected information system D;k gksxk\ vFkkZr og user dh information dh vko”;drk

dks iq.kZ djus ds fy;s information system ls lEcf/kar fdruh {kerk j[ksxkAvr% system analysist }kjk purpose information system ds fy;s vko”;d vko”;drkvksa dks j[kk tkrk gSAsystem design;- system analysis ;g crkrk gS fd user dh information dh vko”;drk ds fy;s System dks D;k djuk pkfg;sA tcfd system design ;g crkrk gS fd system analysis ds mn~ns”; dh iqfrZ dSls dh tk;sAdesign dk vFkZ fdlh system dks cukus esa iz;ksx fd;s tkus okys techniqual specification ls gSA ;g fdlh system dks cukus esa blue print dh rjg dk;Z djrk gSA ;g eq[;r% rhu Activities ij dke djrk gSA

● User interface● Data design● Process design

Interface design dk vfHkizk; end user ,ao computer system ds chp interaction ls gS tc fd data design activity database dh logical structure ,ao mu files dks crkrk gSA tks information system }kjk dke esa yh tkrh gSA process design activity software resources ds design ij focus djrh gSaS ftlds vUrxZr os program vkSj procedure vkrs gSs ftudh vko”;drk information system esa iM+rh gSAfdlh design esa ;g vko”;d gS fd og fofHkUu izdkj ds hardware resources, software resources ,ao people resources(end user ,ao system staff) dh vko”;drk fdl :i ls iM+sxhA bu specification dks System Specification Hkh dgk tkrk gSAconstruction and testing:- system specified ds izkIr gksus ds ckn] system dks Physically cuk fy;k tkrk gSaA blls lacf/kr program code ,ao documentation dh izfØ;k iq.kZ dj yh tkrh gSA vc system dh accuracy ,ao realibility ls ensure gksus ds fy;s ge fofHkUUk data ds fy;s system dks test djrs gSs fdlh system dk construction system design specification ds vk/kkj ij fd;k tkrk gSA vr% bl phase esa system specification ds vk/kkj ij vyx vyx test fd;s tkrs gSaA dqN test system ds development ds vUrxZr fd;s tkrs gsa ,ao dqN test system dk basic development iq.kZ gksus ds ckn fd;s tkrs gSs system development ds iq.kZ gksus ds ckn fd;s tkus okyh activities Implementation ds vUrxZr vkrh gSAImplementation:-System implementation stage ds vUrxZr hardware, software dk pquko djds system esa bUgs Install fd;k tkrk gS o blls lacf/kar training ,ao rS;kjh dh tkrh gS ;gka ,d ckj fQj ls system esa dke es fy;s tkus okys component ,ao procedure dh testing


MIS NOTES BY IMRAN

dh tkrh gSA system development cycle dk ;g ,d cgqr egRoiq.kZ step gS D;ksfd ;g fdlh develop fd;s x;s system dh lQyrk dks ensure djrk gS ,d vPNs ls design fd;k x;k system Hkh bl System ds lgh :i ls uk pyk;s tkus ij Fail gks ldrk gSAMaintenance:-bl Phase ds vUrxZr fdlh system esa vko”;d Improvement ,ao ifjorZu o fodkl djus ds fy;s system dks monitor fd;k tkrk gS nwljs “kCnksa esa ge ;g dg ldrs gSa fd maintenance dk vfHkizk; system esa lq/kkj] ifjorZu ;k Original specification eas ifjorZu djus ls gSaA vr% system analysist dks izR;sd level ij system dsa function dks pyk;s j[kus ds fy;s vko”;d Acceptable level rd ifjorZu djus dh ftEesnkjh j[kuh pkfg;sASystem development approaches:- (development cycle)dksbZ system Bhd ls design fd;k x;k gS] analysis fd;k x;k gS bl ckr dks sure djus ds fy;s gesa suitable model cukdj ml ij dk;Z djuk iM+rk gSAsystem development dks iz;kl esa high quality software cukuk eq[; mn~ns”; gksrk gSAblds fy;s fofHkUu izdkj ds model iz;ksx esa fy;s tkrs gS ,ao development process esa fofHkUu izdkj dh activities dke esa yh tkrh gSaSystem development model bu activities dks fdl izdkj O;ofLFkr djrk gS ;g crkrk gSA dqN system development fuEu gSsa:-Water fall model(1970)Proposal definition

Feasibility study

Requirement analysis

System design

Coding and testing

Implementation

;g sdlc(system development life cycle) ls fodflr fd;k x;k Model gS bl model esa lHkh Phases dks linear order esa j[kk tkrk gSA vFkkZr ,d phase dk output nex phase dk input gksrk gSALimitataion of water fall model:

● fdlh Hkh izdkj dh requirement dks freeze djds j[kus ds fy;s gesa igys ls Hardware dh choice djuh iM+rh gSA gkykfd cM+s cMs Project esa ftUgsa cukus esa few years yxrsa gSa muds case esa ,slk djuk easy ugha gksrk gSA

● ;g model bl ckr ij tksj nsrk gS fd fdlh Hkh Phase ds “kq: djus ls igys mldh needs dks iqjh rjg tku fy;k tk;ss ijUrq system development dh ,slh situation vk ldrh gS


MIS NOTES BY IMRAN

ftlesa gesa complete system ds dqN past ds igys develop djuk iMs fQj bls iq.kZ system ds :i develop fd;k tk;sA ,slh situation esa needs dk iq.kZ :i ls irk yxkuk lEHko ugha gksrkA

Prototyping modelStopRefine prototypeUser evalutionPrototype buildingQuick designRequirement analysisStart

Engineering the product

Prototytpe modelProto-typing approach eas system dk ,d prototype RkS;kj fd;k tkrk gSaprototype ,d lf{kIr ;k i.kZ System dk NksVk lk :ki gksrk gS ftlds user dh lHkh vko”;drkvksa dks ugha j[kk tkrkA ;g Model ,sls system ds development ds dke esa fy;k tkrk gs tgk¡ system dh lHkh requirement dk irk yxkuk laHko uk gksA ,ao development process esa vko”;drkvksa eaas ifjorZu dh lHkkouk gks ;g Throw away prototype ds vk/kkj ij user dka develop djds fns;k tkrk gS A o user ds feedback ds vk/kkj ij actual system development fd;k tkrk gSAbl model esa pkj step use fd;s tkrs gSa

● Identify the user’s basic information requirement:- system }kjk vko”;d output ds vk/kkj ij user }kjk system requirement dk irk yxkuk ]dk;Z djus ;ksX; prototype ds cukus dh cost system analyst }kjk nh tkrh gSA

● Develop the initial prototype system:-user dh basic vko”;drkvksa dks iqoZ djus ;ksX; izkjfEHkd prototype fodflr fd;k tkrk gSA bls de ls de le; esa fodflr fd;k tkrk gSa ;gka prototype dks rsth ls cukus ij T;knk /;ku nsrs gSa bldh efficiency ij deA

● Use of the prototype system to refine the user’s requirements:- izkjfEHkd :i ls rS;kj fd;k x;k Prototype user dks lkSi fn;k tkrk gSA ;gk¡ user vius experience ds vuwlkj ;g irk yxkrk gS fd fn;s x;s prototype esa fdu fdu cnykoksa dh vko”;drk gSA

● Revise and enhance the ptototype system:-bl step ds vUrxZr designer }kjk mu lHkh vko”;d changes dks fd;k tkrk gSA ftUgsa user }kjk prototype dks iz;ksx esa ysus ds ckn crk;k x;k gSAstage 3 ,ao 4 dks ckj ckj nksgjk;k tkrk gSA tc rd fd gesa ,d ,slk refined prototype uk fey tk, tks fd user dh lHkh egRoiq.kZ vko”;drkvksa dks iq.kZ djrk gSA ;g approach NksVh organization ds fy;s cgwr vf/kd [kphZYk gksrk gS ;g dsoy cgwr cM+h cM+h organization tgk¡ ij user dh


MIS NOTES BY IMRAN

vko”;drk dk irk yxkkuk eqf”dy gks] ogka dke esa fy;k tkrk gS fdlh system ds development esa bl approach ds fuEu Qk;nsa gSA1.fdlh idea dks vR;f/kd [kpkZ fd;s fcuk iz;ksx eas ysdj ns[kuka2-,slh ifjfLFkfr esa tgka vko”;drk,a rsth ls change gksrh gS ogka de cost ij iq.kZ system dks develop djus esa ;g lgk;d gksrk gSA3-bl model dk iz;ksx djds user dks ,d iq.kZ :i ls dk;Zjr system rsth ls cukdj fn;k tk ldrk gSbl approach dh eq[; dHkh bldk iterative nature ekuk x;k gS bl approach esa de ls de nks iteration dh vko”;drk gksrh gSSAlkFk gh blesa refinedment dk process dHkh uk [kRe gksus okyk process gksrk gSA bl dkj.k ls le;, iSlk o iz;kl dh vko”;drk iM+rh gSA bldh nwljh dHkh ;g gS fd ;g lk/kkj.kr;k dHkh complete ugha gksrkA ,ao bls cukrs oDr dbZ dfe;ka NksM+ nh tkrh gS bldh rhljh deh ;g gS fd blesa ckj ckj ifjorZu ds dkj.k fodkl ds process ds management esa ijs”kkfu;kaa vkrh gSAiterative enhancement model:-design 1 design 2 design3 design4implement 1 implement 2 implement 3 implement nanalysis 1 analysis 2 analysis 3 analysis n

bl model esa system dk fodkl c<rsa gw;s Øe esa gksrk gSA izR;sd increment esa system esa dqN functional capability tksM+ nh tkrh gSA ,slk rc rd gksrk jgrk gS tc rd fd iq.kZ system develop uk gks tk;ss izR;sd step esa ubZ izdkj ds function tksM+s tkrs gSa ,ao u;s ifjorZu fd;s tkrs gSa fdlh system ds fodkl ds “kq:vkr esa leL;k ds ,d Hkkx dks develop djds “kq:vkr dh tkrh gS vFkkZr iq.kZ leL;k dks NksVs NksVs subset dk pquko fd;k tkrk gSAvc iterative enhancement model }kjk rhu Phase dks ckj ckj nksgjkrs gw;s system dk fodkl fd;k tkrk gS bUgsa analysis implement and design dgk x;kAbl model dk eq[; Qk;nk ;g gS fd ;gk¡ testing dh izfØ;k vPNs ls pyk;h tkrh gS pqafd iq.kZ system ij testing vis{kk izR;sd increment ij testing T;knk vklku gS bl model dk vU; Qk;nk ;g gS fd ;g izR;sd increment user dks final requirement dks igpkuk tkrk gS vr% bl model esa Prototyping model o waterfall model nksusk ds Qk;ns j[ks x;sa gSAa bl model dh fuEu dfe;ka gSA;g model ,d complete system ugha nsrk gS vr% fodflr system es dkQh detail NqV ldrh gSA;g model modify it again dh vo/kkj.kk ij vk/kkfjr gS vr% ;g iSls o le; dks cgwr [kpZ djrk gSAI planningII Risk analysisSpiral model

IVUser evalution

IIIEngineering


MIS NOTES BY IMRAN

;g bochm }kjk fn;k x;k model gS model bl ckr dks suggest djrk gS fd system development esa vkus okyh lHkh izfØ;kvksa dks spiral ds :i esa tekuk ;k organize djuk pkfg;saA;g model fdlh process ds fodkl dk framework miyC/k djkrk gSA ftls project ds risk level }kjk guide fd;k tkrk gSA ;g model izd~fr esa cyclic gksrk gS izR;sd cycle esa pkj stage gksrh gSA,d stage dks quadrant dgk tkrk gSAdevelopment process dh progress dks crkus ds fy;s spiral dh radius dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSAbldh first stage fofHkUu izdkj dsdevelopment ,oa fodkl esa vkbZ ck/kkvksa ls lEcf/kar lqpukvksa dh igpku djrh gSA fofHkUu alternatives ds fodkl ,ao risk dh igpku djuk stage second esa vkrk gS bldh third stage esa next level prototyping develop fd;k tkrk gS ,ao bls verify fd;k tkrk gS bldh forth Stage esa fofHkUu stage ls izkIr ifj.kkeksa dsk iqu% tkapk tkrk gSAHigh risk project ds fy;s ;g rdfud ;k model T;knk suitable gSANow a days ,d vU; ,slh rduhd gS ftls forth generation technique ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA bldk iz;ksx information system dks rsth ls fodflr djus ds fy;s fd;k tkrk gSA;g technique cgwr l software dks fodflr djus esa tool dh rjg dk;Z djrh gS ;gka developer dks software ds eq[; eq[; characteristics ftudh vko”;drk high level ij gks dsoy mUgha xq.k/keZ dks specify djuk iM+rk gS ,ao ;g tool fn;s gw;s specification ds vk/kkj ij Lor% code generate dj nsrk gSA;g model project dks cgwr gh rsth ls fodflr djus okyk gSS ijUrq bldh {kerk miyC/k 4gl ij fuHkZj djrh gSA vc rd ds discuss fd;s x;s lHkh model esa dqN u dqN fo”ks’krk gS ,ao viuh dfe;ka gS vr%gesa fodflr fd;s tkus okys model dk pwuko djuk pkfg;sASystem analysis:-blds nks mn~ns”; gksrs gSaAi.;g tkuuk fd system commonly fdl izdkj dk;Z dj jgk gS\ii. fn;s x;s system esa user dks fofHkUu vko”;drkvksa dk irk yxkukAvFkkZRk system analysis dks eqy :i ls existing system ds lHkh egRoiq.kZ business ls lEcaf/kr igywvksa dh study ds :i esa j[kk tkrk gSA;g study fdlh Hkh purposed system ds vk/kkj dk dk;Z djrh gSA lkFk gh dke djus okys system esa D;k D;k ifjorZu djus gSa bldk vk/kkj Hkh cukrh gSA system analysis ,d logical process gS tks ;g tkuus ij tksj nsrk gS fd system fdl izdkj dk;Z dj jgk gS ,ao mlesa vkus okyh leL;kvksa dks igpku dj mudk mfpr gy <qa<us ls lgk;rk djrk gSAsystem analysis fdlh Hkh system fodkl ds fy;s egRoiq.kZ phase gS system analysis ds vUrxZr developer user ds lkFk dk;Z djrk gSA ,ao system analysist vius logical background ds dkj.k tYn gh system design dh vksj c< tkrk gS tks fd Bhd ugha gksrk A system analysist dks blls igys pj.k ls leLr egRoiq.ka lqpuk;sa ,d= dj ysuh pkfg;sA system dk ,d logical model rS;kj djus ij ,slk djuk T;knk vklku gksrk gSA system analysist }kjk fofHkUu tool vkSj technique dk Hkh iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA tSls data flow diagram,data dictionary ,ao algorithm dk ,d rough description system analysist ds }kjk fn;k x;k final product purposed information ds fy;s system requirement dk leqg gksrk gSA system requirement dks igpkuus esa fuEu izfØ;k, dh tkrh gSARequirement determination:-bls software requirement specification dk ,d part gSA ,ao bls system ds development dh process dk starting point dgk tkrk gSA bl izfØ;k dks lcls vf/kd dfBu ,ao xyrh gksus dh laHkkouk okyh izfØ;k ekuk tkrk gS D;aksfd fdlh Hkh izdkj dk communication gape gksus ij system ds chp izkIr lwpuk esa dHkh gksrh gS ,slk blfy;s Hkh gks ldrk gS gS D;ksfd user lk/kkj.kr;k software dks ugha le>rk ,ao developer user dh leL;k;sa dks ,ao mlds dk;Z{ks= dks Bhd ls ugha le> ikrkA requirement description dk vfHkizk; user }kjk fn;s x;s ideas dks translate djds vko”;d document esa cnyuk gS ,ao communication gape dks de djuk gks ,d vPNs srs (system requirement specification) esa fUkEu Qk;ns gSA


MIS NOTES BY IMRAN

;g user ,ao developer ds chp basic argument cukrk gS ftlls communication gape esa bridge rS;kj gksrk gSA;g izkjEfHkd fodkl ds vUrxZr error ,ao MIS understading ds dkj.k vkus okys [kpZ dks de djrk gSA;g final products ds validation ds fy;s response dk base gksrk gS vr% ;g banchmark dh rjg dk;Z djrk gSARequirement datamination esa eq[; rkSj ij rhu activities gksrh gSARequirement anticipationRequirement investigationRequirement specificationRequirement anticipation ds vUrxZr analyst dk experience dke vkrk gSA ftldk izHkko system dh study ij iM+rk gS ,d experienced analysist u;s system dks problems ;k feature ,ao requirement dk iqokZuqeku yxk ldrk gS vr% fdlh analysist dk background mls system investigation esa ;g tkuus esa lgk;rk djrk gS fd investigation esa D;k iqNuk pkfg;s requirement investigation djds analysis ds fy;s documents rS;kj fd;s tkrs gSsa dbZ izdkj dh technique tSls fact finding technique etc. dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS requirement specification ds vUrxZr fact finding investigation ls izkIr data dks requirement dh tkudkjh djus esa iz;ksx esa fy;k tkrk gS ;g purposel system ds fofHkUu feature dk description nsrk gSARequirement determination }kjk fuEu fcUnqvksa ij /;ku fn;k tkrk gSAThe basic processThe data which is used or produced during that process.le; ,ao dk;Z Hkkj las lEca/kh constraintssystem esa iz;wDr performance constraints.Understand the process.;fn fuEu dk;Z ds fy;s lqpuk dh vko”;drk gks rks process understanding vko”;d gSAdkSuls steps dks dgk¡ iz;ksx es ysuk gSAdkSulk O;fDr tks perform djsxkAfdlh information ds ifj.kke ds fy;s frequency, time ,ao user dh vko”;drk gSAidentify data used and information generatedvxys process dks le>us ds fy;s information analysist }kjk izR;sd activities dks djus ds fy;s fdl data dh vko”;drk gS tSls fd inventory system esa buyer dks fdlh fo”ks’k item dh quantity ds ckjs esa] supplier ds uke ds ckjs esa] item dh cost ds ckjs esa describe djus okyk data vko”;d gks ldrk gSA;gk¡ bl izdkj ds data dks Hkh jguk tkuk gS tks manager ]}kjk decision making esa dke esa fy;k tkrk gSAdetermine frequency time & volume:- gesa bl ckjs esa Hkh lwpuk ,d= djuh pkfg;s fd fdlh activity dks fdruh ckj repeat djuk gS ,ao mlesa item dk value fdruk gksxkAmlesa yxus okys oDr ds vUnkt ds lwpuk dh vko”;drk gSArequirement determination ds fy;s fuEu jkLrs viu;k;s tk ldrs gSAinterview :- ;g ,d face to face izfØ;k esa ,d O;fDr nwljs O;fDr ls loky iwNrk gSA interviews dh izfØ;k esa iwNs tkus okys loky formal and informalnksuska rjg ds gks ldrs gSSA bu iz”uksa dk eq[; mn~ns”; existing system ds ckjs esas lwpuk ,d= djuk gksrk gSA ;g technique lcls iqjkuh technique gS gkykafd ;g ges”kk vPNh proof ugha gksrh D;ksafd bl process esa dkQh time yxrk gS ,ao vf/kdrj user dks system ds ckjs esa D;k crkuk gS ;g decision ysus esa dfBukbZ gksrh gS ;g izfØ;k mu situations esa cgwr vf/kd izHkkoh gksrh gSA tgka ,sls O;fDr ls communication djuk gks]tks viuh ckr dks fy[kdj vPNs ls ugha le>k ldrkA;g izfØ;k analysist dks xyrQgeh] vlaHko mEehnksa dks ,ao proposed system ds fy;s lgu”kfDr dh [kkst djus es lgk;d gkrh gSAInterview ds oDr analysist fuEu ckrksa dk /;ku j[krk gSsAfdldk interview ysrk gS\


MIS NOTES BY IMRAN

dc ysuk gS\D;k iwqNuk gS\Interview “kw: dgk¡ ls djuk gS\fdlh interview dkconclusion dsls fudkyuk gS\Questionarries:- bldk vfHkizk; mu lokyks ls gSa ftUkdh lgk;rk ls izR;sd O;fDr ds respond gSa ftudh lgk;rk ls izR;sd O;fDr ds respond }kjk lqpukvksa dks laxzg.k djus esa lgk;rk feysaA lokyks }kjk fd;k x;k information dk collection cgwr ls people }kjk system ds izfr aspects dk le>krk gS blesa structured ;k unstructured questions gks ldrs gSA,d standard questionaries vf/kd fo”oluh; data miyC/k djkrh gSa questionarrie esa j[ks x;ss lokyks dks time to time test djds blds response d vuwlkj bls cnyk tkrk gSARecord review:- bls ge review of documentation Hkh dgrs gSa bldk eq[; mn~ns”; quantitative information,frequiencies, trends,ratios etc. dks LFkkfir djus esa fd;k tkrk gSbles ,d analyst ml information dks ifj{k.k djrk gS] tks fd system ds ckjs esa mlds user }kjk record dh xbZ gSArecord and documents ds vUrxZr fuEu phtsa j[kh tkrh gSAPolicy manualRegulation, andfdlh operation dks pykus dk standard rjhdk j[kk tkrk gSAftldk mi;ksx managers o vU; employees dks guide djus es fd;k tkrk gS ;g fdlh analyst ds fy;s important source ds :i esa dk;Z djrk gSA bldh eq[; limitation ;g gS fd ,slk vDlj gks ldrk gS fd documentation up to date uk gks review dk vfHkizk; nks :i esa fy;k tk ldrk gSAexisting system dh studydjus ls ftlls systems dh dfe;ka fudky dj xyrh dks iwu% nksgjkus ls jksdk tk ldrk gSAtks study djus ds f[kykQ gSa mlds vUrxZr u;sa ideas fn;sa tkrs gSa tks fd iqjkus system ij vk/kkfjr gksrs gSAnksuks rjg ds gh view esa fdlh fo”ks’k dks pwuuk vko”;d gS ,ao dfBu Hkh ijUrq nksuks dk eq[; mn~ns”; existing system dh study djuk ,ao system ds ckjs esa maximum irk yxkuk gSaAovservation lqpuk dks ,d= djus dk nqljk :i observation gS ;g ,d ,slh izfØ;k gS ftlds vUrxZr yksxksa dks igpkuuk ,ao mUgs fuf”pr modification nsuk information izkIr djus ds fy;s object ,ao lqpuk dh miyC/krk dk irk yxkuk vkrk gSAobservation analyst dks rks lqpuk miyC/k djkrk gS ftUgs fdlh vkSj fact finding method ls izkIr ugh fd;k tk ldrk gS A;g approach vkSj Hkh rc useful gks tkrk gS tc analyst dks ;g tkuus dh vko”;drk gks fd document fdl izdkj handle fd;s x;sa A fdl izdkj dksbZ process pyk;k x;kA ,ao D;k okLro esa fn;k x;k step follow fd;k x;k gS bl izfØ;k esa dqN fo”ks’k fu;eksa ds leqgksa dh ikyuk dh tkrh gS ;g izfØ;k dkQh time consuming gS lkFk gh blesa iSlk dkQh yxrk gS bl izfØ;k eds ckotwn observer }kjk dqN uk dqN information NqVus dh laHkkouk jgrh gSAvktdy bl observation dh izfØ;k esa electronic system dke esa fy;k tk jgk gSA D;ksfd buesas speed ,ao efficiency de jgrh gSAfdlh analyst }kjk lHkh approaches ds combianation dks dke es fy;k tkrk gS D;kasfd lk/kkj.kr;k dksbZ Hkh approach iwjh rjg complete ugh gksrh gS vr% system dh vko”;drkuwlkj bUgsa dke esa fy;k tkrk gSA detail esa laxzg.k ,ao discussion ds fy;s fuEu tools dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSAStructure analysis tools:- bl tool dh lgk;rk system specification ,ao fdlh Hkh system dks cukus eas vko”;d lqpuk ds document rS;kj fd;s tkrs gSA ;s tools fuEu gSdata flow diagramdata dictionarystructured exlish(please check)decision trees


MIS NOTES BY IMRAN

decision tables.Data flow diagram:- data ds logical flow dks graphical :i ls crkus ds rjhds dks data flow diagram dgrs gsas ;g fdlh system dh requirement dks lk/kkj.k ,ao le>us ;ksX; :i ls fn[kkrk gS bls ge bubble d uke ls tkurs gSA;g fdlh system dh requirement specification dks ckaVdj fuEure level dh detail miyC/k djkrk gS data flow diagram esa dbZ bubbles dks leaves ds lkFk tksM+k tkrk gS buesa eq[; :i ls pkj symbol dke esa fy;s tkrs gSai.Square:- it represent source/destination.

ii.Arrow:-;g data ds flow ds fy;s pipeline ds :i esa dk;Z djrk gSA

iii.circle/bubble:-incoming data dks outgoing data esa cnyus dh izfØ;k fn[kkrk gS fdlh process dks oval ,ao circle ls fn[kkrsa gSA

iv. open rectangle:-;g data store dks crkrk gSA

Data flow diagram esa fuEu rules dk irk fd;k tkrk gS ● fdlh Hkh process dks ,d fo”ks’k uke o uEcj Hkh fn;k tkuk pkfg;sAvFkkZr ,d

uke }kjk ,d process dks crk;k tkuk pkfg;SA● data ds flow ds direction dks crkus dh fy;s top ls bottom ;k left ls right fn”kk esa gh

crk;k tkrk gSA● tc fdlh process dks mlds lower level esa ckaVk tkrk gS rks mudk no.Bhd ls fn;k

tkrk gS tSls fdlh ikap uEcj process dks ckaVus ds fy;s 5.1 ,5.2 bR;kfn ds :i esa ckaVk tk;sxkA

● store fd;s x;s data dk source dk ,ao destination dks cM+s v{kjksa esa fy[kk tkuk pkfg;s tcfd process ,ao data flow ds uke esa dsoy izFke v{kj cM+k gksuk pkfg;sA

fdlh Hkh data flow diagram dks cukrsa le; ;g /;ku j[kuk pkfg;s fd mlesa 10 ls 12 process ls vf/kd uk fn[kk;s x;sa gksa vFkkZr gesa data flow diagram dks T;knk complex ugha cukuk pkfg;s fdlh data flow diagram esa data store ls lEc/kh contents dks de ls de j[kk tkuk pkfg;sa A izR;sd data store esa data flow diagram las lEcf/kr flow esa in o out ds lHkh element “kkfey gksus pkfg;sA ,d data flow diagram rc cgwr izHkko”kkyh gksrk gS tc nh xbZ design clear uk gksA ,ao analyst ds }kjk communication ds fy;s symbolic determination dh vko”;drk gksA ,d data flow diagram dk ew[; Qk;nk ;g gS fd cgwr lh la[;k esa iqujkorhZ gksus ij ,d accurate ,ao iq.kZ gy dh vko”;drk gksrh gSAmnkgj.k ds fy;s payroll system esa izR;sd deZpkjh dk salary statement cukus ds fy;s data flow diagram cukrs le; fuEu fp= }kjk fn[kk;k tkrk gSA


MIS NOTES BY IMRAN

A data flow diagram for payroll processing : mine viewEmployee filePayroll processingUpdate dataEmployee dataAccount department

mijksDr diagram dks vkxs Hkh ckaVk tk ldrk gSSGross salaryEmployee data

Net salary computationGross salary processingAccount department

Salary statement

Source

Update data

Updated data on Employee

Various deducations

A data flow diagram for payroll processing: exploded view

fdlh Hkh process dks sub process esa ckaVus ds fy;s fuEu izdkj ckaVk tkrk gS

Processing

1.1.1

1.1.21.2


MIS NOTES BY IMRAN

1.1

Data dictionary:-,d data dictionary data dk Øec) ,ao Li’V laxzg.k gS tks Loa; data ds ckjs esa lqpuk miyC/k djkrk gS nwljs “kCnksa esa ge ;g dg ldrs gSa fd ;g laf{kIr ,ao lgha ifjHkk’kk;sa j[krk gSA ;g ifjHkk’kk;ssa data flow diagram, data element ,ao data structure ds ckjs esa gksrh gSA ;g documentation dk ,d vPNk rjhdk nsrh gSa ;g user ,ao analyst ds chp ,d csgrj communication miyC/k djkrh gSA ;g fdlh programmer dks common data base miyC/k djkrh gS lkFk gh mls control esa lgk;rk miyC/k djkrh gS data dictionary esa eq[; rkSj ij rhu izdkj ds item j[ks tkrsa gSAData elements:-;g data dh NksVh ls NksVh unit gS ftls vkxs ugha ckaVk tk ldrkAData structure:-;g data element dk leqg gksrk gS ,ao bls ,d unit ds :i esa ns[kk tkrk gSaA ,d data structure esa cgwr ls data element dks mlds field ds :i esa fn[kk;k tkrk gSAData flow & data store:-data flow Hkh data structure ds xfreku :i dks cuk;s j[krk gS tcfd data store data structure dk “ks’k Hkkx gS nwljs “kCnksa eas ;g dgk tkrk gS fd data store oks location gS tgk¡ data structure dks temporary store djds j[kk tkrk gSA data dictionary bl izdkj ds structured spacification dk laxzfgr fgLlk gSAData dictionary cukus esa fuEu rules dk;Z djrs gSsaData structure dk o.kZu djus esa iz;qDr term ges”kk cM+s v{kj esa gh gksuh pkfg;sA,d ls vf/kd “kCnksa dk iz;ksx gksus ij hyphen yxkosafn;s x;s uke lh/ks ,ao user oriented gksus pkfg;saAizR;sd data flow, data store, data structure ,ao data elements ds fuf”pr uke gksus pkfg;sAconsistency, check fuf”pr :i ls fd;k tkuk pkfg;sAprocess dks la[;k ds identification numbers ,ao muds uke data dictionary esa fn;s gw;s gksus pkfg;sa,d process ftldk uke fn;k tk pqdk gSA mldk miuke alias ugha fn;k tkuk pkfg;sASystem used in data dictionarySymbol meaning= is equivalent to+ AddOption 1 only used of the option is used of a given timeOption 2Max[component] iteration of component max = highest possible no of iterationMin[component] max = lowest possible no of iteration component is an optional one*comment* * esa fn;s x;s “kCn comment gksaxsaData dictionary iq.kZ functional view ugha nsrh gS vr% non technical user ds chp dke esa ugha yh tkrhADecision tree and structured English:-process ds logic ftUgsa data dictionary ds }kjk lgh ls ugh fn[kk;k tk ldrk] mUgsa graphical representation }kjk fn[kk;k tk ldrk gSA tks fd ,d tree dh rjg fn[krk gS fdlh decision tree esa ftrus logical alternative miyC/k gksrs gSa mruh gh branches fn[kkbZ tkrh gSAType of customer size of order discountDiscount policyDealer 6 or more 35%

Less than 6 nilEducational institute or individual 50 or more 30%

20-49 20%6-19 15%


MIS NOTES BY IMRAN

Less than 6 nilbl structure esa i<uk]cukuk ,ao update djuk vklku gksrk gSAmnkgj.k ds rkSj ij Discount policy dk fn;k x;k fp= gSA vr% structured English dk iz;ksx djds fdlh logic dks crk;k tk ldrk gS ;g fdlh dk;Z ds fy;s vko”;d instruction dks logical construction ,ao impretive sentences }kjk design djus dh izfØ;k gS ;gk¡ if and else }kjk decision fy;k tkrk gS data dictionary eas nh xbZ term dks iz;ksx esa ysdj structure English dks vf/kd compact cuk;k tk ldrk gS gkykafd iz;ksx esa fy;s x;s sentences Li’V] laf{kIr ,ao vFkZiq.kZ o “kkfCnd gksus pkfg;sa tsls fd mnkgj.k eas fn[kk;k x;k gSMinimum: 5 or less personal computer, per pc typeSmall: 6 to 19 pcsMedium: 20 to 49 pcsLarge: 50 or more pcsDiscount policy:Add up the no of pcs per pc type if order is from a dealer:And if order- size is small or medium or largeThen: discount is 35%Else(order size is minimum)So: no discount is allowedElse(order is from educational institute or individual customers)So if order –size is largeDiscount is 30 %Else if order –size is mediumDiscount is 20%Else if order – size is smallDiscount is 15%Else if order- size is minimumSo:no discount is allowedDecision tree dks fdlh problem esa vkus okys logic dk verification djus esa dke esa fy;k tk ldrk gSa ;fn dksbZ problem gy djus esa complex decision ysus iM+sA rks ;gk¡ limited la[;k esa action dh vko”;drk gksxhAgkykafd bldh lcls cM+h limitation ;g gS fd blds izk:i ds dkj.k blesa lqpuk dh deh jg tkrh gSADecision table: decision table condition ,ao action dks row ,ao coloumn dh matrix ds :i esa fn[kkuk gSA;gk¡ decision rules dk iz;ksx djds fdlh fo”ks’k fLFkfr ds gksus ij fdl procedure dks dke esa ysuk gS ;g r; fd;k tkrk gSA decision table complex, branching routines ds lkFk deal djus dk lcls vPNk rjhdk gSA tSls inventory control etc.Decision table esa pkj section gksrs gSaCondition stub dks upper left corner esa j[kk tkrk gSACondition entry dks upper right corner esa j[kk tkrk gSAction stub dks lower left esa j[kk tkrk gSUpper rightUpper leftAction entry dks lower right es j[kk tkrk gS

Condition stub Condition entryAction stub Action entry

Lower rightLower left


MIS NOTES BY IMRAN

Condition stub:-fdlh decision dks ysus esa vko”;d factors,ao test dh tkusokyh lHkh condition dh list ;gka j[kh tkrh gSAAction stub:-;gk¡ mu statements dks j[kk tkrk gS tks fy;s tkus okys action dks crkrs gSACondition entry:-condition stubls fd;s x;s vko”;d action ,ao iqNs x;s question dk tokc ;gk¡ fn;k tkrk gSaSAAction entry:-;g og part gS tgk¡ ij nh xbZ condition ds mRrj esa fn[kk;s x;s action es ls mfpr action dks indicate fd;k tkrk gSAfdlh decision table dks cukus ds fy;s fuEu rules dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSAizR;sd division dk dksbZ uk dksbZ uke gksuk pkfg;s ftls top left corner ij j[kk tkrk gSAizR;sd logic fd;s x;s condition ds rules ds vuwlkj independent sequence esa crk;k tkuk pkfg;s ysfdu fdlh action dks event ds vkus ds vuwlkj Øe es j[kuk pkfg;sA,d standard ,ao consistent language dk use fd;k tkuk pkfg;sAfdlh Hkh term dk duplicate ugha cukuk pkfg;sAExample of decision table y=yes n=no

Condition stub Condition entry

1 2 3 4 5 61 Is the customer a dealer Y Y N N N2 Is the order size 6 pc or

moreY N N N N

3 Is the customer is educational institution or individual

Y Y Y Y

4 Is the order size 50 or more

Y N N N

5 Is the order size 20 to 49 Y N NAction stub Actio

n entry

1 2 3 4 5 6Allow 35 % discount XAllow 30 % discount XAllow 20 % discount XAllow 15% discount X

Implementation process:- MIS dk implementation vius vki esa ,d process gS ftlesa dbZ step ysrs gSa implementation dh izfØ;k development dh izfØ;k ds lekIr gksus ds ckn gksrh gSA ftld vUrxZr fodflr fd;s x;s MIS dks user dh vko”;drkuwlkj Install fd;k tkrk gS bls ge iqjkus system dk uohuhdj.k Hkh dg ldrs gS design specification }kjk system dh lHkh vko”;drkvksa dks fn[kk;k tkrk gS tSls fd input, processing output,equipment etc,implementation process ds dqN step ,d nwljs dks overlap djrs gSa dqN step fuEu gSa1. planning and implementation:-MIS dk implementation izfØ;k ds izFke step es Planning

gS bls ge pre implementation ds fy;s vko”;d activities dks igpkudj mUgs fuf”pr


MIS NOTES BY IMRAN

sequence esa j[kk tkr gSA ,ao muds chp relation LFkkfir fd;k tkrk gS bl izfØ;k esa izR;sd activity ls lEcaf/kr le; ,ao cost estimate dk fu/kkZj.k fd;k tkrk gSA bl dk;Z ds fy;s system analyst }kjk dqN tools dke esa fy;s tkrs gSa tSls:- ganif charts network diagrams.

2. Acquisition of facilities & space planning:-Information systemdks ,dne ubZ organization ds fy;s cuk;k tk ldrk gSA ;k dk;Z dj jgs information dks ifjofrZr djus ds fy;s cuk;k tk ldrk gSS bl izfØ;k ds fy;s acquisition dh lwfo/kk dh vko”;drk gksrh gSA tsls fd office, computer room computer library etc manager }kjk vko”;d txg dk estimate cuk;k tkrk gSA ftlesa ,d rough layout Hkh “kkfey gksrk gSA space planning ds vUrxZr ;g /;ku j[kk tkrk gS fd TkSls fd computer, terminals, pointers etc ds fy;s vko”;d LFkku dk vankt yxkukA

3. MIS organization and predure development:- fdlh manager }kjk ;g Hkh vko”;d gksrk gS fd implementation(vFkkZRk finance, accounts,computer center tSlh lqpuk;sa ns) bl dk;Z ds fy;s j[ks x;s MIS manager dks line manager ;k user clear ds :i esa ns[kk tkrk gSA ,ao system esa mudk vf/kd gLr{ksi j[kk tkrk gS nqljs “kCnksa esa ge ;g Hkh dg ldrs gSA fd user esa ;g Hkkouk gksuh pkfg;sA fd system mudk viuk gS A ;g system es vk;s ifjorZu dks Lohdkjus esa lgk;rk djrh gSA fdlh MIS organization ds fodkl esa dbZ activities ,d egRoiq.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrh gS tSls fd evaluating and selecting hardware buying or developing software implementation strategics, testing of system etc.

4. User training:-Information system ds lgh :i ls Implementation ds fy;s user training ,d cgwr egRoiq.kZ vx gS fdlh system esa user }kjk fd;s dgk¡ dke fd;k tk jgk gS ,ao dSlk dke fd;k tk jgk gS bl vk/kkj ij mls training nh tkrh gSA MIS manager }kj vyx vyx user dh vko”;drkuwlkj vyx vyx taining program rS;kj fd;k tkrk gSS tSls fd fdlh electrical user ds fy;s transaction dks dSls fd;k tkuk gS ;g tkuuk t:jh gS ,ao fdlh manager ds fy;s ;g vko”;d gS fd fofHkUu izdkj ds reports ,ao format ,ao terminal display esa D;k fn;k x;k gSA,ao online enquiry dSls dh tk;sxh vr% lgh O;fDr dks lgha training nsuk ,aop successful implements ds fy;s vko”;d gSA

5. Acquisition of hardware and software:- bl process ds vraxZr design specification ds ckn vko”;d hardware and software dk irk yxk;k tkrk gS ;g dk;Z cgwr le; [kkus okys ,ao tfVy dk;Z gSaA tSls fd site dk fuekZ.k computer layout rS;kj djuk air conditioner dh vko”;drk]electronic connection communication line etc. bl stage ds vUrxZr fdl fdl pht dh [kir gksuh pkfg;s bldk irk yxk;k tkrk gS tSls ribbons,paper flope ,cd etc.bl vko”;drkvksa dk irk yxkus ds ckn muds fy;s order Hkh fn;ktkrk gSA

6. Creation of forms and database:-data ds fy;s transmission ds fy;s form vR;f/kd egRoiq.kZ gksrs gSA budh vko”;drk system ds input o output esa iM+rh gS MIS ds implementation ds fy;s vko”;d form cukrs le; ;g /;ku j[kuk pkfg;s fd bldk fuekZ.k lEiq.kZ MIS ds lanHkZ esa fd;k tk jgk gSA form fdlh Hkh user o system esa chp Interface miyC/k djkus dh Key dh rjg dk;Z djrk gSA blh izdkj implementation stage esa data dks ,d= dj database cuk;k tkrk gS ftldk iz;ksx izkjfEHkd testing esa djds information system ds okLrfod izfØ;k djus esa fy[kk tkrk gSA

7. Testing:-izR;sd page ds vko”;drk ds vuwlkj test specification j[ks tkrs gSa bl stage esa testing okLrfod operating condition esa factual data ds lkFk nh tkrh gSA testing dks ge dqN representative data ds lkFk dj ldrs gSa ijUrq bUgs lHkh table ij fd;k tkuk pkfg;sA bl izfØ;k dh “kq:vkr elements ls djds subsystem ,ao varRk% iq.kZ system ij dh tkuh pkfg;sA elements ds vUrxZr equipments form program, formal etc vkrs gSSA testing dh izfØ;k fdlh system esa independently dh tk ldrh gSA test eq[;


MIS NOTES BY IMRAN

:i ls accuracy, range of ip,frequency of ip,operating condition,,ao realibility etc. ds fy;s fd;k tkrk gSA bl izfØ;k esa now a days}kjk case(computer added software engineering). Dh lqfo/kk nh xbZ gSA

8. Change over:- ;g oks ?kVuk gS ftlds vUrxZr iqjkus system dks u;s system esa cnyk tkrk gSA ;g izfØ;k testing ds ckn ;fn system pyus yk;d ik;k tkrk gSA vFkkZr realiable ik;k tkrk gS rc dh tkrh gSA existing system dks now system esa cny fn;k tkrk gSA bl izfØ;k esa ,d ;k ,d ls vf/kd conversion dh approach ds communication dks iz;ksx esa yxk;k tkrk gSA conversion approach dk laf{kIr fooj.k fuEu gSA

a. New organization/operation:-blds vUrxZr fdlh u;s system dh installation dh izfØ;k dh tkrh gSA vFkkZRr ;gka igys ls dksbZ iqjkus system ugha gksrk gSa vr% fdlh izdkj dk replacement ugh ik;k tkrk vkSj dsoy installation dh izfØ;k dh tkrh gSA

b. for existing organization/ operation:-blesa pkj rjhds dke es fy;s tkrs gSAi. direct approach:-old system dks can dj rqajr izHkko ds lkFk new

system dks install djukA bls cut off Hkh dgrs gSA;g ,d cold turnkey approach gSA ;gk¡ ,slk le; vUrjky vkrk gS tc dksbZ system dk;Zjr ugha gksrkA vr% ;g approach fuEu fLFkfr;ksa esa mfpr jgrk gSA

1. ;fn install fd;s tkus okyk system fdlh vU; system dksreplace uk djsA

2. ;fn old system iwjh rjg csdkj djkj fn;k tkrk gSa3. ;fn new system cgqr NksVk o lk/kkj.k gksA4. ;fn new system dh design old system esa vrqyuh; <ax ls vyx

gSA ,ao nksuksa ds chp rqyuk djuk vFkZghu gksA ;g approach ew[;r;k sessional organization esa dke esa yh tkrh gS ;gk¡

system ,ao fo”ks’k le;Urjky esa dk;Zjr jgrk gSA tSls sugarcane processing ;k fdlh plant ds can gksus dh fLFkfr esa bldk eq[; Qk;nk ;g gS fd ;s approach vU; dh rqyuk esa de [kphZyk gS gkfu ;g gS fd ;s failure risk vf/kd gksrh gSA

Old system New systemii. Parellel approach:-;gk¡ new system dks old working system ds lekUrj

“kw: dj fn;k tkrk gSAtesting dks iq.kZdj old system dks cutoff djrsa gSa bls direct approach dk opposite Hkh dgk tkrk gS ;gk¡ old o new system ds output dks compare djds varj ij /;ku fn;k tkrk gSa vxj new system vPNk lkfcr gksrk gS rks current system dks cut offdj fn;k tkrk gSaA ;g [kphZyh izfØ;k gS D;ksafd ;gk¡ facility o deZpkfj;ksa dk bartke dual system ds fy;s djuk iM+rk gSA ex.payroll, examination and defence system advantages: ;gk¡ system dks accept djus ls igys mldh accuracy iq.kZ tkap dh tkrh gSA

Old systemNew system New system

iii. Modular approach

Module(a) old Module (c) new Module(a) new Module(c) newModule(b) old Module(d) new Module(b) new Module(d) new


MIS NOTES BY IMRAN

bls pilot approach Hkh dgrs gSA ;gk¡ system dk implementation , module (piece meal) ds vk/kkj ij fd;k tkrk gS mnkgj.k ds rkSj ij fdlh inventory system esa fdlh fo”ks’k product group ;k dbZ LFkkuksa ij QSyh organization esa fdlh ,d LFkku ds product ds ckjs esa fodkl djukA bl approach ds fuEu Qk;nsa gSa Afdlh system ds fail gksus dh risk fo”ks’k {ks= esa fleV tkrh gSAfdlh system esa vkus okyh leL;k dks igpkudj mlds Implementation ls igys mls gVk;k tk ldrk gSAoperating system esa dke djus okys yksxksa dks ,d live environment feyrk gS ftlesa os trained gks ldrs gS vr% os system ds mlds lgh LFkku ij implement gksus ls igys trained gks ldrs gSA

Phase in implementation:-

Old systemFunction (a) Function (b)Old newbl method dks cut over by segments Hkh dgrssa gSA;g modular approach ds leku ekuk tkrk gS gkykafd ;gk¡ ij ;g fHkUurk gS fd system [kqn segmented gksrk gS uk fd organizational.mnkgj.k ds rkSj ij u;s data ds laxzg.k dh izfØ;k dks implement djuk Loa; old system ds le; interface miyC/k djkus dh mechanism j[kukA ;g interface old system dks u;s data input dks lkFk dk;Z djus dh vuwefr nsrk gS blds i”pkr u;s database dks access djuk store djuk ,ao retrievel dh izfØ;k dks improvement djuk gSA ,d ckj fQj ls old system ds lkFk interface dh izfØ;k fodflr gksrh gSA u;s system dk ,d segment iq.kZ system ds implementation gksus rd install dj fn;k tkrk gSAadvantages:-fn;s x;s system esa ifjorZu dh nj dks de fd;k tk ldrk gS ,ao cM+h gwbZ le;kof/k ds vUrxZr data processing resources dks ,d= fd;k tk ldrk gS ;g method eq[;r;k ,sls iwjkus system esa vPNk lkfcr gksrk gSs tgk¡ dsoy upgradation dh vko”;drk gksrh gSAdisadvantages:- ;gk¡ old system ds lkFk vLFkk;h interface djus esa dkQh [kpZ vkrk gSA organization esa lnk pendency dh Hkkouk cuh jgrh gSA vr% bldk mi;ksx cgwr limited gSA;g old system ds fdlh subsystem dk subsystem miyC/k djkrk gSAhardware and softwarefdlh organization esa ;g process cgwr gh egRoiw.kZ o time consuming gS bl izfØ;k dks dbZ step esa iqjk fd;k tkrk gSA tks fuEu gSS%&requirement analysis:- system configuration dh requirement dks lgh :i ls igpkudj fu.kZ; fy;k tkrk gSApreparation of tender specificationinviting tenderstechnical security(detail examination) and short listingdetail evalution of short listed vendorsnegotiations and procurement divisiondelivery and installationpost installation reviewpreparation of tender specification:-feasibility dks ij[kus o configuration dks devide djus ds ckn tender ds document cuk;s tkrs gSa ftlesa vendor ds benefit dks /;ku esa j[kdj dbZ eq[; fcUnwvksa dh detail nh tkrh gS tSls fuEu gSApurchase products and scheduletender tek djkus dh datefodkl {ks=


MIS NOTES BY IMRAN

okrkZ dk mn~ns”;(;fn okrkZ gks rks)expected usage environment and load patternequipment specification izR;sd vko”;d item dhAfdlh 32 bit cpu ftlesa floating point processor yxk;k gwvk gks dual bus system dk iz;ksx esa input output bandwidth de ls de 33 mb gksuk pkfg;s 32 mb ram ram 256 mb rd c<kbZ tk ldrh gSA bR;kfn lHkh upgrade dh tk ldus okyh vko”;drk,sa Li’V :i ls nh tkuh pkfg;sAoperating system dh vko”;drksoftware dh vko”;drk tSls system and application related software.Quaotation format:- technical detail dks nsus dk format j[kuk ,ao mlesa yxus okyh price dk quotation nsuk ;fn specification esa dksbZ ifjorZu gS rks mls vyx ls fn[kk;k tkrk gSAPrice and havies(duties and taxes) dks lump sum ;k vko”;d :i ls fn[kk;k tk;sAfn;s x;s quotation dh vko”;d validity nsuk izkjfEHkd money deposit ;fn vko”;d gks rksproposed terms and contractexpected delivery scheduleuptome (please check) requiredpenality clausepayment term (whether advance as after work)arbiteration clausetraining needpost warranty maintence termany additional information requiredinventory tenders:- tender specification dk fuekZ.k gksus ds ckn tender dks cqyk;k tkrk gS tender dks invite djus ds fuEufyf[kr rjhds gks ldrs gSaopen tender:-ftlesa news paper esa advertisement nsdj tender cqyk;s tkrs gSalimited tender dqN fuf”pr O;kikfj;ksa dks quaries Hkstdj property purchase upgrade dh vko”;drkvksa dks /;ku esa j[kdj dke fd;k tkrk gSAdirect purchase from market: ,slk vf/kdrj consumer [kir okyh oLrqvksa d fy;s fd;k tkrk gSAtechnical security and shortlisting:- blds varxZr fuEu activity vkrh gSAiqoZ fuf”pr le; o rkjh[k ij tender dks [kksyk tkrk gSAizR;sd bid esa specification ls fdruk deriation dks note fd;k tkrk gSAizR;sd tender ds technical feature dh list rS;kj dj mudh comparative summary rS;kj dh tkrh gSA blds vykok fuEu ckrksa dk Hkh /;ku j[kk tkrk gSAfinancial health of vendor:-bldk irk mldh balance sheet ls yxk;k tkrk gSnature and external support:-blds varxZr install dh xbZ site ij staff dks fdruk support fd;k tk jgk gS ;g ns[kk tkrk gSSAengineering quality of product:-blesa quality assurance dh izfØ;k ,ao (RND) research and development TkSlh izfØ;k dh tkrh gSAretailed evaluation of short listed vendors:-bl step ds vUrxZr final technical clearification on fn;k tkrk gS ftlds vUrxZr customer dh site ij tkdj site ij visit dju] ,ao factory specification vkrk gS ;fn fdlh fo”ks’k product ds ckjs esa mldh performance ds fy;s dk;Z djuk gS rks fuf”pr banch mark test fd;s tkrs gSAnegotiations and procurrent decision:-computer ds fofHkUu vendors ds chp c<rs gw;s competition ds dkj.k concession dks c<kus ds fy;s buds chp okrkZ j[kh tkrh gS ftlesa dher dk fu/kkZj.k fd;k tkrk gSAblesa fuEu Øe ;k procedure dke esa fy;s tkrs gSa tendors ls lEcaf/kr izR;sd item dk quotation fn;k tkrk gSA tSls hard disk ,ram etc


MIS NOTES BY IMRAN

vendors dh NaVuh djds meeting cwykbZ tkrh gS ftlesa vafre fu.kZ; fy;k tkrk gS ;gka pqus x;s configuration ds lkFk lkFk vU; item dks Hkh /;ku esa j[kk tkrk gSA izR;sd vendor configuration ds fy;s viuh final and best price dk envelope nsrk gSAlHkh dh final price dks [kksydj mUgs compare fd;k tkrk gSA,ao fuEure price dks fudkyk tkrk gSA vkSj mls letter of intent rqjar izHkko ds lkFk ns fn;k tkrk gS lHkh section authority ds }kjk approve fd;k tkrk gSAdelivery and installation:- bl step ds varxZr vendor }kjk buyer ds organization esa software and hardware dks delivery fd;k tkrk gSA tgk¡ purchase order esa nh xbZ specification ls budks feyk;k tkrk gS ;fn lHkh lgh ik;k tkrk gS rks vendor }kjk organization esa installation dh izfØ;k dh tkrh gSApost installation review:-tc system install fd;k tkrk gS rks u;s system dk iqu% fujh{k.k djrs gSa vkSj ;g fuf”pr djrs gSa fd vko”;drkuqlkj system lHkh user requirement dks iqjk djrk gS ;k ughaAsystem maintenance:-system implementation ds ckn organization esa information system ds effective gksus dk vuweku yxkrs gSa vFkkZr ;gk¡ organization ds dk;Z esa fdruk helpful gS organization dk okrkoj.k ,ao fodkl dh fLFkfr MIS implementation ds oDr o ckn esa cnyrh jgrh gSA vr% fodkl dh izfØ;k esa feedback ds vk/kkj ij pyrh jgrh gS lkFk gh highest level ij MIS dh izHkko”khyrk o cost effectiveness ds constraint ds vk/kkj ij corrective action pyrk jgrk gS corrective action esa design esa ;k okrkoj.k esa ;k existing system esa ifjorZuksa ds vk/kkj ij errors (dfe;ksa )dks gVk;k tkrk gSAbl izfØ;k esa existing information system dh tkap ij[k]fodkl ,ao vko”;d ifjorZu dh fØ;k dh tkrh gS ftls system maintenance dgk tkrk gSA;g fdlh system esa yxkrkj pyus okyh izfØ;k gS ftlesa gksus okys actions dks rhu classes eas j[kk tkrk gSAcorretivenessadaptiveperfectivecorrectveness:-bl izdkj dsmaintenance esa program esa xyr design ;k xyr ekU;rk ds dkj.k vkbZ deh dks nwj fd;k tkrk gSAvr% correctiveness maintenance dh izfØ;k esa processing ;k performance failure dks lq/kkjk tkrk gSAadaptive:- bl izdkj dk ifjorZu user dh information need dks satisfy djus ds fy;s fd;k tkrk gSA blesa fuEu izdkj ds organization changes “kkfey fd;s tk ldrs gSAorganization ds procedure es ifjorZuAorganization ds objectives,goals,policies bR;kfn esa ifjorZu Aorganization ds form esa ifjorZumanager dh vko”;d lqpukvksa esa ifjorZusystem control security need bR;kfn esa ifjorZu perfective:- bldk vfHkizk; information sytem dh performance esa lq/kkj ds fy;s u;s existing system o u;s program ;k modification dks add djuk gSAbl izdkj dh t:jr organization esa ;k blds ckgjh okrkoj.k ds ifjorZu ls user }kjk eglwl dh xbZ ubZ vko”;drk,a gSa ;g okrkoj.k changes fuEu gks ldrk gSAcout-policy etc. esa ifjorZueconomic & competitive condition ubZ technology dk vkuk

system maintenance dks nks Hkkxkssa esa ckaVk tk ldrk gSApreventive maintenance:-blesa regular ,ao monthly basis, prescheduled maintenance dh izfØ;k vkrh gS vFkkZr ;g advanced planned dh xbZ izfØ;k gSA


MIS NOTES BY IMRAN

rescue maintenance:-bldk vfHkizk; on demand maintenance ls gS]blds varxZr [kjkc :i ls py jgh izfØ;k dks ns[kk tkrk gS] ftls rqjUr attention nsdj lq/kkjus dh vko”;drk gksrh gSA ,d Bhd ls develop ,ao test fd;s x;s system esa Hkh bldh vko”;drk iM+ ldrh gSA system maintenance dh izfØ;k esa computer ls related system gksus ds dkj.k gesa ,d fu;r rkieku dk okrkoj.k cuk;s j[kuk iM+rk gSA vxj ;g rkieku t:jr ls vf/kd ;k de gks tk;s rks system esa yxh chips ,ao harddisk dh lkekU; izfØ;k esa ifjorZu vk tk;sxkAsystem evaluation:-;g fdlh Hkh project dh ,d egRoiq.kZ izfØ;k gSA MIS dk evaluation mat control process(ftlds vUrZxr information system dh quality ;k worth dks ij[kk tkrk gS) dk integral part gS ;g system }kjk nh xbZ information ,ao mlds feedback ds base ij dk;Z djrk gSAlk/kkj.kr;k ;g izfØ;k system users ds e/; interview ,ao quesitonary ds }kjk dh tkrh gS ;g ,d subjective process gS ,ao bls straight forward quantitive manner esa ugha fn;k tkrk gSA fdlh organization esa evaluation dh izfØ;k dh fuEu approaches gks ldrh gSAquality assurance review:-blesa information system dh technical quality dks ij[kk tkrk gSA vFkkZR present rduhdkuwlkj ,ao Hkfo’; dh vko”;drkuqlkj fn;s x;kMIS technically fit gS ;k ughaAcompliance audits:- blds vUrxZRksystem ds input output processing,security ,ao access dh adequacy ,ao completeness dks tkapk tkrk gSA audit dh izfØ;k ,d Lor% pyus okys vkUrfjd audit function }kjk dh tkrh gSAbudget performance review:- iwoZ fuf”pr budget ,ao MIS development ;k operation process ds [kpZs dks compare fd;k tkrk gS ,ao user }kjk vko”;d MIS resources ij /;ku dsfUnzr fd;k tkrk gS vkSj user budget performance dk fodkl fd;k tkrk gSAMIS personnel productivity measurement:- bleas eq[; rkSj ij productivity ij /;ku fn;k tkrk gSA ;gka MIS personnel capability dks productivity dgk tkrk gSAComputer performance evaluation:- blds vUrxZr computer hardware dh {kerk ds vuwlkj mldh performance efficiency ,ao bottleneck dks ns[kk tkrk gSAService level monitoring:- blds vUrxZr system }kjk user dks information accessing ,ao support ij focus fd;k tkrk gSSAUser attitude survey:-;g operational evaluation ds dke esa fy;k tkrk gS] bldk vfHkizk; ;g gS fd fn;k x;k data input iq.kZ :i ls output izkIr djus ds fy;s mi;ksxh gS ;k ugha bldk ifj{k.k djukA blesa questionarries ,ao interviews dk lgkjk fy;k tkrk gSSAPost installation review:- blesa system requirement definition dks iqjk fd;k tkrk gS ;k ugha bldk estimate fd;k tkrk gSA bl izfØ;k esa pasthoc review ,ao ope process,examination of information ,ao support provided ,analysis of the actual use process ,ao system dh cost benefit analysis o user performance ij izHkko dks “kkfey fd;k tkrk gSACost benefit analysis:- bls economic evaluation Hkh dgk tkrk gS blds vUrxZr organization dh performance ij system ds effect dks dollar ds base ij ij[kk tkrk gSAMIS and decision makingDecision making & decision support system:-Decision making a concept:-;g ysfVu “kCn decide ls fd;k x;k gS ftldk vFkZ “to cut off” ;k “ to come to conclusion” ls gS bldk vFkZ choice ls Hkh yxk;k tk ldrk gSA ftldk vFkZ fof”k’V ifjfLFkfr esa choice djus ls gSA dk;Z djus ds miyC/k cgwr ls mik;ksa esa ls fdlh loksZRre mik; dks pquus dh izfØ;k decision making dgykrh gS vr% decision ,decision making dh izfØ;k dk vfUre product gSADecision static ugha gksrs ,ao ;s ifjorZu”khy fLFkfr ds fy;s mRrjnk;h ds lkFk fy;s tkrs gSA vf/kdrj ifjfLFkfr esa ;g ,d complex activity gksrh gSA blesa fu.kZ; ysus dh izfØ;k esa mieksa dh J`a[kyk cukus ds ckn fdls ,d ij commitment djus gSaADecision ysus dh izfØ;k esa dbZ activities “kkfey gSA activity of co ordination, problem solving information procession evalutionSimon’s model of decision making:-bl model esa eq[; rkSj ij rhu phase dk;Z djrh gSA


MIS NOTES BY IMRAN

Intellingence phaseDesign phaseChoice phaseIntelligence phase:-bl phase esa decision ysus okyk loZizFke okrkoj.k dks scan djrk gS ,ao lgh leL;k dh igpku djrk gS ;k lgh ekSf[kd dh igpku djrk gSA scanning dh izfØ;k yxkrkj ;k dqN le; vUrjky ds ckn gksus okyh izfØ;k gS tSls fd ,d production manager dks daily scrap report ,ao quality control ls lEcf/kr leL;kvksa dks ckj ckj ns[kuk iM+rk gS tks fd continous scanning process gSA ijUrq ,d sales executive dks dqN le; vUrjky ds ckn vius customer dks ns[kuk iM+rk gS ftlls og iqjkus customers dh leL;k dks igpku lds] ,ao u;s customers dh t:jr dks ns[k ldsA;g ,d fuf”pr le;kUrjky ds ckn pyus okyh scanning gSA scaning dh ;g izfØ;k lnSo psru :i ls dh xbZ ugh gksrh gSA ;g dHkh dHkh vpsru :i ls Hkh dh tk ldrh gSA tSls fd xkM++h dks start djrs oDr mldh vkokt dks lqudj engine dh leL;k dk irk yxkukAvkidh jkst dh vknr esa vpsrU; :i ls fd; x;k dk;Z gSADecision making dk intelligence phase eq[; :i ls nks process ij vk/kkfjr gS&Problem searchingDecision

ChoiceDesignIntelligenceProblem formulation

Diagram decision making p.(please check)Problem searching:-problem dks ge okLrfodrk ,ao gekjs }kjk expect fd;k x;k gSA mu nksuks ds chp ds vUrj ds :i dks tkurs gSsa bls ge fUkEu formula ls crk ldrs gSa&Defference [problem]= desired/expected –actual/realitybl vUrj dk irk ge pkgh xbZ ifjfLFkfr;ksa dk model cukdj okLofrd ifjfLFkfr esa mldk evaluation djds nksuksa ds chp ds difference dks le> dj ;gka problem gS ;k ugha ;g irk yxkrk gSA okLrfod ifjfLFkfr ls rqyuk ds fy;s dbZ izdkj ds model cuk ldrs gSa ftuesa ls dqN fuEu gSaplanning model historical model based on extra polationmodel used by other people in organizationextra organization modelftUgsa competition ds dkj.k] customer ,ao consultant etc dh expectation ds vk/kkj ij cuk;k tkrk gS tSls fd fdlh salesman }kjk vius target dks iq.kZ djus ds fy;s cuk;k x;k model ;fn mls ,d eghus esa 5 yk[k dh sale djuh gS ,ao dqy 4 yk[k dh sale gh gks ikrh gS rks ;gka sales dk 1 yk[k mls iq.kZ djuk ,d problem gSAproblem formulation:- fdlh problem dks igpkuus ds ckn lgh problem dk lek/kku djuk vko”;d gS blds fy;s problem dks Li’V ,ao iq.kZ :i ls le> fy;k tkrk gS vf/kdrj le; problem dks Li’V :i ls j[k ikuk laHko ugha gksrk gS ,sls le; esa ge bls manageable sub system


MIS NOTES BY IMRAN

ess ckaV nsrs gSa problem formulation dh izfØ;k esa igys ls solve dh xbZ problem ;k mi;ksxh analogy ls lEcaf/kr relation LFkkfir fd;k tkrk gSAdesign phase:-;gka decision maker fdlh problem dks solve djus ds fy;s vyx rjhdksa dks igpku djrk gS fdlh leL;k ds lek/kku ds dbZ rjhds gks ldrs gSa lHkh rjhdksa dk irk yxkuk dkQh le; [kkus okyh izfØ;k gS ijUrq ,a decision maker ds fy;s ;g dkQh vko”;d pj.k gS D;awfd lHkh laHko iz;klksa dk irk uk yxk;k tkos rks ,slk gks ldrk gS fd tks fodYi NksM+ fn;k x;k gS ogh lcls best gS fodYiksa dk irk yxkkuk ,d creative activity gS ftls dbZ lk/kuksa }kjk fd;k tkrk gSa TkSls brain storming, check lists, analysis bR;kfnAchoice phase:- bl phase esa design phase }kjk fn;s x;s fodYiksa esa ls ,d fodYi dks pquus ds fy;s izR;sd miyC/k alternative dk foLr`r :i ls analysis fd;k tkrk gSA decision maker fdlh Hkh phase ls vko”;drk iM+us ij iq.kZ dh Phase esa tk ldrk gSA vFkkZr ;fn choice phase esa miyC/k fodYiksa esa ;fn dksbZ fodYi vPNk uk yxs rks iqu% design phase esa tkdj u;s fodYi <wa<s tk ldrs gSaAtype of decision:-decision dks oxhZd`r djus ds fy;s fuEu vk/kkj fn;s tk ldrs gSapurpose of decision making:-1965 esa Robert benthomy dks vyx vyx organization decision dks rhu category es j[kk x;k gSAstrategic planningmanagement contra decisioncoperational control decision Strategic planning:-;s oks decision gSA ftuesa decision maker fodflr fd;s tkus okys mn~ns”;ksa dh iqfrZ ds fy;s vko”;d resources miyC/k djkrk gSA bl category ds vUrxZr fy;s x;s decision yEcs le; ds fy;s gksrs gSa ,ao lk/kkj.kr;k buesa dkSu ls investement dh vko”;drk iM+rh gS bl izdkj ds decision manager }kjk strategic planning level ij fy;k tkrk gSAManagement control decision:-;g management control level ds manager }kjk fy;k tkrk gS ,ao organization ds resources ds iz;ksxksa dks izHkkfor djrk gS bl izdkj ds decision esa analysis of variance product mix planning decision vkrs gSAOperational control decision:-;g day to day vkus okyh leL;kvksa ds lkFk deal djrs gSa tSls fd product scheduling decisions ,ao inventory control decision bR;kfnA bl level ij lHkh decision managers }kjk fy;s tkrs gSALevel of planning:- bl vk/kkj ij ge simons(95) ds }kjk bls nks izdkj esa ckaV ldrs gSaProgram and non program ;k structured ;k unstructured gS tks fdlh fo”ks’k procedure ds fy;s vPNs ls defined gksrk gS ;k fdlh decision dks ysus ds fy;s dbZ decision rule viuk;s tkrs gSa ;g decision routine ,ao repetitive gksrk gS ,ao decision phase esa alternative fudkyus d fy;s cgqr de le; yxrk gS bl izdkj ds decision operating processors ;k accepted tools dh help ls ,d vknru :i ls ijEijkxr cuk;s tkrs gSa bldh fuEu modern techniques gSa tSls operation research,methamatical analysis, modeling & simulations Example: inventory records decisionNon programmed ;k unstructured decision:- ;g os decision gSa ftUgs fdlh prespecified procedure ;k decision tools dh help ls ugha fd;k tk ldrk gS ,ao ;g budh unstructured izd`fr ds dkj.k bUgsa long level ij delegate ugha fd;k tk ldrk gSA ,ao bUgsa Lok;r :i ls pykuk eqf”dy gksrk gSA example: fdlh u;ss product dks lkeus ykuk] research and development dh planning nksuksa gh unstructured decision gSA;fn dksbZ decision viuh ifjfLFkfr ds dkj.k mijksDr nksuksa izdkj esa ugha j[kk tk ldrk gS rks bls semi structured decision dgrs gSsaADifference classes of decisions

Class Operational contol Management control Strategic planningStructured Order processing account Budget analysis Warehouse location


MIS NOTES BY IMRAN

receivableSemi structured Inventory control

production schedulingAnalysis of variance Introduction of new

productUnstructured Cash management Budget formulation hons.

TermforecastResearch and development planning

Knowledge of out comes:- ;gk¡ outcome dk eryc ;g gS fd decision ysus ds ckn ;g course of action ysus ds ckn ifj.kke ls gS ,d ls vf/kd fodYi gksus ij outcomes dh tkudkjh gksuk egRoiq.kZ gks tkrk gSA decision making esa outcome dh tkudkjh(one line)

Decision under certainity:-;g rc ns[kk tkrk gS tc izR;sd miyC/k fodYi dk ifj.kke vPNs ls Kkr gks ,ao ;gka izR;sd fodYi dk dsoy ,d outcome gksrk gSA ,slh ifjfLFkfr esa decision maker }kjk lcls vPNs fodYi dks pquk tkrk gSA bl process esa dbZ optimization techniques dke esa yh tkrh gSADecision under risk:-tc fdlh ,d fodYi ds dbZ outcome dh viuh viuh probability(izkFkfedrk)gks rks ;g rjhdk dke esa fy;k tkrk gSA bldh x.kuk fuEu izdkj dh tkrh gSADecision under uncertaininty:- ;g ml ifjfLFkfr es gksrk gS tc izR;sd fodYi ds dbZ ifj.kke gks ldrs gSs ,ao muds gksus dh izkFkfedrk dk gesa irk ugha gksrkA ;gka probability dh dksbZ tkudkjh ugh gksrh gSaSA bl izdkj dh ifjfLFkfr esa vyx vyx yksx vyx vyx decision rules dh lgk;rk ls decision ysrs gSaAMethods for choosing among alternatives:- decision makers }kjk cgwr ls fodYiksa ds chp fdlh ,d fodYi dks pquus ds fy;s dbZ methods dke esa fy;s tkrs gSa ftuesa ls dqN fuEu gSaaDecision theory or decision analysis:-decision theory dk rkRi;Z ,slh rduhd ls gSSA ftlds vUrxZr risk ;k uncertainity dh fLFkfr esa decision dk analysis fd;k tkrk gS decision making dh izfØ;k esa decision maker }kjk vius mn~ns”;ksa] goals, purpose vkSj objective dh iwfrZ ds fy;s dke fd;k tkrk gSA ftlds vUrxZr decision maker miyC/k fodYiksa esa ls fdlh ,d dh pwurk gSA bls ge decision maker dh fØ;kfof/k strategy dgrs gSa lHkh objectives ,ao muds outcomes ds ckjs esa decision maker dks irk gS ,slk ekudj pyrs gSa dqN ,sls factors gksrs gSA tks strategic ls vk;s outcomedks izHkkfor djrk gS bl factors ;k condition dks states of nature Hkh dgk tkrk gS tks fd decision maker ds fu;a=.k {kerk ls ckgj gksrk gSA fdlh mn~ns”; dh izkfIr ds eki dks pay off dgktkrk gSA

Strategies States of natures

N1 N2 N3 N4S1 A Pay off

S2S3Pay off matrix dk iz;ksx decision analysis esa data dks fn[kkus ds fy;s fd;k tkrk gSA bl izdkj dk representation decision problem dks fn[kkus dk ,d vPNk rjhdk gS D;ksfd miyC/k fodYiksa ;k strategies dks decision maker ds fy;s row and column es fn[kk;k tkrk gS ftuesa fodYi ;k strategies dks row esa fn[kk;k tkrk gS ,ao condition dks (states of nature ) dks column esa fn[kk;k tkrk gS tSlk fd fp= es fn[kk;k x;k gSA


MIS NOTES BY IMRAN

;fn states of nature ;k condition certainity ds lkFk irk gks rks decision maker }kjk dsoy lEcf/kar strategy dks pquk tkrk gS ftlls vf/kdre pay off izkIr gksAEx. ekuk fd fdlh marketing manager }kjk rhu fodYiksa esa ls fdlh ,d dks pquuk gSAModify the existing pc to improve its design and processing powerLaunch the new pc having latest technologyDo nothing means leave the pc as it is;gka payoff dks izHkkfor djus okys rhu states of nature gks ldrs gSa,d competitor esa Launch a new pc with latest technologyThe govt may impose high excise duty of manufacture of pc and reduced (one line )To incourage the use of laptopCondition will remain same as they are.bUgs fuEu payoff matrix }kjk fn[kk;k tk ldrk gSAPayoff in lacs of rupees.

Strategies States of naturesSame condition 0.40 New compatiter 0.40 Govt ban 0.20

S1 modify 7 5 -5S2 new product 10 3 -13S3 do nothing 5 1 -2

(payoff matrix)bl izdkj dh problem situation dks decision under risk dgk tk;sxkA ;gka probability fdlh fo”ks’k state of nature ds gksus dh laHkkouk dks crkrh gSa pkgs oks decision maker ds personel judgemen ij vk/kkfjr gks ;k historical data ij vk/kkfjr gksA bl izdkj dh fLFkfr;ksa esa izR;sd fodYi ds fy;s expected value dh x.kuk dh tkrh gSA ;g value izR;sd payoff dks probability ds lkFk xw.kk djus ls izkIr gksrh gSA tSls fd fn;s x;s mnkgj.k esa expected value fuEu gksxhAev of s1=(7)(0.40)+(5)(.40)+(-5)(.20)

=2.8+2.0-1.0=3.8

ev of s2=(10)(0.40)+(3)(.40)+(-13)(.20)=4.0+1.2-2.6=2.6

ev of s3=(5)(0.40)+(1)(.40)+(-2)(.20)=2.0+.40-.40=2.0

;gk¡ maximum expected value 3.8 gS tks fd modify strategy dh gS vr% decision expected value ds vk/kkj ij strategy(s1) dks pwuuk gksxkA pqafd incertainity dh fLFkfr esa vyx vyx states of nature dh ,ao maximization of expected value dks apply ughs fd;k tk ldrk gSA bl izdkj dh decision problems esa decision maker ds attitude ij vk/kkfjr fuEu rule ;k criteria j[ks tkrs gSaMaximax rule or criteria of optimismMaximin rule of crieteia of permismCriteria of minimize regnetCriteria of relainalitybu lHkh criteria dks le>us ds fy;s fn;s x;s example dks fuEu :i ls j[kk tk ldrk gSA


MIS NOTES BY IMRAN

maximax rule or criteria of optimism:-blds vUrxZr ml strategy dks select fd;k tkrk gSA ftlesa vf/kdre payoff gks vFkkZRr ;g most favourable ;k best condition gksA tSls fd fn;s x;s example esa strategy (s2) ds fy;s maximum payoff gS vr% decision maker }kjk (s2) strategy dks pwuk tk;sxkAmaximin rule or criteria of permism:- blds vUrxZr decision maker permismistic attitude viukrk gS ,aoe~ ,slh strategy dks pwurk gSSA ftlesa cwjh ls cwjh lHkkouk dh vf/kdre payoff gksA ;gk¡ decision maker }kjk dksbZ Hkh risk uk ysus dh izd`fr n”kkZ;h tkrh gSAstrategy maximumof the worst pay offs1 -5s2 -13 minimum payoffs3 -2criterion of minimize regret:-;gk¡ izR;sd decision ds vf/kdre cqjh ifjfLFkfr dks de ls de djus dh laHkkouk cukbZ tkrh gS ;gka regret dk vfHkizk; fdlh strategy ds state of nature esa nh xbzZ highest payoff value ,ao vU; value ds chp ds difference ls gSAState of nature:-Strategy same condition new condition govt. banS1 10-7=3 5-5=0 -2.0-(5)=3S2 10-10=0 5-3=2 -2-(13)=11S3 10-5=5 5-1=4 -2-(2)=0Strategy maximum regretS1 3 minimum of maximum regretS2 11S3 5bl izdkj decision maker }kjk ml strategy dk pquko fd;k tkrk gSA tks fd maximum regrets esa lcls minimum gSA TkSls ds (s1) stretagy dks fn;k x;k gSAcriterion of rationality:-(Also known as lapless criterian) ;g lHkh stateof nature dks leku izkFkfedrk nsrk gSA vr% bls decision making dh rational approach Hkh dgk tkrk gS ;g risk esa decision making problem dh rjg dk;Z djrk gS ,ao izR;sd strategy ds payoff dks fudkyk tkosxkA ,ao ftldk payoff greatest gksxkAmls pqusaxas by examplestrategy expected payoffs1 (1/3)(7+5-5)=2.3 highest e.vs2 (1/3)(10+3-13)=0s3 (1/3)(5+1-2)=1.3dksbZ Hkh rjhdk iwjh rjg best ugha gS vr% decision maker viuh ifjfLfFkfr;ksa ds vuwlkj ftl rjhds dks mfpr le>rk gs mls dke esa ys ysrk gSAUtility:-;g iqoZ esa ns[kk x;kgS fd ge analysis djrs le; dsoy iz;ksx ij /;ku nsrsa gSa vFkkZr dsoy :i;s dh value ij /;ku nsrs gSAijUrq lc dqN factors, goodwill image of organization perception of quality advertisement dks Hkh /;ku esa j[kus dh vko”;drk gksrh gS bl dkj.k ls bl rjhds dks ge utility dgrs gSa utility function dks fuEu fp= ls n”kkZ;k tk ldrk gSaS

cUtilityMoney

b


MIS NOTES BY IMRAN

Curve dh shape dks ns[kdj fdlh fuf”pr range esa linear relation ds fy;s eku dks n”kkZ;k tk ldrk gSA tSls rs1,rs2 vFkkZr iSls Hkh NksVh range esa utility Hkh NksVh gksrh gS ;fn iSls fd ek=k vf/kd gks rks utility cM+h fn[kkbZ tkrh gSA utility decision maker dks organization esa non monitoring factors dks <qa<dj muds ckjs esa fu.kZ; ysus dh {kerk nsrk gSA ftruk vf/kd money gksxk mruh gh utility limited gks tk;sxhA TkSls rs1=1 utility ij ,d payment rs 500000 gksus ij rs1 ds fy;s 500000 utility ls vf/kd gksxkADecision tree:-fofHkUu decision ,ao aaction ds sequence dk graphical representation decision tree dgykrk gSA ;g fdlh analysis dks decision tree ds :i esa crkus dk egRoiq.kZ rjhdk gS ;gk¡ tree dh root decision sequence ds starting point dks crkrh gSA izR;sd branch nh xbZ conditions ij ,ao tks decision fy;k x;k ml ij fuHkZj djrh gSAdecision tree structure problem dks le>us esa Hkh help djrk gS ;k fdlh problem ds process logic dks le>us esa a,o mlds analysis esa Hkh help djrk gSA

Problem structuring:-fdlh computer firm }kjk customers dks fuEu discount fn;k ;fn payment 10 fnu esa djrk gS rksA

1. 3 izfr”kr discount fd;k tk;s ;fn order rs. 10000 ls T;knk gSA2. Rs 5001 ls rs. 10000 rd order ij 2% discount3. Rs. 5000 rd ds order ds fy;s 5% discount

;fn payment djus esa 10 fnu ls vf/kd yxssxsa rks dksbZ discount ughaBelow rs 5000 -1% discountRs 5001 to 10000 -2% discountOver rs 10000 -3% discount

Decision point

Pay full amount More than

Problem analysis:-xyz company }kjk vius products dh marketing ds fy;s distribution channel decision nsuk gS ;gk¡ ykHk dh izkFkfedrk fuEu gSAChannel high penetration low penetrationDirect sales 0.60 0.40Net gains rs 40 lacs rs 30lacsSelling agent 0.80 0.20Rs 45 lacsRs 30 lacsEV24Gain


MIS NOTES BY IMRAN

Rs.40 lacsHigh penetrationNet gains rs 45 lacs rs 20 lacsSelling agent

0.400.6036

////84Total EV 40 lacs.12Total EV 36 lacsDirect states

Low penetration

36

High penetration

0.200.80

40

Rs 20 lacsLow penetration

Decision point

Chance event

Decicion point

Elimination of non performed actsHere Expected payoff for direct sales(0.60)(40)+(0.40)(30)=36 lacsSelling agent (0.80)(45)+(0.20)(20)=40 lacsAnalysisOptimization technique:-vk/kqfud management science us fdlh decision dks izkIr djus ds fy;s dbZ optimization technique fn;s gSa bu techniques esa ;g ekuk tkrk gS fd ge lHkh alternatives ,ao muds outcomes dk irk gSA decision maker vius object function ds fy;s alternative dk calculation djrk gSA blesa fuEu technique vkrh gSA


MIS NOTES BY IMRAN

Linear programmingInteger programmingDynamic programmingQuerieng modelInventory model etc.Decision making and MIS:-blds vUrxZR fdlh organization esa decision making ds fy;s information system ds support dk v/;;u djsxsaA

1. Information support and decision making process:- simon ds decision making process dh rhuksa strategy esa MIS important role vnk djrk gSA

2. Design state esa dbZ fodYiksa dks fodflr o evaluate fd;k tkrk gSA structured decision dscase esa information system decision making dks Lor% gh ,ao eqY;kadu djds process dj ldrk gSA nwljs “kCnksa esa semi structured decision dks unstructured decision esa djus ds fy;s information system fuEu izdkj ls decision making djrk gSA

a. iz”kklfud databases esa information ds fy;s adhoc queries djus dh ;ksX;rk lsb. ,d interactive process esa decision rd igqwapus dh {kerk lsabl izdkj information system dks bl izdkj design fd;k tkuk pkfg;s fd ;g fofHkUu izdkj ds models TkSls O;olkf;d dk;Zfof/k] advanced stastical optimization techniques etc. ftlls budk mi;ksx intellingence stage esa ,df+=r information dks eqY;kafdr djds fofHkUu alternatives dks develop ,ao evaluate dj ldsaA

3. Choice stage:-;g og izfØ;k gS ftlesa implemented decision ds vk/kkj ij feedback fy;k tk lds rFkk fu/kkZfjr djus okys ations dks select fd;k tk ldsA bl stage esa decision maker dks information summarized and organized information provide djokrk gSAfofHkUu izdkj ds models dk mi;ksx fofHkUu izdkj ds most alternatives dks select djus esa fd;k tkrk gSA rFkk bl izdkj decision maker, best course of action select djrk gSA Information system feedback provide djds decision maker dh decision ds monitoring o implementation esa Hkh help djrk gSA

Techniques used in decision making:-1. Simulation:-bl approach esa fLFkfr dh ,d mathematical model rS;kj fd;k tkrk gSA

eq[; decision variable define fd;s tkrs gSa rFkk model fofHkUu assumptions ds under operate fd;s tkrs gSa rFkk fofHkUu “kw:vkrh ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds lkFk okLrfod ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds fy;s alternatives path dks explore djus esa help djrh gSaA

2. Optimization:- bl rduhd esa ,d mathematical model fd;k tkrk gSA bldks decision variables dh optimal values dks search djus ds fy;s rS;kj fd;k tkrk gSA

3. Olap and data mining:-;g statistical technique dk mi;ksx djds business result dks analyse ,ao hidden relationship dks find djus esa enn djrh gSA

4. Expert systems:-fdlh dh enn djus ds fy,] tks mlus decide fd;k gS]mls iwjk djus ds fy;s dqN particular situations dks applied fd;k tkrk gS ftlesa dqN factc and rules dks summarise Kku ds lanHkZ esa fd;k tkrk gSA

5. Neural network:- ;g ,d lkFk large set of coded ds example ds lkFk “kw: gksrk gS] tks fd study dh xbZ situation esa ikbZ xbZ lHkh lrr~ lHkkoukvksa o mudh ranges dks crkrk gSA newral network, statistical parameters dks find djus ds fy;s Lopkfyr statistical “learning” techniques dks apply djrk gSA tks fd trading set ds vUrxZr characteristics ds leqg ds e/; gksus okys correlation dks present djrh gSA

6. Fuzzy logic:- bl approach esa,decision processes dks logic systems }kjk control fd;k tkrk gS tks fd sets esa mifLFkr inclusion dh relative degrees ds logic ds vk/kkj ij “either or” logic ls replace djrk gSA


MIS NOTES BY IMRAN

7. Case based reasoning:-;g approach examples ds databases dk fuekZ.k djrh gS] tks fd decision making esa help djrk gSA tc database dksbZ ubZ situation dks cover ugh dj ik jgk gS rks ;g ml ifjfLFkfr dk ,d vkSj example add dj ysrk gSA

8. Intelligent agents:- bl rduhd esa ,d computerized agent ds fy;s decision parameters dks specify fd;k tkrk gS] tks fd fdlh specific answer dks find djus ds fy;s ,d ;k vf/kd database dks search djrk gS tSls dh ,d lowest price dk mobile set.

Decision support systems:-;g ,d fo”ks’k izdkj dk specialized information system gS tks fd fdlh organization ds manager dks decision making process ds fy;s interactive support miyC/k djokrk gSA;gk¡ interactive system eq[; rkSj ij semi structured o unstructured ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa dke vkrk gS ;g system information ,models ,ao data manipulation tools dks utilize djds semi structured o unstructured ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa decision ysus esa help djrk gSADefinition:-A computer based system that combines data analysist tools, user friendly software to support decision making at the management level is called decision support system(DSS).Characteristics and capabilities of data support system

1. Dss decision maker dks eq[; rkSj ij semi structured o unstructured ifjfLFkfr;ksa dksa support miyC/k djkrk gSA blds fy;s DSS }kjk ekuo }kjk fy;s x;s judgement o computer lqpuk dks ,df=r djds j[kk tkrk gSA

2. Top executive ls online manager rd fofHkUu izdkj ds manager level rd support miyC/k djkrk gSA

3. bldk support individual ds lkFk lkFk group esa Hkh miyC/k gksrk gSA unstructured ;k less structured problem esa vDlj cgwr ls O;fDr;ksa dk vyx vyx department lsa ,ao organizational level ls ;k fofHkUu organization ls involvement fy;k tkrk gSA

4. DSS esa dbZ inter dependent ;k sequential decisions dks support miyC/k djk;k tkrk gS decision ,d ckj ;k vf/kd ckj fy;k tk ldrk gS

5. DSS decision making dh lHkh stage es lgk;rk djrk gSA6. DSS fofHkUu decision making process ,ao styles esa support djrk gSA7. DSS le;kuqlkj adaptive process gSAManagement support system ds ,d fodflr :i dks MIS ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA tks fd managers }kjk effective decision ysus esa support djrk gSAbls ge foLr`r :i ls rhu izdkj esa ns[k ldrs gSA

DataInformation

1. Management information system:- blesa data dh processing }kjk mls dqN egRoiq.kZ lqpuk esa cnyk tkrk gSAbl izfØ;k dks fuEu :i ls fn[kk;k tk ldrk gSA

OutputProcessingInput

bldk nwljk egRoiq.kZ :i decision support system gSA decision support system ,d information system application gS tks decision making esa lgk;rk djrh gSA blds vUrxZr ifj.kke dh ryk”k esa ;k vPNs] alternatives dks <qa<us ds fy;s planning, analyzing, alternatives ,oa trail and error dks dke esa fy;k tkrk gSA lkekU;rk bl izdkj dk system user ds lkFk fdlh terminal ds vk/kkj ij interaction djrk gS blesa cgqr ls decision model “kkfey gksrs gSa ftldh lgk;rk ls managers}kjk what if? Analysis djus dh {kerk iznku dh tkrh gSa ;g ckdh ijEijkxr information system ls vyx gS ;g izR;sd manager ds fy;s


MIS NOTES BY IMRAN

trailor model ds :i es dk;Z djrk gSA decision support system manager }kjk gh cuk;k tkrk gS ,ao mlds }kjk gh iz;ksx esa fy;k tkrk gSA og ;g MIS organization dk ,d part ds :i essa dk;Z djrk gS DSS ,d specific managerial task ;k special program ds fy;s cuk;k tkrk gSA vFkkZr bldk iz;ksx limited gSA ;g management control level ,ao strategic planning level ij support ds fy;s izkFkfed :i ls fodflr fd;k x;kA DSS ds Element fuEu gSA database, modelbase and software ftlds }kjk manager ds lkFk interaction fd;k tk ldsA database esa fd;k x;k data master file ,ao ckgjh lzksarksa ds data dk combination gksrk gSADSS dk nwljk component data dks mfpr :i ls analysis ,ao manipulation djus ds fy;s cgwr ls model dh library gksrh gSA ;g model fdlh corporation ds fy;s simulation model ,ao industries dh Hkfo’; dh document ds fy;s economic model Hkh gks ldrk gSADSS ds rhljs component esa user interface vkrk gS ftlds vUnj user DSS ls communication dj ldrk gS vf/kdrj ,slk computer terminal }kjk gksrk gSA ftudk iz;ksx djds ;k rks direct ;k phone lines }kjk data fy;k tkrk gS bu rhuksa components dks fuEu fp= ls ckaVk tk ldrk gSA

Model baseDatabase

Alternative process

User interface

User

Elements of Decision support systemA1A2A3A4A5

Dss esa MIS ls ,d step vf/kd gSA D;ksafd Dss }kjk decision making eas MIS dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA bls fuEu :i esa n”kkZ ldrs gSaA

Decision most appropriate alternativeInformation form MIS

Decision support systemDSS dks MIS ls bldh processing {kerk ds dkj.k vyx fd;k tk ldrk gSA MIS esa data processing, data dks information esa cnyus ds fy;s fd;k tkrk gS tcfd DSS esa informationdks cross djds decision making esa support miyC/k djk;k tkrk gSA DSS ,d interactive dialog dk okrkoj.k miyC/k djkrk gSA ftlds dkj.k user viuh vko”;drkuwlkj system ds data ds lkFk interaction dj u;k data tksM+ ldrk gSA DSS dh mi;ksfxrk production finance marketing esa ns[kh tk ldrh gSA


MIS NOTES BY IMRAN

DSS dks special purpose software }kjk Hkh fodflr fd;k tk ldrk gSS bl izdkj dh language ds packages esa igys ls gh dkQh analysis routine fn;s x;s gksrs gS ftudk iz;ksx vklkuh ls decision support system dh fof”k’V calculation dh vkOk”;drkvksa esa fd;k tkrk gSAExamplel: 1]interactive financial planning system 2] sim plan;s nksuks gh DSS Software packages gSaAType of decision support system:Status enquiry system:- management person }kjk middle management ij ;k operational management ij dbZ decision fy;s tkrs gSa bueas dbZ ,sls decision gksrs gSa tks fo”ks’k ifjfLFkfr ds Status dh tkudkjh gksus ij Lor% ys yh tkrh gSA vr% bls status enquiry system dgrs gSaAData analysis system:-;gka decision system comparative analysis system ij vk/kkfjr gS ;gka formula ,ao algorithm dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA;g process structured ugha gksrs gS vr% cnyrs jgrs gS blds dqN mnkgj.k fuEu gSaaInventory analysis andPersonal inventory systembl izdkj ds system esa lk/kkj.kr% data processing tools ,ao business rules dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSAInformation analysis system:-bl izdkj ds system esa data ds analysis ds ckn information reports cukbZ tkrh gS bu reports esa exception dks ,d feature ds :i esa n”kkZ;k tk ldrk gSA decision makers bu reports dk iz;ksx dj decision making dh fof”k’V ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa decision ysrs gSaAExample:the sales analysisThe account receivable systemThe marketing research analysisThe mrp systemAccounting system:-budk iz;ksx vko”;d :i ls decision making ds fy;s ugha fd;k tk ldrkA ijUrq ;g business ;k fdlh function ls lEcaf/kr lHkh eq[; igywvksa ds vko”;d tracks dks j[krs gSaA bl izdkj ds system ds contains esa cgwr lh data processing ds lkFk formal reporting o exception fn;s tkrs gSaA bl izdkj ds system es eq[;r;k accounts ls lEcaf/kr items vkrs gSaA tSls cash,inventory personal etc. ,ao bUgs management ds fu;e o dk;ns ls tksM+ fn;k tkrk gSA tks fd control o decision miyC/k djkrs gSAModel based system:- ;g system model ;k optimization model ds :i esa decision making ds fy;s dk;Z djrk gS ;g decision lkekU;r% rkSj ij management ;k operation esa lkekU;r% guidelines nsus es a,d ckj ;k frequently fy;s tkrs gSaProduct mix decisionMaterial mixJob scheduling rulesResources set or facilities planning systemTypes of DSS

Sr no System Input source System Hardware* User1 Enquiry Database

Conventional files

Query system Pc,server and clients

Clerks, assistant

2 Data analysis Database and other file

Packages of DP system

Mainframe on server ,pc

Operations manager

3 Information analysis

Processed data files

Analysis programmers

Mainframe, mini,supermini,

Middle level manager


MIS NOTES BY IMRAN

and use of simple models

server,client pc

4 Accounting roi Transactions master files of databases

Transaction processing system

Mini,mainframe, client, servers

Middle and top management

5 Model based control

Inventory database and external data

Development of or a business model

Main frame mini,client/ server

Middle and top management

*Hardware will be configured under client/server architectureManagement and MIS Mis dks ge ,d ,slk tool eku ldrs gSsa ftlds }kjk izca/ku ls lEcaf/kr fØ;kdyki lgk;rk nh tkrh gS tSls planning,controlling,monitoring and decision making.Planning:-planning esa MIS dk role fuEu :i ls ns[kk tk ldrk gSA1. Objectives ds selection esa2. bl izfØ;k esa objectives ls lEcaf/kr ,slh activities dks igpkuk tk ldrk gSA ftudh

lgk;rk ls ml objective dks izkIr fd;k tk ldsA bl dk;Z dks iwjk djus ds fy;s fofHkUu sources ,ao fofHkUu stalls dk irk yxk;k tkrk gSA

3. fd;s tkus okyh izR;sd activity esa yxus okys le; dk fu/kkZj.k djukA4. izR;sd activity ds Øe dk fu/kkZj.k djukAPlanning dh bl izfØ;k esa fdlh organization ds fy;s fuEu fcUnq vko”;d gSAizR;sd step ij planning djus okys ds fy;s vko”;d lqpuk;sa miyC/k djkukA lqpukvkas dks ysus ds fy;s fo”ks’k procedure dk fu/kkZj.k djukA Lohd`r fd;s x;s plan ds fy;s monitoring ,ao controlling dh lqpuk;as ,d= djukAfdlh organization esa plan ds vuq:i vFkZ organization ds deZpkfj;ksa ds chp communication myC/krkA

monitoring and controlling:-controlling }kjk fdlh plan ds lHkh events dks lgh ls fd;k tkrk gSAblesa fuEu ckrsa “kkfey gSa&mn~ns”;ksa dh izkfIr ds izR;sd program dk ekinaM fu/kkZj.k djukAfn;s x;s set ds fy;s okLrfod performance dh x.kukAfdlh izfØ;k ds fy;s dk;Ziz.kkyh dk fu/kkZj.k djuk ,ao vko”;drk iM+us ij mlesa lq/kkj djukAfdlh successful system ds fodkl ds fy;s fuEu ckrsa egRoiq.kZ gSa information ds :i es expectation dks nsukAokLrfod ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa fn;s x;s logic dk izR;sd level ij fdruk HkVdko gS mldk irk yxkkukA

decision making:-;g ,d ,slk procedure gS ftlds vUrxZr fdlh leL;k dks lqy>kus ds fy;s mn~ns”;ksa dh izkfIr ds fy;s vPNs ls vPNs fodYi dk pquko fd;k tkrk gSApqus x;s fodYi esa fdruh quality gS ,ao fdruh n`<rk gS bl ckr dk fu/kkZj.k decision maker dks miyC/k lqpukvksa ij fuHkZj djrk gSA1971 george & scott marton ds vuwlkj decision making dks rhu stage esa fn[kk;k tkrk gSA

1. vfuf”prrk ds vk/kkj ij strategic decision dks future oriented dgk tkrk gSA vr% ;g planning dh izfØ;k dk ,d Hkkx gSA

2. tactical decision making esa planning o controlling nksuks dk combination dke es fy;k tkrk gSA ;g vf/kdrj short term activity ,ao mn~ns”;ks dh izkfIr ds fy;s gSA ;gka vko”;d resources miyC/k djkus ls lacf/kr gSA

3. technical decision making esa fdlh fof”k’V task dh iqfrZ ds fy;s dh tkus okyh ,slh izfØ;k gS ftlesa vko”;d ,ao izHkko”kkyh implementation fd;k tkrk gSA


MIS NOTES BY IMRAN

Element of decision making:1. model:- ;g quantative o qualitive gks ldrk gSA ;g decision ls lEcf/kar

leL;kvksa dk abstract description ds lkFk cuk model gksrk gSA2. criteria:-fdlh fu.kZ; ls lEcf/kar mn~ns”;ksa dks fdl izdkj izkIr djuk gSA

bl ckr ds fy;s nwljs dk;ksZ ds chp conflict mRiUu gksus ij ,d criteria fu/kkZfjr fd;k tkrk gSA ftlesa fofHkUu compromise fd;k tkrk gSA

3. constraints:- decision ysus dh izfØ;k esa limitation dke esa fy;s tkrs gSA bUgs constraints dgrss gSA

4. optimization:- fdlh model esa tc fu.kZ; ls lEcaf/kr leL;k dks iqjh rjg ls iznf”kZr dj fn;k tkrk gS ,ao mldk criteria o constraints fu/kkZfjr dj fn;s tkrs gSa rks decision maker }kjk lcls vPNs solution dks pquk tk ldrk gSA bls optimization dgrs gSA

Education and training for MIS:- fdlh project ds fofHkUu level ij analyst }kjk education ij /;ku fn;k tkuk pkfg;sAfdlh meeting eas communication tSlh laHkkoukvksa dks izsj.kkRed O;ogkj ds lkFk fd;k tkuk pkfg;sA izR;sd department ds managers dks computerization, project ,ao mlds le; lEcf/kar o implementation ds ckjs esa meetings ds tfj;s f”k{kk ds session pyk;s tkus pkfg;sA managers dks computerized system esa vkus okyh leL;kvksa ds fy;s system analyst ls leL;k dks lqy>kus dk rjhdk lh[kuk pkfg;sAvr% MIS system ds users esa LokfHkeku ds lkFk o fo”okl ds lkFk dk;Z djus ds fy;s training session dh vko”;drk gksrh gS rkfd ubZ skills dks fodflr fd;k tk ldsA bl izdkj dh izfØ;k ds fy;sa supervisors }kjk vU; Staff dks izsfjr fd;k tkuk pkfg;sAMis esa dke djus okys users dks vius dk;Z dks vPNs <ax ls djus ds fy;s nks izdkj dh skills dk gksuk vko”;d gSInterpersonal skill technical skillInterpersonal skill:-blds vUrxZRk business esa yksxksa ds lkFk relationship cukuk],ao user interface dh izfØ;k vkrh gSA;gk¡ organization essa fdlh conflict dks [kRe dj fo”okl dks cuk;s j[kuk ,ao fdlh lqpuk dks communicate djuk tSlh izfØ;k,as gksrh gSATechnical skill:-bldk eryc system ls lEcf/kar fofHkUu operation ,ao computer science ls lEcf/akar rduhdh Kku ls gSATechnical skill ,ao interpersonal skill ds fuEu :i esa fn[kk;k tk ldrk gSA

Technical skills Interpersonal skillsCreativity CommunicationProblem solving UnderstandingProject management Teaching Dynamic interface SellingQuesting interfaceQuestioning attitude and quering mind

Knowledge of basis of compter and business functionsMis technology system:- MIS system dks design djus esa fo”ks’k izdkj dh technical factors dk /;ku j[kk tkrk gSAData Processing:-bldh izfØ;k esa modular ,ao hierarchical steps ds }kjk information dks user ls ,d= fd;k tkrk gS bl izfØ;k esa data dks lqpuk system dh lcls NksVh automatic entity ekuk tkrk gSA


MIS NOTES BY IMRAN

Data ds xw.k/keZ esa information dh quality dks fu/kkZfjr fd;k tkrk gSAvr% information system esa data ,d egRoiq.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrk gSAFdlh automatic data entity dks attribute ls lEcaf/kr value ftlesa characters meanings ,ao fdlh information dks n”kkZus dk presentation gks (ftlesa user ;k viewer mls le> lds) ds :i esa mls ifjHkkf’kr fd;k tk ldrk gSA tSls calendar dh data dks fn[kkus ds fy;s dd/mm/yy dk iz;ksx djukAbl izdkj dh data dk information processing esa viuk egRo gksrk gSA data processing ds stage esa long specification ;k value ds error ;k validaty ls LkEcaf/kr error dk Hkh /;ku j[kk tkrk gSA fdlh database system esa data processing ds fy;s data dks final input ds :i esa ysus ls igys dqN systematic model, character value ,ao aspects etc. vr% data processing esa fuEu Steps fy;s tkrs gSaAvis a vis design }kjk character,structure ,ao presentation dk fu/kkZj.kAnon conformance ns[ks tkus ij error dks point out djuk ,ao process control ds new field esa shift gksus ls igys corrective response nsukAVis a vis data specification ds fy;s value check djukTransaction processing:-data ds rS;kj gksus ds ckn bls fofHkUu transaction esa iz;ksx esa fy;k tkrk gSA bl izfØ;k esa loZizFke business rules ds according data transmission fd;k tkrk gS ,ao transaction validity ns[kh tkrh gSA bl izfØ;k dks fuEu steps esa fn[kk ldrs gaSAConfirmation and conformation of rulesConfirm iternal consistency correctness and completeness of dataValidityof transaction use in application and system processingApplication processing:-data ds transaction processing ds gksus ds ckn data dh finalized stage es bls lEcf/kar file eas send dj fn;k tkrk gSAapplication processing ds vUrxZr ,d ;k ,d ls vf/kd business function esa fdlh fof”k’V business result dks izkIr djus ds fy;s ,d ls vf/kd transaction dks pyk;k tk ldrk gSAApplication process ds vUrxZRk terminal ij fuf”pr file dks update fd;k tkrk gSA application processing dk vfHkizk; transaction data dk iz;ksx djds ,d fuf”pr fLFkfr rd igqapuk gSA application dks bl izdkj dk cuk;k tk ldrk gSA ftlls vyx vyx lqpukvksa ls lEcf/kar dbZ file esa ifjorZu djrk gSA application dk iz;ksx status updating ,ao application ls lEcf/kar field esa izfØ;k esa vko”;d status dks izkIr djuk gS application processing ds scope dks diverse fd;k tk ldrk gSa blds fy;s bl izfØ;k esa fdlh application ds fofHkUu areas ;k mlls lEcaf/kr access esa vyx vyx transaction djk;s tk ldrs gSsaA communication technology dk eq[; ykHk application processing esa ns[kk tk ldrk gSA ftlds vUrxZr fdlh organization esa fo”ks’k result,business status updating iqoZ fuf”pr fØ;kvksa dh “kq:vkr ,ao organization ds ckgj o mlds varxZr agencies ds chp communication dh izfØ;k djuk gSAInformation system processing:-lk/kkj.kr;k system processing dk vfHkizk; business ds management ls lEcf/kr processing, assets and liabilities management working capital management etc.;gka system dh nature role ,ao system ds izdkj dks bl izdkj cuk;k tkrk gSA fd bldh design business dh vko”;drkvksa ds fy;s dkQh complex o sensitive gks fofHkUu izdkj ds function vyx vyx rjg ls fØ;kafor gksrs gSa ijUrq buesa fuEu factors dk /;ku j[kk tkrk gSANature of businessType of businessThe complexity of businessManagement style


MIS NOTES BY IMRAN

Decision makingQuality of the organization and the people

System ds izdkj ,ao mlds operation vyx vyx case ds vuqlkj cnyrs jgrs gSa vr% system design ds process esa system design a architecture ds fy;s fo”ks’k fØ;k dh vko”;drk gksrh gSA ftls system engineering ds varxZr j[kk x;k gSAsystem engineering uk dsoy transaction o operation ds lkFk deal djrh gS cfYd fofHkUu izdkj dh technology dk Hkh bles leUo; fd;k tkrk gS ftlls system application dks rduhd ds vk/kkj online real time processing dh vko”;drk distributed data base design ,ao application design ds :i esa j[kk tkrk gSA vr% bls client server ds :i esa ;k host slave ds varxZr system ds :i esa j[kk tkrk gSA ;gk¡ communication ds fy;s vko”;d technology dk Hkh /;ku j[kk tkrk gSAsystem engineering ds scope dks fuEu izdkj fn[kk;k tk ldrk gSAData transaction application system

System design

Data acquisition processing networking communication

System Engineering scope.Total quality management of information

blds vraxZr lqpuk dh quality assurance dks j[kk tkrk gS ;g izfØ;k information system development ds lHkh process es ,d fuf”pr procedure, checks ,ao controls }kjk dh tkrh gSA blesa ensuring, verifying ,ao technology esa lgh yxus okyh i)fr dk pquko djds software integrity dks cuk;s j[kuk gS o design o architecture dh izfØ;k “kkfey gSA fdlh information dh high rating ds fy;s fuEu ckrsa /;ku esa j[krs gSAlqpuk precise ,ao accurate gksAinteractive processing ds mPp Lrj dk response gksizfØ;k,a user friendly gksamaintenance vklku gksaTQM ds vUrxZr information system dh lHkh ckrksa dk /;ku j[kk tkrk gSAbl technology dks ge nks parts esa ckaV ldrs gSacurrent emerging technologycurrent technology:-bl technology ds vraxZr database management, distributed data processing,object orientation payroll processing,dataware housing ,ao replication network and communication “kkfey gSAemerging technology:-blesa technology ds vraxZr internet, edi and email application processing ds fy;s client server application ds vk/kkj ij groupware, voice ds fy;s multimedia, image processing imaging system for creation knowledge based system etc.quality assurance esa fUkEu activities “kkfey gSAApplication of the proven methods and toolsTechnical reviewTestingVersion change controlRecord keepingTechnology of information system esa fuEu technology Hkh “kkfey gSahuman factors and user interface


MIS NOTES BY IMRAN

relational systems and good decision(one line)

Computer added software engineeringBusiness analysis toolsRequirement analysis toolsAnalysis design toolsInterface design toolsProgramming tools.

MIS dks pykus okys ,ao mi;ksx ess ysus okys O;fDr gh gSa vr% user interface esa O;fDr ,ao system ds chp dk interface gksrk gS interface ls vfHkizk; user }kjk system dks iz;ksx esa ysus dh dyk ls gS;g cgwr dqN O;fDr dh cqf)erk ij fuHkZj djrh gSAuser system ds lkFk print records, graphics display screen vkfn ds izfr visual ,ao mental response nsrk gSA tc bl izdkj dk response rsth ls ,ao lgh :i ls gksrk gS rksbls vklku interface dgrs gSa ,ao system dks user friendly system dgk tkrk gSAfdlh Hkh user interface dks vklku izokg es ,ao leL;kvksa dks lwy>kus es rhoz gksuk pkfg;saA;g rc vklku gksrk gS tc fdlh system esa user dh knowledge ds vk/kkj ij dk;Z u djds izR;sd leL;k ds lek/kku dh tkudkjh j[kh tkrh gSA ;gk¡ user skill level Hkh nwljs eq[; factor dh rjg dk;Z djrk gSAuser interface ds eq[; pkj task gksrs gSacommunicationdialoguesystem executioncontrol of processuser interface esa undo ,ao recorrecive ds access miyc/k gksus pkfg;sArkfd user dks T;knk ;kn j[kus dh vko”;drk uk iM+sA input device dk izdkj dSlk gks ;g dk;Z dh ek=k ,ao user dh nature ds vuwlkj fu/kkZfjr gksuk pkfg;s TkSls clerk ds fy;s keyboard gksuk vko”;d gSA manager ds fy;s clicking or pointing device tSls mouse bR;kfnA bl izdkj MIS technology esa computer technology system dks ,d cgwr cM+s Lrj ij MIS ,ao User ds chp interface ds fy;s dqN software iz;ksx esa fy;s x;s tsls delphie,visual basic vkfnArealtime system esa hardware and software dk combination gksrk gSa ;gka database dk iz;ksx fuf”pr ifj.kke ds fy;s fd;k tkrk gSAreal time system dks cukus ds component fuEu gSdata acquisition (data dk lgh :i ls pquko)Measurement, interpretation and evaluationDecision making and actionInitialization operation and controlIkz;ksx:-process control, process automation, medical scientific research etc.Important fdlh dk;Z ds fy;s response dh speed cgwr egRoiq.kZ gSA decision making dk iq.kZ process ,d fu;r le; esa gksuk vko”;d gS vU;Fkk ml system dh mi;ksfxrk ugh jgsxh o mls fQj ls cukuk iM+sxkAFunctional requirements:ckgjh okrkoj.k ds lkFk interface handlingmeasurement ds ckn context switching dh {kerkprime response time dk gksukdata management dh lqfo/kkpriority ds vk/kkj ij resource allocationvyx vyx task ds chp synchronization ,ao communication


MIS NOTES BY IMRAN

real time system esa time of response fofHkUu izdkj ds transaction ds fy;s cgwr gh egRoiq.kZ function gS ;gk¡ priority ds vuwlkj time response nsuk Hkh “kkfey gSa ;gka hardware and software configuration bUghs ckrksa dks /;ku esa j[kdj cuk;k tkrk gSA real time system dh O;kikfjd nqfu;k esa management dh ,d egRoiq.kZ vko”;drk data orientation ,ao data management gS blesa data handeling ls lacf/kr lkjh izfØ;k “kkfey gS ftuesa data management system }kjk application software ds iz;ksx ls real time mode esa fd;k tkrk gSAvUrr% fdlh real time system es fofHkUu task ds chp synchronization real time dh activity cycle dks iqjk djus ds fy;s lgk;d gS ;gka simulation process dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS accuracy ds fy;s simulation process dks handle djus okys features

1. triggers and context switching in on condition2. concurrency of the data and process3. communication and synchronization4. timing constraints attached to the task5. coupling of the processes and actions

care tools and 7 casecase(compute added software engineering)- case tool dk iz;ksx computer technology esa industries ,ao business ls lEcf/kr application dks automatic djus esa fd;k tkrk gSA budk iz;ksx requirement analysis modeling prototyping designing coding to documentation esa fd;k x;k gSA ;g object oriented fodkl ds lkFk lkFk sa/sd nksuks esa lgk;d gSAsystem developers dh vko”;drkvksa ds fy;s dbZ tools iz;ksx esa fy;s tkrs gSA tks fuEu gSAbusiness analysis tools:-;g eq[;r;k business ls lacf/kr fax na success factors dks highlight djrk gS ,ao fuEu :i esa ns[kk tk ldrk gSAEIS(execution information systems)Business modeling toolsFinancial analysis toolsRequirement and :-blds vUrxZr fo”ks’k izdkj dh information ds fy;s input dSlk gksuk pkfg;s bldk irk yxk;k tkrk gS tks users ds transaction ds fy;s input making cukdj fd;k tkrk gSAAnalysis and design tools:-;s tools fdlh system ds model dks cukus esa lgk; gS model esa data ,ao process definition budk flow ,ao control ls lacf/kr lqpuk;sa gksrh gS lkFk gh ;s Sa/Sd capability ds lkFk system dh quality dks crkrk gSA ;s tool DFD, flow chart dks cukus ds dke Hkh vkrk gSAInterface design tools:-;s tools fdlh system model dks finalize djrs gSa buds iz;ksx ls menu, button,window, structures,icons,devices vkfn cuk;s tkrs gSa ;s input devices dks manage djus ds fy;s ennxkj library j[krs gSa blesa gui interface Hkh vkrk gSAProgramming tools:- design ds iqjk gksus ds ckn programming dh tkrh gS A ;gka programming ds lkFk object oriented environment dks Hkh handle fd;k tkrk gSA blesa coding tools ds :i esa compiler,editor and database “kkfey gSA4 generation language esa vkus ls code generated query system esa dkQh changes vk;saA ;gka centralized database dk T;knk /;ku fn;k tkrk gS object oriented language c++, Eiffel small talk, case tools, dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSAvktdy case tools dk Hkh iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSAMIS choice of the information technology:-information technology MIS ds backbone dh rjg dk;Z djrh gSA ;g fofHkUu business operation esa critical strategic decision ysus esa lgk;rk djrh gSA ;g yksxksa process, productivity dks izHkkfor djrh gS ,ao organization dks u;s culture ds lkFk merge djrh gS MIS dh lQyrk bl ckr ij fuHkZj djrh gS fd information technology dks organization esa fdl izdkj implement fd;k tk;sA ;gak organization ds yksxksa dks information technology dh tkudkjh gksuk vko”;d gSa bl dkj.k ls MIS dk fodkl /kheh xfr


MIS NOTES BY IMRAN

ls gks ldrk gS ijUrw ;g cgwr cM+k cnyko ykrk gSA fdlh Hkh vPNs technology ds support djuk cgwr vko”;d gSA
