Malaria

(Freudennic, Craig Hutch, Peter and Upton, S.J.

History of Malaria*Plasmodium microorganism discovered in 1880

*1897-the transmission of the Malaria parasite by Anopheline mosquito

*During the 18th and 19th centuries Malaria was endemic in the United States and Canada

In the beginning of the 20th century The office of Malaria Control was founded. Today we know this office and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

*Malaria has been a factor in wars such as the American Revolution, the Civil War, World Wars I and II, the Korean and Vietnam wars.

-In Vietnam U.S soldiers lost more combat days from Malaria than from battle injuries

Malaria Facts

Approximately 500 million cases worldwide 2.7 deaths per yr North American and European cases are typically imported

Travelers Transmission is through the female Anopheline Mosquito

Only female mosquitoes take blood meals! Many cases of Malaria are in children under 5

Every 30 seconds a child dies from Malaria

The Symptoms

Incubation period- 7 to 30 days Periodical Fever bouts Chills Sweats Headaches Nausea and Vomiting Body Aches

• Backache• Abdominal pain• Diarrhea• Altered consciousness• Tachycardia• hypotension

Symptoms continued…

Cerebral malaria Pulmonary edema Gastroenteritis Anemia Renal failure- p.falciparum infection

Specific complications of malaria

Microscopic diagnosis - “blood smear”

Antigen detection - “rapid diagnostic tests”

Diagnosing malaria

KEY FACTS:

Most common, not fatal

The Korean eradication efforts

Plasmodium vivax

Plasmodium falciparumMost malignant and deadly

Accounts for 80% of infections and 90% of deaths

Very common in sub-Saharan Africa

Cerebral malaria

Plasmodium ovale

This is the most rare type of all four

Very limited in range affecting only Philippines, Indonesia, and western African countries.

Plasmodium malarieFever patter ns.

1st recognized

High mosquito activity at dusk and dawn.

Mosquito comes in contact with human

Infected anopheles mosquitoes inject sporozoites into human body

Sporozoites travel into bloodstream

These sporozoites flow with the red blood cells until they reach the liver.

Malaria life cycle: initiation

Lavern, a

Malaria life cycle: phase 1

Sporozoite comes in contact with a kupffer cell on the superficial surface of the liver.

Ijzer, j

Malaria cycle: phase 1 cont.

Once into the hepatocytes, the sporozoites form into schizonts through the process of merogony. Sporozoite increases in size then mitosis happens repeatedly. Once mitosis has finished (division of nucleus) then cytokinesis occurs.Result is banana like merozoites

Merogony process

Malaria cycle: phase 1 cont.

At this point we have a collection of merozoites that have been building up in the schizont for a period of 6-15 days in the liver.

you may be questioning yourself, is this asexual or sexual reproduction? Well the answer is asexual in a segmentation manner.

After maturation has completed the schizont ruptures and releases the merozoites into the bloodstream of the human body.

Malaria cycle: Phase 2

The merozoites travel in the bloodstream where they attach to red blood cells (erythrocytes)

Parasite then invades rbc.

The hemoglobin fuels the activity of these merozoites in which they can reproduce again asexually inside the red blood cell.

Beeson, James

Malaria cycle: phase 2 cont.

With asexual reproduction more merozoites can reproduce inside another schizont .

Once this schizont ruptures the rbc lyses and the contents leak out into the plasma.

The merozoites can then rupture other rbc and repeat this process over and over

Malaria life cycle: phase 2 cont.-- evaluation of asexual reproduction in rbc at microscopic level-

Rug, Melanie

Cowman, allan

Malaria life cycle: ending of phase 2

On occasion a male/female gametocyte will form from merozoites.

Public domain

Malaria life cycle : phase 3 initationFemale anopheles mosquito feeds on human and sucks in the gametocytes.

microgamete penetrate the macrogamete to generate zygotes Macrogamete travels to stomach cells (ookinete)

The macrogamete becomes fertilized (oocyst)

Oocyst will act just like a schizont and form hundreds of sporozoites through the body of the mosquito

Leander, brian

Malaria life cycle in review!

Eichner, m

THE BENEFITS OF SICKLE CELL trait

Having sickle cell trait can help children from dying.

Scientists strive for in vitro injections of sickle trait

The sickle cell rbc’s shape doesn’t allow the parasite inside.

Parasites are sent to spleen

Prevention/treatmentInsecticide treated bed nets

Antimalarials - chloroquine - quinine - tetracycline

CDC

Treatment continued.DDT

-synthetic pesticide-not legal in the united states (1972)

• RTS,S vaccine - recombinant protein

Private sector development blog

Malaria vaccine initiative

Vid in review (if time persists)

http://www.sumanasinc.com/scienceinfocus/plasmodium/plasmodium_fla.html