MADISON’S CURRENT WEATHER

MADISON’S CURRENT WEATHERMADISON’S CURRENT WEATHER

Madison Weather at Madison Weather at 1000 AM CDT WED JUN 18 2003Updated twice an hour at :05 and :25 Sky/Weather: MOSUNNY Temperature: 79 F (26 C) Dew Point: 63 F (17 C) Relative Humidity: 57% Wind: W7 MPH Barometer: 29.89F (1012.2 mb)

ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 44

Current Surface Weather Map Current Surface Weather Map with Isobars (“iso” = equal & “bar” = weight), Fronts & Radarwith Isobars (“iso” = equal & “bar” = weight), Fronts & Radar

IsobarsIsobars



IsobarsIsobars


CloudsClouds

Current Visible Satellite ImageCurrent Visible Satellite ImageCurrent Visible Satellite ImageCurrent Visible Satellite Image


Current Temperatures (Current Temperatures (°°F) & IsothermsF) & Isotherms(“iso” = equal +”therm” = temperature)(“iso” = equal +”therm” = temperature)


Yesterday’s Surface Weather Map Yesterday’s Surface Weather Map with Isobars (“iso” = equal & “bar” = weight), Fronts & Radarwith Isobars (“iso” = equal & “bar” = weight), Fronts & Radar

IsobarsIsobars



IsobarsIsobars


Tomorrow AM Forecast MapTomorrow AM Forecast Map


ATM OCN 100 – ATM OCN 100 – Summer 2004Summer 2004LECTURE 2ALECTURE 2A

PHYSICAL & CHEMICAL COMPOSITION PHYSICAL & CHEMICAL COMPOSITION of EARTH’S ATMOSPHEREof EARTH’S ATMOSPHERE

A. PRACTICAL QUESTIONSA. PRACTICAL QUESTIONS

– What makes Planet Earth special?What makes Planet Earth special?

– How has the atmosphere evolvedHow has the atmosphere evolved??


Earth-Rise Earth-Rise (Apollo Mission)(Apollo Mission)


SUNRISE FROM SPACESUNRISE FROM SPACE

From STS-52 (JSC-NASA)From STS-52 (JSC-NASA)


B. PRESENT EARTH’S ATMOSPHEREB. PRESENT EARTH’S ATMOSPHERE BackgroundBackground

– Early Greek ThoughtEarly Greek Thought The 4 Elements: Earth, Air, Water, Fire.The 4 Elements: Earth, Air, Water, Fire.

– ““Modern” Chemistry Modern” Chemistry (since 18(since 18thth century) century) ElementElement CompoundCompound MixtureMixture

Chemical CompositionChemical Composition– Air is a mixtureAir is a mixture– With the following gases:With the following gases:


Atmospheric Gases isolated by 18Atmospheric Gases isolated by 18thth Century ChemistsCentury Chemists

Nitrogen (NNitrogen (N22) ) D.D. Rutherford 1772Rutherford 1772

Oxygen (OOxygen (O22)) J.J. Priestley & A. Lavoisier 1774Priestley & A. Lavoisier 1774

Carbon Dioxide (COCarbon Dioxide (CO22) ) J. Black 1756J. Black 1756


FRACTIONAL VOLUMETRIC COMPOSITION OF DRY AIR in

HOMOSPHERE

Ar0.93%

CO2

0.03%O2

21%

N2 78%

See Table 2.1 Moran (2002)See Table 2.1 Moran (2002)


B. PRESENT EARTH’S ATMOSPHERE B. PRESENT EARTH’S ATMOSPHERE (con’t.)(con’t.)

Vertical Variations of Atmospheric Vertical Variations of Atmospheric CompositionComposition– Criterion Criterion

ChemicalChemical

– DivisionsDivisions HOMOSPHEREHOMOSPHERE HETEROSPHEREHETEROSPHERE

– Where ...Where ...


VERTICAL COMPOSITION VARIATIONS VERTICAL COMPOSITION VARIATIONS (con’t.)(con’t.)

HOMOSPHEREHOMOSPHERE– ““Homo” Homo” = same = same ((percentage composition)percentage composition);;– Turbulent mixing;Turbulent mixing;– Below 80 km altitude.Below 80 km altitude.

HETEROSPHEREHETEROSPHERE– ““Hetero” Hetero” = different (= different (compositioncomposition););– Fractional diffusion Fractional diffusion (by molecular weight)(by molecular weight);;– Above 80 km altitude.Above 80 km altitude.


CONSTITUENTS OF AIR CONSTITUENTS OF AIR in the in the HOMOSPHEREHOMOSPHERE

(Below 80 km)(Below 80 km)

Principal Permanent Gases of “Dry Air”Principal Permanent Gases of “Dry Air” Principal Variable gasesPrincipal Variable gases Anthropogenic GasesAnthropogenic Gases AerosolsAerosols

– Liquids Liquids oror solids suspended in Atmosphere solids suspended in Atmosphere CloudsClouds

– Liquid droplets Liquid droplets oror ice crystals in Atmosphere ice crystals in Atmosphere


PRINCIPAL FIXED GASESPRINCIPAL FIXED GASES in the “Dry” Homospherein the “Dry” Homosphere

Nitrogen (NNitrogen (N22))– Importance in Food Chain (Nitrogen Fixation)Importance in Food Chain (Nitrogen Fixation)

Oxygen (OOxygen (O22))– Critical Importance for Life (Respiration)Critical Importance for Life (Respiration)

Argon (Ar)Argon (Ar)– Unknown ImportanceUnknown Importance

Carbon Dioxide (COCarbon Dioxide (CO22))– Critical Importance for Life (Photosynthesis)Critical Importance for Life (Photosynthesis)

(also Asphyxiation) (also Asphyxiation)


FRACTIONAL VOLUMETRIC COMPOSITION OF DRY AIR in

HOMOSPHERE

Ar0.93%

CO2

0.03%O2

21%

N2 78%

See Table 2.1 Moran (2002)See Table 2.1 Moran (2002)


PRINCIPAL VARIABLE GASESPRINCIPAL VARIABLE GASESin the Homospherein the Homosphere

Water Vapor (HWater Vapor (H22O) O) << 4% by volume4% by volume

Carbon Dioxide (COCarbon Dioxide (CO22) ) 360 ppm = 0.036%360 ppm = 0.036%

Methane (CHMethane (CH44) ) < 1700 ppb = 0.00017%< 1700 ppb = 0.00017%

Ozone (OOzone (O33) ) < 8 ppm = 0.0008%< 8 ppm = 0.0008%


Recent Atmospheric CORecent Atmospheric CO22 Concentrations Concentrations

See Fig. 3.24, Moran (2002)See Fig. 3.24, Moran (2002)

Edward J. Hopkins

New graphic?


Mauna Loa Observatory, HIMauna Loa Observatory, HI


OzoneOzone

A paradoxA paradox

– Good and BadGood and Bad Natural production & destructionNatural production & destruction

where…where…


Ozone FormationOzone FormationFigure 3.18 Moran (2002)Figure 3.18 Moran (2002)


Ozone Destruction (Natural)Ozone Destruction (Natural)Figure 3.18 Moran (2002)Figure 3.18 Moran (2002)


OzoneOzone

A paradoxA paradox Natural production & destructionNatural production & destruction Location in AtmosphereLocation in Atmosphere


VERTICAL OZONE PROFILE US STANDARD ATMOSPHERE 1976

020406080

100120140

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

MIXING RATIO [PPMV]

AL

TIT

UD

E [

km

]

8 ppmv = 0.0008%


ANTHROPOGENIC SUBSTANCESANTHROPOGENIC SUBSTANCES

Chlorofluorocarbons Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)(CFCs)

Volatile Organic CompoundsVolatile Organic Compounds– (Hydrocarbons)(Hydrocarbons)

Oxides of nitrogen Oxides of nitrogen (NO, NO(NO, NO22))

Oxides of carbon Oxides of carbon (CO, CO(CO, CO22))

Sulfur compounds Sulfur compounds ((HH22S, SOS, SO22,, SOSO33))

Suspended particulatesSuspended particulates


AEROSOLSAEROSOLS

What they areWhat they are

– Suspended solid particles or liquid Suspended solid particles or liquid droplets in atmosphere.droplets in atmosphere.

SourcesSources

– NaturalNatural

– Human activityHuman activityWhere….Where….


Aerosols from WildfiresAerosols from Wildfires

11 May 200011 May 2000 ((NOAA-15)NOAA-15)


Aerosols from Colorado WildfiresAerosols from Colorado Wildfires

10 June 200210 June 2002 ((SSEC - MODIS)SSEC - MODIS)


Aerosols from VolcanoesAerosols from VolcanoesMt. St. Helens, WA May 1980Mt. St. Helens, WA May 1980


Volcanic Plume from Mt. EtnaVolcanic Plume from Mt. Etna

23 July 200123 July 2001 ((NOAA-14)NOAA-14)


Aerosols-Dust from MongoliaAerosols-Dust from Mongolia

10 Apr 200110 Apr 2001


Aerosols from Blowing DustAerosols from Blowing Dust


Aerosols from Sea Spray Aerosols from Sea Spray (Calif. Coast)(Calif. Coast)


Aerosols from Natural VegetationAerosols from Natural Vegetation

in Great Smoky Mtn. Nat'l Park, NC-TNin Great Smoky Mtn. Nat'l Park, NC-TN


Aerosols from Urban PollutionAerosols from Urban PollutionMadison (from Space Science & Eng. Center)Madison (from Space Science & Eng. Center)


Relative sizes of dustRelative sizes of dust

– Coarse sand 2 mm

– Beach sand 0.5 mm

– Granulated sugar 0.4 mm

– Table salt 0.1 mm

– Typical Mideast particles Fine sand 0.06 mm

Silt, dust 0.05 mm or less

– Talcum powder 0.01 mm


PRINCIPAL VARIABLE GASESPRINCIPAL VARIABLE GASESin the Heterospherein the Heterosphere

(above 80 km)(above 80 km)

Diatomic nitrogen (NDiatomic nitrogen (N22) ) 85 to 200 km85 to 200 km

Monatomic oxygen (O) Monatomic oxygen (O) 200 to 1100 km200 to 1100 km Helium (He)Helium (He) 1100 to 3500 km1100 to 3500 km Atomic hydrogen (H) Atomic hydrogen (H) 3500 to 11,000 km3500 to 11,000 km


C. ORIGIN & EVOLUTIONC. ORIGIN & EVOLUTIONof Earth’s Atmosphereof Earth’s Atmosphere

How did our current atmosphere How did our current atmosphere evolve?evolve?

General History of the AtmosphereGeneral History of the Atmosphere

– 4.5 billion yr ago - Solar System 4.5 billion yr ago - Solar System formedformed

– And then…And then…


Early AtmosphereEarly Atmospherebefore 3 billion years BPbefore 3 billion years BP

Outgassing ofOutgassing ofHH22OO

COCO22

CHCH44

NHNH33

Formation of OceansFormation of Oceans


Fossil algae 2 billion yrs old vs. living algaeFossil algae 2 billion yrs old vs. living algae

PhotosynthesisWater + Carbon Dioxide + Sunlight ---> Sugar + Oxygen

6H2O + 6CO2 + Sunlight ---> C6H12O6 + 6O2


C. ORIGIN & EVOLUTION C. ORIGIN & EVOLUTION of Earth’s Atmosphereof Earth’s Atmosphere


ATMOSPHERIC ORIGIN & EVOLUTION ATMOSPHERIC ORIGIN & EVOLUTION (con’t)(con’t)

RationaleRationale– Planet Earth is special because of Planet Earth is special because of

large amounts of Olarge amounts of O22;;– Atmosphere & Life Co-evolved.Atmosphere & Life Co-evolved.

Human InterventionHuman Intervention– Humans could possibly affect Humans could possibly affect

concentrations of some gases, concentrations of some gases, with following…with following…


Enhanced “Greenhouse Effect”Enhanced “Greenhouse Effect”

BackgroundBackground


Enhanced “Greenhouse Effect”Enhanced “Greenhouse Effect”

Increases in “Greenhouse Gases”Increases in “Greenhouse Gases”– COCO2 2 and CHand CH44

Why more COWhy more CO22??

– Burning of fossil fuelsBurning of fossil fuels– DeforestationDeforestation– Changes in Sea Surface TemperatureChanges in Sea Surface Temperature


Global COGlobal CO22 Emissions Emissions

Marland, et.al. 2001Marland, et.al. 2001 Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis CenterCarbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center



COCO2 2 measurements at Mauna Loa, HImeasurements at Mauna Loa, HI

See Fig. 3.24 Moran (2002)See Fig. 3.24 Moran (2002)


COCO2 2 measurements at South Polemeasurements at South Pole


Enhanced “Greenhouse Effect”Enhanced “Greenhouse Effect” (con’t.)(con’t.)

Increases in “Greenhouse Gases”Increases in “Greenhouse Gases”– COCO2 2 and CHand CH44

Why more COWhy more CO22??– Burning of fossil fuelsBurning of fossil fuels– DeforestationDeforestation– Changes in Sea Surface TemperatureChanges in Sea Surface Temperature

Potential Implications Potential Implications – Ice cap melting & coastal floodingIce cap melting & coastal flooding– Changes in agricultural areasChanges in agricultural areas– Increases in diseases and pestsIncreases in diseases and pests


See Fig. 3.25 Moran (2002)See Fig. 3.25 Moran (2002)


““Ozone Hole”Ozone Hole”

BackgroundBackground Destruction of Stratospheric OzoneDestruction of Stratospheric Ozone

– From CFCsFrom CFCs


Destruction of ozone by CFCs. Destruction of ozone by CFCs. See pg 49-51, Moran (2002)See pg 49-51, Moran (2002)


CFC & other SolventCFC & other Solvent Concentrations in Concentrations in Atmosphere Atmosphere

(Source: NOAA/CMDL)(Source: NOAA/CMDL)


Evolution of the “Ozone Hole”Evolution of the “Ozone Hole” NASA TOMS ProjectNASA TOMS Project


Recent “Ozone Hole” Status Recent “Ozone Hole” Status NASA TOMS ProjectNASA TOMS Project


““Ozone Hole” Changes 1980-2002Ozone Hole” Changes 1980-2002

(TOMS Project – NASA GSFC, 2003)(TOMS Project – NASA GSFC, 2003)


““Ozone Hole” Ozone Hole” (con’t.)(con’t.)

BackgroundBackground Destruction of Stratospheric OzoneDestruction of Stratospheric Ozone

– From CFCsFrom CFCs Potential ImplicationsPotential Implications

– Increased skin cancerIncreased skin cancer– Increased cataractsIncreased cataracts– Unknown changes to food chainUnknown changes to food chain


D. ATMOSPHERES D. ATMOSPHERES of of OTHER PLANETSOTHER PLANETS

General Composition Considerations:General Composition Considerations:

– Planetary Size Planetary Size (influences planetary gravity) (influences planetary gravity)

– Closeness to Sun Closeness to Sun (influences temperature) (influences temperature)

Atmospheric Composition of PlanetsAtmospheric Composition of Planets

– Inner PlanetsInner Planets– Outer PlanetsOuter Planets


E. VARIATION OF CHARGED E. VARIATION OF CHARGED PARTICLES WITH HEIGHTPARTICLES WITH HEIGHT

CompositionComposition– Ions: Charged ParticlesIons: Charged Particles

LocationLocation– IonosphereIonosphere– MagnetosphereMagnetosphere

ImplicationsImplications– Radio CommunicationsRadio Communications– Aurora Borealis (Australis)Aurora Borealis (Australis)

The Reason - Active SunThe Reason - Active Sun


IonosphereIonosphereSee pg. 35, Moran (2002)See pg. 35, Moran (2002)


MagnetosphereMagnetosphereSee Fig. 2.13 Moran (2002)See Fig. 2.13 Moran (2002)

Northern Lights Planetarium Northern Lights Planetarium


MAGNETOSPHEREMAGNETOSPHERE


AURORA BOREALISAURORA BOREALIS (from Univ. of Alaska)(from Univ. of Alaska)


Aurora from Space ShuttleAurora from Space Shuttle


Atmosphere in Perspective Atmosphere in Perspective (UCAR)(UCAR)

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MADISON’S CURRENT WEATHER