LTE Training RF Design - ALU

From LTE basics to 9155 LTE RF Design

September 2009

All Rights Reserved Alcatel-Lucent 2008, XXXXX

* | Presentation Title | Month 2008 LTE BasicsOFDM Fundamentals


* | Presentation Title | Month 2008


* | Presentation Title | Month 2008 Basic of OFDM


* | Presentation Title | Month 2008 Basic of OFDMWaveform


* | Presentation Title | Month 2008 Basic of OFDMSending modulation symbol in parallel


* | Presentation Title | Month 2008 Basic of OFDMSymbol extract


* | Presentation Title | Month 2008 Basic of OFDM


* | Presentation Title | Month 2008 Basic of OFDMOrthogonality lost


* | Presentation Title | Month 2008 Basic of OFDMDoppler & frequency offset effects


* | Presentation Title | Month 2008 Basic of OFDMMulti-path effect


* | Presentation Title | Month 2008 Basic of OFDMMulti-path effect


* | Presentation Title | Month 2008 Basic of OFDMCP length


* | Presentation Title | Month 2008 Basic of OFDMOFDM scalable


* | Presentation Title | Month 2008 Basic of OFDMFull Tx/Rx chain


* | Presentation Title | Month 2008 LTE BasicsDOWNLINK STRUCTURE



DL Physical Channels


* | Presentation Title | Month 2008 DL Channels Mapping


* | Presentation Title | Month 2008 LTE Downlink: Frame Format, Channel Structure & Terminology


* | Presentation Title | Month 2008 LTE Downlink: Number of Resource Blocks & Numerology


* | Presentation Title | Month 2008 Downlink common Reference Signal structureReference signal symbol distribution sequence over 12 subcarriers x 14 OFDM symbols.The Reference signal sequence is correlated to Cell ID.


* | Presentation Title | Month 2008 Downlink common Reference Signal structure per number of antenna port


* | Presentation Title | Month 2008 PBCH, SCH Time and frequency location


* | Presentation Title | Month 2008 Basic of cell search


* | Presentation Title | Month 2008 Primary BCH & Dynamic BCH


* | Presentation Title | Month 2008 Primary BCH & Dynamic BCH


* | Presentation Title | Month 2008 PCFICH & PHICH


* | Presentation Title | Month 2008 PDCCH


* | Presentation Title | Month 2008 PDCCH: DCI formats carried DCI includes resource assignments and other control information


* | Presentation Title | Month 2008 Downlink Shared Channel (DL-SCH)


* | Presentation Title | Month 2008 DL Power settingsPDCCH PBCH Based o the simus done by R&D and also on first trials results the DL power settings is detailed in the slides below


* | Presentation Title | Month 2008 DL Power settingsLA 0.x


* | Presentation Title | Month 2008 DL Power settingsLA 1.0 RRH 30W


* | Presentation Title | Month 2008 DL Power settingsLA 1.0 RRH 40W


* | Presentation Title | Month 2008 LTE BasicsUPLINK STRUCTURE



UL Physical Channels



UL Channels Mapping



SC-FDMA principle



SC-FDMA principle


* | Presentation Title | Month 2008 SC-FDMA Tx/Rx chain


* | Presentation Title | Month 2008 LTE Uplink: Number of Resource Blocks & Numerology


* | Presentation Title | Month 2008 Demodulation Reference Signal & Sounding Reference Signal


* | Presentation Title | Month 2008 Demodulation Reference Signal & Sounding Reference Signal


* | Presentation Title | Month 2008 PUCCH






* | Presentation Title | Month 2008 PRACH


* | Presentation Title | Month 2008 Radom Access procedures


* | Presentation Title | Month 2008 LTE BasicsUL Power Control


* | Presentation Title | Month 2008 IoT Control Mechanism (Inter-cell Power Control)Setting of Target_SINR_dB determines the IoT operating pointEspecially in a reuse-1 deployment, it is critical to manage the uplink interference levelIn LTE, e-NBs can send uplink overload indications to neighbor e-NBs via the X2 interfacePower control parameters (i.e. Target SINR) can be adapted based on overload indicators Allows control of the IoT level to ensure coverage and system stabilityPC paramsPC paramsMeasure Interference, emit overload indicatorBased on overload indicator from neighbor cell, adapt PC paramsinterferenceOverload indicator (X-2 interface)


* | Presentation Title | Month 2008 Fractional Power ControlWhile using the same target SINR for each user results in very good fairness (as far as power allocation is concerned), it also results in poor spectral efficiencyAn improved power control scheme called Fractional Power Control adjusts the target SINR in relation to the UEs path loss to its serving sectorUE_TxPSD_dBm = a x PL_dB + Nominal_Target_SINR_dB + UL_Interference_dBma is called the fractional compensation factor, and is sent via cell broadcast; 0 < a < 1Target_SINR_dB = Nominal_Target_SINR_dB - (1-a) x PL_dBTarget SINR increases with decreasing path lossFlexible trade-off between cell edge rate and average spectral efficiency


* | Presentation Title | Month 2008 Improved Power Control Based on Neighbor Cell Path LossPath loss to the serving cell is not indicative of the amount of interference a user will generate to neighboring sectorsAn improved power control scheme adjusts the target SINR in relation to DPL_dB = PL_strongestNeighborCell_dB PL_servingCell_dBUE_TxPSD_dBm = PL_dB + Nominal_Target_SINR_dB + (1-b) x DPL_dB + UL_Interference_dBm(1-b) x DPL_dB is sent to each UE via higher layer (RRC) signalingTarget_SINR_dB = Nominal_Target_SINR_dB + (1-b) x DPL_dBTarget SINR increases with increasing radio position


* | Presentation Title | Month 2008 LTE BasicsScheduler


* | Presentation Title | Month 2008 Scheduler


* | Presentation Title | Month 2008 UL Scheduling mechanism


* | Presentation Title | Month 2008 DL Scheduling mechanism


* | Presentation Title | Month 2008 Channel Quality Indicator, Pre-coding Matrix Indicator, Rank Indicator


* | Presentation Title | Month 2008 Scheduler weighted proportional fair


* | Presentation Title | Month 2008 Scheduler proportional fair principles








* | Presentation Title | Month 2008 Frequency Non-Selective SchemeThe SRS SYNC SINR is a scalar quantity per user that is formed by averaging the SRS SINR across PRBs and then filtered in time; used to form a single priority metric, which is replicated and used for all PRBsTo support a large number of UEs, the SRS period needs to be reduced given the multiplexing capabilities (max of 8 UEs per SRS transmission per frequency comb)The regular MPE algorithm as in the FSS algorithm is then utilized, which minimizes testing/verification to just the new code introducedCurrently also investigating an intermediate solution where the resolution of the frequency selective scheduler is reduced by a certain factor in order to retain some frequency selectivenessin the scheduling while reducing complexity (study in progress)Single priority metric formed and used in the first stage of the MPE algorithmThen MPE algorithm continues as in FSS scheme


* | Presentation Title | Month 2008 Frequency Re-use strategiesFrequency re-use1Fractional Frequency re-use


* | Presentation Title | Month 2008 Frequency Re-use strategiesSoft Frequency re-use or dynamic frequency re-use


* | Presentation Title | Month 2008 LTE BasicsLink adaptation


* | Presentation Title | Month 2008 DL MCS table


* | Presentation Title | Month 2008 UL MCS table


* | Presentation Title | Month 2008 LTE BasicsMulti Antenna Technology Roadmap


* | Presentation Title | Month 2008 MIMO Configuration


* | Presentation Title | Month 2008 Antennas Configuration


* | Presentation Title | Month 2008 Antennas Configuration


* | Presentation Title | Month 2008 Spatial Multiplexing


* | Presentation Title | Month 2008 LA1.0 Scheme supported


* | Presentation Title | Month 2008 Scheme supported after LA1.0

LTE Link Budgets Uplink Link Budget Considerations


* | Presentation Title | Month 2008 Uplink Link BudgetMain PrinciplesLink Budget is performed for one mobile located at cell edge (for each service) transmitting at max powerThe IoT (Interference over Thermal Noise) experienced by this user on the UL depends on the frequency reuse scheme and the service data rate and corresponding SINR that is guaranteed for cell edge users

cell radiusMAPLRequired Received SignalMax UE transmit PowerUPLINK Analysis is an MAPL analysis


* | Presentation Title | Month 2008 Uplink Link BudgetMain PrinciplesReceiver SensitivityTransmit PowerLosses and MarginsGainsInterferenceFeeder lossesPenetration Loss (outdoor/indoor)Shadowing MarginHandoff GainBody LosseNode-B Antenna GainUE Antenna GainDerived from SINR performancesInterference Margin= MAPLUE Transmit power (23dBm)Uplink Path Maximum Allowable Path LossUL link budget elaborated for user of service k at cell edge transmitting at maximum power


* | Presentation Title | Month 2008 Uplink Link BudgetRationale Behind LKB FormulationLink budgets are formulated for one service that is to be guaranteed at cell edge (RangeUL_Guar_Serv)For more limiting service rates link budgets are formulated under the assumption they are not guaranteed at cell edge but at a reduced coverage footprintRangeUL_Guar_Serv128kbps256kbps512kbpsUL Rates


* | Presentation Title | Month 2008 Uplink Link BudgetExample for one serviceNo. Resource Blocks to Reach Data RateSignal to Interference Ratio per Resource Block Noise Figure of the eNode-B is supplier dependentBased on SINR, Noise Figure, Thermal Noise, Bandwidth UsedOptimal Modulation & Coding Scheme (MCS)

Dense Urban (2.6GHz)PS 128Required Data Rate128 kbpsNo. Resource Blocks Required3 RBMCSMCS 8Used Bandwidth 540 kHzTarget C/I-3.0 dBeNode-B Noise Figure2.5 dBeNode-B Sensitivity-117.2 dBmAntenna Gain18.0 dBiCable & Connector Losses0.5 dBBody Losses0 dBAdditional UL Losses0 dBCell area coverage probability95%Overall standard deviation8.0 dBShadowing Margin8.6 dBHandoff Gain3.6 dBFast Fading Margin0 dBPenetration Margin21 dBFixed IoT3.0 dBUE Antenna Gain0 dBiUE Max Transmit Power23.0 dBmMAPL128.7 dBUL Cell Range0.46 km


* | Presentation Title | Month 2008 Uplink Link BudgetReceiver SensitivityeNode-B Receiver SensitivityMinimum required signal level to reach a given quality (SINR target) when facing only thermal noise

Where: F: eNode-B Noise figure in dBNth: Thermal noise density, 10log(Nth) =-174 dBm/HzSINRdB: Signal to Interference ratio per Resource BlockNRB: Number of resource blocks (RB) required to reach a given data rateWRB: Bandwidth of one Resource BlockOne Resource Block is composed of 12 subcarriers, each of a 15kHz bandwidth so WRB = 180kHz.\SensitivitydBm= SINRdB + 10.log10(F.Nth.NRB.WRB)Service dependent


* | Presentation Title | Month 2008 Uplink Link BudgetSINR Performances - OverviewSINR Target depends on:eNode-B equipment performanceRadio conditions (multipath fading profile, mobile speed)Receive diversity (2-way by default or optional 4-way)Targeted data rate and quality of serviceThe Modulation and Coding Scheme (MCS)Max allowed number of HARQ transmissions (Maximum of 4 on UL)HARQ Operating Point 1% Post HARQ BLER target considered by defaultDerived from link level simulations or better by equipment measurements (lab or on-field measurements)


* | Presentation Title | Month 2008 Uplink Link BudgetSINR Performances - Channel ModelIn reality, a mix of multipath conditions exist across a typical cellFor coverage assessment, the worst case model should be consideredITU VehA multipath channel model are considered a good compromiseFor LTE some evolved multipath channel models have been defined such as EVA5Hz or EPA5HzThese are an extension of the VehA and PedA models used in UMTS to make them more suitable for the wider bandwidths encountered with LTE, e.g. >5MHzMain difference lies in the definition of a Doppler frequency instead of a speed, making the model useable for different frequency bandsAll SINR performances used in the link budget are for all EVehA3 and EVehA50 channel models


* | Presentation Title | Month 2008 Uplink Link BudgetSINR Performances - Link Level Results for 10MHz Bandwidth (50 RB)


* | Presentation Title | Month 2008 Uplink Link BudgetSINR Performances - Selection of Optimal SINR FiguresThere are a number of possible solutions that can be used to provide a given throughput solutions comprise a combination of:Modulation & Coding Scheme (MCS)Number of Resource Blocks (RB)Optimization Objective:Select # RBs and MCS so as to maximize the receiver sensitivity and thus the link budgetWhile at the same time respecting the selected HARQ operating point (1% post HARQ BLER objective)


* | Presentation Title | Month 2008 Uplink Link BudgetSINR Performances - Summary for UL 10MHz Bandwidth (1x2 RxDiv)Performance figures for typical UL link budget ratesNumber of RBsSINR (include margins)MCS, TBS and # HARQ Transmissions

ServiceVoIPPS 64PS 128PS 256PS 384PS 512PS 768PS 1000PS 2000Bit Rate12.26412825638451276810002000MCS668101010101010TBS32817639287213841736279234966968ModulationQPSKQPSKQPSKQPSKQPSKQPSKQPSKQPSKQPSKPost HARQ BLER1%1%1%1%1%1%1%1%1%Required # of RB1235810162040SINR (EVehA 3km/h)-3.7 dB-3.6 dB-3.0 dB-2.4 dB-2.9 dB-3.1 dB-3.4 dB-2.9 dB-3.3 dBRx Sensitivity-123 dBm-120 dBm-117 dBm-114 dBm-113 dBm-112 dBm-110 dBm-109 dBm-106 dBm


* | Presentation Title | Month 2008 Uplink Link BudgetSINR Peformances - MCS and TBS TablesSome Background InfoModulation & Coding Scheme (MCS)This determines the Modulation Order which in turn determines the TBS IndexNumber of Resource BlocksFor a given MCS the Transport Block Size (TBS) is given different numbers of resource blocks

MCS TableTBS Table

MCS Index, IMCSModulation Order, QMTBS Index, ITBS0QPSK01QPSK12QPSK23QPSK3QPSK4

NPRBITBS12340163256881201245688144176232721441762083401041762082564561202082563285721442243284246328176256392504104224328472584


* | Presentation Title | Month 2008 Uplink Link BudgetImplementation MarginsSINR performances from link level simulations assume ideal scheduling and link adaptation reality will not be as good For example in the downlink, we consider: Error free CQI feedback, Perfect PDCCH-PCFICH decoding, CQI feedback rate 1/20ms, etc.To account for such ideal assumptions there are currently two key elements to the margins incorporated into in SINR performances used in UL budgets today:Implementation margin to account for the assumptions implicit in the link level simulations used to derive the SINR performancesCurrently considered to be ~1dBNo variability is assumed for different environments or UE mobility conditionsWill be tuned based on SINR measurements (not yet performed)ACK/NACK margin to account for the puncturing of ACK/NACK onto the PUSCHA 1dB margin is applied for VoIP services and 0.5dB for higher data throughputs


* | Presentation Title | Month 2008 Uplink Link BudgetConsideration of Explicit Diversity GainsThe SINR performance figures considered by Alcatel-Lucent in UL and DL link budgets are based on link level simulations that already account for the corresponding transmit and receive diversity gains, i.e.UL: default 1x2 Rx Diversity2RxDiv gain accounted for in the SINR figuresTo account for 4RxDiv on the UL an additional 2-3dB gain is considered on the 2RxDiv SINR figuresDL: default 2x2 Tx DiversitySFBC pre-coding gains + 2RxDiv gain at the UE are accounted for in the SINR figuresNote that an additional power combining gain is considered at the transmit side, i.e. for a 2 x 40W TxDiv configuration a 80W transmit power is applied in DL link budgets


* | Presentation Title | Month 2008 INTERNAL NOTE Noise FigureThe Noise Figure of the eNode-B is supplier dependentTypically the Noise Figures of e-NodeBs range between 2 to 3dB Typical RRH Noise Figures for ALU product (June 2009)

RRH TypeTypical Noise FigureRRH2x (lower 700)2.2dB900TBD - 2.5dB (assumed)MC-TRX (1800)3 dBMC-RRH (1800)2.5 dBAWSTBD 2.5dB (assumed)RRH2x (2600)2.6 dBTRDU (2600)2.6 dB


* | Presentation Title | Month 2008 Uplink Link BudgetExerciseCompute eNode-B sensitivity in VehA 3km/hfor VoIP 12.2kbps @ 1% Post-HARQ BLERFor PS 384kbps @ 1% Post-HARQ BLER

Alcatel-Lucent equipment:Typical eNode-B Noise Figure: 2.5dBSINR figures: -3.7 dB for VoIP 12.2, -3.3dB for PS384

ANSWER: Sensitivity: -122.6 dBm for speech, -113.2 dBm for PS384


* | Presentation Title | Month 2008 Uplink Link BudgetExample for one serviceDepends on UE Power Class0dBi by default3dB body loss when speech usage (UE near head), 0dB body loss when data usageTypical gain of Tri-sectored antenna, depends on frequency bandDepends on feeder type, length and frequency band



* | Presentation Title | Month 2008 Uplink Link BudgetUE CharacteristicsLTE UE Max Transmit PowerDepends on the power class of the UEOnly one power class is defined in 3GPP TS 36.101: 23dBm output power is considered with a 0 dBi antenna gain; 2dB tolerance in the standard WCDMA UE Max Transmit PowerMultiple power classes were defined in 3GPP TS 25.101, the most prevalent WCDMA UEs today are considered to be class 3 (24dBm +1/-3dB)The corresponding tolerance ranges for both WCDMA and LTE terminals are in fact the same:4dB range 21-25dBmWhile the nominal Tx powers differ by 1dBCurrently consider 23dBm in UL LTE link budgets


* | Presentation Title | Month 2008 Uplink Link BudgetExample for one serviceDepends on depth of coverage (e.g. deep indoor, indoor daylight, outdoor). Also accounts for the indoor shadowing marginShadowing margin due to shadowing standard deviationHandoff gain



* | Presentation Title | Month 2008 Uplink Link BudgetShadowing MarginShadowing Margin:Slow fading signal level variations due to obstaclesModelled (in dB) as a Gaussian variable with zero-mean and standard deviation depending on the environment, typically 6 to 8dBThe shadowing standard deviation can include the variability associated with the indoor penetration. However, it is recommended to consider this as part of the penetration marginImpact on link budget :Take a margin to ensure the received signal is well received (above required sensitivity) with a given probabilityTypically 95% in Dense Urban, Urban and Suburban and 90% in RuralComputation as for UMTS and CDMA.


* | Presentation Title | Month 2008 Uplink Link BudgetHandoff Gain Unlike UMTS/WCDMA or CDMA, there is no soft-handoff functionality for LTENo soft-handoff gain considered for LTEFar too pessimistic to only consider the shadowing margin computed with one cell unless considering an isolated cellA mobile at the cell edge can still handover to a neighbor cell with more favorable shadowing, i.e. a lower path loss consider a Handoff Gain (or best server selection gain)Reference article: Analysis of fade margins for soft and hard handoffs, Rege, K.M.; Nanda, S.; Weaver, C.F.; Peng, W.-C., PIMRC 95 INTERNAL NOTE: This hard handoff gain can be considered for any system without soft handoff. So this is the case for GSM. However no gain is typically applied in GSM. For LTE the sampling frequency for handoff decisions as well as the handoff speed itself is much faster than GSM this leads to an LTE handoff gain not much less than that considered for WCDMA.


* | Presentation Title | Month 2008 Uplink Link BudgetHandoff Gain - ExampleReference article: Analysis of fade margins for soft and hard handoffs, Rege, K.M.; Nanda, S.; Weaver, C.F.; Peng, W.-C., PIMRC 95Typical for Dense Urban, Urban and Suburban IndoorTypical for Suburban Incar & Rural

Shadowing Standard Deviation6 dB6 dB7 dB7 dB8 dB8 dB10 dB10 dBCell Area Coverage Probability90%95%90%95%90%95%90%95%Cell Edge Coverage Probability71%84%73%85%75%86%78%88%Handoff Hysteresis2 dB2 dB2 dB2 dB2 dB2 dB2 dB2 dBShadowing Margin (no SHO gain)3.3 dB5.9 dB4.3 dB7.2 dB5.4 dB8.7 dB7.7 dB11.7 dBSHO Gain2.7 dB2.8 dB3.1 dB3.4 dB3.6 dB3.9 dB4.7 dB5.0 dB3 km/h - HHO Gain2.3 dB2.5 dB2.8 dB3.1 dB3.4 dB3.6 dB4.4 dB4.8 dB50 km/h - HHO Gain2.1 dB2.2 dB2.6 dB2.8 dB3.1 dB3.3 dB4.1 dB4.4 dB100 km/h - HHO Gain2.0 dB2.0 dB2.4 dB2.6 dB2.8 dB3.0 dB3.7 dB4.0 dB

Antenna Height30 mK2 Propagation Model35.2Shadowing Correlation0.5Hysteresis2 dBHO sampling time20 msec# of samples to decide HO4 samplesCorrelation distance50 mCell Range100%


* | Presentation Title | Month 2008 Uplink Link BudgetHandoff Gain - ExampleNote that the full Handoff Gain is only applicable for UEs located at the cell edge where we consider one rate guaranteed at the cell edge and others guaranteed within that coverage footprint, the other services will not take benefit of the full handoff gainDense Urban, Sigma = 8dB, 95% coverage reliability, 3km/h mobility128kbps256kbps512kbpsUL Rates


* | Presentation Title | Month 2008 Uplink Link BudgetPenetration MarginThe penetration losses characterize the level of indoor coverage targeted by the operator (deep indoor, indoor daylight, window, incar, outdoor, etc)Highly dependent on the wall materials and number of walls/windows to be penetratedIt is recommended to consider the penetration margin as a single worst case margin as the shadowing standard deviation doesnt include the indoor penetration variabilityTypical Penetration Losses at 2GHz

EnvironmentPenetration Margin (dB) Dense Urban Deep Indoor20Urban - Indoor17Suburban - Indoor14Rural Incar8


* | Presentation Title | Month 2008 INTERNAL NOTE Penetration LossesFor 700/850/900MHz, lower penetration losses can be consideredNote that the frequency dependency of the penetration losses is very material-dependentTypically, we can assume 2dB lower penetration margins compared to those at 2GHzFor 2.6GHz, higher penetration losses could be consideredNote that the frequency dependency of the penetration losses is very material-dependentTypically, we can assume 2dB higher penetration margins compared to those at 2GHz


* | Presentation Title | Month 2008 Uplink Link BudgetExample for one serviceInterference Margin or IoTThis sensitivity is calculated for noise only. A margin must be considered for the interference above noise: Interference Margin



* | Presentation Title | Month 2008 Uplink Link BudgetInterference MarginSensitivity figures typical consider only thermal noise, the real interference, Ij, must also be considered (not only the thermal noise)

Interference margin or IoT (Interference over Thermal Noise)A reuse of 1 is typical (option to use schemes such as soft fractional reuse or interference coordination)The IoT operating point can be set to achieve a minimum data rate at cell edge and/or to match incumbent technology coverage


* | Presentation Title | Month 2008 Uplink Link BudgetWCDMA Noise Rise - Whats Different Between LTE and WCDMA?By definition, Cell Load and Total Interference rise (Noise Rise) are linked:

where Itotal is the total received power at the node B (including the useful signal)Differences with LTEInterference from adjacent cells only for LTE (no intracell interference)Max WCDMA cell load is dependent on power control stabilityNo concept of cell load for LTE


* | Presentation Title | Month 2008 LTE IoTWhat Determines the IoT for LTE?The average IoT is dependent upon the targeted cell edge data rate (SINR)The higher the cell edge SINR target, the higher the average IoTUltimately there is a point at which the increased IoT can not be sustained with the corresponding SINRBased on system level simulations:


* | Presentation Title | Month 2008 LTE IoTWhat Determines the IoT for LTE?For LTE the IoT can be expressed as:IoT = 1 / (1 - RBLoad x FAvg x TSINR)WhereRBLoad = Average % loading of the resource blocks of adjacent cellsUnder full loading this can be considered to be 100%FAvg = The average ratio between extracell interference and useful signal received at the eNode-BBased on system level simulations the typical value of FAvg for UL fractional power control is ~0.8 this is quite comparable to that used for WCDMATSINR = SINR target at the cell edge


* | Presentation Title | Month 2008 LTE IoTThe IoT for Targeted LTE Cell Edge Rates?IoT for 100% RB Loading Ranges from 2-3dB for fractional power control consider 3dB by default in LTE Link Budget


* | Presentation Title | Month 2008 Uplink Link BudgetWhat Determines the IoT for LTE?The average IoT is dependent upon the targeted cell edge data rate (SINR)The higher the cell edge SINR target, the higher the average IoTBased on system level simulations:Omni and Directional UE antennasSINRs resulting in an IoT > 5-6dB is not considered reasonableRealistic Cell Edge SINR Operating Range


* | Presentation Title | Month 2008 Uplink Link BudgetOverall MAPL & Cell RangeOverall MAPL for a given service:


* | Presentation Title | Month 2008 Uplink Link BudgetExample for Multiple Services

Dense Urban (2.6GHz)VoIPPS 64PS 128PS 256PS 384PS 512PS 768PS 1000PS 2000Required Data Rate12.2 kbps64 kbps128 kbps256 kbps384 kbps512 kbps768 kbps1000 kbps2000 kbpsNo. Resource Blocks Required1 RB2 RB3 RB5 RB8 RB10 RB16 RB20 RB40 RBMCSMCS 6MCS 6MCS 8MCS 10MCS 10MCS 10MCS 10MCS 10MCS 10Used Bandwidth 180 kHz360 kHz540 kHz900 kHz1440 kHz1800 kHz2880 kHz3600 kHz7200 kHzTarget C/I-3.7 dB-3.6 dB-3.0 dB-2.4 dB-2.9 dB-3.1 dB-3.4 dB-2.9 dB-3.3 dBeNode-B Noise Figure2.5 dB2.5 dB2.5 dB2.5 dB2.5 dB2.5 dB2.5 dB2.5 dB2.5 dBeNode-B Sensitivity-122.7 dBm-119.6 dBm-117.2 dBm-114.4 dBm-112.9 dBm-112.1 dBm-110.3 dBm-108.8 dBm-106.2 dBmAntenna Gain18.0 dBi18.0 dBi18.0 dBi18.0 dBi18.0 dBi18.0 dBi18.0 dBi18.0 dBi18.0 dBiCable & Connector Losses0.5 dB0.5 dB0.5 dB0.5 dB0.5 dB0.5 dB0.5 dB0.5 dB0.5 dBBody Losses3 dB0 dB0 dB0 dB0 dB0 dB0 dB0 dB0 dBAdditional UL Losses0 dB0 dB0 dB0 dB0 dB0 dB0 dB0 dB0 dBCell area coverage probability95%95%95%95%95%95%95%95%95%Overall standard deviation8.0 dB8.0 dB8.0 dB8.0 dB8.0 dB8.0 dB8.0 dB8.0 dB8.0 dBShadowing Margin8.6 dB8.6 dB8.6 dB8.6 dB8.6 dB8.6 dB8.6 dB8.6 dB8.6 dBHandoff Gain3.6 dB3.6 dB3.6 dB3.0 dB2.4 dB2.0 dB1.5 dB1.1 dB0.5 dBFast Fading Margin0 dB0 dB0 dB0 dB0 dB0 dB0 dB0 dB0 dBPenetration Margin21 dB21 dB21 dB21 dB21 dB21 dB21 dB21 dB21 dBFixed IoT3.0 dB3.0 dB3.0 dB3.0 dB3.0 dB3.0 dB3.0 dB3.0 dB3.0 dBUE Antenna Gain0 dBi0 dBi0 dBi0 dBi0 dBi0 dBi0 dBi0 dBi0 dBiUE Max Transmit Power23 dBm23 dBm23 dBm23 dBm23 dBm23 dBm23 dBm23 dBm23 dBmMAPL131.2 dB131.1 dB128.7 dB125.3 dB123.1 dB122.0 dB119.7 dB117.8 dB114.5 dBUL Cell Range0.53 km0.53 km0.46 km0.37 km0.32 km0.30 km0.25 km0.23 km0.18 km


* | Presentation Title | Month 2008 Uplink Link BudgetFractional Power Control Handling in LKB (4/4)Respecting the SINR slope (dictated by the fractional power control parameters) means for services requiring very high SINR values that:Substantial reductions in allowable UE transmit power are requiredThe corresponding impact on the link budget is substantial


* | Presentation Title | Month 2008 Uplink Link BudgetPropagation ModelsFor 700, 850 or 900 MHz - Okumura-Hata:K1 = 69.55 + 26.16 x log10(FMHz) - 13.82 x log10(Hb) - a(Hm) + Kca(Hm) = (1.1 x log10(FMHz) - 0.7) x Hm - (1.56 x log10(FMHz) - 0.8) medium-sized cityK2 = 44.9 -6.55*log10(Hb)For AWS, 1.9GHz or 2.1GHz - COST-231 Hata:K1 = 46.3 + 33.9 x log10(FMHz) - 13.82 x log10(Hb) - a(Hm) + KcK2 = 44.9 - 6.55 x log10(Hb)For 2.6GHz - modified COST-231 Hata: as COST-231 Hata is limited to 1.5GHz to 2GHzBased on measurements at higher frequencies (2.5GHz & 3.5GHz):K1 = 46.3 + 33.9 x log10(2000) + 20 x log10(FMHz/2000) - 13.82 x log10(Hb) - a(Hm) + KcK2 = 44.9 - 6.55 x log10(Hb)


* | Presentation Title | Month 2008 Uplink Link BudgetImpact of TMA (1/3)Tower Mounted Amplifier (TMA) also called Mast Head Amplifier (MHA)

Impact on link budgetSlightly Reduce the global Noise Figure Compensate the cable losses0.4dB DL insertion lossesUsage recommended for UL coverage-limited scenarios

eNode-BDual TMAJumper CableJumper CableTX / RXTXdiv / RXdivDuplexerDuplexerDuplexerDuplexerLNALNAFeederAntennaVerticalPolarisation


* | Presentation Title | Month 2008 Tower Mounted Amplifier Impact of TMA (2/3)Typical gain on uplink link budget (Macro site):2.9dB gain for sites with 3dB cable losses3.7 dB gain for sites with 4dB cable lossesTypical gain on uplink link budget (RRH site):0.3dB gain for sites with 0.6dB cable lossesNote: TMA should not be considered for RRH sitesFriis formula to compute the overall noise figure of the receiver chain with TMA:

Withand Where NFfeeder =-Gfeeder =Feeder LossesTypical TMA characteristics:NFTMA =2 dB GTMA =12 dBDL Insertion losses = 0.4dB


* | Presentation Title | Month 2008 Tower Mounted Amplifier Impact of TMA (3/3)No cable losses but 0.2dB jumper lossesReduced Noise figure (based on Friis formula)Around 2.9dB gain on MAPL for sites with 3dB cable losses

Dense Urban (2.6GHz)PS 128 (no TMA)PS 128 (TMA)Required Data Rate128 kbps128 kbpsNo. Resource Blocks Required3 RB3 RBMCSMCS 8MCS 8Used Bandwidth 540 kHz540 kHzTarget C/I-3.0 dB-3.0 dBeNode-B Noise Figure2.5 dB2.4 dBeNode-B Sensitivity-117.2 dBm-117.3 dBmAntenna Gain18.0 dBi18.0 dBiCable & Connector Losses3.0 dB0.2 dBBody Losses0 dB0 dBAdditional UL Losses0 dB0 dBCell area coverage probability95%95%Overall standard deviation8.0 dB8.0 dBShadowing Margin8.6 dB8.6 dBHandoff Gain3.6 dB3.6 dBFast Fading Margin0 dB0 dBPenetration Margin21 dB21 dBFixed IoT3.0 dB3.0 dBUE Antenna Gain0 dBi0 dBiUE Max Transmit Power23.0 dBm23.0 dBmMAPL126.2 dB129.1 dBUL Cell Range0.39 km0.47 km


* | Presentation Title | Month 2008 Common & Control Channel Considerations OverviewThere are two main common and control channel considerations that should be assessed for an LTE network design to ensure that they will not limit the coverage. These include:INTERNAL NOTE Attach ProcedureACK/NACK TransmissionEither punctured onto the Physical Uplink Shared Channel (PUSCH)Or over the Physical Uplink Control Channel (PUCCH)


* | Presentation Title | Month 2008 INTERNAL NOTE Common & Control Channel Considerations Attach ProcedureThis is the procedure that the UE must go through to Attach to an LTE networkLimiting Message


* | Presentation Title | Month 2008 INTERNAL NOTE Common & Control Channel Considerations Attach ProcedureFrom a link budget perspective the limiting message from messages 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 15 and 16 (that involve the air interface) must be considered to assess any link budget constraints


* | Presentation Title | Month 2008 INTERNAL NOTE Common & Control Channel Considerations Attach ProcedureMessage 3 (RRC Connection Request) 1 resource block with QPSK rate 1/3 providing an average effective data rate of 20.8 kbps (after 5 HARQ transmissions)SINR requirement = 0.7dB (including margins)UL link budgetDense Urban2.6GHz band

Attach LKB Can be Limiting Depending on Cell Edge Rate Target


* | Presentation Title | Month 2008 Common & Control Channel Considerations ACK/NACK TransmissionDL transmission requires a steady stream of ACK transmissions over the UL to acknowledge the DL packetsCorrect ACK reception is critical for optimizing the DL efficiencyALU punctures ACK over the PUSCH initially and over the PUCCH in the longer termACK/NACK Transmission:1 RB, QPSK, SINR -3.4dB (PUSCH) & -4.2dB (PUCCH)UL LKB for Urban, 2.6GHz bandACK Is Never Foreseen to Limit UL Coverage


* | Presentation Title | Month 2008 LTE Link BudgetsDownlink Link Budget Considerations


* | Presentation Title | Month 2008 Downlink Link BudgetRationale Behind Downlink LKB Formulation (1/3)DL Cell range defined by UL cell edge service link budgetDL throughputs computed for coverage probabilities associated with each corresponding UL serviceGeometry distribution used for determining the cell edge throughput


* | Presentation Title | Month 2008 Downlink Link BudgetRationale Behind Downlink LKB Formulation (2/3)The above example illustrates the detailed DL Link Budget on the subsequent slides Urban morphology, indoor 0dBi omni UE configuration, cell range fixed for UL 128kbps, 100% adjacent cell DL RB Loading, No TMANote: The diagram is not to scale and doesnt include all ratesRangeUL_Guar_Serv128kbps (3RB) - guaranteed at cell edge256kbps (5RB)512kbps (10RB)UL RatesDL Rates3921kbps (50RB)8623kbps (50RB)1323kbps (50RB)


* | Presentation Title | Month 2008 Downlink Link BudgetRationale Behind Downlink LKB Formulation (3/3)Uniform power per RB is assumed on the DLDL performances extracted from link level simulationsThe optimal MCS is selected for given number of RB to maximize throughput while ensuring a 20% initial BLEROnly TxDiv is assumed for referenced DL link level simulationsAs the DL link budget is focusing on cell edge performances it is considered that the rank and geometry are insufficient to justify Spatial Multiplexing (SM)Where a relatively low rate is guaranteed on the UL at cell edge, e.g. 512kbps) the relative UL cell ranges for the high UL rates will be very small and thus the corresponding DL SINRs will be relatively high due to the reduced coverage reliability in such cases there is some justification for consideration SM performances (not yet incorporated here)


* | Presentation Title | Month 2008 Downlink BudgetExample: 10MHz BWCell Range for Limiting UL Service (128kbps)Cell Range for Equivalent UL Service (256kbps)Coverage Probability for DL service 95% x (0.36)2 / (0.46)2Equivalent UL Service

Dense Urban (2.6GHz)PS 128PS 256No. Resource Blocks50 RB50 RBUsed Bandwidth 9000 kHz9000 kHzUE Noise Figure7 dB7 dBeNode-B Antenna Gain18 dBi18 dBiCable & Connector Losses0.5 dB0.5 dBBody Loss0 dB0 dBPenetration Margin21 dB21 dBLimiting UL Cell Range0.46 km0.46 km# DL Tx Paths2 paths2 pathsTotal DL eNode-B Tx Power / Path30 W30 W% DL Power for PDSCH80%80%Max eNode-B Tx Power / Service46.8 dBm46.8 dBmUE Antenna Gain0 dBi0 dBiAdjacent Cell Loading100%100%UL Service Cell Range0.46 km0.37 kmDL Path Loss @ UL Cell Edge129.1 dB125.7 dBTotal DL Losses @ UL Cell Edge150.6 dB147.2 dBDL Cell Area Coverage Probability95%61%Geometry at UL Service Cell Range-4.9 dB-0.1 dBDesired Signal-85.8 dBm-82.3 dBmAdjacent Cell Signal-80.9 dBm-82.2 dBmNoise-97.5 dBm-97.5 dBmCell Edge SINR-5.0 dB-0.2 dBOptimal MCSMCS 2MCS 7Data Rate at UL Service Cell Edge1323 kbps3921 kbps


* | Presentation Title | Month 2008 Downlink BudgetExample: 10MHz BW% of total DL power dedicated to PDSCHGeometry at the corresponding UL service rangeThe cell edge SINR



* | Presentation Title | Month 2008 Downlink BudgetDL Power SettingsDepending on the OAM power offset settings for the Resource Elements (RE) of different channel types we can compute the Average PDSCH Power / OFDM SymbolExample below for 10MHz, 2 x 40W PA PowerAverage % power / symbol allocated to PDSCH REs 32.1 / 40 = 80.2%


* | Presentation Title | Month 2008 Downlink BudgetGeometry & SINR (1/2)Geometry distributions from system simulationsA range of UE configurations, both omni and, directional UEs (fixed wireless)Examples in LKB are for coverage reliabilities of 95% and 61%Yield Geometries of -3.9 & 4.7dB respectivelyAn additional 1dB is subtracted from these geometry values to align with field expectations


* | Presentation Title | Month 2008 Downlink BudgetGeometry & SINR (2/2)PDSCH SINR for a defined cell range and coverage reliability:PDSCHSINR = PDSCHRx / [ PDSCHRx Geometry + Thermal Noise]Where:PDSCHRx = PowerPDSCH Total DL LossesPowerPDSCH = PowerMax PA x Power FractionPDSCH x RBService / RBMaxPower FractionPDSCH is the average fraction of the total power allocated to PDSCH Resource Elements (REs) per symbol across all RBsThermal Noise = 10 x log10( F x Nth x NRB x WRB )F: eNode-B Noise figure in dBNth: Thermal noise density, 10log(Nth) =-174 dBm/HzNRB: Number of resource blocks (RB) required to reach a given data rateWRB: Bandwidth of one Resource Block


* | Presentation Title | Month 2008 Downlink BudgetExample: 10MHz BWMax # RB for the bandwidth is assumed by defaultCorresponding L1 Throughput for #RB, MCS and SINRThe optimal MCS for the #RB and SINR



* | Presentation Title | Month 2008 Downlink Link BudgetSINR Performances - OverviewLike the UL the DL SINR Performances depends on:eNode-B equipment performanceRadio conditions (multipath fading profile, mobile speed)Receive diversity (2-way by default or optional 4-way)Targeted data rate and quality of serviceThe Modulation and Coding Scheme (MCS)Max allowed number of HARQ transmissionsHARQ Operating Point 20% BLER for 1st HARQ Transmission considered by defaultDerived from link level simulationsNote: Currently the Link Level Simulations referenced in the DL LKB are for EVehA3km/h, 2x2 TxDiv


* | Presentation Title | Month 2008 Downlink Link BudgetSINR - Selection of Optimal SINR FiguresBased on a set of link level simulation results:Full range of MCS valuesFull range of # RBs

Example for Downlink 50RB, 10MHz Bandwidth (2x2 MIMO)


* | Presentation Title | Month 2008 Downlink Link BudgetDownlink Performance Analysis (1/3)Downlink Link Level Results for:25 RB, MCS 28, TxDiv and 5MHz Bandwidth


* | Presentation Title | Month 2008 Downlink Link BudgetDownlink Performance Analysis (2/3)Downlink Link Level Results for:25 RB, 1-28 MCS, TxDiv and 5MHz Bandwidth-5dB cell edge SINR


* | Presentation Title | Month 2008 Downlink Link BudgetDownlink Performance Analysis (3/3)Downlink Link Level Results for:1 to 25 RB, All MCS, TxDiv and 5MHz Bandwidth-5dB cell edge SINR


* | Presentation Title | Month 2008 Downlink BudgetExample: 10MHz BW (Multiple Services)

Dense Urban (2.6GHz)PS 128PS 256PS 512No. Resource Blocks50 RB50 RB50 RBUsed Bandwidth 9000 kHz9000 kHz9000 kHzUE Noise Figure7 dB7 dB7 dBeNode-B Antenna Gain18 dBi18 dBi18 dBiCable & Connector Losses0.5 dB0.5 dB0.5 dBBody Loss0 dB0 dB0 dBPenetration Margin21 dB21 dB21 dBLimiting UL Cell Range0.46 km0.46 km0.46 km# DL Tx Paths2 paths2 paths2 pathsTotal DL eNode-B Tx Power / Path30 W30 W30 W% DL Power for PDSCH80%80%80%Max eNode-B Tx Power / Service46.8 dBm46.8 dBm46.8 dBmUE Antenna Gain0 dBi0 dBi0 dBiAdjacent Cell Loading100%100%100%UL Service Cell Range0.46 km0.37 km0.30 kmDL Path Loss @ UL Cell Edge129.1 dB125.7 dB122.4 dBTotal DL Losses @ UL Cell Edge150.6 dB147.2 dB143.9 dBDL Cell Area Coverage Probability95%61%40%Geometry at UL Service Cell Range-4.9 dB-0.1 dB3.3 dBDesired Signal-85.8 dBm-82.3 dBm-79.1 dBmAdjacent Cell Signal-80.9 dBm-82.2 dBm-82.4 dBmNoise-97.5 dBm-97.5 dBm-97.5 dBmCell Edge SINR-5.0 dB-0.2 dB3.2 dBOptimal MCSMCS 2MCS 7MCS 10Data Rate at UL Service Cell Edge1323 kbps3921 kbps8623 kbps


* | Presentation Title | Month 2008 Downlink Link BudgetSummaryThe downlink link budgets presented here are indicative of what rates are achievable within the corresponding UL service coverage areasLTE coverage is not considered to be limited by the DL for typical eNode-B output powers and deployment scenarios with a 23dBm UE output power, link budgets should remain uplink limitedIt is important to understand that:DL cell edge performances are strongly dependent upon scheduler parameters (e.g. tuning of the fairness of the proportional fair scheduler algorithm) or the available bandwidth (e.g. 10MHz vs 5MHz)DL performances in the link budget are based only on long term average PDSCH SINR values and do not account for dynamic channel variations that can be addressed with frequency selective scheduling functionalitiesBetter estimates of DL performances can be achieved by means of:System level simulations and/or Radio Network Planning (RNP) analysis


* | Presentation Title | Month 2008 Downlink Link BudgetRequired DL Output Power ?A series of system simulation studies were performed to assess the required Power Amplifier (PA) sizing for 3 different important cases700 MHz (10 MHz), 2.1 GHz (10 MHz), 2.1 GHz/AWS (5 MHz) and 2.6 GHz (20 MHz)All scenarios considered 2x2 MIMO on the DL and 2RxDiv on the ULIn principle, all studies concluded the following:Spectrum efficiency for reasonable cell sizes is relatively invariant to reasonable choices for PA sizesEdge rates become much more sensitive to the choice of power at large cell radiuses


* | Presentation Title | Month 2008 Downlink Link BudgetDownlink PA Sizing for LTE ConclusionsRecommendations from study (independent of frequency)

Carrier BandwidthsPA Power1.4 MHz2 x 10 W3.0 MHz2 x 10 W5.0 MHz2 x 20 W10.0 MHz2 x 30 W15.0 MHz2 x 40 W20.0 MHz2 x 40 W


* | Presentation Title | Month 2008 RF Design


* | Presentation Title | Month 2008 LTE eNode-B DimensioningKey Issues to be consideredCell edge coverage expectations + depth of coverageTarget operating frequency band + propagation assumptionsOverlay versus Greenfield deploymentAntenna system sharing requirements (impact on coverage + optimization constraints)Radio features, e.g. TMA, RRH, ICICCoverageSubscriber usage profileSubscriber forecastSpectrum constraintsPeak throughput requirementsRadio features, e.g. ICICCapacity



Rollout Phase Site Field Positioning Principles Based on Site Count (from RF dimensioning process)Sites positioned to satisfy RS coverage target (from LB for a target area reliability)Capacity requirementPlaced either manually or utilizing Automatic Cell Planning (ACP) toolsSite Sharing Approach:The first and quickest approach without RNP is to overlay existing sites with LTEA 1:1 mapping is most appropriate where the overlaid network is at a frequency band close to LTE bandSite overlay optimized with the aid of RNP predictions with an accurate propagation modelSites can be added or deleted where there is limited or excess coverage, respectivelyAnalysis performed at the same time as antenna azimuth optimization (see next slide)


* | Presentation Title | Month 2008 Rollout Phase RF Optimization CriteriaAzimuth optimization and tilt optimization are the main rules to optimize the network in order to have the best radio environment before implementing any features.

The aim areOptimize coverage in order to reach RSRP targetsTo reduce the number of servers covering the same area in order to avoid excessive overlapping. This minimize interference without impacting coverage, improve SINR so network performances likeThroughput CapacityFrequency re-use efficiency


* | Presentation Title | Month 2008 Rollout Phase RSRP targetRS-RSSI: total power transmitted dedicated for Reference signal during one OFDM symbol durationCurrently in Atoll it is more RS-RSSI is calculated, and the total power dedicated to RS is 1/6 of Max power. This approach is not 100% of the time in line wit power settings on the fieldLA0.x for a 30W PA power energy per RE for RS is 14.9 dBm. Considering 10MHz bandwidth 100 RE are used to calculate RS-RSSI, so total power dedicated to RS over one OFDM symbol is 34.9dBm, but Atoll calculates 30W/6, so 37dBm, so to do the right calculation for this configuration max power set in Atoll should be 43dBm instead of 45dBm.


* | Presentation Title | Month 2008 Rollout Phase RSRP targetLA1.0 for RRH 30W PA power energy per RE for RS is 16.2 dBm. Considering 10MHz bandwidth 100 RE are used to calculate RS-RSSI, so total power dedicated to RS over one OFDM symbol is 36.2dBm, but Atoll calculates 30W/6, so 37dBm, so to do the right calculation for this configuration max power set in Atoll should be 44dBm instead of 45dBm.

LA1.0 for TRDU 40W PA power energy per RE for RS is 18.2 dBm. Considering 10MHz bandwidth 100 RE are used to calculate RS-RSSI, so total power dedicated to RS over one OFDM symbol is 38.2dBm, Atoll calculates 40W/6, so 38dBm, so it is ok

3GPP RSRP definition: Reference signal received power (RSRP), is determined for a considered cell as the linear average over the power contributions (in [W]) of the resource elements that carry cell-specific reference signals within the considered measurement frequency bandwidth.


* | Presentation Title | Month 2008 Rollout Phase RF Optimization CriteriaOutdoor RSRP target depending on environment and frequencies for UL PS 128 service and UL PS 256, considering 45dBm PA power and 14.9 dBm Reference signal Tx power per RE. RSRP value does not depends on the number of transmitDL RS EIRP per RE and per transmit: 30.9dBm @ 2600MHz/2100MHz/AWS/1900MHz/1800MHz with 18dBi antenna gain & 2dB cable losses30.9dBm @ 900MHz/850MHz with 17dBi antenna gain & 1dB cable losses28.9dBm @700MHz with 15dBi antenna gain & 1 dB cable losses


* | Presentation Title | Month 2008 Rollout Phase RF Optimization CriteriaCurrently the calculation done in 9155 is the sum of all Reference signal resource elements power transmitted in a same OFDM time period over all the bandwidth. This approach is not in line with 3GPP as 3GPP specify the linear average of reference signal resource elements.To compensate this error the following work around must be followed and based on the same analysis done for RS-RSSI calculationLA0.x for RRH 30W PA power energy per RE for RS is 14.9 dBm. For 5MHz bandwidth set in Cell table Max power column: eNode-B PA power -19dBFor 10MHz bandwidth set in Cell table Max power column: eNode-B PA power -22dBFor 20MHz bandwidth set in Cell table Max power column: eNode-B PA power -25dB


* | Presentation Title | Month 2008 Rollout Phase RF Optimization CriteriaLA1.0 for RRH 30W PA power energy per RE for RS is 16.2 dBm. For 5MHz bandwidth set in Cell table Max power column: eNode-B PA power -18dBFor 10MHz bandwidth set in Cell table Max power column: eNode-B PA power -21dBFor 20MHz bandwidth set in Cell table Max power column: eNode-B PA power -24dB

LA1.0 for TRDU 40W PA power energy per RE for RS is 18.2 dBm. For 5MHz bandwidth set in Cell table Max power column: eNode-B PA power -17dBFor 10MHz bandwidth set in Cell table Max power column: eNode-B PA power -20dBFor 20MHz bandwidth set in Cell table Max power column: eNode-B PA power -23dB


* | Presentation Title | Month 2008 Rollout Phase RF Optimization CriteriaThe method proposed is to:Set indoor penetration losses in 9155 clutter tableUse the UL Link Budget Available Path loss with 0dB penetration losses set in the LB for the dimensioning service selected, Design RSRP = RS per RE EIRP+ ANT_GAIN Available Uplink Pathloss indoor losseswhere:RS per RE EIRP = Reference signal EIRP per resource element , it is automatically calculated by 9155 when the work around specified above is followed ANT_GAIN = Node-B antenna gainAvailable Uplink Pathloss: UL available pathloss calculated with the link budget when penetration loss is set to 0dBThe RSRP target values specified in slide , have been defined with this approach. If the user apply this approach, the following recommendation must be respectedSelect indoor loss icon in 9155 coverage study Do not select shadowing taken into account icon as it is already done in RSRP target calculated below


* | Presentation Title | Month 2008 * | Presentation Title | Month 2008 RF optimization criteriaOverlapping optimizationThe following rules are not technology specifics, and their efficiency have already been measured on GSM, W-CDMA networks. Pollution and interference analysisWithin 4dB of the best servernumber of servers should 4 % area with 4 servers should be < 2%.% of area with 2 servers should be < 30%.

Within 10dB of the best servernumber of servers should 7% of area with 7 servers should be < 2%.

High signal level overlap analysis:Increase the design threshold for the covered area by 10dB% of 3 servers in the design area should not exceed 10%..Example: if the RS design threshold is -85dBm, a number of servers analysis is done with a threshold equal to -75dBm.


* | Presentation Title | Month 2008 * | Presentation Title | Month 2008 RF optimization criteriaSINR targetThis target can be used with 9155 RNP tool, but it is not 100% sure that it can be measured on the field with high accuracy as it is not 3GPP measurement criteria. In 9155 SINR can be calculated based on reference signal, or PDSCH, and for loaded cases it provides the same results as power per RE RS= power per RE PDSCHThe SINR target value depends on the traffic load:95% of the design area should have SINR -5dB, with 100% DL load95% of the design area should have a SINR -2dB with 50% DL loadSINR does not depends on number of transmits


* | Presentation Title | Month 2008 * | Presentation Title | Month 2008 RF optimization criteria

RSRQ target RSRQ= N*RSRP/RSSI where RSSI is all the power received in the N resource blocks used bandwidth during the same time period where RSRP is measured.RSRQ depends on the number of transit, as RSSI value depends on it, and not RSRPRSRQ target value depends on the traffic load:1 transmit : 95% of the design area should have RSRQ -17dB, with 100% DL load95% of the design area should have RSRQ -14dB, with 50% DL load2 transmits : 95% of the design area should have RSRQ -20dB, with 100% DL load95% of the design area should have RSRQ -17dB, with 50% DL load4 transmits : 95% of the design area should have RSRQ -23dB, with 100% DL load95% of the design area should have RSRQ -20dB, with 50% DL load


* | Presentation Title | Month 2008 * | Presentation Title | Month 2008 RF optimization criteriaThese targets are been obtained on several well known environments ; where a very good optimization has been done in W-CDMA due to critical inter-site distance : 400m. Same RNP environment has been re-used for LTE predictions without changing anything to evaluate the best SINR & RSRQ reachable in different full traffic load condition.The RNP prediction and RF optimization done for the different trials in US and Europe confirm that these targets can be reach and are a good way to optimize throughput and reduce interferences.Overlapping criteria, RSRQ target and SINR target defined above are in line to provide the same RF design. They allow managing interferences in order to obtain a RF network design able to support the best throughput .10Mbps in cell center for mono-user when all surrounded cells have 100% load1.5Mbps at cell edge in mono-user for 10MHz bandwidth when all surrounded cells have 100% load


* | Presentation Title | Month 2008 * | Presentation Title | Month 2008 RF optimization criteriaNeighbors & Cell ID planning criteriaCell id is required to identify each cell, a cell id is the combination of one of the 3 sequences supported by P-SCH and the group Id supported by S-SCH.So Realizing a cell id planning = realizing P-SCH planning and S-SCH planningThe strategy recommended is to use the same S-CH per site which induces that each sector uses a different P-SCH sequenceThis distance depends on propagation path loss, the environment and the frequency.The main criteria are the following one:Considering two cells cell A and cell B, on the same frequency carrier using the same cell ID, the distance between those must satisfy the following criterias:RSRP criteriaAt cell A edge (RSRPcellA -115dBm) : RSRPcellA : RSRPcellB + 10dBAt cell B edge (RSRPcellB -115dBm): RSRPcellB : RSRPcellA + 10dB

RSRQ criteria for 100% load case ( 2 transmits)At cell A edge (RSRQcellA -20dB) : RSRQcellA : RSRQcellB + 10dBAt cell B edge (RSRQcellB -20dB): RSRQcellB : RSRQcellA + 10dB


* | Presentation Title | Month 2008 * | Presentation Title | Month 2008 RF optimization criteriaDistance criteriaDense urban/ urban 2km @ 2600MHz considering 600m cell radius2,4km @ 1800MHz and 2100MHz considering 700m cell radius5,5km @ 850MHz and 900MHz considering 1,7km cell radius6Km @ 700MHz considering 1,9km cell radiusSuburban6km @ 2600MHz considering 1,8km cell radius7km @ 1800MHz and 2100MHz considering 2,2km cell radius18km @ 850MHz and 900MHz considering 5,5km cell radius20Km @ 700MHz considering 6km cell radiusRural17km @ 2600MHz considering 6km cell radius21km @ 1800MHz and 2100MHz considering 7km cell radius60km @ 850MHz and 900MHz considering 18km cell radius65Km @ 700MHz considering 20km cell radius


* | Presentation Title | Month 2008 www.alcatel-lucent.comwww.alcatel-lucent.com


* | Presentation Title | Month 2008 Hard Handover


* | Presentation Title | Month 2008 Hard Handover


* | Presentation Title | Month 2008 Hard HandoverPreparation Phase


* | Presentation Title | Month 2008 Hard HandoverExecution Phase


* | Presentation Title | Month 2008 Hard HandoverCompletion phase


* | Presentation Title | Month 2008 Hard HandoverExecution time

**Divider Section Break Pages

Title block set 28/32pt Trebuchet white, flush left with text box positioned at, Horizontal 1.87 and Vertical 2.87This slide is to be used to create Section Divider slides Please copy, paste and modify this slide to reflect your specific needs. It is not generated from a Master slide template*Important: although link budget (MAPL calculation) is performed for each service separately, the level of interference considered in this MAPL calculation has been derived for all the services and all the users in the cell.*Important: although link budget (MAPL calculation) is performed for each service separately, the level of interference considered in this MAPL calculation has been derived for all the services and all the users in the cell.*Important: although link budget (MAPL calculation) is performed for each service separately, the level of interference considered in this MAPL calculation has been derived for all the services and all the users in the cell.*Important: although link budget (MAPL calculation) is performed for each service separately, the level of interference considered in this MAPL calculation has been derived for all the services and all the users in the cell.*Important: although link budget (MAPL calculation) is performed for each service separately, the level of interference considered in this MAPL calculation has been derived for all the services and all the users in the cell.*Important: although link budget (MAPL calculation) is performed for each service separately, the level of interference considered in this MAPL calculation has been derived for all the services and all the users in the cell.*Important: although link budget (MAPL calculation) is performed for each service separately, the level of interference considered in this MAPL calculation has been derived for all the services and all the users in the cell.*Important: although link budget (MAPL calculation) is performed for each service separately, the level of interference considered in this MAPL calculation has been derived for all the services and all the users in the cell.*Important: although link budget (MAPL calculation) is performed for each service separately, the level of interference considered in this MAPL calculation has been derived for all the services and all the users in the cell.*Important: although link budget (MAPL calculation) is performed for each service separately, the level of interference considered in this MAPL calculation has been derived for all the services and all the users in the cell.*Important: although link budget (MAPL calculation) is performed for each service separately, the level of interference considered in this MAPL calculation has been derived for all the services and all the users in the cell.*Important: although link budget (MAPL calculation) is performed for each service separately, the level of interference considered in this MAPL calculation has been derived for all the services and all the users in the cell.*Important: although link budget (MAPL calculation) is performed for each service separately, the level of interference considered in this MAPL calculation has been derived for all the services and all the users in the cell.*Divider Section Break Pages

Title block set 28/32pt Trebuchet white, flush left with text box positioned at, Horizontal 1.87 and Vertical 2.87This slide is to be used to create Section Divider slides Please copy, paste and modify this slide to reflect your specific needs. It is not generated from a Master slide template*Important: although link budget (MAPL calculation) is performed for each service separately, the level of interference considered in this MAPL calculation has been derived for all the services and all the users in the cell.*Important: although link budget (MAPL calculation) is performed for each service separately, the level of interference considered in this MAPL calculation has been derived for all the services and all the users in the cell.*Important: although link budget (MAPL calculation) is performed for each service separately, the level of interference considered in this MAPL calculation has been derived for all the services and all the users in the cell.*Important: although link budget (MAPL calculation) is performed for each service separately, the level of interference considered in this MAPL calculation has been derived for all the services and all the users in the cell.*Important: although link budget (MAPL calculation) is performed for each service separately, the level of interference considered in this MAPL calculation has been derived for all the services and all the users in the cell.*Important: although link budget (MAPL calculation) is performed for each service separately, the level of interference considered in this MAPL calculation has been derived for all the services and all the users in the cell.*Important: although link budget (MAPL calculation) is performed for each service separately, the level of interference considered in this MAPL calculation has been derived for all the services and all the users in the cell.*Important: although link budget (MAPL calculation) is performed for each service separately, the level of interference considered in this MAPL calculation has been derived for all the services and all the users in the cell.*Important: although link budget (MAPL calculation) is performed for each service separately, the level of interference considered in this MAPL calculation has been derived for all the services and all the users in the cell.*Important: although link budget (MAPL calculation) is performed for each service separately, the level of interference considered in this MAPL calculation has been derived for all the services and all the users in the cell.*Important: although link budget (MAPL calculation) is performed for each service separately, the level of interference considered in this MAPL calculation has been derived for all the services and all the users in the cell.*Important: although link budget (MAPL calculation) is performed for each service separately, the level of interference considered in this MAPL calculation has been derived for all the services and all the users in the cell.*Important: although link budget (MAPL calculation) is performed for each service separately, the level of interference considered in this MAPL calculation has been derived for all the services and all the users in the cell.*Important: although link budget (MAPL calculation) is performed for each service separately, the level of interference considered in this MAPL calculation has been derived for all the services and all the users in the cell.*Important: although link budget (MAPL calculation) is performed for each service separately, the level of interference considered in this MAPL calculation has been derived for all the services and all the users in the cell.*Important: although link budget (MAPL calculation) is performed for each service separately, the level of interference considered in this MAPL calculation has been derived for all the services and all the users in the cell.*Important: although link budget (MAPL calculation) is performed for each service separately, the level of interference considered in this MAPL calculation has been derived for all the services and all the users in the cell.*Important: although link budget (MAPL calculation) is performed for each service separately, the level of interference considered in this MAPL calculation has been derived for all the services and all the users in the cell.*Divider Section Break Pages

Title block set 28/32pt Trebuchet white, flush left with text box positioned at, Horizontal 1.87 and Vertical 2.87This slide is to be used to create Section Divider slides Please copy, paste and modify this slide to reflect your specific needs. It is not generated from a Master slide template*Important: although link budget (MAPL calculation) is performed for each service separately, the level of interference considered in this MAPL calculation has been derived for all the services and all the users in the cell.*Important: although link budget (MAPL calculation) is performed for each service separately, the level of interference considered in this MAPL calculation has been derived for all the services and all the users in the cell.*Important: although link budget (MAPL calculation) is performed for each service separately, the level of interference considered in this MAPL calculation has been derived for all the services and all the users in the cell.*Important: although link budget (MAPL calculation) is performed for each service separately, the level of interference considered in this MAPL calculation has been derived for all the services and all the users in the cell.*Important: although link budget (MAPL calculation) is performed for each service separately, the level of interference considered in this MAPL calculation has been derived for all the services and all the users in the cell.*Important: although link budget (MAPL calculation) is performed for each service separately, the level of interference considered in this MAPL calculation has been derived for all the services and all the users in the cell.*Important: although link budget (MAPL calculation) is performed for each service separately, the level of interference considered in this MAPL calculation has been derived for all the services and all the users in the cell.*Important: although link budget (MAPL calculation) is performed for each service separately, the level of interference considered in this MAPL calculation has been derived for all the services and all the users in the cell.*Important: although link budget (MAPL calculation) is performed for each service separately, the level of interference considered in this MAPL calculation has been derived for all the services and all the users in the cell.*Important: although link budget (MAPL calculation) is performed for each service separately, the level of interference considered in this MAPL calculation has been derived for all the services and all the users in the cell.*Important: although link budget (MAPL calculation) is performed for each service separately, the level of interference considered in this MAPL calculation has been derived for all the services and all the users in the cell.*Important: although link budget (MAPL calculation) is performed for each service separately, the level of interference considered in this MAPL calculation has been derived for all the services and all the users in the cell.*Important: although link budget (MAPL calculation) is performed for each service separately, the level of interference considered in this MAPL calculation has been derived for all the services and all the users in the cell.*Divider Section Break Pages

Title block set 28/32pt Trebuchet white, flush left with text box positioned at, Horizontal 1.87 and Vertical 2.87This slide is to be used to create Section Divider slides Please copy, paste and modify this slide to reflect your specific needs. It is not generated from a Master slide template****Divider Section Break Pages

Title block set 28/32pt Trebuchet white, flush left with text box positioned at, Horizontal 1.87 and Vertical 2.87This slide is to be used to create Section Divider slides Please copy, paste and modify this slide to reflect your specific needs. It is not generated from a Master slide template*Important: although link budget (MAPL calculation) is performed for each service separately, the level of interference considered in this MAPL calculation has been derived for all the services and all the users in the cell.*Important: although link budget (MAPL calculation) is performed for each service separately, the level of interference considered in this MAPL calculation has been derived for all the services and all the users in the cell.*Important: although link budget (MAPL calculation) is performed for each service separately, the level of interference considered in this MAPL calculation has been derived for all the services and all the users in the cell.*Important: although link budget (MAPL calculation) is performed for each service separately, the level of interference considered in this MAPL calculation has been derived for all the services and all the users in the cell.*Important: although link budget (MAPL calculation) is performed for each service separately, the level of interference considered in this MAPL calculation has been derived for all the services and all the users in the cell.*Important: although link budget (MAPL calculation) is performed for each service separately, the level of interference considered in this MAPL calculation has been derived for all the services and all the users in the cell.*Important: although link budget (MAPL calculation) is performed for each service separately, the level of interference considered in this MAPL calculation has been derived for all the services and all the users in the cell.*Important: although link budget (MAPL calculation) is performed for each service separately, the level of interference considered in this MAPL calculation has been derived for all the services and all the users in the cell.*Important: although link budget (MAPL calculation) is performed for each service separately, the level of interference considered in this MAPL calculation has been derived for all the services and all the users in the cell.****Divider Section Break Pages

Title block set 28/32pt Trebuchet white, flush left with text box positioned at, Horizontal 1.87 and Vertical 2.87This slide is to be used to create Section Divider slides Please copy, paste and modify this slide to reflect your specific needs. It is not generated from a Master slide template*Important: although link budget (MAPL calculation) is performed for each service separately, the level of interference considered in this MAPL calculation has been derived for all the services and all the users in the cell.*Important: although link budget (MAPL calculation) is performed for each service separately, the level of interference considered in this MAPL calculation has been derived for all the services and all the users in the cell.*Divider Section Break Pages

Title block set 28/32pt Trebuchet white, flush left with text box positioned at, Horizontal 1.87 and Vertical 2.87This slide is to be used to create Section Divider slides Please copy, paste and modify this slide to reflect your specific needs. It is not generated from a Master slide template*Important: although link budget (MAPL calculation) is performed for each service separately, the level of interference considered in this MAPL calculation has been derived for all the services and all the users in the cell.*Important: although link budget (MAPL calculation) is performed for each service separately, the level of interference considered in this MAPL calculation has been derived for all the services and all the users in the cell.*Important: although link budget (MAPL calculation) is performed for each service separately, the level of interference considered in this MAPL calculation has been derived for all the services and all the users in the cell.*Important: although link budget (MAPL calculation) is performed for each service separately, the level of interference considered in this MAPL calculation has been derived for all the services and all the users in the cell.*Important: although link budget (MAPL calculation) is performed for each service separately, the level of interference considered in this MAPL calculation has been derived for all the services and all the users in the cell.*Important: although link budget (MAPL calculation) is performed for each service separately, the level of interference considered in this MAPL calculation has been derived for all the services and all the users in the cell.**Important: although link budget (MAPL calculation) is performed for each service separately, the level of interference considered in this MAPL calculation has been derived for all the services and all the users in the cell.***As per slide*Divider Section Break Pages

Title block set 28/32pt Trebuchet white, flush left with text box positioned at, Horizontal 1.87 and Vertical 2.87This slide is to be used to create Section Divider slides Please copy, paste and modify this slide to reflect your specific needs. It is not generated from a Master slide template******Divider Section Break Pages

Title block set 28/32pt Trebuchet white, flush left with text box positioned at, Horizontal 1.87 and Vertical 2.87This slide is to be used to create Section Divider slides Please copy, paste and modify this slide to reflect your specific needs. It is not generated from a Master slide template*Divider Section Break Pages

Title block set 28/32pt Trebuchet white, flush left with text box positioned at, Horizontal 1.87 and Vertical 2.87This slide is to be used to create Section Divider slides Please copy, paste and modify this slide to reflect your specific needs. It is not generated from a Master slide template*Important: although link budget (MAPL calculation) is performed for each service separately, the level of interference considered in this MAPL calculation has been derived for all the services and all the users in the cell.*Important: although link budget (MAPL calculation) is performed for each service separately, the level of interference considered in this MAPL calculation has been derived for all the services and all the users in the cell.*Important: although link budget (MAPL calculation) is performed for each service separately, the level of interference considered in this MAPL calculation has been derived for all the services and all the users in the cell.*Important: although link budget (MAPL calculation) is performed for each service separately, the level of interference considered in this MAPL calculation has been derived for all the services and all the users in the cell.*Important: although link budget (MAPL calculation) is performed for each service separately, the level of interference considered in this MAPL calculation has been derived for all the services and all the users in the cell.

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LTE Training RF Design - ALU