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CITYNET, Seoul November 2013
Tony Chan – Associate Director/ Planning Team Leader
Low Carbon Cities: From Vision to Reality
Low Carbon Development - China
1985
Urbanization
24% 52%2012
Based on current trends, by 2025:
• Close to One Billion people in urban
centres by 2025.
• More than 221 cities with more than one
million people
• Urbanization rate is 70% by 2050
• The urban economy will generate over
90% of China’s GDP
HSBC, 2011
HSBC, 2011
HSBC, 2011
Energy Consumption % increased between 2000-2010
340% 240%Electricity consumption CO2 Emission* Electricity consumption increased by 135% in 2012 compared to that in
2010
195%Oil consumption
0
5
10
15
20
25
China World OECD members United States Malaysia Korea, Rep. Japan Hong Kong SAR,
China
CO
2 e
mis
sion
s/cap
ita(t
CO
2)
CO2 emitters
2000
2009
Carbon Emission
Source: World Development Indicators, World Bank 2010
49%
4%
32%
7%
8%
China
Electricity and heat
production
Other energy industry
own use
Manufacturing industries
and construction
Transport
Other sectors
Per Capita CO2 Emission by Sector in 2010 (IEA, 2010)
Reduce Carbon Intensity by 40-45% by 2020 - compared to 2005 levels (State Council, 2009 – First time having specific carbon emissions target).
12th 5 Year Plan - Reduce Carbon Intensity by 17% by end 2015
Carbon/ energy saving measures & targets
for 10,000 businesses in energy intensive industries.
5 Provinces & 8 cities as low carbon pilots
Forest Coverage target of > 21.66%
China’s Carbon Targets
Renewable EnergyWind Power – 200GW by 2020Solar – 50 GW by 2020Biomass – 15 GW by 2015
Construction of Smart Grid (UHV lines & networks, remote monitoring and EV charging)Automotive
Fuel Efficiency – China V by 2016Electric Vehicles – Target 5m by 2020Subsidies for smaller engines, fuel efficiency and hybrid/ EV
Green Building Movement Plan Developers Incentives – 1% gfa increase for each star in the 3-star green building rating system. Subsidies for communities with at least 30% green buildings.In July, Shanghai government promoted the development of green building in affordable housing projects. 15% of newly built will be designed and constructed according to the requirement of green building.
Other Clean Tech Initiatives
China High Speed Rail (>200km/hr average) – 9,300km (Dec 2012)
Urban Metro Transit Systems – 17 cities (2013)
Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) Systems – About 30 systems nationally
Alternative Fuel Systems & Energy Efficient Fleet Vehicles
Public Transport Initiatives
Urban Metro (excl Light Rail Systems)
4 lines in 3 cities 55 lines in 17
cities (excl HK)
87 lines in 25
cities1995 2013 2015
Case Studies
Location: Qingdao City, ChinaArea: 28 km²Client: Qingdao West Coast Development Group Co Ltd
Central Business District with Creative Maritime Activities and natural beach environment.
Based on the foundation of the Great Qingdao regional development, research the industry functional orientation of the West Coast Core Area.
Promote the Industrial Upgrading of both Huangdao and JiaonanDistrict based on the current Marine Economy.
Qingdao West Coast CBDConceptual Planning and Urban Design
Urban System Plan National Urban System Plan
Provincial Urban System Plan
Proposed Low Carbon &
Sustainable Zoning Codes
3. Originality
Urban Masterplan City Urban System Plan
City Masterplan
Regulatory Plan
Site Plan
Indicators
Detailed Plan
Green Building
Renewable Energy
Water Resource
Microclimate
Green Infrastructure
1. Land Use
2. Land Area
3. Plot Ratio
4. Building Density
5. Building Height
6. Greening Rate
7. Car Parking
Changxindian Zoning Plan, Beijing
Innovative Zoning Plan
500 hectares site south-west of Beijing city
Innovative approach to incorporate low carbon
& sustainable planning conditions into
statutory zoning plans.
First of its kind in the China urban planning
system and multiple local and international
award winner (ISOCARP 2009-2010)
Stage 1 currently close to completion
50% reduction in
CO2 emission
compared to BAU
Domestic wateruse to be less than
110 litres/ p/d
Reduce domestic
waste generation
to 0.8kg /p/day
100% of residents
within 400m of public
transport stops
At least 15% of
energy supply from
renewable energy
At least 15% of
residential
development for social
housing
co2low Changxing Low Carbon Community
Setting targets
Shanghai World Expo Site –Low Carbon Strategy Plan
Urban Best Practice Area (UBPA) – 0.15km2Shanghai World Expo Site – 5.3km2
0 300 600 1500m
Shanghai EXPO
UBPA
Building
Infrastructure
Transportation
Energy Supply
Energy saving
Energy supply structure
Energy use
Operation energy
cost
Fuel cost
Carbon sink
Energy
consumption
Emission
Green space carbon sink
•Preparing Low Carbon Indicators and Construction Guidelines
•LEED ND (Platinum?) for UBPA site
•Start Up Area – Urban Best Practice Area (UBPA) Site as well as Overall Low Carbon
Strategy for entire Expo site (5km2).
Low carbon park management
• Low carbon plan
• Land development indicator
• Carbon emission monitoring
• Energy management
• Carbon trade
• Educational promotion
Low carbon business
• Business carbon emission report
• Employee low carbon handbook
• Energy saving incentives
Low carbon living
• Residents low carbon
handbook
• Low carbon life style
Operation
managementCommunity planning
• Community services
• Accessible facilities
• Open space
• Public transport
• Public services
Regional energy supply
• Clean energy ratio
Transportation
• Public transport ratio
• Non motorised transport
• Pedestrian paths
Building energy
• New building
• Existing building
• Green building ratio
Renewable energy
• Renewable energy ratio
Low carbon development
• Local policy tackling
climate change
• Local green building
standards
• Total emission
• Emission per unit
area
• Energy
consumption per
building area
Water
• Water saving equipments
• Non-traditional water source
• Rainwater sink and use
• Surface water quality
Green space
• Plant ratio
• Local plant index
Waste reuse
• Living waste collection
• Construction waste recycling
Microclimate
• Heat island
Building material
• Recyclable material ratio
• Reusable material ratio
• Construction material produced
within 500km
4 categories、41 indicators
Local policy Carbon Effect
* Note: indicators assessed in UBPA marked in red
Low Carbon Indicator System
New buildings energy saving rate 60%
Existing buildings energy saving rate 55%
Reused water use ratio 15%
Renewable energy ratio 20%
Rainwater Infiltration and use 85%
Open Space ratio 40%
Green buildings proportion 100%
Buildings
Energy
supply
Water
Green
space
Low Carbon Measures in the UBPA Site
18 buildings (unchanged or modified) within UBPA
14 Low carbon technologies used:
• Solar panel electricity generation
• Solar panel hot water
• Solar panel cooling
• Vertical wind power electricity generation
• Horizontal wind power electricity generation
• Biomass fuel
• Fuel cell electricity generation
• River water-source heat pump
• Building material energy saving
• Building structure energy saving
• Ventilation system energy saving
• LED lighting energy saving
• Rainwater collection and reuse
• Waste recycling
Basic conceptProject Experience—Shanghai UBPA Low-carbon Eco Plan
Incremental CostExtra cost according to regulation
Incremental cost of initial investment
Maintenance cost increase
BenefitsExtra benefit by adopting low carbon technology
Water bill saving
Electricity bill saving
Government expenditure
Government subsidies
Zero Carbon Building,Projects
32
Hong Kong CIC Zero Carbon Architect: Ronald Lu & Partners
• On site zero-carbon
• Passive before active systems
• Nat vent for 34% yr
35
Samsung
Samsung Zero Energy House
• 1st LEED Platinum in East Asia
• 1st Net Zero Energy Consumption
Building in Korea
• Green Design Award 2010 (Residential)
3.4 对中国未来发展生态城的启示
• Scalable
Consider the functional & implementation
scale from masterplans to primary land
development and secondary site
development & building levels.
• Market- driven/ support
Must be resilient and economically
viable with or without government
incentives/ support
• Replicable
Not only meeting local domestic
demand or requirements but
benchmarks well against international
best practices
• Enforceable
Must have clear implementation framework for
the developer & government departments to
successfully implement and enforce the various
sustainable elements of the plan.
Conclusion