Looking Back at Prerequisites Science: a methodical approach to the acquisition of knowledge Observation: Use the metric (SI) units to measure your world!

Looking Back at PrerequisitesScience: a methodical approach to the acquisition of knowledge

Observation: Use the metric (SI) units to measure your world!

Question: Be curious-the bad question is the one you fail to ask!

Hypothesis: Make falsifiable educated guess to answer question

Prediction: If the hypothesis is true…then the dependent variable will respond…when I manipulate the independent variable.

Experiment: Manipulate the independent variable=treatmentCompare the response to an unmanipulated control

Analysis: Use statistical test and allow % for statistical errorType 1: rejecting a true H -- Type2: failing to reject false H

Decision: Reject hypothesis or Cannot reject hypothesis

Looking Back at PrerequisitesBiology: the Study of Life

Cellular Structure (cell = unit of life)

Metabolism = Homeostasis (PSN, Resp, N2fix, ferment, etc.)

Growth = irreversible change in size

Reproduction…failure = extinction

Acclimatization-short term responses = behavior

Adaptation-long term responses = evolution

What are the fundamental properties of life?

Looking Back at PrerequisitesBiology is multidimensional

CellTissueOrgan

Organ SystemOrganismPopulationCommunityEcosystem

This array is an example of what dimension?Levels of Organization

What fields of biology are at each extreme?Biochemistry and Biophysics

In this course our focus will be upon…These levels but onlyin reference to plants

Looking Back at PrerequisitesClassification

Domain Prokarya Eukarya Eukarya

Kingdom BacteriaProtista

Or PlantaePlantae

Phylum Cyanophyta ChlorophytaAnthophyta

Magnoliophyta

Class Prochlorophyceae Chlorophyceae Dicotyledonae

Order Prochlorales Ulvales Rosales

Family Prochlorococcaceae Ulvaceae Rosaceae

Genus Prochlorococcus Ulva Rosa

Species P. marinus U. lactuca R. multiflora

Common MED4 Sea lettuce Wild Rose

The species name is a Latin binomialDead LanguageUniversally known

The Genus name and a specific epithetExample: Brassica oleracea

mustard of the garden

Sometimes the binomial is not good enough!So we add a Latin variety name as well

(also known as subspecies)

Several examples of members of species Brassica oleracea

http://www.blueoniondesign.com/blog/cabbage.jpg

Cabbage:Brassica oleracea capitata

QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor

are needed to see this picture.

http://www.hilltopfarms.org/images/kale.jpg

Kale:Brassica oleracea acephala

http://www.vegetables.pe.kr/vegetablesgallery/leaf_vegetables/images/brussels%20sprouts_prince%20marvel.jpg

Brussels sprouts:Brassica oleracea gemmifera



http://www.hrt.msu.edu/course/HRT204L/VEG_ID/kohlrabi.jpg

Kohlrabi:Brassica oleracea caulorapa



http://www.cloverseed.com.hk/web_clover_c/broccoli/broccoli_monterey.jpg

Broccoli:Brassica oleracea italica



http://green-acres.org/images/products/cauliflower.jpg

Cauliflower:Brassica oleracea botrytis











http://www.burpee.com/jump.jsp?itemID=219&itemType=CATEGORY&iMainCat=13&iSubCat=219

‘Two Seasons Hybrid’

Brassica oleracea capitata

‘Salad Delight’

‘Earliana’

‘King Slaw’ cultivar names inhome language andin single quotes

How many species are there?

What is a species?

Animal species concept…

if offspring are fertile then same species…

does not apply among species of other kingdoms:

Prokaryotes (no sex)

Algae (sex sometimes unknown)

Allopolyploidy in plants

Shifting Kingdoms2 3 5 6 8

Bacteria Bacteria Bacteria Bacteria Bacteria

Archaebacteria Archaebacteria Archaebacteria Archaebacteria Archaebacteria

Archezoans Archezoans Archezoans Archezoans Archezoans

Euglenoids Euglenoids Euglenoids Euglenoids Euglenoids

Chrysophytes Chrysophytes Chrysophytes Chrysophytes Chrysophytes

Green Algae Green Algae Green Algae Green Algae Green Algae

Brown Algae Brown Algae Brown Algae Brown Algae Brown Algae

Red algae Red algae Red algae Red algae Red algae

Slime Molds Slime Molds Slime Molds Slime Molds Slime Molds

True Fungi True Fungi True Fungi True Fungi True Fungi

Bryophytes Bryophytes Bryophytes Bryophytes Bryophytes

Tracheophytes Tracheophytes Tracheophytes Tracheophytes Tracheophytes

Protozoans Protozoans Protozoans Protozoans Protozoans

Myxozoans Myxozoans Myxozoans Myxozoans Myxozoans

Multicellular Animals





Lumpers Splitters

How Long Ago?

Mult

icellu

lar

Animals

Myx

ozoa

ns

Proto

zoan

s

Trach

eoph

ytes

Bryop

hyte

s

True

Fungi

Slime

Mold

s

Red a

lgae

Brown

Algae

Green

Alga

e

Chrys

ophy

tes

Euglen

oids

Arche

zoan

s

Archa

ea

Bacte

ria

Original Cell

Extant

Extinct

Long Time with

Prokaryotes only

0.5

1

2

3

4 BYBPOrigin of Life

Cyanobacterial Oxygen

First Eukaryotes

Multicellular

PlantsLand!

cyanobacterial endosymbiosis

The Plant Kingdom Phylogeny

•Eukaryotic flagella

•Chloroplast: double bounding membrane

•Chloroplast: thylakoids in stacks

•Chlorophyll a and b

•Starch for storage

•RuBisCO small subunit gene now in nucleus

•rRNA sequence unique to clade

Plesiomorphies - (but synapomorphies in clade)

unique flagellum, phycoplast

open spindle, phragmoplast

-eyespotoogamy, archegonium, plasmodesmataembryo, cuticle, apical growth

stomata

protovascular, aerial sporophyte, wind spores

true vascular, branching

true root, true leaf

heterospory

monopodial branching

pollen, 1 megaspore/megasporangium, seeds

vessels

reduced gametophyteflowers, fruits

-flagella

heterospory

Chlorophyta—green algae

Hepaticophyta—liverworts

Anthocerotophyta—hornworts

Bryophyta—mosses

Lycophyta—club mosses

Sphenophyta—horsetails

Pterophyta—ferns

Cycadophyta—cycads

Ginkgophyta—ginkgo

Coniferophyta—conifers

Gnetophyta—welwitschia etc.

Anthophyta—flowering plants

heterospory

The Plant Kingdom Clade

Streptobionta

Embryophytes

Stomatophytes

PolysporangiatesTracheophytes

Euphyllophytina

LigniophytinaSpermatophytes

Angiosperms

Gymnosperms

Chlorophyta—green algae

Hepaticophyta—liverworts

Anthocerotophyta—hornworts

Bryophyta—mosses

Lycophyta—club mosses

Sphenophyta—horsetails

Pterophyta—ferns

Cycadophyta—cycads

Ginkgophyta—ginkgo

Coniferophyta—conifers

Gnetophyta—welwitschia etc.

Anthophyta—flowering plants

heterospory

The Plant Kingdom Clade: Viridiplantae

Why Study Plants?

Ancient Earth with Continents

Ancient Oceans with Dissolved Molecules

Ancient Atmosphere with Weather

N2 - NitrogenH2O - Water VaporCO2 - Carbon DioxideCO - Carbon MonoxideCH4 - Methane GasNH3 - Ammonia GasH2 - Hydrogen GasH2S - Hydrogen Sulfide Gas

Notice one gas is missing…

Anaerobic!O2 - Oxygen Gas

A Timeline for Planet Earth

Now4.5 3.5 2.5 1.5 0.5 bybp

FirstLife

PhotosynthesisBy Cyanobacteria

FirstEukaryote

Earth Formed

+ +CO2

carbon dioxideH2O

waterO2

oxygenCH2O

carbohydratechlorophyll

Aerobic AtmosphereAllows Our Kind of Life

AlgaeInverts

Dinosaurs

0.003 bybpAustralopithecus

28 kybpHomo sapiens

FeS - Iron sulfide Earth oxidizes to red colorAtmosphere converts UV to Blue sky!

Why Study Plants?

CO2 + H2O O2 + CH2Olight

chlorophyll

1. Oxygen

Because Plants Are Sources Of…

3 O2

oxygen2 O3

ozone

UVC light2. Ozone 3 O2

oxygen

UVB light

• The ozone from oxygen absorbs the most-damaging UV light.• The oxygen-ozone cycle serves as Earth’s sunscreen!• UVA (320-400nm) does reach Earth’s surface and causes sunburn and aging.• You still need to use your sunscreen and sunglasses!

<200nm 200-320nm

Why Study Plants?


chlorophyll

1. Oxygen


2. Ozone

3. Food - Veggies, Fruits, Meat!

4. Wood - Paper - Rayon

5. Fibers - Cotton, Flax, Hemp

6. Fossil Fuel - Oil, Coal, CH4

Plastics, Drugs, Electricity

7. Medicines - Natural, Synthetic

8. Latex - Tires, Gloves, Condoms

9. Resins - Varnish, Paint, Plastics

10. Flavors, Fragrances

11. Decoration - Landscaping

12. Occupations - Advancement

Why Study Plants?


chlorophyll

1. Oxygen


2. Ozone

3. Food - Veggies, Fruits, Meat!

4. Wood - Paper - Rayon

5. Fibers - Cotton, Flax, Hemp

6. Fossil Fuel - Oil, Coal, CH4

Plastics, Drugs, Electricity

7. Medicines - Natural, Synthetic

8. Latex - Tires, Gloves, Condoms

9. Resins - Varnish, Paint, Plastics

10. Flavors, Fragrances

11. Decoration - Landscaping

12. Occupations - Advancement

13. Decrease Greenhouse Gas

14. Drain Wet Soils

15. Provide Shade

Why Study Plants?Plants are sources of…

•Oxygen

•Ozone

•Food

•Wood and Paper

•Fossil Fuel

•Fiber

•Flavors and Fragrances

•Medicines

•Latex

•Resins

•Decoration

•Occupations

•Carbon dioxide sink

•Shade

Documents

Looking Back at Prerequisites Science: a methodical approach to the acquisition of knowledge Observation: Use the metric (SI) units to measure your world!