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Logical Thinking. CS 104 9/12/11. Agenda. Today College Board survey reminder Note: Simple “how to” guide on Scratch posted on eLearning Review HW #2 Review of control constructs Examples in BYOB Scratch Wednesday Quiz #2 on Wednesday Review Research Paper #1 More BYOB Scratch ideas. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Logical Thinking
CS 104
9/12/11
Agenda
Today College Board survey reminder Note: Simple “how to” guide on Scratch posted on
eLearning Review HW #2 Review of control constructs Examples in BYOB Scratch
Wednesday Quiz #2 on Wednesday Review Research Paper #1 More BYOB Scratch ideas
Review: Decision Structure
“if” statements are used to test whether a certain condition is met
This requires comparison operators and a way to connect multiple comparisons to create complex statements
Comparison Operators Relational Operators: Evaluate to true or
falseSymbol Meaning< Less than
<= Less than or equal to= Equal to> Greater than
>= Greater than or equal to<> Not equal to
• Scratch does not provide <>, >= or <=– These can be simulated as
• x > 10 or x = 10, and not x = 10
Operator Precedence
What is 2 + 3 * 4? What about (2 + 3) * 4? The concept of operator precedence dictates
which operators are applied first and have higher importance
In most programming languages, the order is:1. terms inside parentheses or brackets
2. exponents and roots
3. multiplication and division As they appear left to right
4. addition and subtraction As they appear left to right
Comparison Operators:You Answer
5 < 7 TRUE3 > 9 FALSE
5 <= 4FALSE
5 > 4 TRUE
Comparison Operators:You Answer
(5 + 2) < 7 FALSE3 > (9 / 3) FALSE
(5 * 4) >= (4 * 5)TRUE
(5 / 2) > 4 FALSE
Boolean Operators
Boolean logic – basis of computer logic, used to create complex comparisons
Invented by George Boole, an English mathematician and philosopher
... no general method for the solution of questions in the theory of probabilities can be established which does not explicitly recognise ... those universal laws of thought which are the basis of all reasoning ...
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Boole
Boolean Operators
AND Both conditions must be true in order for the entire condition to be
true OR
At least one condition must be true in order for the entire condition to be true
NOT Opposite; if the condition is true, the result is false, and if the
condition is false, the result is true Operator Precedence
Not And Or
Boolean Operators: ANDYou Answer
5 < 7 AND 3 < (2 * 2)5 < 7TRUE
3 < 4TRUE
TRUE AND TRUE = TRUE
Boolean Operators: ORYou Answer
8 < 7 OR 4 >= 48 < 7 FALSE
4 >= 4 TRUE
FALSE OR TRUE = TRUE
Boolean Operators: ComplexYou Answer
(8 < 7 OR 4 >= 4) AND (NOT (1 > 9))
8 < 7FALSE
4 >= 4 TRUE
FALSE OR TRUE = TRUE
Boolean Operators: ComplexYou Answer
TRUE AND (NOT (1 > 9))
1 > 9 FALSE
NOT FALSETRUE
TRUE AND TRUETRUE
Truth Tables
P Q P or Q
T T
T F
F T
F F
P Q P and Q
T T
T F
F T
F F
P Not P
T
F
Implication, we denote as => "If it rains, I will stay at home"
There are 4 possibilities:1) it rains and he stays at home This is compatible with the statement: he did not lie.2) it rains and he does not stay at home This is NOT compatible with the statement: he lied.3) it does not rain and he stays at home This is compatible with the statement: he did not lie.4) it does not rain and he does not stay at home This is compatible with the statement: he did not lie.
Truth TablesP Q P => Q
T T
T F
F T
F F
Grader
Write a program to assign a letter grade to a given numeric grade. If the given grade is between 90 and 100, print an
A. If the given grade is between 80 and 89, print a B. If the given grade is between 70 and 79, print a C. If the given grade is less than 70, print an F.
A B
FC
Review: Loops
Loops are used to perform a single task repetitively until a specified condition is met
Types of Loops
Infinite loops The command(s) placed inside a never ending
loop will repeat until the program is stopped
For loops The loop will execute for a specified number of
times
Types of Loops While loop
This loop will repeat while the specified condition is true
Do Until loop This loop will repeat until the specified condition is
true
Class Grader
Write a program to average three grades per student. The grades will be submitted by the user, and the number of students in the class should be a random number. If the average grade is between 90 and 100, print an
A. If the average grade is between 80 and 89, print a B. If the average grade is between 70 and 79, print a C. If the average grade is less than 70, print an F.
A B
FC
Next Time
Quiz #2 9/14/11 HW #2 due 9/21/11 Feel free to email both Dr. Gray and Amber
with any questions