Living Systems

A. Characteristics of life

B. Taxonomic levels

C. Four Kingdoms of Eukarya

D. What about viruses?

A. Characteristics of life

• 1. Living organisms are made of cells

A. Characteristics of life

• 1. Living organisms are made of cells

• 2. Respond to their environment

A. Characteristics of life

• 1. Living organisms are made of cells

• 2. Respond to their environment

• 3. Maintenance of homestasis by feedback mechanisms

Feedback systems

• 1. Components

• 2. Types of– a. Negative– b. Positive

A. Characteristics of life

• 1. Living organisms are made of cells

• 2. Respond to their environment

• 3. Maintenance of homestasis by feedback mechanisms

• 4. Movement

A. Characteristics of life

• 1. Living organisms are made of cells

• 2. Respond to their environment

• 3. Maintenance of homestasis by feedback mechanisms

• 4. Movement• 5. Metabolism

A. Characteristics of life

• 1. Living organisms are made of cells

• 2. Respond to their environment

• 3. Maintenance of homestasis by feedback mechanisms

• 4. Movement• 5. Metabolism• 6. Excretion• 7. Reproduction

A. Characteristics of life

• 1. Living organisms are made of cells

• 2. Respond to their environment

• 3. Maintenance of homestasis by feedback mechanisms

• 4. Movement• 5. Metabolism• 6. Excretion• 7. Reproduction• 8. Grow and develop

A. Characteristics of life

• 1. Living organisms are made of cells

• 2. Respond to their environment

• 3. Maintenance of homestasis by feedback mechanisms

• 4. Movement• 5. Metabolism• 6. Excretion• 7. Reproduction• 8. Grow and develop• 9. Populations evolve

A. Characteristics of life

• 1. Living organisms are made of cells

• 2. Respond to their environment

• 3. Maintenance of homestasis by feedback mechanisms

• 4. Movement• 5. Metabolism• 6. Excretion• 7. Reproduction• 8. Grow and develop• 9. Populations evolve• 10. Genetic material

B. Introduction to Taxonomy

• 1. Taxonomy is the study of classification

• 2. The field of taxonomy is in a state of flux

B. Introduction to Taxonomy

• 1. Taxonomy is the study of classification

• 2. The field of taxonomy is in a state of flux

• 3. Organisms previously have been organized and classified based upon morphological and embryological similarities and differences

B. Introduction to Taxonomy

• 1. Taxonomy is the study of classification• 2. The field of taxonomy is in a state of flux• 3. Organisms previously have been

organized and classified based upon morphological and embryological similarities and differences

• 4. With increasingly strong powers of observation, older schemes are being replaced with newer taxonomic schemes

B. Introduction to Taxonomy

• 1. Taxonomy is the study of classification• 2. The field of taxonomy is in a state of flux• 3. Organisms previously have been

organized and classified based upon morphological and embryological similarities and differences

• 4. With increasingly strong powers of observation, older schemes are being replaced with newer taxonomic schemes

• 5. The older five kingdom approach is being replaced with a system which adds a new taxon at a higher more inclusive level.

6. Levels of taxa

• Domain– Eubacteria– Archaebacteria– Eukarya

6. Levels of taxa

• Domain– Eubacteria– Archaebacteria– EukaryaKingdomPhylum Class Order Family GenusSpecies

7. Terminology

• a. Procaryotic vs. eucaryotic

7. Terminology

• a. Procaryotic vs. eucaryotic

• b. Autotrophic vs. heterotrophic

• c. Monophyletic vs. polyphyletic

8. Three different domains

• a. Eubacteria

• b. Archaebacteria

• c. Eukarya

C. Four Kingdoms of the Eukarya• 1. Plant Kingdom

– Cell walls and membranes

– Photoautotrophic– Relatively immobile,

but still possess the ability to move

– Eucaryotic– Multicellular– Monophyletic

Four Kingdoms of the Eukarya

• 2. Animalia– Cell membranes only– Ingestive heterotrophs– Mobile– Eucaryotic– Multicellular– Monophyletic

Four Kingdoms of the Eukarya

• 3. Fungi-a kingdom of questionable origin– Cell walls but made out of

chitin/cellulose– Heterotrophic but

absorptive instead of ingestive

– Relatively immobile except for the slime molds

– Eucaryotic– Multicellular– Monophyletic

Four Kingdoms of the Eukarya

• 4. Protista– Apparently

polyphyletic– Some appear to be

more closely related to animals than to plants

Four phyla of the Eukarya

• 4. Protista– Apparently

polyphyletic– Some appear to be

more closely related to animals than to plants

Four Kingdoms of the Eukarya

• 4. Protista– Apparently

polyphyletic– Some appear to be

more closely related to plants than animals

III. What about viruses?

• Virus Structure

Viral Life Cycle

Is a virus a living thing?

33% 33%33%

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1. Yes

2. No

3. Maybe so

Is a virus highly evolved or primitive?

33% 33%33%

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1. Highly evolved

2. Primitive

3. Not sure

To which domain does the virus organism belong?

25% 25%25%25%1. Eubacteria

2. Archaebacteria

3. Eukarya

4. None of the above

To which kingdom does the virus belong?

20% 20% 20%20%20%1. Animalia

2. Plantae

3. Protista

4. Fungi

5. None of the above

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