LIST OF PARTICIPANTS Dr. M.P. BACOS O.N.E.R.A.978-94-011-3310-4/1.pdf · 609 Prof. H. MARSH Northern Carbon Research Laboratories Department of Chemistry University of Newcastle upon

LIST OF PARTICIPANTS

Dr. M.P. BACOS

Dr. K.D. BARTLE

Dr. E. BAR-ZIV

Prof. L. BONNET AIN

Prof. J.M. CALO

Mr. D. CAZORLA-AMOROS

Mr. M. CHESNEAU

Dr. J. DENTZER

Dr. F. EHRBURGER-DOLLE

Dr. P. EHRBURGER

Dr. S. FURFARI

O.N.E.R.A. 29, avenue de la Division Leclerc - B.P. 72 92322 CHA TILLON Cede x - France

The University of Leeds School of Chemistry LEEDS LS2 9JT - U.K.

Massachusetts Institute of Technology Department of Chemical Engineering CAMBRIDGE Ma 02139 - U.S.A.

Science des Surfaces et Materiaux Carbones E.N.S. d'Electrochimie et d'ElectroMetallurgie Domaine Universitaire - B.P. 75 38402 ST -MARTIN d'HERES Cedex-France

Brown University Division of Engineering PROVIDENCE Rhode Island 02912 - U.S.A.

Universidad de Alicante Facultad de Ciencias Departamento de Quimica Inorganica e Ingenieria Quimica ALICANTE - Spain

Centre de Recherche sur les Solides a Organisation Cristalline Imparfaite - CNRS lb, rue de la Ferollerie 45071 ORLEANS Cedex 2 - France

Centre de Recherches sur la Physico-Chimie des Surfaces Solides - C.N.R.S. 24, avenue du President Kennedy 68200 MULHOUSE - France



Commission des Communautes Europeennes Direction Generale de l'Energie 226-236, avenue de Tervueren BRUXELLES - Belgium

607

608

Dr. D. HARRIS

Dr. B.S. HAYNES

Dr. W.P. HOFFMAN

Prof. J.B. HOWARD

Prof. K.J. HOTTINGER

Dr. J.F. JAMET

Dr. F. KAPTEIJN

Dr. J. LAHAYE

Prof. G.A. L'HOMME

Prof. A. LINARES-SOLANO

Dr. A.A. LIZZIO

Prof. A. MARCHAND

C.S.I.R.O. - Division of Coal Technology 51 Delhi Road - P.O. Box 136 NORTH RYDE NSW 2113 - Australia

University of Sydney Department of Chemical Engineering SYDNEY NSW 2006 - Australia

Carbon Materials Research Astronautics Laboratory (AFSC) - AL/RKBA EDWARDS AFB - CA 93523-5000 - U.S.A.

Massachusetts Institute of Technology Department of Chemical Engineering CAMBRIDGE Ma 02139 - U.S.A.

Institut fUr Chemische Technik der UniversWit Karlsruhe Kaiserstrasse 12 7500 KARLSRUHE 1 - Germany

Aerospatiale Division Systemes Strategiques B.P. 11 33165 ST -MEDARD-EN-JALLES Cedex-France

Laboratorium voor Chemische Technologie Universiteit van Amsterdam Nieuwe Achtergracht 166 1018 WV AMSTERDAM - The Netherland


Institut de Chimie B 6 - SART-TILMAN 4000 LIEGE - Belgium

Universidad de Alicante Facultad de Ciencias Departamento de Quimica Inorganica e Ingenieria Quimica ALICANTE - Spain

Department of Materials Science and Engineering The Pennsylvania State University UNIVERSITY PARK PA 16802 - U.S.A.

Centre de Recherche Paul Pascal Magnetochimie et Chimie Structurale Domaine Universitaire 33405 T ALENCE - France

609

Prof. H. MARSH Northern Carbon Research Laboratories Department of Chemistry University of Newcastle upon Tyne NEWCASTLE UPON TYNE NEI 7RU - U.K.

Dr. B. McENANEY University of Bath School of Materials Science Claverton Down BATH BA2 7AY - U.K.

Dr. D.W. McKEE General Electric Company Research and Development Center P.O. Box 8 SCHENECTADY NY 12301 - U.S.A.

Prof. C.A. MIMS Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry University of Toronto 200 College Street TORONTO Ontario M5S lA4 - Canada

Dr. H.J. MUHLEN DMT Gesellschaft fUr Forschung und Priifung mbH Franz-Fischer Weg 61 Postfach 130140 4300 ESSEN 13 (Kray) - Germany

Dr. P. OLRY Societe Europeenne de Propulsion Etablissement de Bordeaux Le Haillan - B.P. 37 33165 ST-MEDARD-EN-JALLES Cedex-France

Dr. H.A. (/>YE University of Trondheim Norwegian Institute of Technology 7034 TRONDHEIM - Norway

Mrs N. PUSSET -CHIOCCHETT A Centre de Recherches sur la Physico-Chimie des Surfaces Solides - C.N.R.S. 24, avenue du President Kennedy 68200 MULHOUSE - France

Dr. o. RAANESS SINTEF

Miss F. RABILLAUD

Dr. L.R. RADOVIC

Division of Metallurgy 7034 TRONDHEIM - Norway


The Pennsylvania State University Department of Materials Science &: Engineering 209 Academic Projects Building UNIVERSITY PARK PA 16802 - U.S.A.

610

Dr. S. RAGAN

Prof. F. RODRIGUEZ-REINOSO

Dr. J.N. ROUZAUD

Prof. A.F. SAROFIM

Dr. I.W. SMITH

Prof. E.M. SUUBERG

Dr. J.M.D. T ASCON

Dr. J. THEBAULT

Prof. K.H. van HEEK

Mr. P. WAGNER

Mrs S. WAGNER

I.C.I. - Wilton Materials Research Centre Wilton Middlesbrough - P.O. Box 90 CLEVELAND TS6 8JE - U.K.

Universidad de Alicante Facultad de Ciencias Quimica Inorganic e ALICANTE - Spain

- Departamento de Ingenieria Quimica

Centre de Recherche sur les Solides a Organisation Cristalline Imparfaite - CNRS IB, rue de la Ferollerie 45071 ORLEANS Cedex - France

Massachusetts Institute of Technology Department of Chemical Engineering CAMBRIDGE MA 02139 - U.S.A.

C.S.I.R.O. - Division of Coal Technology 51 Delhi Road - P.O. Box 136 NORTH RYDE NSW 2113 - Australia

Brown University Division of Engineering PROVIDENCE RI 02912 - U.S.A.

C.S.I.C. - Instituto Nacional del Carbon y sus Derivados - Apart. 73 33080 OVIEDO - Spain

Societe Europeenne de Propulsion Etablissement de Bordeaux Le Haillan - B.P. 37 33165 ST -MEDARD-EN-JALLES Cedex-France

DMT Gesellschaft far Forschung und PrGfung mbH Franz-Fischer-Weg 61 Postfach 130140 4300 ESSEN 13 (Kray) - Germany



Index

Ablation 562 Accessibility 1 Activation (of carbon) 205, 240,343,476,533,535,542,554,558, 561

by oxygen 561 chemical - 554 temperatures 558, physical - 535, 542

Activation energy 27, 51, 65, 96, 99, 100, 145, 169,270,291,308,310, 329,333, 335,349,369,372,376,463,467,471

distribution of - 291, 308, 309, 335, 349 of desorption 308, 329, 333, 369, 370, 372, 376

Active intennediate 221 Active sites 82, 143 - 148, 151, 156, 164, 177, 180, 184, 187, 189, 192, 193, 196,237, 276,329,343,377 - 379,437,461,462,464 - 466, 527, 528

blockage of - 462, 465, 466 concentration of - 177, 180, 184 free - 343 labile - 192 occupied - 144 poisoning 464,484,491,500 re- 144, 145, 189, 193,237 working - (WAS) 164

Active surface area (AS A) 12,80,81,82,84, 144, 146, 163, 164, 175, 176, 183, 186, 193, 196,211,237,241 - 245, 247, 248, 279, 289, 293,336,355,361,446,448,462, 465,468 - 470, 472, 474 - 476, 516, 517, 519, 521, 522, 524, 525, 526, 528

occupied - 144 re- (RSA) 146, 164, 193, 196, 237,241,242,243,244,245,247, 248, 446 total- (TASA) 183, 186, 196 unoccupied - 144,241,244,245

Activity (of carbon) 386, 527 Adsorption 12,96, 101, 313,435,441,446,537 - 539 - 541, 546, 555

energy distribution 101 isotherm 441,538,540,546,555 of carbon dioxide 12,435,541 of nitrogen 446 of n-nonane 541 process 96

Aerosil 50, 521, 522, 527 Air reactivity 9, 535, 586, 587 Airburn 577, 578, 581, 582, 584 - 586, 589, 590 Alkali compounds 226, 393, 436, 437, 438, 443, 444

carbonates 393 cluster 226

Alkaline-earth compounds 4, 436, 437, 443 Alkylation 393, 396 Alpha (as) method (plot) 539, 540 Alumina 490, 502 - 504, 587 Aluminum 490, 573

611

612

electrolysis 573 nitride 490

Amorphous carbon 94 Anhydride group 344, 412 Anionic groups 392 Anisotropic carbon 209, Annewing 146,269,276,279,280,283,287,378,464,466

kinetics of - 287, thermw - 146, 276, 279, 280, 283, 378

Anode 573, 576, 578, 581, 583, 584, 588 baking of - 581 butts 589 consumption 575, 576, 578, 584 density 583 impurities 588 prebaked anodes 575

Anthracite 436, 534, 542 Aromatic units 377-380 Arrhenius (diagram, plot, relationship) 27, 57, 61, 63, 464, 467, 470 Ash 4,411 Atomic absorption spectrometry 410, 441

Barrierlayer462,484 Basru plane 144, 145,527,528 Bezene 379 Benzenoid ring 378 Bonds 377 - 378

aryl-H - 379, C-H - 377, 379, 380 dissociation energies 379 distribution of C-H - 378 ethynyl-H - 379 methyl-H - 379 methylene-H - 379 vinyl-H - 379

Boron compound 462 - 465, 484 - 488, 490, 493, 498, 501 504 oxide 462 - 465, 484 - 487, 493, 501, 502, 504

Boudouard reaction 2, 16,576 Bum-off 21,22, 145, 149 - 151,463,464,467,468,475, 543 - 546, 548 - 550, 553, 556,557,559 - 562

Cwcination temperature 580, 581 Calcium 5,409,410,412,414 - 418, 420, 421, 423, 425, 545, 553, 554, 558

acetate 414, 416, 417 activity 418 crystW 417 -carbon interaction 410, 421, -carbon interface 409, 420, 425 distribution 416 dispersion 410, 412, loading 415, 421, 423

Calcium oxide 409, 418 - 421, 425, 427, 428, 436, 437, 446, 451

-carbon 409,421,427,428 dispersion 419 particle 425 site 418 sutface area 419

Carbide 397, 484 - 491, 502 silicon - 484, 488 - 491, 502

Carbolac 152 Carbon addition 377 Carbon black 147,278,379,517,525

613

Carbon-carbon 36, 38, 39, 42, 148, 151, 156,461,484 - 486, 489, 491, 497, 499, 501, 515,516

composite 36, 38, 39, 42, 148, 156,461,484 - 486, 489, 491, 497, 499,501,515 interface 151,516

Carbon consumption 579, 582, 589, 590 Carbon dioxide 222, 229, 283, 344, 354,355,360,417,418,420,425,535,536,545, 554, 558

chemisorption 283, 417, 418, 420, 419 C180 2 isotope 222,229 secondary formation 344, 354, 355, 360

Carbon dioxide-carbon reaction 20, 280, 369, 370, 376, 409, 411, 419, 425, 475, 536, 578,585 Carbon fibre (cloth, felt) 148,462,483,491,497,499 - 501 Carbon isotope 35, 42

abundances 35 analysis 42

Carbon molecular sieves 533 Carbon monoxide 222, 335, 348, 354, 355

13CO isotope 222 producing groups 335 re-chemisorption 348, 354, 355

Carbon-oxygen complex (C-O) 144, 151, 154, 164, 169,238,240,241,243 stable - 238,241,243 total- 243 labile - 164

Carbonaceous solids 379, 380 Carbonation 418, 428

mechanism 428 Carbonisation 10, 574 Carbonyl group 147,344,336,387 Carboxyl group 147,336,344, 412,437,441,443 Catalysis (catalysts) 8,50,55, 188, 195, 196,383,385,387 - 394,396, 399, 409, 410, 411,417,420,421,424,425,435,436,438,448,451,551,553

alkali - 394 calcium - 396, 409, 553 contact with carbon 426 dispersion 410, 411, 417, 418, 420 heterogeneous 50 inactive - 424 iron - 399, 551 loading 410, 411 mechanism 388 mixed - 399

614

morphology .389 nickel- 396 particles .387. 420 potassium - 392, 399 self-dispersing - 390 site 385 sintering 421 surface area 418

Catalytic activity 410, 411, 427 Catalytic carbon 417, 421 Catalytic impurities 210, 551 Channel 151,394,397

black 151 Char 62, 65, 66, 68, 79, 81, 85, 146, 187, 193, 195, 212, 236, 238, 240, 241, 243, 246,247,284,330, 339, 346, 351, 352, 354, 355, 357, 360 - 362, 386, 394, 436, 440, 445 - 448, 451, 543, 549

436

anthracite - 543 co~ -236,246,247,351,352,354,355,352,354,355,357, 360,377, 394,435,

hydrogasified - 362 lignite - 436 oxidized - 355, phenol-fonn~dehyde - 146,212,360 polymer-derived - 241 resin - 339, 346, 351, 361 Saran - 236, synthetic - 81

Chemic~ rate 51 Chemic~ vapour deposition (inflltration) 466, 488 - 490 Chemisorption 151, 154, 391 Clay (miner~s) 7, 441, 444 Co~ 36,38,39,40,57,65,66,68,69, 79,236,241,246,247,439,444, 534,560

bituminous - 65, 69, 236, 246, 247, 534 brown - 65,439,560 demineralized - 241 devolatilization 79, low volatile - 57, 66, 68 preoxidized - 444 pyrolysis 79

Coal rank 187, 194, 196,437 Coating 462,466,474,484,488, 500,505,515,518, 521 Cob~t 396 Coke 42,65,66,69,574,579

calcination temperature 579 meta1lurgic~ - 52, 69 petroleum - 42,65,66,69,574 sponge - 574

Collision 272, 380 efficiencies 380 yield 272,

Combustion 52, 206, 377 - 380 rate 52

Complex gasification 21

615

Complex 84, 147, 154, 156, 166, 168, 170, 192, 316, 307, 308, 311, 313, 316, 319, 320, 322 - 324, 329, 332, 336, 343, 346, 349, 356, 369, 371, 373, 376, 413,

desorbable - 170,369,446 frozen - 147 hydrogen - 323, 324 labile - 166, 168, 170 oxygen-84, 307, 320, 323, 329, 332,336,346,349, 356,376,369,376 stable - 147, 192,322,323,343 transcient formation 311 unstable - 147 with steam 313,319

Composite 424 Consecutive reactions 166 Controlled atmosphere electronic microscopy (CAEM) 388, 390, 391, 393 Conversion 170, 185, 194, 196,245,246

fractional- 185 progressive - 185, 194, 196

Cristobalite 502 Crosslinking 378, 438, 451 Crystalline (organization, structure) 147, 151,246,247,580 Current 576,582,583,589,590

densities 576, 582, 583 distribution 589 efficiency 590

Dangling bond 154 Decarbonation 428 Dehydrogenation 378 Delta 13C value

of aquatic plants 38, of carbon-carbon composite 40 of coal 36, 38, 39, 40 of coal-tar pitch 40 of electrode 40 of fossil fuel 40 of petroleum 36, 39, 40 of petroleum coke 42

Demineralisation 189,437,438,444 of coal 444 of lignite 437

Density 544, 555, 590 apparent 544 bulk 555, 590 real density 544

Deposition reaction 379, 469, 520, 521, 526, 527 of silica 520,521,527

Desorption 96,101,154,166,167,170,182,313,339,357,369, 370, 372,373, 374, 376,469

intrinsic rate constant of - 339 rate 357 rate-control 370, 373 energy distribution of 10 1 flash - theory 182

616

of carbon oxide 154, isothermal- 167,170,369,370,372 reactions 166 spectra 182

Differential thermal analysis (DTA) 307, 311, 316, 319, 322, 324, 409 Diffraction 393 Diffusion 15,25,27,50 - 52, 110, 114, 178,224,336,337,462,471-473,538

activated - 110, 337, 538, 577 barrier 462 film - 15 limitation 224 coefficient 52, 114 configurational - 114 in pore 25, 27, 50 - 52, 224 Knudsen - 336 of oxygen 471 - 473

Drag force 81 Dubinin-Astakhov equation 538 Dubinin-Radushkevich equation 538, 539, 541 Dusting 577 Dynamic balance 384

Edge 92,248,387,466,491 "armchair" structure - 387 carbons atoms 92, 248, 466 site 387, 491

"zig-zag" structure - 387 Effective diffusivity 179 Effectiveness factor 51, 65, 178 Electrochemical consumption 576 Electrode carbons 92 Electrodynamic 79, 80, 93

chamber 79, 80, 93 balance (EDB) 93

Electrolysis 576, 577 Electron microscopy 435 Energy dispersive X-ray microanalysis (EDX) 441, 448 Elovich (equation, form) 183,332 Energy continuum 154 Energetic 238,246, 330, 332, 346, 351, 357, 358, 359, 362

distribution 330, 332, 351, 357, 358, 359, 362 heterogeneity 332, 346 surface heterogeneity 238, 246

Ergun-Mentser mechanism 356 Etch pit 491,492 Ether group 336 Eutectic 399 Evaporation (of carbon) 272 EXAFS 393

Fissuration (fissures) 475, 478 Fixed-bed 52,61,63,65,66 Flame 377, 379

sooting - 379 Flow reactor 52,65,441 Fourrier transform infra-red (FfIR) spectroscopy 336, 441 Functional groups 147,378 Fused rings 378

617

Gasification 222, 238, 240, 245, 237, 284, 356, 362, 369, 383, 409, 417, 378 - 380, 533, 547 - 549, 554, 555, 558, 560

alkali catalysed - 222 catalytic - 245, 284,362,383,417 controlled 558 high-temperature - 378 - 380,547 kinetics 238,240,237,549,554,555 reactivity 356, steady-state - 369

Gas-switching 189 Gaussian distribution 345, 346, 348, 349, 370, 372, 373 Glassy carbon 484 Graphite 92, 396, 398, 485, 491 - 497, 500 Graphitizable carbon 534 Graphitized (carbon, material) 144, 145, 147,209 Graphon 92, 145,236, 243, 246, 319

Hafnium 489 Halogen compounds 462, 484, 491 - 493 Heat 11,79,93,169,236,270,307,308,311,313,316,318,319,322

absorption rate of - 319 flow, flux 307, 308, 311, 313, 316, 318, 319 release 307, 316, 319, 322 transfer 79,93, 236 treatmenttemperature 11, 169,270

Heavy liquids 379 Heteroatom (- element) 147, 210 Hydrocarbons 539 Hydrogasification 2, 11, 16, 18 Hydrogen abstraction 377 - 379 Hydrogen-carbon 170, 395

complexes 170 reaction 395

Hydroxyl group 387

nlite 7 Infra-red spectroscopy 147 Inhibition 16,22,27,205, 241,461 - 464, 467, 484, 490, 497 - 500, 515, 535, 558

by reaction products 535, 558 factor 462 - 464, 467 of steam-carbon reaction 16 of hydrogenation 22 of oxidation 241 technique 462

Inhomogenity (in carbonaceous materials) 22 "Ink-bottle"-type restriction 351, 354, 355 Inorganic impurities 238

618

Internal reaction 82 Interface (interfacial) 148, 149, 151,427,467

cracks 149 Intrinsic reactivity, reaction rate 50, 52, 53, 65, 66, 68, 146, 149, 151, 170, 177,475 Ion-exchange 414, 416, 417, 436, 437, 439, 442, 443

capacity 414 Iridium 484 Iron (compounds) 396, 399 Isotope mass spectrometry 35, 39, 42 Isotropic carbon 209

Kaliophilite 9 Kaolinite 7 Kinetic control 85

Labelled molecule 221 Lactone 336, 344, 387 Langmuir-Hinshelwood equation 16 Lignite 236 Lignocellulosic materials 542

Macroporosity (macropores) 436,537,543,558,574 Mass spectrometer (spectrometry) 93, 151, 181, 329, 330, 409, 412, 413, 415, 421, 424,426,469 Mass transfer 50, 60, 85, 93, 178, 336, 339, 397

rate 339 Matrix 148, 150,484,497,499,500 Mercury porosimetry 547,557 Mesoporosity (mesoporores) 428, 446, 537, 557

volume 557 Metallic derivates 147 Methanation 2 Methane 19, 148,395

formation 395 Microcrystallite size 246, 247, 580 Microporosity (micropores) 335, 336, 341, 436, 446, 534, 537 - 539, 541, 542, 546, 551,555,557,558,561,562

enlarging of - 557 filling 538 narrow - 541, 542, 555 volume 539, 541, 542, 546, 558, 561, 562 wide 541

Mineral matter 5, 188, 195, 196,435,437,438,441,448 Molecular structure 378 Molylxlenum 490 Mossbauer spectroscopy 391,399,441

Nagle and Strickland-Constable (NSC) model 278 Nickel (compounds) 392,396,398,399

- carbon interface 398 Nitrate ion 355 Nitride 484, 488 - 490

aluminium - 490

boron - 490 silicon - 488

Nitrogen 283 Nitrogen oxides 283, 294 Non-graphitized (carbon, material) 145, 209, Nucleation (nuclei) 417,424

Optical microscopy 150 Oxidation 93,108,114, 118,355,380,394,461,467,472 - 474

high pressure - 114 in situ coal - 118 low temperature - 108 rate 93 -reduction cycle 394 of soot 278 of tar 380 permeation 472, 473 protection against - 461 regime 467,474 with nitric acid 355

Oxides (of carbon) 335, 390 polar 390

619

Oxygen 12,84,144,145,151,152,165,180,226,236,283,320,336, 356, 339, 340, 355, 393, 396

adsorption 12 chemisorption 144, 145, 151, 152, 180, 236, 283, 320, 336, 356, 339, 340, 355, 446 desorption 320 exchange 165, 226 functional groups 393 spillover 396

Oxygen-carbon reaction 91, 536, 558, 560 Oxy-reactivity 108

Palladium 398, Parallel reactions 166 Particle 24, 52, 57, 418

non-porous particle 57 size 24, 52, 418

Peat 542, 558 semicoke 558

Permeability (of gas) 583, 590 Peroxide 387 Phenoxides 387, 395 Phenoxy radical decomposition 394 Phosphorus compound 462, 465, 484, 485, 492, 495, 496, 504

organo- 462,465,492,496 Photosynthesis 36, 38 Physical structure 4 Pi-electron 378 Pi-radical 378 Pitch 40, 212, 214, 379 Polarized light microscopy 149

620

Polllutants 362 Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (P AH) 377 - 380 Polymer carbon 409, 410, 551

polyfurfuryl alcohol - 551 Pores (porosity) 25, 27, 51, 148,207,351, 354 - 356, 362, 411, 438, 446, 447, 533 -535,537,541,544,545,554,558,590

closed - 351, 354 deepening 558 development of - 535, 544, 554 drilling 558 interconnectivity 541 opening 438, 446, 447 size distribution 27 structure 533 volume 355, 446, 447 walls 51 widening 558

Potassium compounds 7,392,396,399,438 -nickel mixture 399

Prismatic (plane, surface) 144, 145, Probability density function 329, 361 Product ratio CO/C02 91 - 95, 99, 100,271 Proximate analysis 60 Pulverised fuel 60 Puffing 580 Pyrenocoronene 379 Pyrite 439, 441, 448 Pyrocarbon (pyrolytic carbon) 145,148, 149, 150 Pyrographite 148 Pyrolysis 10,446 Pyrrhotite 448

Quartz 439, 441, 448 Quenching 191 Quinoline insoluble 583, 584 Quinone group 147, 335,344

Radicals 377 - 380 capping - 377 edges - 378 sigma - 378 recombination 380 sites 377 - 380

Reactive oxygen 226 Reaction rate 3, 166, 177 Reactivity 205, 206, 210, 246, 284,411

concept 206 isothermal 411 parameter 205,210 modelling 246

Residence time 11 Reynolds number 60

Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) 149,441,448,449 Scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) 147 Schmidt number 60 Secondary interaction (reaction) 337, 341, 346, 351,356 Self-dispersion 393 Shells 534, 542 543, 551, 561

almond 543, 551, 561 coconut shells 542 nut - 534

Sherwood number 60 Shrinkage 79 Silica 466 - 475, 484, 491, 501, 502, 504, 517, 521, 524, 525, 528 Siloxane polymer 493 Sintering 425 Site 92, 144, 145, 147, 189, 193,225,237

free 225 inorganic 92 unreactive 144, 145 unstable 147

Sodium 586 Soot92,93,94, 100,377,378,380

growth 380 inception 379 oxidation 380 precursor 379, 380

Spherocarb 312, 313, 319, 322, 323 Spillover 389, Standard deviation 352 Steady state concentrations 166 Steady state gasification 165,225 Steam 17,22, 175,222,307,324,535

desorption 307 system 324

Steam-carbon reaction 164,322,411,536,555,558 Sticking coefficients 274 Stones 538,543,547,555,561

olive 538, 543, 555, 561 peach 547

Sulphur 584, 585

621

Surface 12, 25, 59, 148, 176, 183, 207, 238, 240, 285, 332, 357, 335, 336, 343, 394, 411,418,420,427,428,436,438,446,549,541,547,561

accessible - 207 area 12,25,59,207,285,411,418,420,436,438,446,549, 541,547,561 chemistry of carbon 387 coverage 240 extema1418, 427, 428 functional group 176 heterogeneity 183, 238, 332,336 homogeneous-332,357 mobility 238 oxide 148, 335, 343 salt 394 topography 468

622

Tantalum 489 Tar 377, 378, 380 Temperature programmed desorption (TPD) 145, 146, 147, 154, 164, 170, 182, 194, 229, 236, 237, 238, 240, 307 - 310, 313, 316, 318, 320, 322 - 324, 329, 330, 331, 332,335,336,341,344,348,349,351,352,357, 393,409, 412,413, 414, 415,421, 422,423,424,426 Temperature-switching 191, 194 Tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) 466,517,518,520,521,524,526 Texture 151,461, 435, 441 Thennal conductivity 581,590 Thennal expansion coefficient 474 Thennodesorption 144, 151, 154 Thennogravimetry analysis 330, 339, 409, 422 Thiele 51, 79,81,93

modulus 51, 93 theory 79,81

Time constant 222 Titanium 489 Total surface area (TSA) 84, 150, 163, 186,237,355,356,468 - 470,472,475,476, 517,519,521,522,527 Transient 189, 190, 194,221,236,246,307,316,318,320,322 - 324

decay 190, 194 kinetics 221, 236, 246 reaction 307, 316, 318, 320, 322, 323 release 324 response 189

Transport 15, 49, 50 of reactant gas 49 mathematical models 50

Tridymite 502 Turnover (turning-over) 145, 169, 170,241,242,245, 246,342,374,376,385

frequency (TOF) 242, 245, 246 number (TON) 145,241,242 rate 169, 170

Uncatalysed gasification 225, 553 Underground coal gasification (UCO) 107 Unpaired electron 379 Unreacted core model 110

Vanadium 586, 587 Vitreous carbon 92 Volatile matter 187, 194, 196 Vulcan 30 (V30) 145, 151,519,521,522,524,527

Water gas shift reaction 2, 536 Wetting 389, 393, 465

X-ray 147, 391, 399, 410, 441, 443 X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) 443

diffraction 391, 399,410, 441, 443 photoelectron spectroscopy 147, 443

Documents

LIST OF PARTICIPANTS Dr. M.P. BACOS O.N.E.R.A.978-94-011-3310-4/1.pdf · 609 Prof. H. MARSH Northern Carbon Research Laboratories Department of Chemistry University of Newcastle upon