MUSLIM HISTORIOGRAPHY ISEU 3310

8/7/2019 MUSLIM HISTORIOGRAPHY ISEU 3310

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E.H.Carr. - history consists of a set of facts

that have been checked and

confirmed.

J.B. Bury- history is a science, no less and

no more.

Historical sources refer to the materialscovering the history of the vast variety of

properties on the events of past history.


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Historical sources may consist of writtenrecords, oral traditions, the remains of

prehistoric settlements, inscriptions onstones, and the object can provide anexplanation as to the existence of anevent of human history is found.

Historical resource means a thing orevent that has happen. Niebuhr a

western historians who study describesthe historical sources as a working under-ground.


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Source are materials of stored in specialplaces such as archives, libraries,

museums, offices, record keeping, court,or in the homes of individuals.

R.G, Collingwood in his book, Idea ofHistory, source is the text of a forward-looking statements regarding a historicalevent. Behind the forward-lookingstatements will be classified andinterpreted according to the needs ofthe historian to make history right.


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There are two categories of historical

evidence that the document share

extensive writtenoral documents.

The two sources share a common

element of what is sought by a memberof the history of an historical event.


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Inscribed document is important as thereis obtained directly or indirectly.

Features of written documents are partof human communication systems, bothpast and present which consists ofnetwork elements according to the

environment and the development of acommunity.

In interpreting historical documents,historians have to be critical to identifyanyone who is author of the documentitself or the role of determining whetherthe individual is at that time.


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In the study of historical sources, the

authenticity of historical sources can be

divided into three classifications,namely the source originality,

content source

purpose of reviewing the source.


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To discuss the authenticity of a source,

historians have touched on manyimportant aspects of historical sources

when the source is generated or

produced,where a production or production ofare source,

the attitude of the history of a

resource that is used.


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Historians will try to ensure that theresources referred to are the source ofthe resulting two-level

contemporary source available isthe source or ,sources that have long existed.

Contemporary sources are resources

that may occur based on experienceand observation of a person during hislife and recounted the incident later.


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Then the second group, those who do

not live in that era made theconversation stead of past events as

contemporary witness resources.


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A historian should be sensitive to theplace or country in which are source is

acquired and produced. In assessing the credibility of a source,

historians must refer those who areproducing sources, such as whether it

involves a country's population, or thosewho travel from one place to anotherplace, or someone who lives outside thecountry.


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Shape and nature of historical sources canbe categorized into two parts,

the source of formal and informal sources.

Formal sources may consist of notes that tellof a society through information obtainedby the author of the communication

between man and man. Communication is happen using the words

spoken or written, and then developed inthe writings of a formal source.


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While informal sources include all formsof material and non material andcontent that connects historical eventsof the past. It can provide informationabout the natural life of a society such asin connection with the natural life ofman, language, custom art, shells,clothing, tools of defense andentertainment.

Historians seek information and historicalevents through two different sources ofprimary sources and secondary sources.


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The content is fresh and produced by creativeideas.

Not translated into other languages andremains the original.

Early sources that have not been interpreted.

The actual text, not modified andexaggerated.

The first source of information available.

Unprocessed raw materials or physical change.

Scarce because of limited, hard, deleted,personal property, or individual.


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Secondary sources are historical sourcesthat have been processed, interpreted,and assessed by historians from primarysources to form a secondary source. Forexample, history books, journals, articles,and thesis.

Louis Gottschalk, in his book, UnderstandingHistory: A Primer of Historical Method.Secondary sources are sources in the formof notes from anyone who is not a witness isa person who is not present when theincident occurred


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To know what data and information

contained in a sources and documents. For the purpose of knowing

who wrote or from whichthe source generated that the historian

can trust the source content. To produce

a history of quality work and achieve thehistorical truth.


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Critical resource is a set of

guidelines that can help historians to inte

rpret historical sources that are genuineand authentic.

Criticism of the term used to refer tothe process of interpreting evidence.


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This criticism due from the attitude

of distrust of the history of

the explanations given by thewitnesses in the past. (March Bloch)


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There aretwo types of source criticism :-

internal criticism

external criticism


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External criticism -> It is the efforts

of historians to trace theauthenticity or validity of a

historical resource.

Internal criticism -> is theactual process of history to the

historians on interpreting the contents

of the authenticity of thedocument that wasapproved during the external criticism.


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Both of these processes can help the

historian in conducting more

accurate research truth becausethe authenticity of the source has

been determined at an early stage.


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External criticism of the process carried

out by using the methods

of historians such as:- Chemical test.

Language test.

handwritten test.


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Chemical Test

In the early stages, the historian will tryto determine the actual age ofa document that will be used to lookat some elements of physical resources.

Historians needto examine the documents suchas the paper, ink, stamp used.

Efforts to do chemical test is to avoid

falsification of documents or a source.


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Documents or resources produced in

the history of civilization has a very realdifference in terms of content of materialsused at that time.

For

example, materials for producing ceramicsin the era of civilization is not the samebetweenYangshao and Loashang civilization

although both these civilizations have existed in China and different era in termsof appearance.


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Language Test This is an important to conduct language

test by historians because the natureof language in theworld is dynamic and changes over time.

Historians will have aproblem when reading a document because

the writing style of the 1800's writing style isnot the same as in 1900's and these differencesoccur is in terms of spelling,handwriting, and double words.

therefore, the historian must have

the skills and understandingof language as a rule. For example, the useof dictionaries andencyclopedias glossary to explain meaningof the words the past.


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Handwritting Test

Handwriting tests conducted by thehistorian is to examine the authenticity ofdocument and the source by comparingthe handwriting of the person with examplesof handwritten documents written by otherindividuals.

This comparative method to identify thecharacteristics of the similarities anddifferences in thewriting produced by the same person ordifferent persons.


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The process of

internal criticism by historians began

after the completion of the

proper external criticism.

Historians need to filter

out all the historical sources to ensure

that each item or items taken fromthe source can be accounted for.


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Historians need to detect thefacts and statements contained in the

writing of history

and not only accepted directly from

witnesses gathered. Historian must make a rational

interpretation of the source of

the revelations given bythe perpetrators or witnesses of anevent.


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Internal criticism more

focused on the interpretationof the content of historical sources.

There is some level of interpretation

of the source should be considered

by historians as :-

Verbal Interpretation

Technical Interpretation

Logical Interpretation Psychological Interpretation

Interpretation of the fact


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Verbal Interpretation

Verbal interpretation of the

process will occur when a reading focusingon the words contained in a document forindividual and group.

This interpretation is

more focused on aspects of language inorder to know the meaning ofwords in a document.

In

addition, verbal interpretation also explainsthe meanings of words and sentences to getthe idea that the author tried tocapture the relevant documents.


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Technical Interpretation

This method of interpretation to explain the

purpose of writing done by a writerresources and identify any specific reading of historical sources are used.

In general, the

technical definition of a document basedon two considerations, namely the purposeof the writer and do a proper reading.

Both of these considerations will be able to

distinguish the source of the only sourcesof information alone or mixed to thehistorian.


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Logical interpretation

It is a methodof interpretation by historians to connectthe various parts of the resource accordingto the right mindset.

Interpretation process is to provide anetworking event whichjoined the historian ofthought, before or after the event occurred.


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Psychological interpretation

Method of interpretation is to seethe characters thoughts or author ofa resource that is influencedby physical, social and intellectual.

Psychological interpretation of the historyof the source or document is read by aprocess point of view to get ideas of history.

Through this

method, researchers can detect theinfluence of the physical work of the

author of the resources generated.


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Interpretation of the facts

This method is used aftera successful historian to understandthe meaning andcontent sources or documents are reviewed.

The interpretation of the facts will bemade by applying one or more of three methods of interpretation of the past.

Through the method of interpretation of the

facts in a document of history, historians can

present historical facts are significant, eitherindividually or in groups to explain the causesand consequences of an event.


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