Lilliana

Lilliana Anthony

Brunyr

Marie

Kendra

Marcus

Carla

Christine

Rockens

Jhon

Amanjot

JulianKaren

Jason

Joe

Obayanna

Amando

Garlyn

9C: Room 206 Front of Room

Crystal Jonathan

Asarel

Jamesly Meryem

Bio 9C: Friday, 3.11.11Title: Introduction to Meiosis & Genetic Inheritance

Homework: Go to the Biology blog (phascience.wordpress.com) and do the

note-taking assignment. Then answer the questions on the back of assignment sheet

(also on PowerPoint) Finish the Karyotyping Activity & Questions if you didn’t finish it

in class.

Do Now: What is a chromosome and how does it relate to DNA?

Today’s Objectives: Describe the difference between asexual and sexual reproduction Explain how karyotypes are made and be able to identify homologous

chromosomes in a human karyotype. Differentiate between a male and female karyotype.

HUMAN GENETICS& MEIOSIS PHA: Biology 9

Moretti and Dickson

Asexual vs. Sexual Reproduction

Asexual Reproduction

One parent Parent and offspring

are genetically identical (clones)

Reproduce using MITOSIS

Sexual Reproduction Two parents Offspring are

genetically different from parents

Reproduce using MEIOSIS (makes eggs and sperm) and FERTILIZATION (egg and sperm join)

Objectives for Class:• Describe the difference between asexual and sexual reproduction

Sexual reproduction cycle:

Human body cells contain… Over 20,000 genes stored

on 46 total chromosomes

23 pairs of homologous chromosomes

22 are same in males in females (1-22)

The 23rd pair is the sex-determining chromosomes

Females = X X Males = X Y

Objectives for Class:• Explain how karyotypes are made and be able to identify homologous chromosomes in a human

karyotype.• Differentiate between a male and female karyotype.

Karyotyping Activity – Part I

Circle 3 pairs of homologous chromosomes

Individual A

Individual A



Bio 9C: Monday, 3.14.11Title: Meiosis & Genetic Inheritance – Vocab. Review

Homework: Read Section 11.4 (pages 275-278). Address the following

questions: What is the purpose of meiosis? How does the process accomplish this purpose? What are the major

steps and the final result? How does the process of meiosis create gametes that are different

from each other? Name two ways. Why does it matter that a person’s gametes are not all the same?

Do Now: Clear desks for a quick quiz

Today’s Objectives: Differentiate between mitosis and meiosis Explain how meiosis produces 4 haploid sex cells (gametes) – eggs and sperm

Quick Genetics Vocabulary Quiz

Word Bank: Diploid, Haploid, Gametes, Meiosis, Alleles, Chromosome, Gene, Homologous Chromosomes

Match the above words with the definition. You will not use all of the above words

1. Egg or sperm cells used in sexual reproduction are called____?2. A cell that contains TWO COPIES of every chromosome (in

homologous pairs) is called ___?3. A pair of chromosomes that contain the same genes but not

necessarily the same alleles are called ______? 4. The process that separates homologous chromosomes into

different haploid cells is called ____.5. Different versions of a gene are called _____? 6. A cell that contains ONE COPY of every chromosome is called ___?7. Are eggs and sperm are haploid or diploid?8. A section of DNA that holds instructions for making one protein is

called a _____?

Major Genetics Terms Gene:

• A section of DNA that holds instructions for making one protein

Ex: gene for hemoglobin protein

Homologous Chromosomes:• A pair of chromosomes that contain the same

genes but not necessarily the same alleles

Chromosome: • A long strand of DNA, coiled

and wrapped up, that contains many genes

Alleles:• Different versions of a gene Ex: normal hemoglobin allele vs. mutated hemoglobin allele

Major Genetics Terms Diploid: A cell that contains TWO COPIES of

every chromosome (in homologous pairs) All human body cells except gametes are diploid.

Haploid: A cell that contains ONE COPY of every chromosome Gametes are haploid.

Gametes: Egg or sperm cells, used in sexual reproduction. Contain HALF the number of chromosomes as all

other body cells (they are haploid!) Meiosis: The process of making gametes.

1 Diploid cell 4 Haploid cells Separates homologous chromosomes into

different cells


Karyotyping Activity – Part I

Circle 3 pairs of homologous chromosomes

Individual A

Individual A



End: 4 Haploid Cells

(23 Chromosomes in Humans)

Cells different from starting cell (half

the # of chromosomes)

End: 2 Diploid Cells

(46 Chromosomes

in Humans)Cells same as starting cell

Start: Diploid Cell(46 Chromosomes

in Humans)


in Humans)

Metaphase: chromosomes line up single file

Metaphase I: chromosomes line up with homologous pairsMetaphase II: like mitosis

Bio 9C: Tuesday, 3.15.11Title: Introduction to Meiosis & Genetic Inheritance

Homework: No Homework

Do Now: What are the differences between Meiosis and

Mitosis? What are the similarities?

Today’s Objectives: Differentiate between mitosis and meiosis Explain how meiosis produces 4 haploid sex cells (gametes)

– eggs and sperm Describe the two ways meiosis creates genetic diversity

between gametes

Quick Genetics Vocabulary Quiz

Word Bank: Diploid, Haploid, Gametes, Meiosis, Alleles, Chromosome, Gene, Homologous Chromosomes

Match the above words with the definition. You will not use all of the above words

1. Egg or sperm cells used in sexual reproduction are called____?2. A cell that contains TWO COPIES of every chromosome (in

homologous pairs) is called ___?3. A pair of chromosomes that contain the same genes but not

necessarily the same alleles are called ______? 4. The process that separates homologous chromosomes into

different haploid cells is called ____.5. Different versions of a gene are called _____? 6. A cell that contains ONE COPY of every chromosome is called ___?7. Are eggs and sperm are haploid or diploid?8. A section of DNA that holds instructions for making one protein is

called a _____?

Studying Diagrams: In your notebooks, respond to these questions:

What is the difference between Metaphase in Mitosis and Metaphase I in Meiosis? Why are the chromosomes aligned differently in both of these stages?

Are the cells diploid in Mitosis during this phase? Meiosis? Why?

What do you notice about the homologous chromosomes in Metaphase II of Meiosis? Why are the chromosomes aligned the way they are?

Are the cells in Metaphase II diploid or haploid? Why?






(46 Chromosomes



in Humans)


in Humans)



Bio 9C: Wednesday, 3.16.11Title: Meiosis Simulations

Homework: Complete the Meiosis Pipecleaner Simulation

Questions Do Now:

What are the differences between Meiosis and Mitosis? What are the similarities?

Today’s Objectives: Differentiate between mitosis and meiosis Explain how meiosis produces 4 haploid sex cells

(gametes) – eggs and sperm Describe the two ways meiosis creates genetic

diversity between gametes






(46 Chromosomes



in Humans)


in Humans)



Meiosis Simulation w/ Pipecleaners Overview:

You will use pipecleaner “chromosomes” to simulate the process of meiosis.

Objectives: By the end of this simulation activity, you should be able

to… Draw and describe the important steps of meiosis Explain how the process of meiosis creates gametes with

half the number of chromosomes as the original cell Explain how meiosis generates genetic diversity

between gametes

Bio 9C: Thursday, 3.17.11Title: Genetic Variation and Errors in Meiosis

Homework: Complete Karyotyping II questions

Do Now: What is the difference between Metaphase I in

Meiosis and Metaphase in Mitosis? What impact does this have on how chromosomes divide?

Today’s Objectives: Describe the two ways meiosis creates genetic diversity

between gametes Identify genetic disorders that result from mistakes

during Meiosis

Double Block






(46 Chromosomes



in Humans)


in Humans)



DNA is replicated once Chromosomes are divided

twice: Meiosis I: Homologous

chromosomes separate Forms 2 haploid cells Chromosomes still have

sister chromatids Meiosis II: Sister

chromatids separate Final result:

4 haploid gametes with HALF the number of chromosomes as the original cell Gamete

s

Summary of Meiosis

Objectives for Class:• Explain how meiosis produces 4 haploid sex cells (gametes) – eggs and sperm


Meiosis generates genetic diversity between gametes: Two Ways

1.Independent alignment of homologous pairs during Metaphase I. A cell with 2

homologous pairs yields 4 possible gametes.

How many are possible with 23 homologous pairs?

2. Crossing over during Prophase I. One sister chromatid trades a section of DNA with its homologous partner. Creates new combinations of alleles on chromosomes. Can happen at multiple places along the chromosome, allowing for a

nearly infinite number of different gametes.

Meiosis generates genetic diversity between gametes: Two Ways

Karyotyping Activity – Part IIAs you have learned, a karyotype is an enlarged photograph of a person’s chromosomes arranged so that the homologous chromosomes are next to each other. As we have also discussed, meiosis is the process that separates these homologous chromosomes into different sex cells called gametes. When meiosis works properly, each gamete will receive one copy of each type of chromosome (one chromosome 1, one chromosome 2, etc.). However, sometimes an error in meiosis occurs and gametes receive abnormal numbers of chromosomes. When these gametes (eggs or sperm) join with the gamete from another individual during fertilization, the result is a person with an abnormal numbers of chromosomes. In this activity, you will examine the karyotypes for a variety of different people to determine if the individual has the expected number of 46 total chromosomes. Analyze each karyotype by answering the questions for each one. If you determine that the individual has an abnormal number of chromosomes, determine the type of chromosome disorder the person has and describe it in the space provided.


karyotype.• Identify genetic disorders that result from mistakes during Meiosis

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