Bacteria - Escherichia coli

Cells Eukaryotes and ProkaryotesFrom CellBiology

Life - Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes

Movie - Neutrophil chasing Bacterium

IntroductionThis current page is the science lecture Medicine Foundations 2016 Lecture Link

This lecture introduces the cell as the unit of life. Firstly, by the methods we use to see cells and biological structures and what weconsider to be "alive". Then by looking at major differences between cell types and their organisation as unicellular or multicellularorganisms. Finally, the presence or absence of a nucleus which is the definition of the major 2 classes of cells.

(Greek, Karyose = kernel, as in a kernel of grain)

2017 Lecture PDF

Lecture Archive: 2016 PDF | 2014 (http://php.med.unsw.edu.au/cellbiology/index.php?title=Cells_Eukaryotes_and_Prokaryotes&oldid=50796) | 2013 (http://php.med.unsw.edu.au/cellbiology/index.php?title=Cells_Eukaryotes_and_Prokaryotes&oldid=47684) | 2012 (http://php.med.unsw.edu.au/cellbiology/index.php?title=Cells_Eukaryotes_and_Prokaryotes&oldid=32141) | 2012 iLecture (http://lectopia.telt.unsw.edu.au/lectopia/lectopia.lasso?ut=90&id=128663) | 2009 iLecture (http://lectopia.elearning.unsw.edu.au/ilectures/ilectures.lasso?ut=90&id=38293) | 2009 Cell Types |2008 Cell Types (http://cellbiology.med.unsw.edu.au/units/science/lecture0802.htm)

ObjectivesIntroduction to biological moleculesUnderstand the dimensions cellsUnderstand differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotesUnderstand differences between unicellular and multicellular organismsBrief understanding of viruses and prions

About Human Body

Human Cells

Salamander egg (oocyte)

File:Leukocyte phagocytosis of yeast

210+ cell types in bodytotal number of estimated cells in the body - 1013 (American Ten trillion/British Ten billion)

Flora

bacteria, fungi and archaea (http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/archaea/archaea.html)fungi are eukaryotes (include yeasts and molds)

found on all surfaces exposed to the environmentskin and eyes, in the mouth, nose, small intestine

most bacteria live in the large intestine

500 to 1000 species of bacteria live in the human guttotal number of estimated flora ten times as many bacteria 1014 (American One hundred trillion/British One hundred billion)

Cell Sizesfrog or fish egg are the largest individual cells easily visible, approx 1+ mmdiameterhuman or sea urchin egg, approx 100 micron (µm) diametertypical somatic cell, approx 20 micron diameterplant cells are larger, approx 30 x 20 micronbacteria are smaller, approx 2 x 1 micron

Divisions of LifeTime scale of evolution (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK9841/figure/A93/?report=objectonly)

Prokaryotic

bacteria and archaea (single-celled microorganisms previously called archaebacteria)no cell nucleus or any other organelles within their cellsorganisms that can live in extreme habitatshttp://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/archaea/archaea.html

Archaea (Halobacteria)

Eukaryotic

animalsplantsfungi (yeast, unicellular)protists (not animals, plants or fungi)

Textbook Links: The Origin and Evolution of Cells(https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK9841/) | MBoC -Divisions of Life(http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bookshelf/br.fcgi?book=mboc4&part=A2&rendertype=figure&id=A41)

Unicellular and Multicellular

UnicellularAll prokaryotes and some eukaryotes

Yeast + budding, non-buddingProtozoa + classified by means of locomotion: flagellates, amoeboids,sporozoans, ciliates + often "feed" on bacteria

Amoeba feeding on a bacteria(Legionella pneumophila)

MulticellularEukaryotesPlants and AnimalsAllowed development of specialized cellsfunctions and tissues

Prokaryote

Escherichia coli bacteria Micrococcus luteus bacteria

Bacteria morphology

evolutionarily arose first (3.5 billion years ago) Evolution of Cells (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bookshelf/br.fcgi?book=cooper&part=A90&rendertype=figure&id=A103)bacteria are smaller, approx 2 x 1 micron (1x10-6 m)not all bacteria are dangerous or disease causing

(MH - the adult human in addition bacteria to the skin surface and lining of the respiratory/digestive tract, also has intestines containstrillions of bacteria made up from hundreds of species and thousands of subspecies)

biochemically diversesimple structure, classified by shape (rod-shaped, spherical or spiral-shaped)some prokaryotic cells have also been shown to have a "cytoskeleton", which is different from eukaryotic cells.

Bacterial morphologies

Bacteria morphology

Prokaryote MembraneCommon to Eukaryote

lipid bilayer - containing protein and phospholipid (about 3:1)lipid rafts - stabilised membrane regions containing flotillins

scaffolding proteins for processes - signalling, endo- and exocytosis, transport, protein translocation and cell division

Surface Specializations

Flagella - flagella of motile bacteria differ in structure from eukaryotic flagella.A basal body anchored in the plasma membrane and cell wall gives rise to a cylindrical protein filament (3 to 12 µm long, 12to 30 nm in diameter).The flagellum moves by whirling about its long axis.The number and arrangement of flagella on the cell are clinically diagnostically useful.

Pili - (Fimbriae) slender, hair-like, proteinaceous appendages on the surface of many (Gram-negative) bacteria.required for adhesion to host surfaces.more rigid in appearance than flagella

Capsules - lies outside the cell wall, thick (up to 10 µm) outer capsule of high-molecular-weight, viscous polysaccharide geothers have more amorphous slime layers.Capsules confer resistance to phagocytosis.

Prokaryotic Motility

Some bacteria are highly motile and there are differing mechanisms of motility.

Prokaryote cell cartoon

Bacteria MotilityPage | Play

flagella motility spiral bacteria

Prokaryotes Cell WallBacterial Shape - Bacterial shapes and cell-surface structuresBacterial Membranes - A small section of the double membraneof an E. coli bacterium

Bacterial outer membranes - outer membrane containsporins

Bacterial cell walls - Bacterial cell walls(http://water.me.vccs.edu/courses/ENV108/clipart/cellwall.gif)

Gram-negative bacteria surrounded by a thin cell wallbeneath the outer membraneGram-positive bacteria lack outer membranes and havethick cell walls

(MH - note that some unicellular eukaryotes can also have a cell wall)

Antibiotics (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/books/bv.fcgi?db=Books&rid=cooper.table.1198) - inhibit either bacterialprotein synthesis or bacterial cell wall synthesis Antibiotictargets Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria

Molecular Biology of the CellFigure 25-4. Bacterial shapes and cell-surface structures (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/books/bv.fcgi?db=Books&rid=mboc4.figgrp.4620)Figure 11-17. A small section of the double membrane of an E. coli bacterium(http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/books/bv.fcgi?db=Books&rid=mboc4.figgrp.2023)

Medical MicrobiologyFigure 2-6. Comparison of the thick cell wall of Gram-positive bacteria with the comparatively thin cell wall of Gram-negative bacteria (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/books/bv.fcgi?db=Books&rid=mmed.figgrp.294)

Prokaryote Geneticsmultiple copies of circular DNA within the cytoplasmprokaryotic genome (http://collections.plos.org/prokaryotic-genome)Epigetics - DNA methylation and restriction enzymes act to protect the integrity of prokaryotic genomes. PLoS(http://journals.plos.org/plosgenetics/article?id=10.1371/journal.pgen.1005854)

restriction enzymes target foreign DNA for cleavageDNA methylation protects the host genome from destruction

Prokaryote Division

E. coli FtsZ

Mycoplasma hominis infected Hela cells

Bacterial Replication - DNA replication and cell division in a prokaryote MCB- DNA replication and cell division in a prokaryote(http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bookshelf/br.fcgi?book=mcb&part=A3163&rendertype=figure&id=A3176)

Bacteria DivisionPage | Play

Bacteria DivisionPage | Play

Prokaryote Mycoplasmassmallest self-replicating organismssmallest genomes (approx 500 to 1000 genes)spherical to filamentous cellsno cell wallssurface parasites of the human respiratory and urogenital tracts

Mycoplasma pneumoniae infect the upper and lower respiratory tractMycoplasma genitalium a prevalent sexually transmitted infectionMycoplasma hominis associated with bacterial vaginosis and pelvicinflammatory diseaseMycoplasma hyorhinis found in patients with AIDS

Prokaryote "Cytoskeleton"

Plant Cell cartoon

Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic CellsThe following links describe the major differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, the way they divide and the way in whichantibiotics have their action on prokaryotic cells.

The Cell- A Molecular ApproachTable 1.1. Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/books/bv.fcgi?db=Books&rid=cooper.table.91)Antibiotic Inhibitors of Protein Synthesis (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/books/bv.fcgi?db=Books&rid=cooper.table.1198)

Molecular Cell BiologyFigure 12-6. DNA replication and cell division in a prokaryote (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/books/bv.fcgi?db=Books&rid=mcb.figgrp.3176)

BiochemistryFigure 28.15. Transcription and Translation (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/books/bv.fcgi?db=Books&rid=stryer.figgrp.3980) two processes are closely coupled in prokaryotes, whereas they are spacially andtemporally separate in eukaryotes.

Plant Cellplant cells are larger than mammalian cells approx 30 x 20 micronAdditional OrganellesCentral Vacuole

tonoplast maintains cell's turgorstorage (water, ions, and nutrients such as sucrose and amino acids, andwaste products)

Plastidsorganelles found in plants and algaechloroplasts for photosynthesisAmyloplasts for starch storageChromoplasts for pigment synthesis and storageLeucoplasts - can differentiate into more specialized plastids(Amyloplasts - starch storage, Elaioplasts - storing fat, Proteinoplasts -storing and modifying protein)(MH - plastids and mitochondria and have own DNA)

Plant Plastid types

Plant organelles

Cell WallRigid structure outside cell membraneNo ability to moveResist osmotic stressesStructure - cellulose, hemicellulose, pectin

Specialized Adhesion Junctionsplasmodesmatacell-cell communication pathwaysallow cell membrane and endoplasmic reticulum of adjacent cells arecontinuous Plasmodesmata(http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/books/bv.fcgi?db=Books&rid=cooper.figgrp.2069)

Chloroplasts

disk-shaped and about 5-8 µm in diameter and 2-4 µm thick. A typical plantcell has 20-40 of them.

Animal and Plant Cell

Virus

Dengue virus Herpes virus Zika virus

not a cell Latin, virus = toxin or poisonnot aliveinfects living cellsunable to grow or reproduce outside a host cellInfect different hosts (animal, plant and bacterial)Classified

RNA or DNA virusesdouble or single stranded

Virion

contains the genetic material, DNA or RNAwithin a protective protein coat (capsid)

Bacteriophage

A virus that infects bacteria

Molecular Cell Biology6.3. Viruses: Structure, Function, and Uses (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/books/bv.fcgi?db=Books&rid=mcb.section.1408)Figure 6-22. Retroviral life cycle (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/books/bv.fcgi?db=Books&rid=mcb.figgrp.1437)

NPR - Virus Infection (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Rpj0emEGShQ&feature=PlayList&p=49AA6FE8E2B8C71F&index=1)

Prionnot alivean infectious prion proteinmisfolded normal protein (three-dimensional structure)can form aggregatesTypes

Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease (CJD) and Kuru a human neural prion diseaseBovine spongiform encephalopathyvery (BSE) in cattle, "mad cow disease"Scrapie in sheep

Molecular Biology of the Cell Figure 6-89. Protein aggregates that cause human disease(http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bookshelf/br.fcgi?book=mboc4&part=A972&rendertype=figure&id=A1115) | Prions Are InfectiousProteins (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/books/bv.fcgi?db=Books&rid=mboc4.section.4612#4635)Gene Reviews Prions (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bookshelf/br.fcgi?book=gene&part=prion#prion)Neuroscience Prion Disease (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/books/bv.fcgi?db=Books&rid=neurosci.box.1305)

Biological Levels

VCJD brain

Whole cellOrganelles (nucleus, mitochondria, ER, Golgi)ComponentsBiological polymers (chains of molecules, consisting of monomer subunits)

DNA, RNA, Protein, sugars, celluloseOrganic molecules (monomer subunits)

nucleotides, amino acids, carbohydrate

Eukaryotic Cell OrganellesFundamental concept - all cells

Specialized exceptionsOrganellespecialized part of a cell that has its own particular functionMembrane bound (enclosed)forms "compartments" within the cell

Next LectureCell Compartments and Membranes

Metabolic and biochemical “specialization”Localization of functionImport and exportRegulation of transportDetection of signalsCell-cell communicationCell IdentityCell membrane - plasma membrane, plasmalemmaOrganelle membranes - basic structure similar

ReferencesTextbooks

Molecular Biology of the CellSome Important Discoveries in the History of Light Microscopy(http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/books/bv.fcgi?db=Books&rid=cell.table.576)The evolution of higher animals and plants (Figure 1-38)(http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/books/bv.fcgi?db=Books&rid=cell.figgrp.83)From Procaryotes to Eucaryotes(http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/books/bv.fcgi?db=Books&rid=cell.section.25#60)From Single Cells to Multicellular Organisms(http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/books/bv.fcgi?db=Books&rid=cell.section.61#82)Some of the different types of cells present in the vertebrate body(http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/books/bv.fcgi?db=Books&rid=cell.box.79)

Molecular Cell BiologyThe Dynamic Cell (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/books/bv.fcgi?db=Books&rid=mcb.chapter.145)The Architecture of Cells (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/books/bv.fcgi?db=Books&rid=&rid=mcb.section.203)Microscopy and Cell Architecture (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/books/bv.fcgi?db=Books&rid=mcb.section.1084)

The Cell- A Molecular ApproachAn Overview of Cells and Cell Research (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/books/bv.fcgi?db=Books&rid=cooper.chapter.89)Tools of Cell Biology (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/books/bv.fcgi?db=Books&rid=cooper.section.128)

Search Online Textbooks

"prokaryote" Molecular Biology of the Cell (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Books&cmd=search&doptcmdl=DocSum&term=prokaryote+AND+mboc4%5Bbook%5D) | Molecular Cell Biology(http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?

Moodle

db=Books&cmd=search&doptcmdl=DocSum&term=prokaryote+AND+mcb%5Bbook%5D) | The Cell- A molecular Approach(http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Books&cmd=search&doptcmdl=DocSum&term=prokaryote+AND+cooper%5Bbook%5D)"eukaryote" Molecular Biology of the Cell (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Books&cmd=search&doptcmdl=DocSum&term=eukaryote+AND+mboc4%5Bbook%5D) | Molecular Cell Biology(http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Books&cmd=search&doptcmdl=DocSum&term=eukaryote+AND+mcb%5Bbook%5D) | The Cell- A molecular Approach(http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Books&cmd=search&doptcmdl=DocSum&term=eukaryote+AND+cooper%5Bbook%5D)"plant cell" Molecular Biology of the Cell (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Books&cmd=search&doptcmdl=DocSum&term=plant+cell+AND+mboc4%5Bbook%5D) | Molecular Cell Biology(http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Books&cmd=search&doptcmdl=DocSum&term=plant+cell+AND+mcb%5Bbook%5D) | The Cell- A molecular Approach(http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Books&cmd=search&doptcmdl=DocSum&term=plant+cell+AND+cooper%5Bbook%5D)

Books

Medical Microbiology (4th edn) Chapter 2 - Prokaryote Structure (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK8477/)Cells (http://books.google.com/books?id=2VEGC8j9g9wC)Benjamin Lewin, Lynne Cassimeris, Vishwanath R. Lingappa, M.D.,George Plopper Jones & Bartlett Publishers, 2007Plant Cell Vacuoles (http://books.google.com/books?id=KIbyPQIHG50C) By Deepesh Narayan De, CSIRO (Australia)

Reviews

Articles

External LinksAmerican Society Cell Biology (http://www.ascb.org/)

American Society Cell Biology - Booklet Exploring the Cell (http://www.ascb.org/files/exploring.pdf)The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine - Laureates (http://www.nobel.se/medicine/laureates/)

Berkeley HistoryRobert Hooke (1635-1703) (http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/history/hooke.html)Antony van Leeuwenhoek (http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/history/leeuwenhoek.html)

Theodor Schwann (http://home.tiscalinet.ch/biografien/biografien/schwann.htm)Museum of Microscopy (http://microscopy.fsu.edu/primer/museum/)

2017 Course ContentLectures: Cell Biology Introduction | Cells Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes | Cell Membranes and Compartments |Cell Nucleus | Cell Export - Exocytosis | Cell Import - Endocytosis | Cytoskeleton Introduction | Cytoskeleton -Microfilaments | Cytoskeleton - Microtubules | Cytoskeleton - Intermediate Filaments | Cell Mitochondria | CellJunctions | Extracellular Matrix 1 | Extracellular Matrix 2 | Cell Cycle | Cell Division | Cell Death 1 | Cell Death 2 |Signal 1 | Signal 2 | Stem Cells 1 | Stem Cells 2 | Development | 2017 Revision

2017 Laboratories: Introduction to Lab |

2017 Project Topics - TBD.

Dr Mark Hill 2015, UNSW Cell Biology - UNSW CRICOS Provider Code No. 00098G

Retrieved from "https://cellbiology.med.unsw.edu.au/cellbiology/index.php?title=Cells_Eukaryotes_and_Prokaryotes&oldid=76128"

Categories: Eukaryote Prokaryote Science-Undergraduate 2017ANAT3231

This page was last modified on 8 March 2017, at 23:06.