Prokaryote and Eukaryote

Cells have evolved two different architectures:Prokaryote styleEukaryote style

Prokaryote cells are smaller and simplerCommonly known as bacteria.10-100 microns in size. [1000 microns = 1 millimeter]Single-celled (unicellular) .Filamentous (strings of single cells).

These are prokaryote E. coli bacteria on the head of a steel pin.

Prokaryote cells are simply built capsule: slimy outer coatingcell wall: tougher middle layercell membrane: delicate inner skin

cytoplasm: inner liquid fillingDNA in one big looppilli: for sticking to thingsflagella: for swimmingribosomes: for building proteinsProkaryote cells are simply built

Prokaryote lifestyleunicellular: all alonecolony: forms a filmfilamentous: forms a chain of cells

Prokaryote FeedingPhotosynthetic: energy from sunlightDisease-causing: feed on living thingsDecomposers: feed on dead things

Eukaryotes are bigger and more complicatedHave organellesHave chromosomescan be multicellularinclude animal and plant cells

Cell membranedelicate lipid and protein skin around cytoplasmfound in all cellsCell Structures

Nucleusa membrane-bound sac evolved to store the cells chromosomes(DNA)has pores: holesCell Structures

Nucleolusinside nucleuslocation of ribosome factoryCell Structures

Mitochondrion makes the cells energythe more energy the cell needs, the more mitochondria it hasCell Structures

Ribosomesbuild proteins from amino acids in cytoplasmmade of RNACell Structures

Endoplasmic reticulummay be smooth: builds lipids and carbohydratesmay be rough: stores proteins made by attached ribosomesCell Structures

Golgi Complextakes in sacs of raw material from ERsends out sacs containing finished cell productsCell Structures

Cell StructuresLysosomessacs filled with digestive enzymesdigest worn out cell partsdigest food absorbed by cell

Centriolespair of bundled tubesorganize cell divisionCell Structures

Cytoskeletonmade of microtubulesfound throughout cytoplasmmade of microtubulesgives shape to cell & moves organelles around inside.

Cell Structures

Structures found in plant cellsCell wallvery strongmade of celluloseprotects cell from rupturingglued to other cells next door

Vacuolehuge water-filled sackeeps cell pressurizedstores starch

Chloroplastsfilled with chlorophyllturn solar energy into food energy

Eukaryote cells can be multicellularThe whole cell can be specialized for one jobCells can work together as tissuesTissues can work together as organs

Advantages of each kind of cell architecture

Examples of specialized eukayriotic cellsliver cell: specialized to detoxify blood and store glucose as glycogen.

sperm cell: specialized to deliver DNA to egg cell

Mesophyll cell: specialized to capture as much light as possible inside a leaf

How do animal cells move?Some can crawl with pseudopodsSome can swim with a flagellumSome can swim very fast with cilia

Pseudopodsmeans fake feetextensions of cell membraneexample: ameoba

Flagellum/flagellalarge whiplike tailpushes or pulls cell through watercan be single, or a pair

Ciliafine, hair like extensionsattached to cell membranebeat in unison

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