LIDIJA RUNKO LUTTENBERGER THE ROLE OF ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION IN PROMOTING SHORT-SEA SHIPPING

LIDIJA RUNKO LUTTENBERGER

THE ROLE OF ENVIRONMENTAL

EDUCATION IN PROMOTING SHORT-SEA SHIPPING

Scope

29.9.2011.IMLA 19 Opatija

Initial environmental feasibility analysis of introducing and/or intensifying maritime liner services along the coast of Croatian mainland and the islands to and fro the mainland and island ports.

Such services were in operation until some 50 years ago when they ceded their way to road transport

That is certainly not a specific feature for Croatia only with the development of national highway systems in many

countries since the 1950s, coastal shipping entered a new phase, that of decline

the combination of governmental subsidies and reduced transit time for road transport shifted cargo movement from water transport.

Sustainable transportation system


allows the basic access needs of individuals and societies to be met safely in a manner consistent with human and ecosystem health with equity within and between generations

affordable operates efficiently offers choice of transport mode supports a vibrant economy limits emissions and waste within the planet's ability to

absorb them minimizes consumption of non-renewable resources to the

sustainable yield level reuses and recycles its components minimizes the use of land minimises the production of noise

EC US MARAD


maritime transport of goods over relatively short distances, as opposed to the intercontinental cross-ocean deep sea shipping

a form of commercial waterborne transportation that does not transit an ocean and utilizes inland and coastal waterways to move commercial freight

Short-sea shipping - definitions

Short-sea shipping vs. land transport


Mode of transport

Energy use in MJ/ton-m

Road 1.8 – 4.5

Rail 0.4 – 1

Maritime /SSS

0.1 – 0.4

Inland navigation

0.42 – 0.56

more energy efficient shows better safety record than other types of transportexpands the transportation network capacity, improves port productivityrevives the maritime sector – SSS can be seen as investment in employment, contribution to turnover of the insurance, brokerage and freight forwarding sectorspromotes intermodal integration, door-to-door, just-in-time practices, modern logisticsintegrates the islandsSSS is unfortunately associated with a greater quantity of negative externalities as compared to deep-sea shipping on account of the need to use a greater number of small ships and the greater number of ports called at

social and environmental costs of using water transport are not as high as those incurred from using road transportcost of building new roadssplitting communitiescongestionaccidents, etc.

Public and env’t benefits

Environmental impact of shipping

Today, shipping accounts for about a quarter of the world's nitrogen oxide emissions, which causes smog, and shipping emissions are growing significantly as marine transportation increases.

routine discharges of oily bilge and ballast water from marine shipping

dumping of non-biodegradable solid waste into the ocean

accidental spills of oiltoxics or other cargo or fuel at ports

and while underwayair emissions from the vessels' power

suppliesport and inland channel construction

and managementnoise emissions, incl. underwater noisecollisions with marine mammalsecological harm due to the

introduction of exotic species transported by vessels


Greenhouse gas emissionsInternational aviation and shipping are the only greenhouse gas emitting sectors which are not covered by the Kyoto Protocol, reportedly due to lack of reliable emission data and lack of an agreed approach for defining responsibility by country.

In its annual report, Carnival Cruise Lines admitted that its operations pump out 401 grams of CO2 per passenger. This is 36 more than the per-passenger emissions of Eurostar, and more than three times that of a passenger on a Boeing 747 .

Shipping accounts for abt. 3.3 percent of man-made CO2 emissions worldwide

By 2050 in the absence of policies ship emissions may grow by 150 to 250%, compared to the emissions in 2007, as a result of the growth in shipping

Technical and operational measures could increase efficiency and reduce emissions rate by 25% to 75% below the current levels

Introduction of a mandatory limit on the Energy Efficiency Design Index (EEDI) for new ships by IMO (July 2011)

emission reductions only after 2019waiver for new ships registered in developing countries


Bunker fuel


heavy duty road transport is engaged in an ongoing improvement of air emissions performances, while maritime transport is very late and slow in this change

ships use one of the dirties fuels on the planet – which can include fuel with a sulphur content of up to 15,000 ppm. (1,000 times higher than that used by trucks or buses)

black carbon or soot is produced by ships through the incomplete combustion of diesel fuel responsible for severe public health and climate change impacts contributes to global warming by absorbing solar energy also when

deposited on snow and ice, which leads to accelerated melting it is estimated that commercial shipping releases around 130,000

metric tons of black carbon a year– with much of it pumped out near highly populated coastlines

medium speed marine engines, such as those used in tugboats, produce black carbon at more than twice the rate of slow speed engines

Ports


Shippers could further improve their environmental performance by lowering ship emissions while at port, where most of their external costs occur.

All types of vessels engaged in SSS should use shore power (cold ironing) while at berth

Being the interface between sea and land, ports are central to ecosystems and consequently must meet the environmental challenges to achieve sustainability

Ports should comply with all applicable environmental review requirements, and ensure that this documentation is made easily available to the public

Integrated approach

combination of technological development, regulation, education and financial instruments

Halting and revising global warming will require innovations across every sector of the global economy.

The steps that the shipping industry must take are clear: slower speeds, cleaner fuels, better ships.

No other transport mode offers such a variety of vessels, from ageing rust buckets to hyper -modern, clean vessels.

However, protecting the marine environment from polluting by shipping asks for more than a set of regulations. 29.9.2011.IMLA 19 Opatija

IMLA 19 Opatija 29.9.2011.

For shipping to fulfil its «green» potential the industry must

• embrace a number of quality standards (technical condition of the vessel, recruitment, employment conditions - fatigue and stress are particularly pertinent to the coastal and short sea trades, training)

SSS should be compatible with marine spatial planning efforts.

How Croatia approaches SSS


The priorities in written and non-written development strategies are associated either with integrations into international organizations and thereby the projects of

international and fully economic interest or with the development of tourism which is not always subject to proper regulation

and control Given the indentness of northern part of the Adriatic in European

mainland, it is and will remain the object of interest for various forms of long-range maritime transport

MedSECA for the Adriatic? (MARPOL Annex VI) Croatia rarely defends its sustainability and environmental interests

within the framework of global development projects that it is to participate in

The interest of our citizens, our natural resources, i.e. general public interest is given neither due attention nor priority.

We are extinguishing our shipbuilding industry and thus centuries-old tradition of this region

Short Sea Shipping Promotion Centre, Agency for Coastal Liner Maritime Traffic – effects?

Difficulties occur in administrative, organisational, technical, technological and infrastructure shortcomings as well as inappropriately trained staff

There is a low level of collaboration from the part of specialized universities which should be generators of development strategies

Education


As early as in 1793 Collegium Ragusinum (in present-day Dubrovnik) allows young noblemen to study navigation, and in 1849 the first maritime school was established in Bakar.

Presently in Croatia there are maritime faculties in Rijeka, Split and Dubrovnik and maritime high schools in Split, Lošinj, Šibenik, Zadar, Bakar, Korčula and Dubrovnik.

Since 1990, a total of 7312 students graduated from maritime high schools, acquiring the seagoing professions, and during the same period there were 4626 graduates from the maritime faculties.

Ships are examined intensively, especially from engineering point of view.

Although intermodality and short sea shipping chains demand that port terminals be integral parts of the shipping system – researchers are primarily interested in ships.

Environmental issues, the application of new technology, and reduced number of crew demand more skilled and well trained land-based and onboard personnel and these serious problems deserve a scientific approach.

Conclusion


The Republic of Croatia has the sea, well-indented coast with numerous islands, long high-quality shipbuilding tradition, prestigious maritime training institutions and the need to protect its environment.

Croatian maritime transport faculties and high schools should broaden the emphasis from studying technical features of the ship and navigation skills to considering integral role of shipping in local and world economy, society and environment. They should educate people able to draft maritime strategies at the national, regional and local level, that would benefit both our local needs and integration in international flow of passengers and goods.

All educational institutions, from kindergartens to PhD courses, should teach environmental protection in order to make the population aware of transport solutions that will least degrade the environment.

The existing historical ports in small coastal communities could easily accommodate smaller ships meaning that intervention in the space would be minor in scale.

Croatians still have enough skills to teach and learn about, design and build the novel small-size green ships for sailing our seas and shuttle people and goods between local coastal communities and to export them wherever the decision makers are receptive for environmentally friendly and socially and economically relevant short-sea maritime transport.

Documents

LIDIJA RUNKO LUTTENBERGER THE ROLE OF ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION IN PROMOTING SHORT-SEA SHIPPING