Lesson4 Cpu Basics

8/9/2019 Lesson4 Cpu Basics

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MicroprocessorsMicroprocessors


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Central Processing UnitCentral Processing Unit


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Central Processing UnitCentral Processing Unit


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CPU O perationCPU O peration


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Microprocessor BasicsMicroprocessor BasicsThe The m icroprocessor m icroprocessor , or just , or just processor , is an integrated processor , is an integrated circ uit designed to process circ uit designed to process instr uctions. It is the most instr uctions. It is the most important co mponent of a important co mponent of a co mputer and us ually the most co mputer and us ually the most expensive.expensive.

It contains as many as 50It contains as many as 50million miniat urized electronic million miniat urized electronic co mponents and is only 30co mponents and is only 30nano meters thick.nano meters thick.


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CPUs Two Main P artsCPUs Two Main P arts

A rith m etic Logic UnitA rith m etic Logic Unit(A LU)(A LU)

P erfor ms arith metic & logical P erfor ms arith metic & logical operations operations R egistersR egisters hold data that is hold data that is being processedbeing processed

Acc umu lator Acc umu lator where the where the res ult of the operation is res ult of the operation is being placedbeing placed


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Control UnitControl UnitF etches each F etches each instr uctioninstr uctionLoads data into the Loads data into the

ALUs registers ALUs registersTells the ALU when it Tells the ALU when it is time to begin is time to begin processing thro ugh an processing thro ugh an Instr uction P ointer Instr uction P ointer


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F rom R AM to the RegistersF rom R AM to the Registers

data

4 5


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Control Unit signals , ALU perfor msControl Unit signals , ALU perfor ms

4 5

ADD9


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Res ult is sent to R AM.Res ult is sent to R AM.

4 5

9

Result


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Instr uctionsInstr uctions

A co mputer acco mplishes a co mplex task by A co mputer acco mplishes a co mplex task by perfor ming series of very simple steps referred perfor ming series of very simple steps referred to as: to as: Instr uctionsInstr uctions

Two P arts:Two P arts:Operation CodeOperation Code comm and word for an operationco mm and word for an operation

OperandsOperands data address for an operationdata address for an operation


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E xa mpleE xa mple

JMP operation code which means goto a different instructionM1 operand which is the RAM

Address of the instruction to which thecomputer is supposed to go.In structio n S et List of instruction that the CPU is able to execute.


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Instr uction CycleInstr uction Cycle


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S tep 1S tep 1


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S tep 2: F etches Instr uction then S tep 2: F etches Instr uction then

Interpret..Interpret..


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S tep 3: E xec utes Instr uctionS tep 3: E xec utes Instr uction


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S tep 4: Incre ment Instr uction S tep 4: Incre ment Instr uction

P ointer P ointer


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S tep 5: F etches the Next S tep 5: F etches the Next

Instr uction then Interpret.Instr uction then Interpret.


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S tep 6: E xec utes the Instr uctionS tep 6: E xec utes the Instr uction


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S tep 7: Incre ment the Instr uction S tep 7: Incre ment the Instr uction P ointer P ointer


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S tep 8: F etches the 3S tep 8: F etches the 3 rdrd Instr uction Instr uction then interpretsthen interprets


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S tep 9: E xec utes the instr uctionS tep 9: E xec utes the instr uction


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Types of Bu sesTypes of Bu ses

Data Bu s Data Bu s bidirectionalbidirectional Address Bu s Address Bu s carries the me mory address carries the me mory address

from the CPU to the me moryfrom the CPU to the me moryControl Bu s Control Bu s


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Microprocessor P erfor manceMicroprocessor P erfor manceM icroprocessor clockM icroprocessor clock is a timing device that sets is a timing device that sets the pace for exec uting instr uctions.the pace for exec uting instr uctions. M egahertzM egahertz((MHz) means the clock exec utes millions of MHz) means the clock exec utes millions of instr uctions per second andinstr uctions per second and

W ord SizeW ord Size is the numb er of bits the CPU can is the numb er of bits the CPU can manip ulate at one time (32 or 64 b its)manip ulate at one time (32 or 64 b its)

CacheCache is high speed me mory that allows a is high speed me mory that allows a microprocessor to access data more rapidly than microprocessor to access data more rapidly than from m e mory located elsewhere on the from m e mory located elsewhere on the mother board. (mother board. (LevelLevel 11--bu ilt in, bu ilt in, Level 2Level 2 --separate)separate)


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P rocessing TypesP rocessing TypesSerial processingSerial processing is when the processor mu st is when the processor mu st co mplete all of the steps in the instr uction cycle co mplete all of the steps in the instr uction cycle before it begins to exec ute the next instr uction.before it begins to exec ute the next instr uction.PipeliningPipelining allows the processor to exec ute an allows the processor to exec ute an instr uction before it co mpletes the previo us oneinstr uction before it co mpletes the previo us oneParallel processingParallel processing is done by co mputers with is done by co mputers with more than one processor more than one processor B

enchm

arksB

enchm

arks are a series of laboratory tests are a series of laboratory tests cond ucted to ga uge the overall speed of a cond ucted to ga uge the overall speed of a microprocessor.microprocessor.


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P ipelining P rocessP ipelining P rocess


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P arallel P rocessingP arallel P rocessing


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8088 S pecifications8088 S pecifications

Designed by Intel Corp. of S ta. Clara C A. USA . Designed by Intel Corp. of S ta. Clara C A. USA . Operates at 4.77 MHz ClockOperates at 4.77 MHz Clock88--bit external data bu sbit external data bu s1616 --bit internal data bu sbit internal data bu sBrain of XT Computer Brain of XT Computer Rectang ular chip w/ 40 pinsRectang ular chip w/ 40 pins

8086 ,sister chip w/ 168086 ,sister chip w/ 16 --bit internal/external data bu sbit internal/external data bu s


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Types of Microprocessors: Types of Microprocessors:

40044004 11 stst CPU in 1971 b y IntelCPU in 1971 b y IntelIntel s 1Intel s 1 stst Generation: x86 Architect ureGeneration: x86 Architect ure

16 16--b it bit ---- 8086, 80286 8086, 80286 32 32--b it bit ---- 80386, 80486, Pentium ( 80586), 80386, 80486, Pentium ( 80586), Pentium MMX , Pentium II , Pentium III , Pentium MMX , Pentium II , Pentium III , Pentium 4Pentium 4 AMD & Cyrix AMD & Cyrix still based on x86still based on x86Motorola Motorola Macintosh PC sMacintosh PC s


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Today s MicroprocessorsToday s MicroprocessorsIntel is the world s largest chip maker.Intel is the world s largest chip maker.

Intel introd uced first m icroprocessor in 1971Intel introd uced first m icroprocessor in 1971Cu rrent prod ucts include P enti um , Itani um , Cu rrent prod ucts include P enti um , Itani um ,

and Itani um II .and Itani um II .Celerons are not as powerf ul as the P enti um s Celerons are not as powerf ul as the P enti um s bu t they are cheaper bu t they are cheaper

AMD ( Advanced Micro Devices) is its chief AMD ( Advanced Micro Devices) is its chief rivalrival

Athlon , Opteron and and Duron replace Intel Athlon , Opteron and and Duron replace Intel chips and are cheaper chips and are cheaper


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CPU Architect ureCPU Architect ure

N a m e Date TransistorsM ic

ronsClockspeed

Datawidth

8080 1974 6,000 6 2 M

Hz 8 b its

8088 1979 29 ,000 3 5 MHz16 b its

8-bit bu s

80286 1982 134 ,000 1 .5 6 MHz 16 b its

80386 1985 275 ,000 1 .5 16 MHz 32 b its


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inin80486 1989 1 ,200 ,000 1 25 MHz 32 b itsP enti um 1993 3 ,100 ,000 0 .8 60 MHz

32 -64bit bu s

P enti um II 1997 7 ,500 ,000 0 .35 233MHz

32 b its64 -bit bu s

P enti um III 1999 9 ,500 ,000 0 .25 450MHz

32 b its64 -bit bu s

P enti um 4 200042 ,000 ,00

0 0.18 1 .5 GHz

32 b its

64 -bit bu s

P enti um 4"P rescott " 2004

125 ,000 ,000 0.09 3 .6 G

Hz32 b its64 -bit bu s


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D ual D ual --c ore refers to ac ore refers to a CPU CPU that that

inc ludes two c ompleteinc ludes two c ompleteexe c ution c ores per physi c al exe c ution c ores per physi c al

pro c essor pro c essor . It c om bines two. It c om bines two

pro c essors and their pro c essors and their c a c hesc a c hesand c a c heand c a c he c ontrollersc ontrollers onto aonto asinglesingle integrated c ir c uit integrated c ir c uit ( ( sili c onsili c on

c hip ). It is basi c ally twoc hip ). It is basi c ally two pro c essors , in most c ases , pro c essors , in most c ases , residing reside sideresiding reside side --by by --side onside on

the same die.the same die.


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Difference between theseDifference between these


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Q U AD COR EQ U AD COR E


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T ASKT ASK

CPU S ockets & their CPU s upportedCPU S ockets & their CPU s upportedDifferentiate COR E 2 DUO , D P rocessors Differentiate COR E 2 DUO , D P rocessors

& Dual core& Dual coreIntel Intel vsvs AMD eq uivalents AMD eq uivalents

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Lesson4 Cpu Basics