LESSON 3 - California State University, Northridgeghagopian/Documents/WesternArmenian… · Web viewTPPT This is a special grammatical shift, called inflection or inner declension,

LESSON 3PHONETICSReview: Letters Presented in Lessons 1 and 2Vowels and the Exclamation MarkLetter Frequency and Word FrequencyReduction of áõ and Ç to əSound Frequency and Letter FrequencyDiphthongs TÇõ and T »³

GRAMMARWord Order: Attributes

Numeral AttributesNoun Number

The Conjunctions and— Táõ, »õ, ÇëÏInterrogation without Question Words

Separation Marks [ ª ]VOCABULARYQuestion word Táõ±ñ—where?Text: TÜáõ¿ñ _____________________________________________________________________________________

PHONETICS REVIEW: Letters introduced in Lessons 1 and 2

Vowels Position in Alphabet Consonants Position in Alphabet

² ³ [a] 1 Î Ï [g] 15

º » [ye, e]] 5 Ø Ù [m] 20

¾ ¿ [ē] 7 Ü Ý [n] 22

Æ Ç [i] 11 ê ë [s] 29

àô áõ [u, v] * î ï [d] 31

À Á [ě, ə] 8 ð ñ [r] 32

ô õ [v, w] 34

Vowels and the Exclamation Mark [ ¯ ]

Vowels are articulated with a free flow of air and vibration of vocal cords. The create syllables by themselves or combined with consonants. Armenian has six vowels written with eight letters. The letters à á and ú û representing the vowel [o], follow in Lessons 4 & 5.Practically all vowels become interjections when pronounced with an emotional intonation. In writing this is indicated with the exclamation mark [ ¯ ]. Words with a special intonation carry the exclamation mark where

Gayané Hagopian Armenian for Everyone

³¯

25

the lexical stress is; that is, on the last vowel of the word; e.g.: ²Ù³¯Ý Wow! ²ñ»¯õ ¿: It is sunny! ºÏáõ°ñ, ÙÇÝ³¯Ï »Ù: Come, I am alone!

²¯¾¯

º¯Æ¯

àõ¯À¯

Gayané Hagopian Armenian for Everyone26

Lesson 3

Letter Frequency and Word FrequencyDifferent words and letters have different frequencies of usage. In this book, we introduce the letters

according to their frequency in non-alphabetical order. TP

1PT

The most frequent sounds of Armenian are presented in the first two lessons: ³, », ¿, Ç, Ý, ñ, Ù. Word frequency is different from sound and letter frequency, and some letters of low frequency are used in some words of very high frequency.TP

2PT

Statistics shows that people speaking different languages use approximately the same 500 words of their native tongue for everyday speech. These 500 words of highest frequency in Armenian are used in the texts and dialogues of this textbook.

Reduction of áõ and Ç to [ə] ~ ÁThe vowels áõ and Ç are “weak.” When they lose the lexical stress, they can shift into a weaker

vowel, a schwa, which is pronounced but not written. The syllables containing the unwritten schwa are called hidden; below they are indicated with the symbol of the schwa [ə] For example: ëáõï lie and ëəï»ñ lies; ïáõÝ house and ïəÝ³Ï small house; ÙáõÏ mouse and ÙəÏÝÇÏ small mouse, »ñÏÇñ country and »ñÏəñÇ country’s; Ï³ñÙÇñ red and Ï³ñÙəñáñ³Ï reddish.

In Old and Eastern Armenian this shift is quite regular. Western Armenian, especially the spoken language, can ignore it. Thus parallel forms exist:

In plural, as ïáõÝ»ñ or ïÝ»ñ, ëÇñï»ñ or ëñï»ñ.

In declension, as ïáõÝÇ or ï³Ý, TP

3PT ëÇñïÇ or ëñïÇ;

In word-building—e.g., diminutives ÙáõÏÇÏ and ÙÏÝÇÏ are both correct.

The table on the right presents both the shifted forms, which

1TP

?PT See the alphabet in Appendices 1-3.

2TP

?PT For example, hello UµU³ñ»õ, big, great Ù»UÍU, bread Ñ³UóU, to go »ñUÃU³É. The underlined are not frequent

letters which will be introduced gradually in the next lessons.


ëÇñï

Shift áõ > əBase form ÙáõÏ mouse ïáõÝ house

Novel Western Armenian forms

ÙáõÏÇÏsmall mouse

ÙáõÏ»ñ mice

ïáõÝÇÏ small house

ïáõÝ»ñ houses

Shifted standard forms

ÙəÏÝÇÏ, ÙÏÝ»ñ ïəÝ»ñ, ïəÝ³Ï

Shift Ç > əBase form ëÇñï heart »ñÏÇñ country

Novel Western Armenian forms

ëÇñï»ñ hearts

ëÇñïÇ or

ëəñïÇ heart’s

»ñÏÇñÝ»ñ countries

»ñÏÇñÇ or »ñÏəñÇ country’s

Shifted standard ëəñï»ñ, ëəñïÇ

»ñÏəñÝ»ñ, »ñÏəñÇ

27

Lesson 3

represent the literary standard, and also the novel non-shifted forms quite typical and wide-spread in modern conversational Western Armenian. TP

4PT

3TP

?PT This is a special grammatical shift, called inflection or inner declension, different from the phonetic shift

described above. See Irregular Declension in Lesson 11 and Appendix 7. 4

TP

?PT See details on vowel reductions resulting from word derivation in Lessons 6 and 11.


Lesson 3

Sound Frequency and Letter FrequencyThe reduction of áõ and Ç to [ə] is expressed in writing only in case of hyphenation. The letter Á

appears for the schwa, for example: ëÁñ-ïÇ, »ñ-ÏÁñÝ»ñ, ïÁ-Ý³Ï.In the previous lessons we saw that two sounds of high frequency [e] and [v], within the same words,

result in different letter frequencies: ¿ and õ in WA/CO and » and í in EA/RO. The letter À Á represents one of the most frequent sounds in Armenian, perhaps the most frequent vowel in connected speech. However, as a letter it has a quite restricted use. Try to remember in which cases À Á is written (details in previous lesson).

Diphthong Çõ

Diphthongs consist of two sound elements pronounced as one. They are written as digraphs.

The diphthong Çõ is pronounced [yu] before root consonants—e.g., ³ñÇõÝ blood; ³õÇõÝ fervor, ÙÇõë the other, next; ëÇõÝ column; ïÇõÝ the name of the letter UïU.

In the remaining cases—that is, before vowels or at the end of a word—Çõ [iv] is a free sound combination—e.g., ³ÝÇõ wheel; Æõ³Ý Ivan; ÏÇõ mastic, ³ñÙ³õ date (fruit).


²ÝÇõ »õ Æõ³Ý

ëÇõÝ ëÇõÝ

29

Lesson 3

Diphthong »³The diphthong »³ is pronounced [ya]—for example, ë»Ý»³Ï room; »³ë³Ù³Ý lilac; Ù³ï»³Ý

ancient manuscript, journal. This diphthong forms the characteristic ending -»³Ý of the Armenian last names, e.g., ²ñ³Ù»³Ý. With the loss of the lexical stress it can shift into a simple » [e] in some words.5

PT

Note: Words ending in -ÇõÝ shift the diphthong Çõ into the diphthong »³ for the genitive-possessive forms, e.g., ëÇõÝ - ë»³Ý column’s, ³ñÇõÝ - ³ñ»³Ý blood’s. Parallel to these forms, modern Western Armenian uses generalized possessive forms with the ending -Ç, that is, ³ñÇõÝÇ, ëÇõÝÇ.

5TP

?PT Here are a few examples to illustrate this rule: Ø³ï»Ý³¹³ñ³Ý Museum of Ancient Manuscripts in Yerevan,

literally, library; Ù³ï»Ý³·Çñ scribe; ë»Ý»Ï³å»ï chamberlain; ë»Ý»Ï³ÏÇó room-mate (the latter has a parallel form, ë»Ý»³Ï³ÏÇó, because the vowel reduction is no longer active in modern Western Armenian). These are given in a footnote as not all the letters used have been introduced.


Ù³ï»³Ý

30

Lesson 3

Phonetic drills: Read the following words.

³Ù³Ý vase, pot Ý³Ù³Ï letter

³ÙáõëÇÝ husband Ý³õ ship

³Ùáõñ strong, durable Ý³õ³ëïÇ sailor

³ÝÇõ wheel Ý»ñáõÙ apology, pardon

³ï»Ý time ÝÏ³ñ picture

³ñ»õ sun Ýáõ¿ñ gift, present

³ñÇõÝ blood áõë shoulder

Ï³ñÙÇñ red áõëïÇ thus, hence

ÏÇÝ woman, wife áõñ»ÙÝ thus, so

Ïñ³Ï fire ë»Ý»³Ï room

Ù³Ï³ÝáõÝ last name ëÇñï heart

Ù³ÝáõÏ child ëÇõÝ column

Ù³ïÇï pencil ëáõÝÏ mushroom

ÙÇõë next, other ëáõï lie

ÁÝï³ÝÇ domesticated, tame ï³ñÇ year

ëáõï³ë³Ý liar Ýëï³ñ³Ý bench

ÙáÙ candle ï³ññ element, particle

ÙáõÏ mouseï»ñ»õ leaf

GRAMMARWord Order: Attributes

The attribute precedes the noun in neutral styles. TP

6PT For Instance:

Ï³ñÙÇñ Ù³ïÇï red pencil

6TP

?PT In poetry or emphatic speech the reverse order is possible.


Ù¿Ï Ý³õ³ëïÇ ¨

Ù¿Ï Ý³õ

31

Lesson 3

ëÇñáõÝ Ù³ÝáõÏ pretty child

Ù»ñÏ ëáõï naked lie

ÇÙ ëÇñïë my heart

²ñï³ÏÇÝ Ï³ïáõÝ Ardag’s cat

»ñÏáõ ÝÏ³ñ two pictures

ï³ëÁ Ù³ï ten fingers

»ñ»ëáõÝ ï³ñÇ thirty years

Numeral AttributesNumeral attributes usually do not require plural nouns; e.g.:

ºë ï³ëÁ Ù³ï áõÝÇÙ »õ ²ñï³ÏÁ áõÝÇ ï³ëÁ Ù³ï: I have ten fingers and Ardag has ten fingers.

Ü³ñ¿Ý »ñÏáõ Ý³õ áõÝÇ: Nareh has two ships.The words Ù³ï finger and Ý³õ ship, boat are in the singular form with numeral attributes ten and

two. ºë Ù¿Ï Ù³ïÇï áõÝÇÙ, ¨ ²ñï³ÏÁ`ï³ëÝÙ¿Ï Ù³ïÇï: I have one pencil, and Ardag, eleven.

The word Ù³ïÇï pencil is also in the singular form with both attributes: Ù¿Ï, and ï³ëÝÙ¿Ï .

But: ²ñï³ÏÁ áõ Ü³ñ¿Ý »ñÏáõ ëÇñáõÝ Ù³ÝáõÏÝ»ñ »Ý: Ardag and Nareh are two pretty children.

The word child is in the plural form, Ù³ÝáõÏÝ»ñ, because it is the predicative, the logical center of the statement.

Noun Number

Nouns differentiate singular and plural numbers. Singular number shows one object or the general concept. It corresponds to the dictionary listing: a basic form without special endings.


ï³ëÁ Ù³ï

Ù³ïÇï

Ù³ïÇïÝ»ñ

32

Lesson 3

Plural number shows two or more of the same object. It is formed with the endings -»ñ [er] or -Ý»ñ [ner].Monosyllabic nouns take the ending -»ñ, e.g.: ë³ñ mountain, ë³ñ»ñ mountains. Polysyllabic nouns take the ending -Ý»ñ, e.g.: Ù³ÝáõÏ child, Ù³ÝáõÏÝ»ñ children. Polysyllabic words ending in -Ý in the plural have double Ý-s, pronounced as double [nn].TP

7PT

Examples:

Monosyllabic Polysyllabic8PT

Singular Plural Singular Plural

áõë áõë»ñ ³ÙáõëÇÝ ³ÙáõëÇÝÝ»ñë³ñ ë³ñ»ñ Ý³õ³ëïÇ Ý³õ³ëïÇÝ»ñëÇñï ëÇñï»ñ or ëñï»ñ ÝÏ³ñ ÝÏ³ñÝ»ñïáõÝ ïáõÝ»ñ or ïÝ»ñ Ý³Ù³Ï Ý³Ù³ÏÝ»ñ

Exception: A few monosyllabic nouns form the plural with -Ý»ñ, e.g., Ù³ï - Ù³ïÝ»ñ, ÙáõÏ - ÙÏÝ»ñ, ÙÇõëÁ - ÙÇõëÝ»ñÁ P

9PT For some of these nouns, conversational styles prefer

regularized forms with -»ñ—that is, Ù³ï»ñ, ÙáõÏ»ñ.Conjunctions áõ, »õ, ÇëÏ

The conjunctions »õ, áõ, ÇëÏ are all usually translated as “and.” They have some differences in meaning and usage.

ºõ is the most frequent. It joins words in a sentence, as well as sentences and clauses; e.g.:²ñ³Ý »õ Ü³ñ¿Ý Ara and NarehÆÙ Ï³ïáõë ë»õ »õ ëÇñáõÝ ¿: My cat is black and nice. ÆÙ Ï³ïáõë ë»õ ¿, »õ ÇÙ ïáõÝë ëÇñáõÝ ¿: My cat is black and my house is nice.

Also, »õ can substitute for both áõ and ÇëÏ, as shown in the next examples.

àõ joins smaller entities of speech, mainly words in informal speech; for instance:

²ñ³Ý áõ Ü³ñ¿Ý Ara and Nareh

7TP

?PT Double sounds are not very characteristic for Armenian. But whenever they occur, they are sound double.

8TP

?PT Note: words with schwa in a stem-final cluster have two syllables but form the plural with -»ñ, e.g., ³ëïÕ

- ³ëïÕ»ñ, í³·ñ - í³·ñ»ñ, while words with a schwa in a stem-initial position or in the first syllable form the plural as regular polysyllabic words with -Ý»ñ , e.g., ëïáõ»ñ - ëïáõ»ñÝ»ñ, Ïñ³Ï - Ïñ³ÏÝ»ñ.9

TP

?PT These nouns (Ãáé, »½, ÓáõÏ, áï, Ó»é) in fact have a plural with -»ñ, but they ended in -TÝ T in Krapar

and this final -TÝ T resurfaces in grammatical forms and in word-building.


Ýáõ¿ñ

Ý³Ù³ÏÝ»ñ

33

Lesson 3

ÆÙ Ï³ïáõë ë»õ áõ ëÇñáõÝ ¿:

My cat is black and pretty.

ÆëÏ joins only coordinate clauses into one sentence. ²ë ÇÙ Ï³ïáõë ¿, ÇëÏ ³ï` Ï³ïáõÇë ïáõÝÁ: This is my cat, and that, my cat’s home.

ÆëÏ also has an adverbial usage meaning even; for instance: ²ñï³ÏÇÝ Ý»ñÏ»ñÁ Ï³ñÙÇñ »Ýª Ï³ñÙÇñ ïáõÝ, Ï³ñÙÇñ Ý³õ, Ï³ñÙÇñ ÙáÙ. Ï³ïáõÝ ÇëÏ Ï³ñÙÇñ ¿: Ardag’s paints are red: a red house, a red ship, a red candle: even the cat is red.

Sentences joined with the conjunctions »õ, ÇëÏ can have omitted elements of conjoined sets, for example:

²ë ïáõÝ ¿, »õ ³ëª »ñÏÇñ: This is a house, and that, a country.ÆÙ Ï³ïáõë ë»õ ¿, »õ ÇÙ ïáõÝëª ëÇñáõÝ: (or: ÇëÏ ïáõÝëª ëÇñáõÝ). My cat is black and my house is nice.

²ñï³Ï ï³ëÝ»ñÏáõ ï³ñ»Ï³Ý ¿, »õ Ü³ñ¿±Ý: Ardag is twelve years old, and Nareh?

Interrogation without Question WordsSentences connected with the conjunctions ¨, ÇëÏ easily transform into interrogatives without

questions words, cf.:²ë ïáõÝ ¿, »õ ³±ï: This is a house, and (what is) that? ²ë ÇÙ Ï³ïáõë ¿, ÇëÏ ³±ï: This is my cat, and that?

Questions without question words are also formed by a mere change of intonation and without any change in the word order in the sentence. Examples:

²ë ïáõÝ ¿: ²ë ïáõ±Ý ¿: This is a house. Is this a house?

Î³ïáõÝ ÙáõÏ Ï°áõï¿: Î³ïáõ±Ý ÙáõÏ Ï°áõï¿: The cat eats mice. Does the cat eat mice?

Î³ïáõÝ ³ñÙ³õ Ï°áõï¿±: Î³ïáõÝ ³ñÙ³±õ Ï°áõï¿:

Does the cat eat dates? Does the cat eat dates?

The auxiliary verb ¿ can change its position coming closer to the emphasized word. This inversion is parallel to the change of the emphasis in affirmative sentences. Compare the following sentences:

²ë ²Ù»ñÇÏ³Ý ¿: This is America.

²ë ²Ù»ñÇÏ³±Ý ¿: Is this America?

²ë ¿ ²Ù»ñÇÏ³Ý: This is America.

²±ë ¿ ²Ù»ñÇÏ³Ý: Is this America?


Ï³ñÙÇñ Ïñ³Ï

34

Lesson 3

²Ù»ñÇÏ³Ý ³ë ¿: America is this.

²Ù»ñÇÏ³Ý ³±ë ¿: America is this?

The Question Word áõ±ñ where?Question words are used to request missing information in a sentence. They can begin the sentence,

as in English. Also, they can take the place of the corresponding answering word. For instance, the first two questions below have the same full answer:

àõ±ñ ¿ ³ë ïáõÝÁ: or: ²ë ïáõÝÁ áõ±ñ10 ¿: ²ë ïáõÝÁ ²Ù»ñÇÏ³ ¿: or: ²Ù»ñÇÏ³ (¿):

Where is this house?

This house is in America. or: In America.

àõ±ñ ¿ Ï³ïáõÝ: ²ñÇëÁ áõ±ñ ¿: ²ñÇëÁ ïáõÝÝ ¿: or: îáõÝÝ ¿:

Where is the cat? Where is Aris?

Aris is at home. or: At home.

Separation Mark [ ª ]The separation mark [ ª ] µáõÃ [put] has no special equivalent in English punctuation. It is used instead of omitted parts which make contextual sense in a sentence or to explain something. Punctuation rules regulate its use. In the English punctuation system, commas, colons, or semicolons are used instead of [ ª ].

Examples:

²ë ïáõÝ ¿, »õ ³ëª »ñÏÇñ: This is a house and this, a country.

[ ª ] is used because the auxiliary verb is not repeated (omitted copula).

²ñ³Ù »ñ»ëáõÝ ï³ñ»Ï³Ý ¿, ÇëÏ ²ñï³Ïª ï³ëÝÙ¿Ï:

Aram is thirty years old, and Ardag, eleven.

[ ª ] is used because of the omitted predicate—ï³ñ»Ï³Ý ¿.

ºë ²ñï³ÏÝ »Ù, »õ ³Ýª Ü³ñ¿Ý:

I am Ardag, and that (is) Nareh.

[ ª ] indicated the omitted copula. Note that the verb form does not matter; the second clause assumes: ²ë Ü³ñ¿Ý U¿ : U

10 áõñ is a relative-interrogative pronoun, details see in Lesson 13.


Ï³ñÙÇñ ³ñ»õ

35

Lesson 3

Text

TÜàô¾ð

ºë ²ñï³ÏÝ »Ù: ÆÙ ³ÝáõÝë ²ñï³Ï ¿, »õ Ù³Ï³ÝáõÝëª îÇñ³ïáõñ»³Ý: ºë »ñÏáõ ³ÝáõÝ »õ Ù¿Ï Ù³Ï³ÝáõÝ áõÝÇÙ: ÆÙ ³ÝáõÝÝ»ñ¿ë Ù¿ÏÁ ²ñï³Ï ¿, »õ ÙÇõëÁª ²ñÙ³Ý:11

ºõ ²ñÇë Ù¿Ï ³ÝáõÝ áõÝÇ, ³Ý ¿ª ²ñÇë: ²ñÇëÁ ÇÙë ¿, ÇÙ Ï³ïáõë ¿, »õ »ë ²ñÇëÇÝ ï¿ñÝ »Ùª ²ñÇëÇÝ ²ñï³ÏÁ:

11 “To tell the truth, my real first name is Ardavazt but I cannot write it yet. My mom picked up the name Ardag for me before I was born, on her visit to Yerevan. I like it too, though my dad calls me Ardavazt, and others call me Ardo.”


ÇÝùÝ³ÝÏ³ñ[inknanəgar]

36

Lesson 3

²ëÇ Ü³ñ¿Ý ¿: ºë ï³ëÝÙ¿Ï ï³ñ»Ï³Ý »Ù, »õ Ü³ñ¿Ýª ï³ëÝ»ñÏáõ: Ü³ñ¿Ý ëÇñáõ¯Ý ¿:

ºë Ù³ïÇï áõÝÇÙ: àõ±ñ »Ý ÇÙ Ù³ïÇïÝ»ñë: Ü³ñ¿ÇÝ Ýáõ¿ñ ï³Ù: ÆÙ ÝÏ³ñë ï³±Ù Ü³ñ¿ÇÝ: ÆÙ ÝÏ³ñë Ïáõ ï³Ù:

- ²ë ÝÏ³ñÁ ëÇñáõ±Ý ¿, Ü³ñ¿°:

- êÇñáõÝ ¿: - ²ë ÇÙë ¿, ÇÙ ÝÏ³ñë ¿£ Üáõ¿ñ ¿:- ºõ ²ñÇëÁ ÝÏ³ñ áõÝÇ±: ²ñÇëÇÝ ÝÏ³ñÁ ïáõ°ñ:


Ü³ñ¿Ý

²ëÇÏ³ ²ñÇëÇÝ ÝÏ³ñÝ ¿:

37

Lesson 3

Explanations to the Text

ÆÙ ³ÝáõÝÝ»ñ¿ë Ù¿ÏÁ ²ñï³Ï ¿

One of my names is Ardag ²ÝáõÝ-Ý»ñ-¿-ë is the plural ablative of ³ÝáõÝ. The ablative case has the ending -¿. Usually it is translated with the prepositions of or from.

»õ ÙÇõëÁª ²ñÙ³Ý: and the other, Arman. Omission of the auxiliary verb assumes a pause in intonation expressed by the separation mark put [ ª ].

ºõ ²ñÇë Ù¿Ï ³ÝáõÝ áõÝÇ, ³Ý ¿ª ²ñÇë:

And Aris has one name, that is, Aris.

[ ª ] has only tonal significance as a pause.

ºõ »ë ²ñÇëÇÝ ï¿ñÝ »Ùª ²ñÇëÇÝ ²ñï³ÏÁ:

And I am Aris’s master, Aris’s Ardag.

[ ª ] in this case can be translated into English lexically with the words that is.

àõ±ñ »Ý ÇÙ Ù³ïÇïÝ»ñë:

Where are my pencils? àõ±ñ is a question word for place and direction.

Ü³ñ¿ÇÝ Ýáõ¿ñ ï³Ù: I shall give a present to Nareh.

The subject »ë I is omitted because the verb ï³Ù refers only to it. No special word for shall is used, the verb ï³Ù is in subjunctive form which translates into I shall, will give, I wish I give, why don’t I give, etc. depending on the context.Ü³ñ¿-ÇÝ is a dative case form translated usually with the preposition to. The sentence has two objects: direct, Ýáõ¿ñ and indirect, Ü³ñ¿ÇÝ.

ÆÙ ÝÏ³ñë ï³±Ù Ü³ñ¿ÇÝ:

Shall I give Nareh my picture (painting, drawing, photo)?

The direct object is emphasized by word order. The word ÝÏ³ñ can be translated differently, depending on the context. Cf. my picture, or ÇÙ ÝÏ³ñë, depicting me, belonging to me, shot or drawn by me.

ÆÙ ÝÏ³ñë Ïáõ ï³Ù: I give her my picture. Ïáõ ï³Ù is the simple present, first person, singular of the verb to give. The simple present is formed from the subjunctive (base) form ï³Ù with the particle Ïáõ.

ÆÙ ÝÏ³ñë ¿: It is my picture. The subject (it) can and is often omitted due to special verbal endings which assume it.


Lesson 3

ASSIGNMENTS

Lexical Exercises1. Copy the new words to the text in your vocabulary. 2. Read the text, translate it, and copy it. Retell the text. Try to improvise it.3. Make oral sentences of your own using the words you know.4. Find nouns with articles in the text. Explain their usage and write the same words without articles. 5. Write the plural of the following nouns according to the sample:

ë³Ý ë³Ý»ñ Ù³ÝáõÏ Ù³ÝáõÏÝ»ñë¿ñ Ýáõ¿ñëáõÝÏ Ï³ïáõï¿ñ ï³ñÇïáõÝ Ù³ïÇïÝ³õ ³ÝáõÝÙÇõë ë»Ý»³ÏÙ³ï Ý³õ³ëïÇÙáõÏ Ïñ³Ï

6. Translate the following expressions into English, and use them in sentences of your own using the definite articles or Ý.

Ï³ñÙÇñ ³ñÇõÝ, Ï³ñÙÇñ Ïñ³Ï, Ï³ñÙÇñ ³ñ»õ, Ï³ñÙÇñ ëÇñï.

Ù¿Ï Ï³ï³Ï, Ù¿Ï ³ÝáõÝ, Ù¿Ï Ý³Ù³Ï, Ù¿Ï Ù³Ï³ÝáõÝ, Ù¿Ï Ýáõ¿ñ.

»ñÏáõ ï³ñÇ, »ñÏáõ ëÇõÝ,»ñÏáõ ï³ñ»Ï³Ý, »ñÏáõ Ù³ÝáõÏ, »ñÏáõ ï»ñ»õ.

ÇÝÁ áõë, ÇÝÁ ³ÝÇõ, ÇÝÁ ³ñ»õ, ÇÝÁ ÁÝÏ»ñ.

Ù»ñ Ï³ïáõÝ, Ù»ñ ïáõÝÁ, Ù»ñ ï³ñÇÝ.

ÇÙ Ï³ïáõë, ÇÙ Ý³Ù³Ïë, ÇÙ ³ï»Ýë, ÇÙ ÝÏ³ñë, ÇÙ ÁÝÏ»ñë.

ë»õ ëáõÝÏ, ë»õ ÙáõÏ, ë»õ Ï³ïáõ, ë»õ ëáõï.

ëáõñ áõë, ëáõñ Ý³Ù³Ï, ëáõñ ï»ñ»õ, ëáõñ Ï³ï³Ï.

ëÇñáõÝ ÝÏ³ñ, ëÇñáõÝ Ý³õ, ëÇñáõÝ Ù³ÝáõÏ, ëÇñáõÝ Ýáõ¿ñ.

ÙÇõë ëÇõÝÁ, ÙÇõë Ý³õ³ëïÇÝ, ÙÇõë Ï³ïáõÝ.


Lesson 3

7. Transform the following into questions and translate them.

1. Îñ³ÏÝ áõ ³ñ¨Á Ï³ñÙÇñ »Ý: 2. Ü³ñ¿Ý ïáõÝÝ ¿: 3. ²ñï³ÏÁ »ñÏáõ ³ÝáõÝ áõÝÇ: 4. ÆÙ ÝÏ³ñë ï³Ù Ü³ñ¿ÇÝ: 5. Î³ïáõÝ ÙáõÏ Ïþáõï¿: 6. ²ñ³ÙÁ Ý³õ³ëïÇ ¿: 7. ²ñï³ÏÁ Ù³ÝáõÏ ¿:

8. Translate the following into Armenian:

1. This is my room.

2. My house is red. It’s mine.

3. And that is Aram’s home.

4. Where is this house? It is in America.

5. This is a black cat. The cat eats mice.

6. It is Ardag’s cat. Where is the cat?

7. The cat’s name is Aris. This is Aris’s picture.

8. Where is Nareh? Where are my paintings?

9. Where are the pencils? These are my pencils.

10. I give Nareh my heart. Give Nareh a picture.

11. The ship has eleven sailors. That is a black ship.

12. I have ten fingers and one heart.

13. He has two pictures and I have one.

14. She has one name and I have two names.

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Rules: The diphthong Çõ before root consonants is pronounced [yu]—e.g., ³ñÇõÝ, ëÇõÝ, ÙÇõë. The vowels áõ, Ç can shift into a schwa if they lose the stress—e.g., ïáõÝ - ïÝ³Ï, ëÇñï -

ëñï»ñ. Á is seldom written and never stressede.g. ë³°Ýïñ, Ù³°Ýñ, ÁÝÏ»°ñÁ. Á as a definite article is attached to words ending in a consonant, and - , to words ending with a vowel,

e.g., ÙáõÏUÁU, Ï³ïáõUÝU, ²ñï³ÏUÁU, Ü³ñ¿UÝU. Á is more frequent in the function of the definite article than Ýbecause the majority of words in

Armenian end in a consonant.
