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Scientific and Industrial Revolution102: David Clayton Instructor
Galileo (1564-1642)
• Father of modern science.• Experiments + math
Worldview Prior to Galileo
• God- Explanation• Church- Controlled - government - arts, science, education - morals
Worldview Prior to Galileo
• God- Creator Universe• Geo-Centric: Earth• Divine Right• Obedient Christians• Obedient subjects
Galileo (1564-1642)
• Earth• Experiments + math• Telescope• Inquisition
After Galileo
• Rise of Protestantism• Rapid advancements in - Astronomy - Math
After Galileo
• Rise of Protestantism• Rapid advancements in• Philosophy - Truth without theology - Truth by reasoning
INDUCTIVE REASONING
• Observation• Experimentation• Conclusions• Scientific Method- Question- Experiment- Observe- Hypothesis- Analyze (true/not true)
Francis Bacon (1561-1626)
DEDUCTIVE REASONING
• Truth by Logic• Truth by Math formulas• Scientific Method results put into mathematical equation.
Descartes (1596-1650)
Scientific Method
• Use both inductive and deductive methods to discover truth. - Observation/Experiments foundation of science- Math describes and validates results• Still used today.
Newton (1643-1727)
Results of Scientific Revolution1. Spiritual to SecularProcess
- God best explanation- Deism best explanation * rational God/universe * Clock analogy * Rational/non miracles * Widespread influence
Results of Scientific Revolution1. Spiritual to SecularProcess
- God best explanation- Deism best explanation
- Religious answers inferior to scientific method - Science best explanation
Results of Scientific Revolution1. Spiritual to SecularProcess
19th Century (Secular)- Darwin: evolution- Nietzsche :philosophy “God is dead”
20th Century- Freud (Ego)
Results of Scientific Revolution2. Way of Doing Science- Biology: microscope- Chemistry: elements/gases- Electricity: Ben Franklin- Medicine: Blood circulation
Pathology
Results of Scientific Revolution3. Sociology and Government
Social Contract TheoryThomas Hobbes (1588-1679)- Human nature evil
- Absolutism government: Protect from evil nature
Results of Scientific Revolution3. Sociology and Government
Social Contract TheoryJohn Locke (1632-1704)- Human nature – blank slate
- Born with certain freedoms (life, liberty, property)- Overthrow government (Glorious Revolution) if right are violated.
- Influenced American and French Revolutions
INDUSTRIAL INSTITUTIONS AND THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
• Wars required more capital than taxes• Bank of England (1694) to provide revenue• Benefitted more than war plans (stocks, loans, check writing, lines of credit)
• Factory owners - Build larger - Purchase larger supplies - Hire more workers
• Transportation - Canals - Roads - Sea Travel
• Inventions and Innovations
• Joint Stock Companies
England: America’s and IndiaFrance: Southeast AsiaAustralia: Discovered by James Cook (1770)Dutch: South Africa
• SLAVE TRADE
• Industrial Consequences1. Flight from rural to urban2. Environmental pollution,
deforestation3. Work: 12 hours/7days including kids4. Socially: Fragmented families,
breakdown in social mores, depression, lost religious values,disconnected from tradition and past.
• Industrial Consequences5. Deplorable living conditions6. Juvenile delinquency7. Alcoholism8. Loss of skilled craftsmen- apprentices
• Industrial Consequences9. Earned more10. Consumer goods cheaper11. Newspapers (media propaganda and
sense of community)- literature12. New Upper Class (Factory Owners)
greater governmental power13. Better opportunities for education
and children.