Lecture Outline40p6zu91z1c3x7lz71846qd1-wpengine.netdna-ssl.com… · Web viewHis interests led to the invention of telescopes and microscopes, including instructions for making a

Chapter 1, Development of Diagnostic Microbiology

Chapter Objectives

1. Identify the contributions made by Leeuwenhoek, Pasteur, Koch, Lister, Ehrlich,

Jenner, Fleming, and Mullis to modern diagnostic microbiology.

2. State the germ theory of fermentation.

3. State the germ theory of disease.

4. Summarize Koch’s postulates.

5. Discuss the role germ theories and Koch’s postulates play in current

investigations of emerging infections.

6. Evaluate a current case study and relate the information to historically significant

events.

Key Terms

acute

attenuated

bioinformatics

chemotherapy

contamination

crystallographic

derivatives

epidemic

genomic

indigenous

infectivity

inoculation

morbidity

mortality

©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.Kiser/Payne/Taff, Instructor’s Resource Manual for Clinical Laboratory Microbiology: A Practical Approach

pandemic

pasteurization

pestilence

plagues

proteonomics

pure cultures

virulent

x-ray diffraction

zoonoses

Lecture Outline

I. Infectious Diseases in History

A. Earliest Recorded Cases

1. 3180 BCE, Egypt: Report of great pestilence, possibly first

recorded case of infectious disease

2. 1190 BCE: Near the end of the Trojan War, the Greek army was

largely destroyed by an epidemic that may have been bubonic

plague.

3. 1157 BCE: Ramses V of Egypt died, possibly of smallpox.

4. 790, 710, and 640 BCE, Rome: Widespread death due to plagues

5. 430 BCE, Athens: A third of the city was destroyed by the “Plague

of Athens,” possibly due to measles or typhus fever.

B. Worldwide Epidemics

1. Conditions that facilitate epidemics


a. Earliest man did not settle long enough in one place to

create contamination of water and surroundings.

b. Increase in human population and scarcity of food led to

farming and settlement dwelling.

c. Increasingly crowded conditions attracted microbe-carrying

rodents and insects, and infectious disease (zoonoses)

spread via animals, food, or person-to-person.

2. Human toll

a. 542, Byzantine Empire: Black Death caused 100 million

deaths.

b. 1656, Neapel (Kingdom of Naples): Plague killed 25 to

50% of population in Europe and Middle East and marked

beginning of Dark Ages.

c. 1918: Influenza epidemic believed to have killed 30 million

in six months.

C. Famous Figures Afflicted by Infectious Disease

1. Henry VIII: Smallpox and malaria

2. Elizabeth I: Smallpox and gastroenteritis

3. Walter Scott: Polio

4. George Washington: Smallpox

5. Howard Taylor Rickets: Typhus

II. Early Clues of Microbial Existence


A. Development of Microbiology--Search for cause and origin of disease led

to beginning development of microbiology.

B. Early Microscopes

1. Hans Jansen generally credited with their invention.

2. Microscopes first available in early 1600s.

3. Term “microscope” created by Giovanni Faber (1625).

4. Chérubin d’Orleans designed binocular microscope (1667).

C. Robert Hooke

1. Hooke’s masterwork, Micrographia (1665), described the first

microbe and contained detailed drawings.

2. Microscopium (1678) described his microscopic techniques.

3. His interests led to the invention of telescopes and microscopes,

including instructions for making a single lens, hand-held

miniature microscope.

D. Antony van Leeuwenhoek

1. 1677, observed bacteria (“little animals”) in water

2. 1684, described microscopic organisms in tooth scrapings

3. Known as the “father of microbiology”

E. Theory of Spontaneous Generation

1. Theory that microscopic forms of life arise spontaneously from

nonliving material


2. Lazaro Spallanzani’s experiments (1799) with microbes laid

framework for Louis Pasteur.

3. Theory disproved: Louis Pasteur (1861) disproved theory of

spontaneous generation and paved way for understanding cause of

infectious disease.

III. Linking Microbes to Disease

A. Germ Theories

1. 1857, Louis Pasteur developed germ theory of fermentation.

2. This theory formed the basis of today’s biochemical testing to

identify unknown microorganisms.

3. Pasteur invented pasteurization technique to destroy bacteria.

4. 1862, Pasteur supported germ theory of disease.

5. 1876, Robert Koch provided first proof that germ theory of disease

was valid.

B. Solid Media

1. 1881, Koch recognized importance of pure cultures or isolation of

a single organism.

2. Koch succeeded in gaining growth of microbial colonies.

3. Fannie Hesse identified agar-agar as solidifying agent for culture

media, replacing gelatin.

C. Koch’s Postulates


1. 1882, Koch outlined steps—“Koch’s Postulates”—to prove that a

specific organism caused an infectious disease.

2. Koch’s Postulates

a. The same organism must be found in all cases of a given

disease.

b. The organism must be isolated and grown in pure culture

from the infected host.

c. The organism from pure culture must reproduce the disease

when inoculated into a susceptible animal.

d. The organism must be isolated in pure culture from an

experimentally infected animal.

D. Additional Tools Developed

1. 1887, Richard Julius Petri replaced Koch’s bell jar over glass

plates with double dish, called the petri dish, still used today.

2. 1882, Paul Ehrlich developed acid-fast stain, still used today.

3. 1884, Christian Gram developed the Gram stain, still used today.

E. Virology

1. 1882, Adolf Mayer was first to think the tobacco mosaic disease

had an infectious cause.

2. Dmitri Ivanowski, in 1892, discovered the actual cause of tobacco

mosaic disease

3. Martinus Beijerinck


a. 1899, recognized that a bacteria-free filtrate could still

cause disease in plants

b. Recognized that the new agent or organism was stable and

required dividing cells for reproduction

IV. Early Efforts to Control Microorganisms

A. Antiseptics

1. Mid 1800s, Ignaz Semmelweis and Joseph Lister provided

evidence that preventing microbial contamination would reduce

the spread of infection and reduce death rates.

2. Semmelweis promoted the washing of hands using a chloride of

lime solution between patients.

3. Lister sprayed carbolic acid in the air prior to surgery.

B. Vaccination

1. First record of using cowpox for inoculation against smallpox was

by 1800s farmer, Benjamin Jesty.

2. Edward Jenner, known as the father of immunology, was first

scientist to prove validity of the procedure (1796).

3. Louis Pasteur incorporated microscopic organism into vaccines

(1881).

C. Chemotherapy

1. Began with treatment of infectious diseases using chemicals that

were toxic and nonspecific.


2. Paul Ehrlich was first to direct a specific chemical at a specific

microorganism.

3. Ehrlich produced drug to cure syphilis (1910).

4. Alexander Fleming laid foundation for work on penicillin (1929).

5. Penicillin used successfully on WW II soldiers.

D. Vector Control

1. Theobald Smith and F.I. Kilbourne proved Babesia microti carried

by ticks (1893).

2. Major Walter Reed proved yellow fever caused by the house

mosquito (1900).

V. Solving the DNA Puzzle

A. 1865, Gregor Mendel proposed that invisible “factors” (genes) were

responsible for visible characteristics.

B. Although ignored until 1900, Mendel’s work with peas became the origin

of molecular microbiology.

C. Research revolved around chromosomes until DNA discovery.

D. The DNA Molecule

1. DNA discovered by Phoebus Levene (1929).

2. Rosalind Franklin found that DNA existed in two forms (1951).

3. James Watson and Francis Crick

a. Linus Pauling discovered that many proteins resemble the

shape of a coil.


b. Watson and Crick made physical models of possible

molecule of DNA.

c. Watson and Crick built model of DNA structure accepted

by the scientific community (1953).

d. Genetic code was broken.

D. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)

1. Kary Mullis conceived idea for PCR procedure (1983).

2. PCR transformed molecular biology by providing means of getting

more DNA copies.

E. Genome Projects

1. Mapping genetic sequence—the next step

2. Led to new fields of study like Bioinformatics and Proteonomics

3. 1997, first gene chip developed, using combination of computer

technology, PCR, and DNA chips

4. New methods for medical diagnosis also followed, resulting in

early treatment, lower health costs, and decreased mortality.

Discussion Questions

1. Discuss changes in human behavior and population structure that have facilitated

the spread of infectious disease. What behavioral changes have occurred in the

last century that increase the probability of spreading infectious disease?


2. Illustrate Koch’s postulate using the microorganism of your choice.

3. Discuss theories pertaining to the following with regard to the course of world

history:

a. Black plague

b. Smallpox

c. Ergot poisoning

d. Typhus

4. Discuss reasons why vaccinations cannot be developed for all infectious diseases.

5. Describe some laboratory methods in microbiology that are virtually identical to

those used by early researchers. Think of others that would amaze these

researchers.

Teaching Tips

1. Secrets of the Dead is a PBS program. One episode that is relevant to this chapter

is “Mystery of the Black Death.” Dr. Stephen O’Brien has conducted research

into a genetic mutation that conferred immunity to the plague and persists in the

human genome as a protective factor against HIV infection. The series is

available from PBS.org and additional teaching tips can be found in the teachers’

toolbox at:

http://www.pbs.org/wnet/secrets/previous_seasons/case_plague/index.html.


2. Students can subscribe, free of charge, to Emerging Infectious Disease, a CDC

publication available at: http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/eid/subscrib.htm. This

publication provides current information pertaining to infectious disease

outbreaks and developments in detection of microorganisms.

3. Craig Venter is a scientist who founded the Institute for Genomic Research

(TIGR, now known as the J. Craig Venter Institute). His autobiography, A Life

Decoded: My Genome: My Life is available from Penguin Group (USA). Dr.

Venter was instrumental in the mapping of the human genome and continues to

make significant contributions to genomics.

4. Demonstrate the process of infectious disease spread by lightly dusting a few

students’ hands with a colored or fluorescent powder. Turn off the lights and have

students shake hands with a selected number of other students. Turn the lights on

to observe the number of students who have become “infected.”

5. The Canadian Museum of Nature has a Web site, the Geee! In Genome, with

games, puzzles, and interactive activities that demonstrate the use of genomics.

Available at: http://nature.ca/genome/03/d/03d_e.cfm

CROSSWORD PUZZLE

Directions: Fill in the crossword puzzle with the words missing from the sentences

below. Match the number of the sentence to the boxes placed across or down the grid. If

filled out correctly, the words will fit neatly into the puzzle.




WORD SEARCH

Directions: Find the words missing from the sentences below in the block of letters, and

circle each word found. Words may appear horizontally, vertically, or diagonally. Words

may read from left to right, right to left, top to bottom, or bottom to top.



1. ____ people are original inhabitants of a region or country.

2. Louis Pasteur believed that microorganisms occurred on ____ particles in the air.

3. _______ involves heating a liquid to a temperature that destroys bacteria (not

spores) but doesn’t change the liquid, and then cooling the liquid for storage.

4. Koch outlined the steps needed to prove that a specific organism caused an

infectious disease. These became known as Koch’s _____.

5. The protein’s ability to invade and cause disease is known as ______.

6. ____ introduces into a body the microorganism that causes a disease.

7. The treatment of disease with a chemical is called ____.

8. Term used to describe weakened strains of microorganisms that were unable to

cause disease.

9. ___ cultures are deadly organisms that can overcome and break down a host’s

defenses.

10. ____infection is a severe disease process that occurs within a short time period.



1. indigenous

2. dust

3. pasteurization

4. postulates

5. infectivity

6. inoculation

7. chemotherapy

8. attenuated

9. virulent

10. acute


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Lecture Outline40p6zu91z1c3x7lz71846qd1-wpengine.netdna-ssl.com… · Web viewHis interests led to the invention of telescopes and microscopes, including instructions for making a