LECTURE 1:WOODEN CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS AND TYPES OF WOODEN FLOORS Lecture 1:Wooden construction materials and types of wooden floors Building Technology

LECTURE 1:WOODEN CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS AND TYPES OF WOODEN FLOORS

Lecture 1:Wooden construction materials and types of wooden floors

Building Technology (AE122) Level 2



2-Course Aim1 -Introduction of building technology2 -Introduces the basic principles of working

drawings

a-Knowledge and Understanding a1-Identify the different wooden structure systems a2-define the different types of wooden construction systems

a3- describe the different types of wooden foundations

a4- The concepts, methods and techniques of the building construction processes, its stages, elements, different types of building materials, etc.a5- Distinguish the mechanical and traditional

tools used in wooden construction a6- describe the different types of insulation



b-Intellectual Skillsb1- Solve technical and structural problems of wooden buildings and analyze their elements, details, materials and methods of execution.b2-Select the suitable materials for construction

b3-Discover the suitable construction systemsb4- Select and use innovative structural models

c-Professional Skillsc1- Prepare and interpret technical drawings (architectural, structural, mechanical, engineering, air conditioning, water, sewage, etc.)- using both manual and computer-aided drawings' techniques in architectural spaces (home-university-club)c2-Recognize different construction and finishing materials and select appropriate material for each specific purpose.c3-Explain site works c4- Arrange Building layout

d-General Skillsd1- Collaborate effectively within multidisciplinary team.d2-Communicate effectively.d3-Lead and motivate individuals.d4-Manage tasks and resources.d5-Search for information and adopt life-long self learning d6- Estimate working drawingsd7- sketch the Circulation Elements in different types of buildingsd8- Qualify construction works



b-Required Books (Textbooks)

1 -Building construction, volume one,W.B.,Mckay-t he English language book society and Longman,2004

2-Structure systems,4thed ,Suttgart,Deutsche Verlags Arstalt,Gmbh,2007 3-Building Construction Illustrated ,Francis D.K. ching and Cassandra

adams,John wiley and sons,Inc,New York,2000 c-Recommended Booksa-The Professional Practice of Architectural Working Drawings,Osamu,a.makite-

Richard ,M.Linde,John wiley and sons,Ink,New York,Third Eddition,2000b-Building Construction Hand Book ,R.chudley,New wrnes,England,clays.Ltd,Stlves.PLS,1991c-The New building technology ,Oweda,Mohamed,DarEl Rateb press,1987d-BuildingConstruction,Hedar,Farok,Monshaat El-Maaref prees,1990

d-Periodicals, Web Sites, ..., etc.

periodicals: • Building Design & Construction

• Built Environment• Canadian Architect

• Architectural Design • Architectural Digest • Architectural Record • Architectural Review

• Architecture • Landscape Architecture • Progressive Architecture

web sites:.www.columbia.edu

.www.btech.lbl.govbt..www.mit.edu



Course contentWeek study

Introduction & WOODEN CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS AND TYPES OF WOODEN FLOORS1

Wood structure (footing – walls –slabs)2

Wooden stairs (Timber staircase)3

Connections and details of wooden construction4

Types of wooden roofs ( pitched roof system) [ single roofs – purlins roofs]5

Types of wooden roofs ( pitched roof system) Exam & [ single roofs – purlins roofs]6

Types of wooden roofs WOOD STRUCTURE (FOOTING) ( pitched roof system) [Trussed–]7

Types of wooden roofs ( pitched roof system) [rafter roofs – Triple roofs]8

Types of wooden roofs ( pitched roof system) [Triple roofs]9

steel Construction10

steel stairs 11

Exam & steel stairs 12

Project13Project

14

Revision 15Final exam 16

LECTURE 1:WOODEN CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS AND TYPES OF WOODEN FLOORS



(1-1 )Application of the wood(1-2 ) Introduction of wood

(1-3 )The special specifications of wood

(1-4)Types of wooden trees (1-5)Growth of wood

(1-6)The wood structure(1-7)Cutting of wood

(1-8)Seasoning, drying and shrinking

(1-9)Wood defects(1-10)Wood grading (1-11)Types of wood

(1-12)Preservatives•(1-13)The ways of joints

( 1-14) The carpenter tools

(1-15)Measurements of wooden sedations

(1-16) Types of the wooden floors



Application of the wood



The wood is coming from trees which is the oldest construction materials

The name of this wood is (timber)There are some reasons to use wood in construction

1-its weight is suitable for its hardness2-its cost is cheap

3- its resistance for weather factors is high after the treatment of moister The Cellular Structure of Wood

Courtesy of USDA Forest Service,Forest Products Laboratory

)1-2(introduction of wood construction



)1-3(The special specifications of wood 1-light

2-easy to cutting forming working ,joint and collecting 3-sound insulation and thermal insulation

4-its durability and strength is good 5-the temperature degree of fire is 350 for timber

6-it is cheap in in countries which has jungkals of trees



)1-4(Types of wooden trees 1-Trees of soft wood

its leaves are evergreen like :coniferous trees (fir –pine)2-trees of hard wood

Its leaves are big width and down in fall semester (deciduous trees)Its fibers are long

(1-5)Growth of woodThe wood grow in the horizontal direction by rings Dark rings for summer rings White rings for spring rings

The rays link between pith to rings



. The living tree )drawing by John Dives(.

Diagram of a log of wood, cut to show cross, radial, and tangential sections. C. Cross section. R. Radial section. T. Tangential section. S. Sapwood. H. Heartwood. A. Annual ring. Sm. Summer-wood. Sp. Springwood.

Wedge-shaped segment cut from a five-year-old stem pf hard wood, showing the principal structural features

)1-5(Growth of woodThe wood grow in the horizontal direction by rings Dark rings for summer rings White rings for spring rings

The rays link between pith to rings





(1-7)Cutting of wood

By a mechanical toolsAt factory



• Cutting of wood

•the main source of wood in (USA –Canada-Australa)

•The cutting of wood is (manual by Axe –Mechanical by hand sewing or sewing machine)

•It trans to factory of wood to drying and cutting



•Types of wood cutting 1-slab sawing in this way the wood cut by parallel

way as (slabs)2-rift sawing in this way the wood cut by diagonal

way as (plates)3-tangential sawing in this way the wood cut by

tangential way as (plates)4 -radial sawing in this way the wood cut to the

center of treeThis way used in (furniture –interior design)

5-vener sawing this way used to get the veneer of tree and there are two way

-sawing-rotary in this way the peeled is doing by knife

-Slicing







Steps of seasoning 1-cutting

2-the logs of trees put in water paths in order to replacing the space by water

3-cutting as plates (the water contain is evaporating) there is a big problem after this step (warp)

)1-8(Seasoning, drying and shrinking The main goal of seasoning is decreasing the water contain andAfter that the specification of wood are more better because

Its curve is lessThe shape is differentspeck is high Its resistance for



The ways of seasoning Air drying The wood cut and put as arrow under shade

The wood beams must put under the cutting wood in order to ventilation The soft wood takes (1-2)years

The hard wood takes (10) yearsThe moisture content is (10 % -20 %)Kiln drying

The wood put in the timber kiln as horizontal rows over the wood beams this way is very fast



drying and shrinking causes another problem, though, when we attempt to dry out a freshly cut log. Because the wood loses moisture from the outside of the log first, the outer portion will dry before the center. The result: tensions are created as some parts of the log shrink and try to pull away from other parts. Unless the drying is done very gently and slowly, the wood just cracks apart. (Even then, splits and cracks will occur unless the original round shape of the log is altered in some way by cutting. problem after this step (warp)



Process of wood fabrication



)1-9(Wood defects A-natural defects

-knots the main source of it the connection between branches and legs

-Checks the main source of it when the fibers are separate

-Splits it happens when the fibers are separate from the ends of tree

-Shakes it happens when there is longitudinal separation

-Wave it happens when there are wood over the edge of wooden mass-White speck and honey comb the main sources is funguses before cutting

- Twisting the surface of wood is not planed in horizontal direction-Crooking the small surface is crooking from (edges to core)

-Bowing the long surface is bowing from (edges to core)Structure defects



Cutting and shrinkage. A. 'Through and through'

cut. B. Shrinkage in a plain-

sawn log. C. Quarter sawing, one

method. D. Quarter sawing, the

usual method E. Relative shrinkage in

slash-sawn and quarter-sawn boards; the shaded part indicates the amount of shrinkage.

F. Star-shakes. G. End splits.



التسويس Termites

This case happens by termites (subterranean termites) التحللDissolveThis case happens by bacteria ,fungi's and moistureThe ability of firing all wood can fire if it has not any treatment

واالنكماش التمددshrinkage and swellingThe main cause (moisture –heating)



•)1-10(Wood gradingThere are two ways to grading the woodA-Visual gradingThis way used to explaining (knots- shakes-waves)This grading has two levels (general structures-special structure)B-Machine gradingThe wood test in the special laboratory to check of its stiffness by measuring the deflection



)1-11(Types of woodA- soft woodB- hard woodC- fabricated wood



•Types of wood•A- soft wood

•This wood used in carpentry work because it is easy to work and its rentance is high•(a-1)white pine

It is cheap to work and form Its thickness

1\2 inch (paper)3\4 inch (pandik)1 inch (latozaner)

2 inch (ponti)There are different measurements:

-shore post and its radius 2 inch 3 inch 4inch -purlins which it has different dimensions

2 x2inch3x3inch4x4 inchHalf purlins its sections equals halaf dimensionJoists its sections are rectangles 2 inch x 3inch or 2 inch x 4inchBagdadly its thickness (0,8-1)cm and its width (1.5 cm -4 cm



•)a-2 (yellow pine• it has another name (swadi) because its country is swadi

•The dimensions of it changes between: •Clear plates 9 inch width and thickness (3/4 inch -4 inch)

•Clear plates 8 inch width and thickness (1 inch -3 inch)•Clear plates(7 inch-6 inch) width and thickness (1 inch -2.5inch)

•Clear plates (4.5inch-5.5 inch) width and thickness (1.5 inch -2 inch)•Clear plates (4inch-6 inch) width and thickness (2 inch)

• Clear plates 4 inch width and thickness (1 inch) Clear plates 4.5inch width and thickness (1.5 inch)



•)a-3 (red pine• its shape is beautiful like

•Pitch pine•Douglas fir

•Cedar•Spruce fir



•B- hard wood•The density of these wood is big

•So it used in furniture, door, windows ,floors and stairs•Oak it has a beautiful shape and has different types (white –American -

Africa)•Mahogany it has a special color (dark brown)near to red

•Beach its color is brown•Teak its color is brown but it has natural lines and its renstance of

weather is high•Ash its color is brown but it is difficult to cut it

•Rose wood its color is brown and has rose shape in it•Walnut its color is brown but it has there types (gray –dark-near to

dark)



•C- fabricated wood 1-Plywood

this type consist of several layers of (oak or beech or walnut)It takes (3 -7) layers and joint them by

(gazline- albumen ) –It has two types

Interior plywood it use in the building because its renascent for moisture is weak

Exterior plywood it use to cover the building faces

The stander measurement (1.22 mx2.44m)and the thickness (3m.m -4m.m-----12 mm)It is easy to curving itWalnut : its color is brown and it has a special texture

Third manufactured wood



•Plywood•It consists of some layers and the layers arrange by penucailer way

•This layers fixed by albumen and compress•Types of plywood

•Interior plywood•It use indoor because its ability is not enough for high moisture

•Exterior plywood•It use outdoor ,cover the faces of buildings

Plywood applicationsPlywood is used in any application

that needs high quality wooden sheet material. High quality in this context means resistance to cracking, breaking, shrinkage, twisting and warping. Plywood is also used as an engineering material for stressed-skin applications . Also, Plywood has been used in this fashion for marine and aviation application



2-Batten board The way of fabrication depend on jointing the peaces of wood (its width 3 inch)but the thickness is variables

After that ,covering with two sheets of wood (plywood)and perks than by high pressure

3-Pressed woodThis type look like the batter board but it fabricate in carpenter workshop and press by manual pressure

4-Particle board It is a sheet ,the main source of it of natural wood or any selslazed materialsThis materials mix with chemical and press under high pressure and high temperatureIts dimensions :3.66m x1.22mx (8mm 32mm)It covers with plywood or melamine or Formica



Glued laminated timber

Particle board

Batten board



5-Silotex hard board :It fabricate from the mixer of papers and fiber wood

After that press under high temperature6-Glued laminated timber

This type consist of four or five layers and its thickness is not more 2 inch The(adhesive)is the joining materialsThis type use to fabricate the long beam to cover the big spanIts dimensions 1.2m x2.4mx (3 mm-6mm)



TYPES OF PRODUCTION WOOD



TYPES OF PRODUCTION WOOD



THE CLASSIFCATION OF WOOD HARDNESS



)1-12(Preservatives1 -creosote and petroleum solutions

2-phenolic sesame solutionsThe ideal way to preserve the wood (brushing –dipping)Types of preservation wood

-pentachioraphenal pressure treated-kp resim impregnated wood

Wood fire resistive treatment



Wood work Carpentry work

It used in temporary carpentry (forms of concrete-wooden structure-trusses)The special tools are (screws-clamps)

(1-13)THE WAYS OF JOINTS







Joinery workThis way used in furniture ,doors and windows

The special way of connection (wood joints )





Wood joining -nails

-Screws-Bolts and nuts

Metal connectorsWood jointsadhesives





•Wood tools •–jack plane

•-Rebate plane •-Breast drill

•-Dovetail saw

•- Gross cut saw•- Hammer

•- Pincer•- File-

-Try sour

)1-14(The carpenter tools



)1-15(Measurements of wooden sedations

STANDARD SIZE





(1-16)TYPES OF THE WOODEN FLOORS

PLANK FLOOR





PARQUET FLOORS



MDF- HDF FLOORS

WOOD BLOCK

Documents

LECTURE 1:WOODEN CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS AND TYPES OF WOODEN FLOORS Lecture 1:Wooden construction materials and types of wooden floors Building Technology