Lecture 1 Introduction Wireless Sensor Networks and Sensorsfaculty.weber.edu/snaik/ECE5900_ECE6900/01Lec01_Intro.pdfLecture 1 Introduction Wireless Sensor Networks and Sensors. 2 ECE

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ECE 5900/6900 Fundamentals of Sensor Design Dr. Suketu Naik

ECE 5900/6900: Fundamentals of Sensor Design

Lecture 1

Introduction Wireless

Sensor Networks and

Sensors

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ECE 4900/5900: Fundamentals of Sensor Design

Wireless Sensor

Networks (WSN) and

Internet of Things (IoT)

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EE 4900: Fundamentals of Sensor Design

Coming Age of Sensors

Smart Cars

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Smart Homes

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Bio-engineering and Bio-medical Monitoring

Ref: STMicroelectronics

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UAVs

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Wireless Sensor Networks and Internet of Things

Habitat and Ecosystem Monitoring

Seismic Monitoring

Civil Structural Health Monitoring

Monitoring Groundwater Contamination

Rapid Emergency Response

Industrial Process Monitoring

Perimeter Security and Surveillance

Automated Building Climate Control

Body Area Network

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Wireless Sensor Networks in Daily Life

Application Benefit

Measure micro-climates on farms Increase crop yield per square

km

Monitor traffic on roads

Avoid traffic jams, accidents,

and construction zones,

Alert 911 responders (police,

fire, ambulance)

Electrical/gas/water meteringOptimize distribution and

increase efficiency

Detect human presence in homes and

offices

Reduce power consumption in

HVAC and lighting

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Applications of Wireless Sensor Networks

MicroClimates on Farms (measure wind speeds,

temperature, humidity, soil moisture, pH content, crop

height)

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Monitor Traffic on Roads (measure number of vehicles, speed,

logistics, road studies, warning messages and diversions according to climate

conditions, accidents or traffic jams)

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Autonomous Driving (Self-driving vehicles)

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Structural Health Monitoring (measure vibration,

acceleration, and stress to predict failure, i.e. Condition Based Maintenance)

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Military and Defense

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Smart Homes and Offices (measure power usage, light usage,

human presence, monitor heat and ac)

Home automation: https://youtu.be/aqbKrrru2co

https://youtu.be/aqbKrrru2co

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Bio-medical monitoring and assistance

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Bio-medical monitoring by wearable sensors

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Wireless Body Nets

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Wireless Sensor Networks

Wireless Body Area Network (WBAN)

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Self-management and Gateway node

Ref: B+B SmartWorx

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Star-Mesh Network (two or more sensor nodes are connected to router

which in turn is connected to other routers)

Star-Mesh Network Topology

Wireless Sensor Node

Router or Repeater

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Smart-Mesh IP (sensor nodes can also act as routers; decentralization)

Smart-Mesh IP by

Linear Technology

based on IEEE 802.15.4

standard

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Example Systems

Wzzard Intelligent Sensing

Platform by B&B Electronics

Wireless Sensor Network kit by

Analog Devices

Wireless Sensor Network kit

by National Instruments

DC9000B SmartMesh IP Starter Kit by Linear Technology


Professional kit by AdvanticSys

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Example of a Wireless Sensor Node:

Radiation Sensor Board by Libelium

Radiation Sensor Board + Arduino

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What's inside a Wireless Sensor Node?

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Sensor System

Sensor and Data Acquision System

Fig. 1.3 (Fraden): Positions of sensors in a data acquisition system.

Sensor 1 is non-contact, sensors 2 and 3 are passive, sensor 4 is active, and

sensor 5 is internal to a data acquisition system

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Sensor Basics

Q: What is a Sensor?

A: Sensor (or Sensor System) is a device that

converts the physical phenomenon into an

electrical signal (voltage or current). It contains

transducer and other electronic components.

Q: What is a Transducer?

A: Tranducer is a device that converts one type of

energy into another type of energy and they are

part of Sensors.

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Types of SensorsAcoustic

Automotive/Transportation

Chemical

Electromagnetic

Enviornmental

Optical

Pressure and Force

Position, Speed, Inertial

Proximity and Flow

Radiation

Thermal

Bio-medical

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Types of Sensors

Acoustic

Geophone: convert seismic wave into

voltage

Hydrophone: listen to underwater

sounds

Guitar pickup

Microphone

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Types of Sensors

Automotive/Transportation

Air–fuel ratio meter

Blind spot monitor

Crankshaft position sensor

Defect detector: detect axle and signal problems in passing

trains

ECT sensor: measure the engine temperature

Hall effect sensor: measure the speed of wheels and shafts

Mass Airflow Sensor (MAF): measure the mass of air entering the

engine for centeral computer

Oxygen sensor (O2 sensors): monitor the amount of oxygen in the exhaust

Radar gun: detect the speeding

Speedometer: measure the instantaneous speed of a vehicle

Throttle position sensor: monitor the position of the throttle in an

internal combustion engine

Tire-pressure monitoring sensor: monitor the air pressure inside the tires

MAF Sensor

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Types of Sensors

Chemical

Breathalyzer

Carbon dioxide sensor and Carbon monoxide detector

Fluorescent chloride sensors

Hydrocarbon dew point analyzer

Hydrogen sensor

Hydrogen sulfide sensor

Infrared point sensor

Nitrogen oxide sensor

Olfactometer

Oxygen sensor

Ozone monitor

Pellistor

pH glass electrode

Smoke detector

Zinc oxide nanorod sensor

Smoke Detector

NoX(nitrogen oxide) Detector

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Types of Sensors

Electromagnetic Current sensor

Daly detector

Electroscope

Multimeter

Hall effect sensor

Magnetometer

Radio direction finder

Voltage detector

Multimeter

Hall Effect Sensor

Marine Magnetometer

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Types of Sensors

EnvironmentalDew detector

Electrochemical gas sensor

Gas detector

Temperature and Humidity Sensor

Hygrometer

Leaf sensor

Rain gauge/sensor

Seismometer

Soil moisture sensor

Rain gauge/sensor

Temperature sensor Humidity sensor

MEMS Seismometer

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Types of Sensors OpticalCharge-coupled device (CCD) (convert optical

image into charge)

Electro-optical sensor

Flame detector

Infra-red sensor

Photodiode (convert light into

current)

Photoelectric sensor

Superconducting nanowire single-photon detector

CCD

Infra-red sensor and thermal imaging

Photodiode

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Types of Sensors Pressure and ForceBarometer (measure pressure)

Ionization gauge

Pirani gauge

Pressure sensor

Tactile sensor (contact based

environmental response to current or voltage)

Hydrometer

Force Sensor

Strain gauge (change in strain produces change

in resistance)

Torque sensor (rotational force into voltage)

Avionic Altimeter

(Barometer)Electronic Barometer

Touch Screen and Robotic Arm (Tactile Sensor)

Torque Sensors

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Types of Sensors

Position, Speed and InertialLIDAR (light detection and ranging to determine

distance using Laser for remote sensing)

Odometer

(measure speed)

Accelerometer

(Measure acceleration and obtain angle)

Gyroscope (measure angular rate)

Atmospheric LIDAR Research at

Utah State University

Car Odometer

Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU) Inertial Navigation System in Cars and Ships

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Types of Sensors

Proximity and Flow

Doppler radar

(measure speed based

on Doppler effect)

Motion detector

Proximity sensor

(measure distance based

on laser deflection)

Stud detector

(change in density relates

to change in capacitance)

Anemometer (measure windspeed and windpressure)

Flow sensor (measure the fluid flow) Water Flow Sensor

Anemometer

Stud detector

Police Doppler Radar Gun

Laser Proximity Sensor

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Types of Sensors

Radiation

Geiger Counter (convert

alpha, beta and gamma radiation

into current pulses or counts)

Dosimeter

(radiation produced electrons

which produce specific color of light)

Scintillation Counter

(detect alpha or beta or

gamma radiation)

Geiger Counter

Dosimeter Badge

Scintillation Counter

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Types of Sensors

ThermalThermometer

Thermistor (change in temperature relates to change in resistance)

Thermocouple (temperature differential produces voltage)

Pyrometer (measure the temperature change in reflected laser beam)

Thermometer

Pyrometer

R-type Thermocouple

Different

thermistors

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Types of Sensors

Bio-medical

ECG Sensor Flexible ECG Sensor

Electronics

ECG sensor (convert heart beats

Into voltage)

Glucose meter (measure the glucose

levels in diabetic patients)

Food Analysis sensor

(detect toxins, chemical makeup)

Glucose meter

Glucose contact lens meter

Food Analysis Sensor

Documents

Lecture 1 Introduction Wireless Sensor Networks and Sensorsfaculty.weber.edu/snaik/ECE5900_ECE6900/01Lec01_Intro.pdfLecture 1 Introduction Wireless Sensor Networks and Sensors. 2 ECE