Wireless Sensor Network and IOTWireless Sensor Network and IOTWireless Sensor Network and IOTWireless Sensor Network and IOTin Precision Agriculturein Precision Agriculture

-- Recent Development and Future TrendRecent Development and Future Trend

Naiqian ZhangNaiqian ZhangKansas State UniversityKansas State University

For 5For 5thth Continuous Professional Development (CPD) EventContinuous Professional Development (CPD) EventTHE SOUTH AFRICAN INSTITUTE OF AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERSTHE SOUTH AFRICAN INSTITUTE OF AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS

S t b 28S t b 28 20102010September 28, September 28, 20102010Pretoria, Gauteng, South AfricaPretoria, Gauteng, South Africa

Where is KSU?Where is KSU?

Seattle Boston

Los Angeles

Miami

• Founded in 1863Kansas State University

• Morrill Act of 1862; “Education of the Children of the Working Class”

• “Land-grant” University

• Emphases:– Agriculture– EngineeringEngineering– Domestic Arts– Arts and Letters

Kansas State University

• 19,500 undergraduate students

• 2,500 graduate students

• 1,300 faculty• 2,700 support staffpp

Kansas State University

2010 Season2010 Season4 wins!

We are “Wildcats”

An African wildcat

This is how we look during work

This is how we look after work

Topics

IntroductionIntroduction IntroductionIntroductionWireless Sensor NetworkWireless Sensor Network Internet of ThingsInternet of Things Internet of ThingsInternet of Things M2MM2M

A li ti E lA li ti E l Application ExamplesApplication Examples IssuesIssues

Recent National/Local News

Recent National/Local News

Wireless Sensor Network

WSN: WSN: AA large number of large number of networked,networked, lowlow--cost, lowcost, low--ltif ti lltif ti l dd ll i t lli tll i t lli tpower, multifunctionalpower, multifunctional, and , and small, intelligentsmall, intelligent sensor sensor

nodes.nodes. RadioRadio--frequency transceiverfrequency transceiver SensorsSensors MicrocontrollerMicrocontroller Power sourcePower source Power sourcePower source

Available TechnologiesWireless communication is one of the fastest growing, Wireless communication is one of the fastest growing, cuttingcutting--edge technologies:edge technologies:

Mobile phone users (Frost and Sullivan, 2006)Mobile phone users (Frost and Sullivan, 2006) Global: 2 billionsGlobal: 2 billions Global: 2 billionsGlobal: 2 billions Asia: 800 millions (40%)Asia: 800 millions (40%) U.S: 160 millionsU.S: 160 millions

21% increase from 321% increase from 3--rd quarter, 2005, to 3rd quarter, 2005, to 3--rd quarter, rd quarter, 20062006

Available Technologies

3G, International Mobile Telecommunication3G, International Mobile Telecommunication--20002000 GSM EDGEGSM EDGE CDMA2000 CDMA2000

ServicesServices voicevoice videovideo data data

FeaturesFeatures Simultaneous voice and data servicesSimultaneous voice and data services high data rate high data rate

14 Mbit/s downlink 14 Mbit/s downlink 5.8 Mbit/s uplink 5.8 Mbit/s uplink

Internet Access in China22 6%350 25%

16%

22.6%

250

300

il.)

20%

4 6%6.2%

7.3%8.5%

10.5%

100

150

200

Num

ber(m

10%

15%

Rat

io(%

)

137 2101119579.559.133.722.58.92.10.67

298

4.6%

1.7%2.6%

0.07%0.02%

0.0005%

0

50

100

199 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 200 2006 200 20080%

5%

1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

YearNumber of Netizen Popularization ratio

Totally 298 mil. Internet users (22.6 % population), >97% township have Internet access.

Telephone Users in China

641

69.5%

63%

74.3%

900

1000

1100

70%

80%

335

547

461

393

56.9%

49.7%

41.2%600

700

800

er(m

il.)

40%

50%

60%

o(%

)

368145

206

270

335

17.7%

32.7%

25.5%

300

400

500

Num

be

20%

30%

40%

Rat

io

341

2487 109 145

180214

263

312

35036643

85

145

8.9%12.1%

0

100

200

0%

10%

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008Year

Fi xed Tel ephone- l i ne User Mobi l e Phone User Penet r at i on Rat e of Tel ephone

74.3 % population and 99.5% rural villages have telephone access, 2008.p p g p

Text Messages sent in China

530

440600

700

800

500

600

C 0 015 USD

699.7

327

233400

500

600

year

tota

l(bil.

)

300

400

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taCost: 0.015 USD per message

217 7304.6

430580.6

70

168

106

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200

300

SMS-

y

100

200

SMS

p

1 18.9 90 137.1217.70.77

02000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

Year

0

SMS/Year SMS Percapita/YearSMS/Year SMS Percapita/Year

The first mobile phone was used in 1987. It reached 531 million users by 2008.

In 2008, 770 billions short messages were sent; the “per capita” was 530.

Recent National/Local NewsThe need

Technology availability

WSN using Satellite CommunicationsWSN using Satellite CommunicationsWSN using Satellite CommunicationsWSN using Satellite Communications

erase

(From J.K. Young, Digi International, 2010)

Available Technologies ZigBee PRO (ZigBee 2007)ZigBee PRO (ZigBee 2007)

(Young, 2008; Sensors Magazine)

Available TechnologiesWireless HARTWireless HART 6LoWPAN (“IPv6 over low power

wireless personal area networks”)

(Young, 2008; Sensors Magazine)

WSN using Satellite CommunicationsWSN using Satellite CommunicationsggOrbcomm low-Earth orbiting satellites (29)orbiting satellites (29)

Two-way data communication

Focused on Machine-to-machine (M2M) applications

Over 500,000 existing subscribers

erase

existing subscribers

(From J.K. Young, Digi International, 2010)

WSN using Satellite CommunicationsWSN using Satellite CommunicationsWSN using Satellite CommunicationsWSN using Satellite Communications

erase

(From J.K. Young, Digi International, 2010)

Internet of Things (IOT)

Three waves of computingThree waves of computing

Mainframe (1940Mainframe (1940--1980): 1980): One computer shared by One computer shared by many peoplemany people

Personal computer Personal computer (1980(1980--2000): One computer 2000): One computer used by one personused by one persony py p

“Ubiquitous computing” “Ubiquitous computing” (2000(2000--): Many computers ): Many computers serve one personserve one personserve one personserve one person

Technology recedes into the background of our lives to free our minds from a Technology recedes into the background of our lives to free our minds from a large amount of “intelligent” work, so that we can concentrate on the main large amount of “intelligent” work, so that we can concentrate on the main challenges.challenges.

M2MM2MM2MM2M

MachineMachine--toto--Machine (M2M): technologies that allow both Machine (M2M): technologies that allow both wirelesswireless and and wiredwired systems to communicate with other devices systems to communicate with other devices of the same ability.of the same ability.

M2M uses M2M uses sensingsensing devices to capture an ‘event' (temperature, devices to capture an ‘event' (temperature, inventory level, etc.), which is relayed through a inventory level, etc.), which is relayed through a networknetwork(wireless, wired or hybrid) to an (wireless, wired or hybrid) to an applicationapplication (software program), (software program), that translates the captured event into meaningful information that translates the captured event into meaningful information

“M2M”: Machine-to-machine, machine-to-mobile, mobile-to-machine

M2MM2MM2MM2M

Robot ControlRobot Control

Wired control

Wireless controlWireless control

Irrigation ControlIrrigation Control Centralized remote control and supervision of a large area of irrigation land (Spain):(Spain):• Controls 1,500 ha irrigation area• Seven sub-regions, each monitored and controlled by a control sector• Control sectors communicate via WLAN

Mobile Monitoring and ManagementMobile Monitoring and Management

Mobile laboratory network for data monitoring and management using Wireless LAN (Brazil)

Measurement:• Soil water content• Soil compaction• Soil fertility• Biomass• Leaf area index• Leaf area index• Local weather• Insect infestation• Disease infestation• Weed Infestation• Yield

Fleet Operation Fleet Operation M it i d M tM it i d M tMonitoring and ManagementMonitoring and Management

Remote monitoring of fleet operationRemote monitoring of fleet operation Remote monitoring of fleet operationRemote monitoring of fleet operation

Homogenize incompatible data from diverse legacy vehiclesHomogenize incompatible data from diverse legacy vehicles

Improve fleet operation efficiency through fleet management in Improve fleet operation efficiency through fleet management in near realnear real--timetime

Fleet ManagementFleet Managementeet a age e teet a age e t

(From C. O’Neil, AGCO, 2010)

Fleet ManagementFleet Managementeet a age e teet a age e t

(From C O’Neil AGCO 2010)(From C. O Neil, AGCO, 2010)

Efficiency MeasurementEfficiency Measurementc e cy easu e e tc e cy easu e e t

(From C O’Neil AGCO 2010)(From C. O Neil, AGCO, 2010)

Green House ManagementGreen House Management

Greenhouse Management (Portugal):g ( g )

Wireless network + CAN

Vineyard Environmental MonitoringVineyard Environmental Monitoring

Vineyard Environment it imonitoring:

• 65 Nodes in 1 acre• SensorsSensors

• temperature • moisture • sun-light

A li i• Applications• avoid frog damage• manage irrigation• determine fertilizer applicationdetermine fertilizer application• arrange harvest schedule

Habitat Monitoring

Habitat MonitoringHabitat MonitoringHabitat MonitoringHabitat Monitoring

Livestock MonitoringLivestock Monitoring

B ilBrazil

A sensor network for sow monitoringT ki i l• Tracking in large pens

• Heat period alert– Motion detectors

Correlation between movement of– Correlation between movement of sows and their heat period

Traceability SystemTraceability System

• Traceability systems (RFID)A i l id tifi ti d h lth it i– Animal identification and health monitoring

– Food packaging– Transportation– Transportation– Asset tracking– Food inspectionp

RFIDRFID I can’t believe I ate the whole thing!

Asset TrackingAsset Tracking

TraceabilityTraceability

IssuesIssues

Signal coverageSignal coverage Signal coverageSignal coverage Path lossPath loss Energy harvestingEnergy harvesting Energy harvestingEnergy harvesting Data handlingData handling Distributed, open infrastructure Distributed, open infrastructure -- IOTIOT

Cellular CoverageCellular Coverage -- ThreeThree--tier WSNtier WSNCellular Coverage Cellular Coverage ThreeThree tier WSNtier WSN

Local sensor networkLocal sensor networkZigBee ZigBee –– 100 m100 m

MidMid--range radio network range radio network (in areas with no cellular coverage) (in areas with no cellular coverage) 915 MHz spread spectrum radio915 MHz spread spectrum radio 10 km915 MHz spread spectrum radio915 MHz spread spectrum radio – 10 km

Cellular networkCellular network GSMGSM CDMACDMA

ThreeThree--tier Wireless Sensor Networktier Wireless Sensor Networkeeee t e e ess Se so et ot e e ess Se so et o

Three-tier WSNThree tier WSN

DeploymentDeploymentFort Riley/Manhattan KansasFort Riley/Manhattan KansasFort Riley/Manhattan, KansasFort Riley/Manhattan, Kansas

Aberdeen Proving Ground, MarylandAberdeen Proving Ground, Marylandg , yg , y

DeploymentDeployment

Fort Benning, GeorgiaFort Benning, Georgiag, gg, g

Packet LossPacket Lossac et ossac et oss

Energy HarvestingEnergy Harvestinge gy a est ge gy a est g

Energy HarvestingA WSN sensor node

The most common energy storage devices are batteries gy gand supercapacitors (Niyato, 2008; IEEE)

Energy Harvesting

Solar cellSolar cell VibrationVibration--basedbased

Miniature AC generatorMiniature AC generator Piezoelectric effectPiezoelectric effect

Thermoelectric Thermoelectric Air/fluid dynamicAir/fluid dynamic Electromagnetic wavesElectromagnetic wavesgg

Energy Harvesting

EnergyEnergy--harvesting devicesharvesting devices

A piezoelectric energy harvester (Tanner, 2008; Sensors Magazine))

Data Handling Data Handling –– Web GIS Web GIS gg

Data HandlingData Handling -- Web GISWeb GISData Handling Data Handling Web GISWeb GIS

Functions:Functions:

Data display – graphical and tabular Map display – Google Earth Map display – Google Earth Data downloading Query and simple statistics Remote disaster alert – signal abnormality and power failure Remote disaster alert signal abnormality and power failure Daily report via email Report generating using the Jasper reporting system

Distributed, Open Infrastructure -IOTIOT

A next-generation network, with applications that support an open infrastructuredeployed on servers, workstations, and intelligent network appliances

(Esposito 2008; Sensors Magazine)(Esposito, 2008; Sensors Magazine)