Lect 1 History, Terms

7/30/2019 Lect 1 History, Terms

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/lect-1-history-terms 1/65



2

ANATOMY:

structures

PHYSIOLOGY:

how things work



Hippocrates 460-375 BCE

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Hippocrates is credited with being the first

person to believe that diseases were caused

naturally, not because of superstition and gods.

• He separated the discipline of medicine from religion,

believing and arguing that disease was not a punishment

inflicted by the gods but rather the product of environmentalfactors, diet, and living habits.

• However, Hippocrates did work with many convictions that

were based on what is now known to be incorrect anatomyand physiology,

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pythagoras



http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_gods




http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatomy


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physiology

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physiology

















Galen 130-200 AC

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A funny dude… • Galen's understanding of anatomy and medicine was

still influenced by the widespread belief in “humors”.

• This stated that the blood, lymph, and bile liquids mustbe in some kind of balance or ill health will result.

•

He was a physician to the gladiators repairing theirwounds. Human dissection was not allowed.

• His anatomical reports, based mainly on dissection of monkeys and pigs, remained uncontested until 1543.

•

Galen conducted many nerve ligation experimentsthat supported the theory, which is still believed today,that the brain controls all the motions of the musclesby means of the cranial and peripheral nervoussystems.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_culture

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissection

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_World_monkey

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pig

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_students


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ligature_(medicine)



http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_brain

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscle


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cranial_nerves






http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_brain











http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_World_monkey

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissection





Vesalius 1514-1564

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Vesalius: “The father of modern anatomy”

•

He was a professor of anatomy in Italy!• He guest lectured at Bologna and Pisa.

• Previously anatomy had been taught primarilyfrom reading classic texts, mainly Galen,followed by an animal dissection by a barber-surgeon whose work was directed by thelecturer.

• Before this, No attempt was made to actuallycheck Galen's claims; these were consideredunassailable.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Bologna

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Pisa



http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galen

























http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Bologna



In 1539 an Italian judge became interested in Vesalius'

work, and made bodies of executed criminals available

for dissection. He soon built up a wealth of

detailed anatomical diagrams, the first accurate set to

be produced.

Vesalius, on the other hand, carried out humandissection as the primary teaching tool, handling the

actual work himself while his students clustered around

the table.

Vesalius thought that hands-on direct observation wasthe only reliable resource, a huge break with medieval

practice.





















Drawings by Vesalius



Who were those guys again?

• Who was Hippocrates?

• Who was Galen?

• Who was Vesalius?





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Metabol ism def ined

The sum of all chemical processes

in the body



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Types o f metabo l ic react ions

• CATABOLISM – Tissue breakdown

– Releases energy

• ANABOLISM – Tissue buildup

– Requires energy



15

Homeostasis

See pp. 16 - 19

“Homeo” meaning “same”

“stasis” meaning “no change”



16

Set point and normal range



PhysiologyMetabolism

Catabolism

Anabolism

Homeostasis

Negative feed backPositive feedback

17

Sum of all chemical processes

Breakdown, releasing energy

Building, requires energy

Maintaining a steady internal state



18

Homeostatic balance



Turn to Fig 1.9 in your text

• What are the sensors? What are the

effectors?



20

Temperature control

Negative Feedback



21

Positive feedback: coagulation

16



PhysiologyMetabolism: ?

Catabolism: ?

Anabolism: ?

Homeostasis: ?

Negative feed back: ?Positive feedback: ?

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READ over the section in your text…

• Read the entire section found at the end of

Chapter 1 on “The Language of Medicine”

section 1-7.

• You will find this to be of tremendous help in

this course!

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Anatomical position

Anatomical

Position

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Atlas A



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Saggital Transverse Coronal



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Sectional anatomy

11



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POSITIONAL TERMS

• Superior

• Anterior

• Medial• Proximal

• Superficial

• Central

• Dorsal

• Inferior

• Posterior

• Lateral• Distal

• Deep

• Peripheral

• Ventral



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Positional terms figure

64



What are these positions?

Supine Prone



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Anatomical position

Anatomical

Position

62



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Anatomic cavities AP



33

Anatomic cavities LAT



Cranial

cavity

(containsbrain)

Dorsal

body

cavity

Vertebral

cavity

(contains

spinalcord)

Cranial

cavity

Superior

mediastinum

Pericardialcavity within

the mediastinum

Pleural

cavity

Vertebral

cavity

Abdomino-

pelvic

cavity

Ventral body

cavity

(thoracic and

abdominopelvic

cavities)

Abdominal cavity(contains digestive

viscera)

Diaphragm

Pelvic cavity(contains urinary

bladder, reproductive

organs, and rectum)

Thoracic

cavity

(contains

heart and lungs)

(a) Lateral view (b) Anterior view

Dorsal body cavity

Ventral body cavity

Th i



Thoracic

Cavity

• Enclosed by ribs, sternum, vertebral column and muscle• Divided into 2 pleural cavities by mediastinum

• Mediastinum contains all thoracic organs except lungs

• Midline wall of tissue that contains heart and great vessels,

esophagus, trachea and thymus.



Serous Membranes

• Thin slippery membrane lines bodycavities not open to the outside

–parietal layer lines walls of cavities

–visceral layer covers viscera (organs)

within the cavities

• Serous fluid reduces friction

Pleural & Pericardial Cavities



Pleural & Pericardial Cavities

• Visceral pleura clings to surface of lungs

– Parietal pleura lines chest wall

• Visceral pericardium covers heart

– Parietal pericardium lines pericardial sac



Outer balloon wall (comparable to parietal serosa)

Air (comparable to serous cavity)

Inner balloon wall (comparable to visceral serosa)

Heart

Parietal

pericardium

Pericardial space with

serous fluid

Visceral

pericardium

(b) The serosa associated with the heart.

P it



Peritoneum

•

Visceral peritoneum – serous membrane

that covers the

abdominal viscera

•Parietal peritoneum – serous membrane

that lines the

abdominal wall



Other Body Cavities

• Oral and digestive cavities

• Nasal cavity

•

Orbital cavities• Middle ear cavities

• Synovial cavities



41

Abdominal

quadrants





Abdominal subdivisions in the real world

Right upper quadrant (RUQ)

Left upper quadrant (LUQ)

Right lower Quadrant (RLQ)

Left lower quadrant (LLQ)

Epigastric

Umbilical, periumbilical

Suprapubic-right above pubic bone



Double duty

• Even though the previous slide shows

“internal” divisions of the abdomen, note that

these terms carry a surface meaning as well

• For example, pain in the “umbilical region”

might refer to pain on that area of the

abdominal surface, or to a deeper pain

internally



Cervical

(a) Anterior/Ventral

Pubic (genital)

Cephalic

Frontal Orbital Nasal

Oral Mental

Thoracic

Axillary Mammary

Sternal Abdominal

Umbilical

Pelvic

Inguinal (groin)

Upper limb

Acromial Brachial (arm) Antecubital

Antebrachial (forearm)

Carpal (wrist) Manus (hand)

Palmar Pollex Digital

Lower limb

Coxal (hip) Femoral (thigh) Patellar Crural (leg)

Fibular or peroneal Pedal (foot)

Tarsal (ankle) Metatarsal Digital Hallux

Thorax

Abdomen Back (Dorsum)



Cervical

Back (dorsal)

(b) Posterior/Dorsal

Scapular Vertebral

Lumbar Sacral Gluteal

Perineal (between

anus and external

genitalia)-area underneat

Upper limb

Acromial Brachial (arm)

Olecranal Antebrachial(forearm)

Manus (hand)

Metacarpal

Digital Lower limb

Femoral (thigh) Popliteal Sural (calf)

Fibular or peroneal Pedal (foot)

Calcaneal Plantar

Cephalic

Otic Occipital (back

of head)

Thorax

Abdomen

Back (Dorsum)



There will be a few blanks left over!

Femoral

CervicalBrachial

Buccal

Umbilical

Popliteal (posterior side only)

Phalangeal (two spots)

CarpalTarsal

Sternal

Nasal

Acromial

Orbital

Aural

Lumbar (posterior)

Inguinal

Crural

Patellar (anterior)

Antecubital

(the anterior side of cubital)





49

Bottom-up organization

6



Define:

• Cells:

• Tissues

• Organs:

• Organ systems:



You must be able to briefly define / describe all

of the following

ORGAN SYSTEMS:(see Fig A.11)

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• Skeletal system

• Muscular system

• Nervous system

• Integumentary system

• Respiratory system

• Digestive system• Endocrine system

• Cardiovascular system

• Lymphatic system

• Urinary system• Reproductive system



Example:

Integumentary

System

• Skin, hair, nails

•

Protection fromexternal environment

• Maintains bodytemperature

• Hormone production

• Immune function (firstdefense in immunesystem)

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Example:

SkeletalSystem

• Bones, ligaments,cartilage

• Provides support

• Allows movement

•

Reservoir for minerals(calcium)

• Blood cell production

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Wh d b b h



What do you remember about the

skeletal system?

• Without looking at your notes!

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Example: Muscular

System

• Muscles

• Tendons

• Produces movement

• Produces heat

• Reservoir for protein

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Raise your hand if you can name two functions of



Raise your hand if you can name two functions of

the muscular system…

• Hint – you just didone of them…

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Example: Nervous

System• Brain, spinal cord,

peripheral nerves,

sense organs

• Control and

coordination of bodyprocesses

• Receives andprocesses information

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Endocrine

System• Hormone production,

for the purpose of

control and regulationof body functions

• Works in conjunction

with the nervoussystem



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Cardiovascular

System

• Circulation of blood

• Provides tissues with

essential gases and

nutrients

•

Removes metabolicwaste

• Immune function



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Lymphatic

System

• Returns tissue fluid

(lymph) to the

bloodstream

• Assists in mounting

an immune response• Filters body fluid



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Respiratory

System

• Gas exchange

• Acid-base (pH)

balance

• Protection against

foreign invaders• Produces hormones



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Digestive

System• Assimilate nutrients

• Protection against

foreign invaders

• Detoxification


• Regulate internalchemical

environment



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Urinary

System• Filters blood

• Removes metabolic

waste

• Regulates internal

chemical environment

• Controls blood pressureand fluid balance




64

Reproductive

System• Maintains species

continuity

• Maintains speciesgenetic diversity

• Controls hormonalbalance

• Important role ingrowth anddevelopment



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Lect 1 History, Terms