Hist 100

1. War2. Religion3. Government4. Innovation

Mesopatamia (between 2 rivers – tigris and euphrates):

1500B.C.

Neolithic Revolution – Beginning of city-states

Fertile Crescent – Sumer

-pay taxes-intensely religious-value families-constantly at war-appreciate good party

In the dynastic eras, summer’s cities came to be dominated by powerful families, aristocratic classes and priestly castes.

The origins of writing in these cities date back and perhaps as far as 700BCE.

Accountants needed a quick, efficient system of recording economic transactions.

2 biggest cities-states – Ur and Uruk (5,000 people each)

-Bad sanitation-No women rights-Men in military on and off-Mud houses – little stone

Desired proximity due to a hostile world

Government is initially temporary due to crisis

Once crisis became constant kings stayed in power. Succession in bloodline. (3500BCE)

Big problem – WATER. Irrigation becomes first big infrastructure project Government oversaw.-Revolutionizes agriculture

Occupational Diversity – not all have to be farmers anymore

Ziggurats

Slaves>Laborers>Land-Owners>Skilled Craftsmen>Religious Leaders>Royalty

Cuneiform

‘Wedge’-like indentation punched into tablets

Roughly 1200 symbols that represented both objects and sounds that constituted words.

Revolutionary concept of preserving speech in physical form.

A consequence of societal organization?

First records devoted to economics (Debt)

New Legal Codes and The Egyptian Empire

Timeline: 3100-1000BCE

Terms: -Sargon – Creates world’s first Bureaucracy-Babylon – Mesopotamian City-King Hammurabi – Bureaucracy/Written Legal Code-The Nile River-Pyramids

Sumer and Egypt developing concurrently.

2350 – Akkadian Empire: Give EMPIRE and BUREAUCRACYSargon become king of city-state Akkad-Accomplished military leader-Through brutal tactics and negations through reputation creates and empire-Creates a bureaucracy (5600 administrators) to keep control

Freedom of religion, speech…But must pay taxes and don’t oppose military

2000 – Assyrians (“Lords of the Massacres” and Also Darn Good Traders)-Once gain power, try to micromanage economy-More controlled, more use of black marketSo facilitated open market international trade system, protected it and taxed it.

Babylonia c. 17501792-1750 – HammurabiWrites first code of law – The Code of Hammurabi-Purpose is to control

Egypt and The Nile Valley

3100-1000 BCEEgypt is united.

Annual flooding is predictableViable for fishingSteady flow

Egyptian Hieroglyphs develop at the same time of cuneiformDevelop concurrently, but relatively separately. Does the same things.

Slaves>unskilled workers>Farmers and Herders>Traders, artisans, shopkeepers, and scribes>Priests and Nobles>Noble family and Pharaohs

The Pyramids:Early experiments with ‘mastabas’ and ‘step pyramids’ give way to the Great Pyramid of Cheops (Khufu) and Giza, around 2250 BCE.Covers 13 acres with 2.3 million blocks of precisely cut stone.Were they designed merely to exalt a single individual?Other societal benefits from their construction?

Workers composed of slaves and free citizens as a means of paying taxes.

Egyptian religion – PolytheismPharaoh is one of those gods

Men and Women are more equal

Hebrews and Monotheism

Timeline: c. 3000-0.

Terms:-Old Testament/10 Commandments – Primary Source-Hebrews-Judaism

-Monotheism-Religious Free-Will

Migrate from Ur to PalestineLead by Abraham

~1500 Hebrews migrated to EgyptEnslaved

Mt. Sinai – The Forming of a Covenant 1200-1250Involves the 10 CommandmentsHebrew people articulate they believe in one god-organize society around that conceptWant to remain culturally distinct and do

Dead Sea Scrolls – almost complete transcripts of the book of Isaiah. Hebrews code hasn’t changed

MonotheismEmphasis on Social JusticeHuman UniversalismReligious Individualism

Greece: A Story of Radical Democracy and Violent Militarism

Timeline: c. 2200-330BC5000BCE – Emergence2200-1200 – Steady Rise1200-700 – Dark Age776 – Olympics – Reemergence (Athens and Sparta)

-The Olympics-The Polis-Athens v. Sparta-The Reforms of Solon-Persian War (499-479)

The Aegean World – Minoa and Mycenae (c. 1500 BC)2200-first inhabitantsSense of governmental and welfare structure – warehouses of containters

Polyculture – multiple strains of agriculture (food is always available, improving life)

The Aegean Dark Age-Sudden and total collapse of the Mycenaean kingdoms after 1200 BCE.-Perhaps as a result of a second wave of Indo-European invaders from the Balkan peninsula, or as a part of the larger system collapse of the Easter Mediterranean, the kingdoms fragments into tinier units-and all writing disappears.-Memories of a great and glorious era linger in a small-scale, but rich, oral tradition.-The tales will eventually find their way into the Homeric epics, the Iliad, Odysseus.

776 BCE – The First Olympics (Things improving)Sports and militaryReligious componentsAthletes become celebrities

A Greek Hero: Milo of Croton

Polis – Rights to Citizens, Outlines Responsibilities

Military Service = Political Rights

Each city-state defended by hoplite army

More than 1000 city-state, 2 major are Sparta and Athens. All allied with either of the two

Sparta:Not active trade (land-locked)Early military - Phalanx formation725BCE Sparta crisis – slave revolt (10 slaves (helots) to every 1 citizen)

-2 weeks kill and maim-now focused on self-defense

-first thing king does every year is start war vs. helots-try to create world’s best army (weak infants removed and left to die)-age 7 – military discipline-age 20 – full military service-Have to get married-age 30 – can get your own house-age 60 – done

Spartan Government-2 Kings (Military and everything else)Council of NoblesAll Male citizens held a vote

Athens-not as military focused, buy has military-by sea-extremely polarized coming out of the dark age

-Children and wives sold into slavery

Solon the Lawmaker – temporary dictator-abolishes all debt-restores citizenship to as many wives and children as he can-ban predatory loans-divides all Athenian society into 4 classes

-Athenian government represents every class-when he dies, dictatorship dies

Conflict Looming: Sparta v. Athens

Greece at WarTimeline and Terms: c. 500-400 BC-Persian War (499-479)The Hellenic LeagueBattle at MarathonBattle at ThermopilesAthens (Dalian League)Sparta (Peloponnesian League)Peloponnesian War (431-404)

The Persian War (499-479 BCE)-Problems in Int’l Diplomacy-Greek victory at Marathon (490)-Xerxes invades in 480 (hundreds of thousands) -Hellenic League formed, uniting Greece-Stand at Thermopylae (lose, but killed 10x Persians)-Greek victory (479)

Greece’s Golden Age500-400 BCEAthens – Delian League: Contortion for defense purposesSparta – Peloponnesian League

Pericles (495-429)-Majority Rule

-Political Ostracism-Ostracism-Acropolis-The Peloponnesian War (431-404)Sophist-Socrates (and the Plato and Aristotle-Socratic Method-Trial of Socrates 399BCE

Pericles (495-429)-Making democracy pragmatic-Corruption – Ostracism (write in who needs to be exiled, if get 30% that person is removed)-More codified majority rule

The Golden Age of Greece (500-400BCE)-The Formation of Competing Empires-the Delian League v. Peloponnesian Leage-Pericles’ Radical Democracy-Architecture and Art-The Peloponnesian War (431-404)-The Life and Trail of Socrates

The Parthenon at the Acropolis – State funded religious building built by Pericles to attract tourists

Greek Theater-State supported-Comedies and Tragedies-Highly competitive-Used as an educational/political tool

General appreciation of education formedAbility to make a speech very valuedEducation lead by Sophist (Wise Men)

Socrates (469-399)-Widely known-Power and Justice-His method to learning – Travel and ask questions-Beloved by some and hated by others-at 70 put on trial (corrupting youth and disbelieving ancestral gods)-Sentenced to death

Athens v. SpartaThe Peloponnesian War (431-404BC)-The Hellenic unity of the Persian War erodes

-Sparta leads Peloponnesian League-Athens, Delian League-Sparta’s infantry vs. Athens navy-Plague hits Athens-Battle for control of “Greek” legacy

Spreading Greek: Hellenism and the Beginnings of Rome

Timeline: c.400BC-350ADTerms:Alexander the GreatHellenismRomeThe Punic WarsCarthage/Hannibal

386Sparta and PersiaAthens, Thebes, Corinth

371Sparta is defeated by Thebes

Then Sparta and Athens team up vs Thebes

359 – Macedon Phillip II359

Invests in new technology-Long spears

345 – Phillip take control of Greece

336 – Phillip assassinatedSon takes over – Alexander the Great

Alexander the Great-Educated by Aristotle-Rules 336-323BC-Spread Greek Culture-Brilliant Military Leader-A Blood-Thirsty Tyrant or Great Explorer?-Sets the Stage for Roman Empire

334 – First battle vs Persia

Gives away much of the land gained, he gives to his soldiers

Idea of polis and majority rule spreads

Alexander (III) the Great and the Persian Campaign-Phillip II assembles a conference at Corinth in 337 and proposes a unified Greek war of revenge on Persia for the Persian Wars of the previous century-Soon before he is to launch his campaign…

323 - Age 33 – Alexander dies (depressed)

Bloodthirsty tyrant or culture spreader?

The Hellenistic Era (323-30BCE)-common nationality

(Missed a day – Decline of Rome)-The “Crisis of the Third Century” (235-284)-Subvisions created – The Tetrarchy (the rule of 4)-Problems with inflations-Too big to be united-Reforms attempted

Caesar dies in 44

Octavius – adopted son - killed

Marc Antony – general or army

Brutus - killed

Marc Antony-turns all power over to senate-senate already on his side-senate turns all power back to Marc Antony-Caesar Augustus-Roman Republic is dead

Pax Romana-27BC-180AD-“the Time of Happiness-Virgil – The Aeneid

-Ptolemy – Amalgest(“The Greatest”)-Gladiator FightsMarcus Aurelius – Meditations

The Glory of Rome-built structures

Virgil’s Rome-“A divine mission to bring peace and civilized life to the world.”

There are objections to the gladiator fights. Is this good for Rome?

While Rome is Ruling the World… Jesus of Nazareth6-4BC – Jesus Borne29AD – Christ’s ministry begins33AD – Jesus dies

Marcus Aurelius (161-180)-last ruler of Rome-Rome filled with contradiction

Rome After-211-300 AD: more than 70 emperors-Invasions of “Barbarian” tribes-Cannot defend borders-Formation of mercenary army-Loss of stability, end of peace-Rome’s tenure of dominance is ending

Following Rome: The Middle Ages

-Timeline – 395-1500- The Huns - West-Byzantine Empire-Islam-Muhammad - South-Charlemagne-Feudalism-Crusades-Black Death

Diocletian – whoever wants to come in do, hopefully they become citizensChristains a problem – tries to start religion of empire worshipkilled

Constantine the Great - Christian convert-Moves capital from Rome to Constantinople-Makes Christianity the official religion of Rome

Rome begins to crumble

395 – Emperor Theodosius DiesThe Roman Empire Splits

West – process of naturalization-people of in from northern Europe-people running from Attila and the Huns (400-600s) (Huns perfect cavalry, and look different)

East – Byzantine Empire-Centered in Constantinople-Spreads Christianity-Expands Under Justinian (527-565)-Sets stage for Crusades

South – The Rise of Islam-Prophet Muhammad (570-632)-Quran-Monotheistic-United Arabia’s Tribes-Becomes an Heir of the Roman Empire-Conflicts with Byzantines

A Slow Decline: Early Europe in Conflict

Timeline: c. 850-1400Terms:-The Franks-Feudalism-Middle Ages 500-1500

The Fall of the Roman Empire-395 – Split in Two-Byzantines in the East-Fragmentation of the West-Germanic Peoples Begin Moving into W. Roman Empire-Running from Attila and the HunsRise of Islam-Muslims Capture Portions of Roman Empire

Vladimir (and thus Russia) Accepts Christianity c. 1000Shapes Europe’s Religious Alliances

The Franks-Roman Legacy, Christianity, Germanic-Dominated by Carolingians-Tension with Pope and Church-Charles the Great – Charlemagne-Gets the Pope’s Blessing: Christmas Day Mass, 800-Society Shaped Feudalism

Peasants, Serfs < Merchants, Farmers, Craftsman < Knights, Vassals < Nobles < Monarch < Pope/Church

The Carolingian Family: Charles the Great (aka: Charlemagne)

Religion v. Government – Score One for the KingsPope Leo Crowns Charlemagne, Christmas 800

Missed Sept. 30

The Renaissance Erac. 1400-1700-The Reformation-The Scientific Revolutions-The Enlightenment

Religious Conflict: Part 1

Timeline: c. 1000-1517Terms:-The Crusades-Papal Primacy-The Great Schism-The Investiture Conflict-Pope Urban the II and the First Crusade

The Reformation-1517, Martin Luther and his 95 Theses-Questioning the Pope; Challenging the Church-But

Holy Roman Empire – brings different nations together in an awkward alliance

The Papacy – office of Pope-Starts with the Apostle Peter-Linked to Rome-The Bishop of Rome assumes leadership-325 the Council at Nicaea (if there is disagreement, the Pope has final say over other churches)-The concept of “Papal Primacy” solidified

Not without Controversy, Even among Christians-1054: The Great Schism-Churches in west and churches in east (Rome and Constantinople)-Pope declares all worship be done in Latin (Constantinople doesn’t know Latin)-Eastern Orthodox church

The Investiture Conflict-Who controls the offices of the Church?-1073-1085-Pope Gregory VII v. King Henry IV of the Holy Roman Empire-Separation of State from Church-Pope says king is no longer supported (if Christian then you can’t support the king)-King Hendry promises to never interfere with church

The Crusades-c. 1095-1291-4 major crusades-Focused on Jerusalem-Demonstrated power structures-Mixed motivations-First-Pope Urban II

700 Years of Religious Conflict

Who wrote the 95 theses? Martin LutherWho were most of the criticisms aimed at? The PopeShould not charge people for? Condolences

Timeline: 1000-1700Terms:-The Crusades-Papal Primacy-The Great Schism-The Investiture Conflict-Pope Urban the II and the First Crusade-Martin Luther

-The Peasants War-The St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre

1204: The Sack of Constantinople

The Avignon Papacy(1309-1378)-Pope flees the Mongols and unrest in Rome-French Popes solidify churches financial and legal structures-Pope Urban VI elected in 1378 – Now 2 Popes-Then 3 Popes in 1409!!-Finally back to a consensus Pope in 1417

And Finally – Martin Luther (1517)-Wants Reform, Not Revolutions-Indulgences-Posts his 95 Theses-Excommunicated-Then calls for revolution

Christian church and pope are anti-Christian

The Peasants War (1525)

Then the Massacre of St. Bartholomew’s Day (1572)

Notes for Exam 2

The St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre

10/17/2011

Isaac Newtwon

Gravity/PhysicsCalculusLight/OpticsMirror Based TelescopeAlchemy

The Principia Mathematica

3 Universal Laws of Mation

10/21/2011

Columbus had a compass and Portuguese sails

The first Atlas – 1475 The Catalan Atlas-Lines of latitude and longitude

1492 – First globe goes on sale (in critical mass)

Portugal and Spain – take over seas around Europe

Vasco da Gama (Portuguese) – makes it around Africa-Believes Indians will be impresses with trade/ afraid of take over-Meet bigger Chinese ships

Christopher Columbus (Spain) 1501-06-Extraordinary Sailor-Self Promoter1492 – goes to Bahamas with 3 ships

Pope steps in with Treaty of Tordesillas (1494)-Portugal gets East

10/17/2011

Isaac Newtwon

Gravity/PhysicsCalculusLight/OpticsMirror Based TelescopeAlchemy

10/21/2011

Columbus had a compass and Portuguese sails

The first Atlas – 1475 The Catalan Atlas-Lines of latitude and longitude

1492 – First globe goes on sale (in critical mass)

Portugal and Spain – take over seas around Europe

Vasco da Gama (Portuguese) – makes it around Africa-Believes Indians will be impresses with trade/ afraid of take over-Meet bigger Chinese ships

Christopher Columbus (Spain) 1501-06-Extraordinary Sailor-Self Promoter1492 – goes to Bahamas with 3 ships

Pope steps in with Treaty of Tordesillas (1494)-Portugal gets East-Spain gets West

Magellan (1519-1520)

10/28/11America Breaks Away from the Empire

Timeline: 1760s – 1783Terms:

French and Indian War Stamp Act Boston Massacre Boston Tea Party Thomas Jefferson George Washington Thomas Pain’s Common Sense Declaration of Independence (1776) Treaty of Paris (1783)

1. How and why did nationalism develop in America? (What did Britain do wrong?)2. What is being advocated here?

The French and Indian War Aka “The War for Empire” 1756-1763 A war of alliances Colonists serve in British Military Treaty of Paris (1763)

Snapshot of 1760s America Growing cities – Philadelphia, NYC, Boston, Charleston 1/5 population of African decent 90% of all slaves located in southern colonies Military Governors, colonial assemblies and the policy of “Benign Neglect”

Daniel Boone – Can we go West now?

George Grenville – First Lord of the Treasury 1764 – Revenue Act

11/2/11

The Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen (1789)

1789-> National AssemblyLouis XIV

Marie Antoinette: Diplomacy by marriage (France+Austria)Austrian: Married into FranceWants to be more involved->Becomes obsessed with shopping“We’re out of food and you have food in your hat”

1791-King and Queen flee to AustriaApprehended by army of National AssemblyPut on trial for treason, more of a shamSentenced to deathMarie Antoinette also publicly executed

RADICAL

Reactionary Backlash:Maximillien Robespierre and the “Reign of Terror”Committee of Public System

Timeline: 1776-1830Terms:-Articles of Confederation-Constitution-Federalism-Napoleon Bonaparte-Napoleonic Code-Battle of Waterloo (1815)-Toussaint L’Overture

Articles of Confederation-Agreed by 2nd Continental Congress-Government by National Legislature-Creates “These United States” (Not “The United States”)

The Federalism Question-Commitment to acting as a group, permanently bound together

11/09/2011

Europe Saved – Waterloo 1815

Toussaint L’Ouverture – Haiti’s Independence (1804)

Colonialism Shattered (1804-1830)

The Industrial Revolutions: When the Working World Changed

Timeline: 19th CenturyTerms:-The Industrial Revolutions-Eli Whitney-John D. Rockefeller-Victorian Ideals and “Separate Spheres”-Vertical and Horizontal Integration-Frederick W. Taylor-Henry Ford

The Big Changes…1. Creation of an Employee Nations2. Rise of Behemoth, National Corporations3. Rapid Urbanization4. The New Types of Wealth and Poverty

Was this really a revolution?John D. Rockefeller-Owner of Standard Oil-Controls 90% of the world’s oil refining business-Wanted more, but: “We realized that public sentiment would be against us if we actually refined all the world’s oil.”

Four causes:1. New technologies and energy sources2. Transportation boom3. New organizations and management techniques4. Steady government support for business

11-14-2011

Vertical and Horizontal IntegrationVertical Integration- Control materials, pre-production, production and distributionHorizontal Integration- Control (through monopolies and trusts) all companies doing the same thing

Frederick Taylor-Obsession with optimal production-Founds ‘Scientific Management’-New ways of “driving” labor-Solidifies split between management and labor

The Taylorism Gospel Spreads-American boom grants Taylor credibility-“Missionaries” take Taylor’s system abroad-World War I further internationalizes big business-Taylor writes:

-Shop Management (1903)-The Principles of Scientific Management (1911)

Ford’s Model T

Ford’s Assembly Line and Mass Production-Introduced without warning-Highly specialized tasks-Respond to worker’s problems-Regulate pace of work-Compete for good workers

A new (and better?) world-Material-World power

11-16-2011

Not everybody likes the new focus on technology and profits

Timeline: 1848-1920Terms:-Karl Marx and Frederick Engels – The Communist Manifesto-The International Working Men’s Association-The Proletariat v. the Bourgeoisie-The Bolshevik/Russian Revolution-Vladimir Lenin

Marx and Engels, The Communist Manifesto (1848)-Class struggle, working class should control everything-Until that can happen government should take control of everything-No private property-Wants to destroy capitalism

International Working Men’s Association (Marx Inaugural Address in 1864)

Marx Responds to Fears about Anarchy, Radicalism, and Secrecy

Trying Marxism During WWI:The Bolshevik Revolution – 1917

The Climate for Revolution: 1905 Protests

Ineffective Leadership: Tsar Nicholas II-Tried to ruse a vast undeveloped country-Took command of the Russian military during WWI-Could not feed his people

The Rasputin Scandal-Catches ear of Tsar’s wife-Gains inordinate power

Russian Industrial Life (12 hour days, Meager Pay, Not Enough Food, Crowded Cities)

1917 – Vladimir Lenin Returns

Gets Russia Out of WWI-The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk 1918

Hist 11-28

Peace and the Interwar Years

1915 – France mounted defense-Trench Warfare

Timeline: 1918-1930sTerms:-Wilson’s 14 points-Treaty of Versailles-The “Lost Generation”-The Great Depression-Joseph Stalin-Benito Mussolini

November 11, 1918Germany Surrenders

Wilson’s “14 Points” Plan

Treaty of Versailles-Germany to assume “war-guilt”-Pay to other European nations - $33 billion-Cede portions of German Empire-Promise not to remilitarize (100,000 men)-Included Wilson’s League of Nations

The “Lost Generation” of Europe – Men who don’t come back from the warBritain – debts to US/damage to infrastructureFrance – debtsGermany – no economyUS – revitalizeJapan – revitalize

All Quiet of the Western Front-Written by Remarque – German WWI Vet-Story of German students turned soldiers-Published 1928-1930 US film wins Academy Award for Best Picture

12-2-2011

Post WWI Hyper-Inflation

Hitler’s Paintings

Adolph Hitler

Nazi’s Ascent to Power-Publication of Mein Kampf – 1923-Gained assembly seats in 1920 and 32-Hitler appointed Chancellor – 1932-Hitler given unlimited war powers – 1933-1933 – Establishment of Third Reich-“Night of Long Knives” – 1934

Heinrich Himmler and the Shutzstaffel (SS)-Second military group to watch SA-Creates fear-Getstapo created to watch SS

12-05-2011

The Holocaust

Timeline: 1930s and 40s

Terms:-Holocaust-Auschwitz-September 1, 1939-Propaganda

Ethic cleansing via concentration caps

1935 – ghettos start-Concentration camps-death camps

PropagandaAimed not at Recruitment, But Raising Moral and Spreading Racism

Racism on both sidesAlso via Films

September 1, 1939 – Germany Invades Poland

June 1940 – Paris Captured

December 7, 1941 – Japan Attacks the United States at Pearl Harbor

Fighting of WWIITimeline: 1939-1945Terms:-D-Day Invasion-Yalta Peace Conference-Hiroshima and Nagasaki-The Marshall Plan

“A War of Extermination” Germany (and the Axis Powers) Invade USSR-June 1941, Germany invades USSR-Germany engaged in a two-front war

Mesopotamiao Region between Tigris and Euphrates Rivers

Cuneiformo First records – used for debto Wedge shaped

Hammurabi’s Codeo First code of lawo Babylonia

The Hebrewso Monotheismo Mount Sinai – Covenant – 10 commandments

The Old Testamento Religious writings of ancient Islam

Monotheismo Believe in only one god

Egypto The Nile River

Hieroglyphics o First records – concurrent with Cuneiform

The Pyramids o Several acres largeo For pharaoh afterlifeo Pharaoh is a god in their polytheistic religion

The Greek poliso City Stateo Gives rights to citizens and outlines responsibilities

The Olympicso 776 BC

Athenso Solon the Lawmaker brings out of the dark ageso Delian League

Spartao Phalanxo 2 kingso War on helotso Peloponnesian League

The Persian Waro 499-479 BCo Battle at Marathono Battle at Thermopiles

Pericleso 495-429 BCo Ostracismo Majority ruleo Pantheon and Acropolis

The Naked Olympicso Outside Reading

The Peloponnesian War

Term, Details, Significance, Time

The Renaissanceo Florence, Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangeloo Improve secular and worldly through revival or ideas from antiquity and through

novel approaches to thoughto 14th-17th centuries

Humanismo Study of poetry, grammar, history, moral philosophy and rhetorico Studied ancient Greece and Romeo Ideal citizen – transcend with perfect mind and bodyo Pico della Mirandola – Oration of the Dignity of Mano Matteo Palmieri – “On civic life” 1528

The Reformationo Martin Luther, John Calvin and other protestantso Northern Europe turned Protestanto Southern Europe stayed catholico Thirty years war (Habsburg vs. protestant princes) – Peace of Augsburgo 16th-century

Indulgenceso Pay money to forgive sinso Abused

Martin Luthero 95 theseso Pope should not charge for Indulgenceso 1517

St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacreo Group of assassins and violent catholic mob directed at Huguenotso Marriage between Henry III and Margareto Failed assassination of Admiral de Colignyo Turning point of French Wars of Religion – killed many aristocrat leaderso 1572

The Scientific Revolutiono Modern Science, Copernicus (Heliocentrism), Galileo (Atronomer) , Kepler

(Laws of Planetary Motion)o Scientific methodo 16th and 17th centuries

Isaac Newtono Gravity/Physics, Calculus, Light/Optics, Mirror based telescope, Alchemy

Exam 3 Notes

11-14-2011

Vertical and Horizontal IntegrationVertical Integration- Control materials, pre-production, production and distributionHorizontal Integration- Control (through monopolies and trusts) all companies doing the same thing

Frederick Taylor-Obsession with optimal production-Founds ‘Scientific Management’-New ways of “driving” labor-Solidifies split between management and labor

The Taylorism Gospel Spreads-American boom grants Taylor credibility-“Missionaries” take Taylor’s system abroad-World War I further internationalizes big business-Taylor writes:

-Shop Management (1903)-The Principles of Scientific Management (1911)

Ford’s Model T

Ford’s Assembly Line and Mass Production-Introduced without warning-Highly specialized tasks-Respond to worker’s problems-Regulate pace of work-Compete for good workers

A new (and better?) world-Material-World power-Less control