History Ofcomputers Lect 1

8/11/2019 History Ofcomputers Lect 1

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EE 102:Introduction to Computing

Lecture 1

19/03/2014

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Books to be followed:

1. C++ Primer, Fifth Edition by Stanley B.Lippman

2. Introduction to Computing Systemsfrom Bits and Gates to C and Beyond by Y.Y. Patt and S Patel, 3rdEdition

EE 102 : Introduction to Computing


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AGENDA

Computers In Society

Computers For Individual Use

Computers For Organizations

Evolution of Computers

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More impact than any otherinvention

Changed work and leisure activities

Used by all demographic groups

Computers are important because:

Provide information to users Information is critical to our society

Managing information is difficult


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Computers at home

Many homes have multiple computers

Most American homes have Internet

Computers are used for

Business

Entertainment

Communication

Education


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Computers in education

Computer literacy required at all levels

Computers in small business

Makes businesses more profitable

Allows owners to manage

Computers in industry

Computers are used to design products

Assembly lines are automated


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Computers in health care

Revolutionized health care

New treatments possibleScheduling of patients has

improved

Delivery of medicine is safer


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Desktop computers

The most common type of computer

Sits on the desk or floor

Performs a variety of tasks

Workstations

Specialized computers

Optimized for science or graphics

More powerful than a desktop


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Notebook computers

Small portable computers

Weighs between 3 and 8 pounds

About 8 by 11 inches

Typically as powerful as a desktop

Can include a docking station


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Handheld computers

Very small computers

Personal Digital Assistants (PDA)

Note taking or contact management

Data can synchronize with a desktop

Smart phones

Hybrid of cell phone and PDA

Web surfing, e-mail access



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Network servers

Centralized computer

All other computers connect

Provides access to network resources

Multiple servers are called server farms

Often simply a powerful desktop


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Mainframes

Used in largeorganizations

Handle thousandsof users

Users access

through a terminal


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Supercomputers

The most powerfulcomputers made

Handle large andcomplex calculations

Process trillions ofoperations persecond

Found in researchorganizations


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EVOLUTIONOF

CCOMPUTERS


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NEED FOR COMPUTERS

Basic Arithmetic Functions.

Processing Data.

Storage Data.


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GENESIS OF THECOMPUTERS

Earliest Computer (Abacus) used foraddition and subtraction.

These are analogue computers which havebeen replaced in modern times by pocketcalculators.


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Contd1939 The first semi-electronic digital computing

device is constructed byJohn Atanassoff.

The "Mark I" Automatic SequenceControlled Calculator, the first fullyautomatic calculator, is begun at Harvard

by mathematician Howard Aiken. Itsdesigned purpose was to generate ballistictables for Navy artillery.


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Contd

Controlled Calculator or Harvard Mark I(1944)-first information- processing machine

An electromechanical computer with 760,000wheels, 500 miles of wire, and a panel 51 ftlong and 8ft high


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GENERATION OF COMPUTERS First Generation Computers: (1950-1959)

Second Generation Computers: (1959-1969)

Third Generation Computers (1969-1977)

Fourth Generation Computers (1977-Present)

Fifth Generation Computers (Yet to come)


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COMPUTER NETWORKComputer networking started - 960s when time-sharingservices were first available to the public. Computernetworking has been developed at three levels:

Local area network (LAN) that interconnect computers

located within a relative small area such as a collegecampus

Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) representing LANtechnologies optimized for a metropolitan area such as acity

Wide Area Network (WAN) providing communicationservices over several kilometres, across the nation, or

around the globe


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CONTD ISDN: Came into existence in1970s:

regarded as an all-purpose digital network inthat it will provide an integrated access that

will support a wide variety of applications in aflexible and cost-effective manner. ISDN-

I ntegrated Service Digital Network

i ifi i


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Robotics And Artificial

Intelligence

A robot is a reprogrammable, multifunctionalmanipulator designed to perform functionsordinarily ascribed to humanbeings

Robot age began in 1954 when George C. Devol,who is regarded as the "father of robot," patented thefirst manipulator with a playback memory.

In 1969 and 1970, researchers at Stanford ResearchInstitute (SRI) produced a mobile robot, known asShakey, which had some vision capability


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Robot

A machine capable of carrying out acomplex series of actions automatically.

(esp. in science fiction) A machine

resembling a human being and able toreplicate certain human movements andfunctions.

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Contd

By the year 1978,there were about 2,500industrial robots in the United States.

University1980 witnessed theestablishment of the largest universitylaboratory on robotics at Carnegie

Mellon.


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FIRST GENERATION

COMPUTERS(1941-1956)

Operating instructions built with specifictask in mind

Only machine language possible

Difficulty and malfunctions

Vacuum tubes and magnetic drums


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EXAMPLES OF 1STGEN

ENIAC-Electronic Numerical Integratorand computer

University of Pennsylvania and The USGovernment

John Presper Eckert and John W Mauchly-

general purpose computer

18,000 vacuum tubes, 7000 resistors


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Contd..

EDVAC- Electronic Discrete VariableAutomatic Computer

Stored programme and data

Von Neumann

Single source control


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Contd

UNIVAC I- Universal Automatic Computer

Remington Rand

US Census Bureau and General Electric

The amazing prediction!


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SECOND GENERATION

COMPUTERS (1956-1963)

Invention of transistors

Shift from vacuum

Large scale machines made-atomic energy labs

Machine language replaced

Assembly vs binary


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contd

Showed modern day comp characteristics

Modern day utilities

Financial information processed

Instructions stored in memory

COBOL and FORTRAN were used (still in use forsome applications)


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THIRD GENERATION

COMPUTERS(1964-1971)

Faults of the transistor

IC (Integrated Circuit) -1958-Jack Kilby

Electronic components combined into

silicon chip- quartz Advancement-more components

Operating systems advantageous

Memory monitoring


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The ENIAC (Electronic NumericalIntegrator and Computer) is theworld's first electronic computer


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BRIEF HISTORY

In 1946, John Mauchly and JPresper Eckert developed theENIAC I

(Electrical Numerical IntegratorAnd Calculator).


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Contd

It was a war time effort by the University ofPensylvania's Moore School of ElectricalEngineering for the U.S Army's Ballistics

Reseach Lab at Aberdeen Maryland.


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Contd

The U.S. military sponsored their research;

they needed a calculating device for writingartillery-firing tables (the settings used fordifferent weapons under varied conditionsfor target accuracy).


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PHYSICAL FEATURES

It spanned 150 feet in width with twenty banksof flashing lights indicating the results of itscomputations.

Weighed 30 tons, consumed 160 kilowatts ofelectrical power


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Contd.

The ENIAC contained 17,468 vacuum tubes.

70,000 resistors, 10,000 capacitors, 1,500 relays,6,000 manual switches and 5 million soldered joints.


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PERFORMANCE

ENIAC could perform5,000 additions, 357multiplications or 38divisions.

The use of vacuumtubes instead ofswitches and relayscreated the increase inspeed


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Contd.

It was a 4 digit decimal arithmetic unit basedon vacuum tubes.

It could store 4 digits in memory (2 digitseach on the left and right).

Add and subtract 2 digits + 2 digits, performtransfer in 200 sec, and display results or

store them in memory.


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LIMITATIONS

It was unable to store program.

It had to be manually wired to execute

a particular program.

It could not be reprogrammed easily


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EDSAC contained 3,000 vacuum tubes andused mercury delay lines for memory.

Programs were input using paper tape andoutput results were passed to a tele-printer.

Additionally, EDSAC is credited as using oneof the first assemblers called "Initial Orders,"

which allowed it to be programmedsymbolically instead of using machine code. a


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There were a few large defects.The most significant one was how long it would take toreprogram it.

Previously, mechanical computers had beenprogrammed with cards or punched tape, but the Eniacwould operate too fast for that to be feasible, so therewasnt any apparent alternative to internal programming

- where a programmer would have to go rewire things tochange the program. This could take hours or even daysfor a new program to be written


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Electronic Discrete Variable AutomaticComputer, or EDVAC


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The actual ENIAC Type Arithmetic Systemand binary vacuum tube electronic computerare currently preserved in the Special Materials

Room of the Faculty of Engineering of OsakaUniversity.


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The Moore School computer nonethelessprovided a crucial step in a progression oftechnological advances; it also served to

convince military scientists and technicalexperts of the value and practicability ofelectronic computation. The resulting

enthusiasm was compounded by the advent ofthe Cold War;


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The rate of change in artillery designs and thechanging patterns of warfare created demands thatexceeded their computational capacity. At any other

time, the ideas worked out by John Mauchly and J.Presper Eckert--only 32 and 23 years old at the timethat they met--would have been dismissed asimpractical. Under other circumstances, their ideas

would have been rejected for the simple reason thatthe ENIAC would cost too much to build


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History

Designed by Ceymour Cray for CDC (1960).Left CDC to form a new company; Cray

research.

Manufactured supercomputers with newdesigns and became the top spot in the market(198590).

Today the pioneers in this field are IBM andHP.


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Classifications

Specific purposeGeneral purpose


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Challenges

Costly Protection from dust

Needs large storage capacity

Produces large amount of heat Protection from external heat

Huge machine


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Uses

Weather forecastingMilitary purposes

Molecular modeling

Nuclear research

Physical simulations

Scientific research


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Future computers

What will computers be like in the future? The computers of tomorrow wontbe on top

of desks and wont have a monitor, keyboardand case. They may look like a pen, box, sun

glasses etc.

The near future, crystal holographic memory iscoming on line at MCC.

Computers may be in a 2 or 3 part unit.Stationary semi-stationary and mobile.

How will we communicate with future


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How will we communicate with future

computers?

Get rid of keyboardsWe donthave to use our keyboard instead justsit before the monitor and tell the password or

just speak to your monitor. That will light upyour files on the internet. Our monitor willrecognize our voice.


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How will the futurecomputers look like ?


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It pro uces ot t e mon tor as we as t e ey oar onflat surfaces from where you can just carry out the


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flat surfaces from where you can just carry out the

normal operations .

Some computers look like boxes in which laserb d h fl f f h


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pbeams produces on the flat surface from whereyou can do your operations.


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THANK YOU

Documents

History Ofcomputers Lect 1