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Learn more about citing Wikipedia.
3GFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation,searchInternational Mobile
Telecommunications-2000 (IMT-2000), better known as 3G
or3rdGeneration, is a family of standards formobile
telecommunications defined by theInternationalTelecommunication
Union,[1] which includesGSMEDGE,UMTS, and CDMA2000 as well asDECT
and WiMAX. Services include wide-area wireless voice
telephone,video calls, andwireless data, all in a mobile
environment. Compared to 2G and 2.5G services, 3G
allowssimultaneous use of speech and data services and higher data
rates (up to 14.0 Mbit/s on thedownlink and 5.8 Mbit/s on the
uplink with HSPA+). Thus, 3G networks enable networkoperators to
offer users a wider range of more advanced services while achieving
greater networkcapacity through improved spectral efficiency.
The International Telecommunication Union (ITU) defined the
third generation (3G) of mobile
telephony standards IMT-2000 to facilitate growth, increase
bandwidth, and support morediverse applications. For example, GSM
(the current most popular cellular phone standard) coulddeliver not
only voice, but also circuit-switched data at download rates up to
14.4 kbps. But tosupport mobile multimedia applications, 3G had to
deliver packet-switched data with betterspectral efficiency, at far
greater bandwidths.[dubiousdiscuss]
Contents[hide]
1 Overview
2 History
3 Features
3.1 Data rates
3.2 Security
4 Evolution from 2G
4.1 From 2G to 2.5G
4.2 From 2.5G to 2.75G (EDGE)
5 Evolution towards 4G
6 Issues
7 See also 8 References
8.1 Explanatory Notes
8.2 Citations
8.3 Further reading
9 External links
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_Wikipediahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_telecommunicationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Telecommunication_Unionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Telecommunication_Unionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Telecommunication_Unionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GSMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GSMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EDGEhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EDGEhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UMTShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UMTShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CDMA2000http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DECThttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WiMAXhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_callhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_callhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_callhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2Ghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2.5Ghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megabithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megabithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HSPA+http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectral_efficiencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Telecommunication_Unionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Disputed_statementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Disputed_statementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Disputed_statementhttp://opt/scribd/conversion/tmp/scratch9/javascript:toggleToc()http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_telecommunicationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Telecommunication_Unionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Telecommunication_Unionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GSMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EDGEhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UMTShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CDMA2000http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DECThttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WiMAXhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_callhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2Ghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2.5Ghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megabithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HSPA+http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectral_efficiencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Telecommunication_Unionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Disputed_statementhttp://opt/scribd/conversion/tmp/scratch9/javascript:toggleToc()http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_Wikipedia
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[edit] OverviewIn 1999, ITU approved five radio interfaces for
IMT-2000 as a part of the ITU-R M.1457Recommendation; WiMAX was
added in 2007.[2]
There are evolutionary standards that are backwards-compatible
extensions to pre-existing2G
networks as well as revolutionary standards that require all-new
networks and frequencyallocations.[3] The later group is the UMTS
family, which consists of standards developed forIMT-2000, as well
as the independently-developed standards DECTandWiMAX, which
wereincluded because they fit the IMT-2000 definition.
Overview of 3G/IMT-2000 standards[4]
ITU IMT-2000 common name(s)bandwidth ofdata
pre-4G
duplex
channeldescriptio
ngeographical areas
TDMA SingleCarrier (IMT
SC)
EDGE (UWT-136)EDGEEvolutio
n
none
FDD
TDMA
evolutionary upgradeto
GSM/GPRS[nb 1]
worldwide, exceptJapan andKorea
CDMA MultiCarrier (IMT
MC)CDMA2000 EV-DO
UMB[nb 2]
CDMA
evolutionary upgradetocdmaOne(IS-95)
Americas,Asia,someothers
CDMA Direct Spread (IMTDS)
UMTS[nb 3]
W CDMA[nb 4]
HSPA LTE
family ofrevolutionary
standards.
worldwide
CDMA TDD
(IMTTC)
TD CDMA[nb 5]
TDD
Europe
TD SCDMA[nb6]
China
FDMA/TDMA(IMTFT)
DECT noneFDMA/TDMA
short-range;standardforcordlessphones
Europe,USA
IPOFDMAWiMAX (IEEE802.16)
OFDMAlateaddition
worldwide
While EDGEis part of the 3G standard, most GSM/UMTS phones
report EDGE (2.75G) andUMTS (3G) network availability as separate
functionality.
[edit] HistoryThe first pre-commercial 3G network was launched
byNTT DoCoMo in Japanbranded FOMA,in May 2001 on a pre-release
ofW-CDMA technology.[7] The first commercial launch of 3G wasalso
by NTT DoCoMo in Japan on October 1, 2001, although it was
initially somewhat limited inscope;[8][9] broader availability was
delayed by apparent concerns over reliability.[10] The second
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=3G&action=edit§ion=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WiMAXhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2Ghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2Ghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UMTShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DECThttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DECThttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WiMAXhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WiMAXhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WiMAXhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-4Ghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-4Ghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duplex_(telecommunications)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duplex_(telecommunications)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channel_access_methodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enhanced_Data_Rates_for_GSM_Evolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EDGE_Evolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EDGE_Evolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EDGE_Evolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FDDhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TDMAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GSMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GSMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CDMA2000http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EV-DOhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultra_Mobile_Broadbandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CDMAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CdmaOnehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W-CDMAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W-CDMAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Speed_Packet_Accesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3GPP_Long_Term_Evolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TD-CDMAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TD-CDMAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TDDhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TD-SCDMAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TD-SCDMAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DECThttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FDMAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TDMAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TDMAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TDMAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WiMAXhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_802.16http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_802.16http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OFDMAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enhanced_Data_Rates_for_GSM_Evolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enhanced_Data_Rates_for_GSM_Evolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=3G&action=edit§ion=2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NTT_DoCoMohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FOMAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W-CDMAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=3G&action=edit§ion=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WiMAXhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2Ghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UMTShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DECThttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WiMAXhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-4Ghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-4Ghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duplex_(telecommunications)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duplex_(telecommunications)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channel_access_methodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enhanced_Data_Rates_for_GSM_Evolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EDGE_Evolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EDGE_Evolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EDGE_Evolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FDDhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TDMAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GSMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GSMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CDMA2000http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EV-DOhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultra_Mobile_Broadbandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CDMAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CdmaOnehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W-CDMAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W-CDMAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Speed_Packet_Accesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3GPP_Long_Term_Evolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TD-CDMAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TD-CDMAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TDDhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TD-SCDMAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TD-SCDMAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DECThttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FDMAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TDMAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TDMAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WiMAXhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_802.16http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_802.16http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OFDMAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enhanced_Data_Rates_for_GSM_Evolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=3G&action=edit§ion=2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NTT_DoCoMohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FOMAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W-CDMA
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network to go commercially live was by SK Telecom in South
Koreaon the 1xEV-DOtechnology in January 2002. By May 2002 the
second South Korean 3G network was by KTF onEV-DO and thus the
Koreans were the first to see competition among 3G operators.
The first European pre-commercial network was at the Isle of Man
byManx Telecom, theoperator then owned by British Telecom, and the
first commercial network in Europe was
opened for business by Telenorin December 2001 with no
commercial handsets and thus nopaying customers. These were both on
the W-CDMA technology.
The first commercial United States 3G network was byMonet Mobile
Networks, on CDMA20001x EV-DO technology, but this network provider
later shut down operations. The second 3Gnetwork operator in the
USA was Verizon Wireless in October 2003 also on CDMA2000 1x EV-DO,
and this network has grown strongly since then.
The first pre-commercial demonstration network in the southern
hemisphere was built inAdelaide,South Australiaby m.Net Corporation
in February 2002 using UMTS on 2100 MHz.This was a demonstration
network for the 2002 IT World Congress. The first commercial
3Gnetwork was launched by Hutchison Telecommunications branded as
Three in March 2003.
In December 2007, 190 3G networks were operating in 40 countries
and 154 HSDPA networkswere operating in 71 countries, according to
the Global Mobile Suppliers Association (GSA). InAsia, Europe,
Canada and the USA, telecommunication companies use
W-CDMAtechnologywith the support of around 100 terminal designs to
operate 3G mobile networks.
In Europe, mass market commercial 3G services were introduced
starting in March 2003 by 3(Part ofHutchison Whampoa) in the UK and
Italy. The European UnionCouncil suggested thatthe 3G operators
should cover 80% of the European national populations by the end of
2005.
Roll-out of 3G networks was delayed in some countries by the
enormous costs of additionalspectrum licensing fees. (See Telecoms
crash.) In many countries, 3G networks do not use thesame radio
frequencies as2G, so mobile operators must build entirely new
networks and licenseentirely new frequencies; an exception is the
United States where carriers operate 3G service in
the same frequencies as other services. The license fees in some
European countries wereparticularly high, bolstered by government
auctions of a limited number of licenses and sealedbid auctions,
and initial excitement over 3G's potential. Other delays were due
to the expenses ofupgrading equipment for the new systems.
By June 2007 the 200 millionth 3G subscriber had been connected.
Out of 3 billion mobilephone subscriptions worldwide this is only
6.7%. In the countries where 3G was launched first -Japanand South
Korea - 3G penetration is over 70%.[11] In Europe the leading
country is Italywith a third of its subscribers migrated to 3G.
Other leading countries by 3G migration includeUK, Austria,
Australia and Singapore at the 20% migration level. A confusing
statistic iscounting CDMA 2000 1x RTT customers as if they were 3G
customers. If using this definition,then the total 3G subscriber
base would be 475 million at June 2007 and 15.8% of all
subscribers
worldwide.Telus first introduced 3G services in Canada in 2005.
Rogers Wirelessbegan implementing 3GHSDPA services in eastern
Canadaearly 2007 in the form ofRogers Vision.Fido Solutions
andRogers Wireless now offer 3G service in most urban centres.
MobitelIraq is the first mobile 3G operator in Iraq. It was
launched commercially on February2007.
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China announced in May 2008, that the telecoms sector was
re-organized and three 3G networkswould be allocated so that the
largest mobile operator, China Mobile, would retain its GSMcustomer
base. China Unicom would retain its GSM customer base but
relinquish itsCDMA2000 customer base, and launch 3G on the globally
leading WCDMA (UMTS) standard.The CDMA2000 customers of China
Unicom would go to China Telecom, which would thenlaunch 3G on the
CDMA 1x EV-DO standard. This meant that China would have all three
maincellular technology 3G standards in commercial use. Finally in
January 2009, Ministry ofindustry and Information Technology of
China has awarded licenses of all three standardsTD-SCDMA to China
Mobile, WCDMA to China Unicom and CDMA2000 to China Telecom.
In November 2008, Turkeyhas auctioned four IMT 2000/UMTS
standard 3G licenses with 45,40, 35 and 25 MHz top frequencies.
Turkcellhas won the 45 MHz band with its 358 millionoffer followed
by Vodafoneand Avea leasing the 40 and 35 MHz frequencies
respectively for 20years. The 25 MHz top frequency license remains
to be auctioned.
Still, several developing countrieshave not awarded 3G licenses
and customers await 3Gservices. China delayed its decisions on 3G
for many years, mainly because of theirGovernment's delay in
establishing well defined standards.[12]
The first African use of 3G technology was a 3G videocall made
inJohannesburg on theVodacom network in November 2004. The first
commercial launch of 3G in Africa was byEMTEL in Mauritius on the
W-CDMA standard. In north AfricanMorocco in late March 2006,a 3G
service was provided by the new company Wana.
T-Mobile, a major Telecommunication services provider has
recently rolled out a list of over 120U.S. cities which will be
provided with 3G Network coverage in the year 2009.[13]
In 2008, India entered into 3G Mobile arena with the launch of
3G enabled Mobile services byMahanagar Telephone Nigam Limited
(MTNL). MTNLis the first Mobile operator in India tolaunch 3G
services.
[edit] Features
[edit] Data rates
ITU has not provided a clear definition of the data rate users
can expect from 3G equipment orproviders. Thus users sold 3G
service may not be able to point to a standard and say that the
ratesit specifies are not being met. While stating in commentary
that "it is expected that IMT-2000will provide higher transmission
rates: a minimum data rate of 2 Mbit/s for stationary or
walkingusers, and 348 kbit/s in a moving vehicle," [14] the ITU
does not actually clearly specify minimumor average rates or what
modes of the interfaces qualify as 3G, so various rates are sold as
3Gintended to meet customers expectations of broadband data.
[edit] Security
3G networks offer a greater degree of security than 2G
predecessors. By allowing the UE (UserEquipment) to authenticate
the network it is attaching to, the user can be sure the network is
theintended one and not an impersonator. 3G networks use the
KASUMIblock crypto instead of theolderA5/1stream cipher. However, a
number of serious weaknesses in the KASUMI cipherhave been
identified[citation needed].
In addition to the 3G network infrastructure security, end to
end security is offered whenapplication frameworks such as IMS are
accessed, although this is not strictly a 3G property.
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[edit] Evolution from 2G2G networks were built mainly for voice
services and slow data transmission.
[edit] From 2G to 2.5G
The first major step in the evolution to 3G occurred with the
introduction of General Packet
Radio Service (GPRS). So the cellular services combined with
GPRS became '2.5G.'
GPRS could provide data rates from 56 kbit/s up to 114 kbit/s.
It can be used for services such asWireless Application Protocol
(WAP) access, Multimedia Messaging Service (MMS), and forInternet
communication services such as email and World Wide Web access.
GPRS data transferis typically charged per megabyte of traffic
transferred, while data communication via traditionalcircuit
switching is billed per minute of connection time, independent of
whether the useractually is utilizing the capacity or is in an idle
state.
[edit] From 2.5G to 2.75G (EDGE)
GPRS networks evolved to EDGE networks with the introduction of
8PSK encoding. EnhancedData rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE),
Enhanced GPRS (EGPRS), or IMT Single Carrier (IMT-
SC) is a backward-compatible digital mobile phone technology
that allows improved datatransmission rates, as an extension on top
of standard GSM. EDGE can be considered a 3G radiotechnology and is
part of ITU's 3G definition, but is most frequently referred to as
2.75G. EDGEwas deployed on GSM networks beginning in 2003initially
by Cingular (now AT&T) in theUnited States.
EDGE is standardized by 3GPP as part of the GSM family, and it
is an upgrade that provides apotential three-fold increase in
capacity of GSM/GPRS networks. The specification achieveshigher
data-rates by switching to more sophisticated methods of coding
(8PSK), within existingGSM timeslots.
[edit] Evolution towards 4G
Both3GPP and 3GPP2 are currently working on further extensions
to 3G standards, named LongTerm Evolution and Ultra Mobile
Broadband, respectively. Being based on an all-IP
networkinfrastructure and using advanced wireless technologies such
as MIMO, these specificationsalready display features
characteristic forIMT-Advanced (4G), the successor of 3G.
However,falling short of the bandwidth requirements for 4G (which
is 1 Gbit/s for stationary and 100Mbit/s for mobile operation),
these standards are classified as 3.9G orPre-4G.
3GPP plans to meet the 4G goals with LTE Advanced, whereas
Qualcomm has halteddevelopment of UMB in favour of the LTE family.
[5]
[edit] IssuesAlthough 3G was successfully introduced to users
across the world, some issues are debated by
3G providers and users:
Expensive input fees for the 3G service licenses in some
jurisdictions
Differences in licensing terms between states
Level of debt incurred by some telecommunication companies,
which makes investmentin 3G difficult
Lack of state support for financially troubled operators
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=3G&action=edit§ion=6http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=3G&action=edit§ion=7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPRShttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=3G&action=edit§ion=8http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=3G&action=edit§ion=9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3GPPhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3GPPhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3GPP2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3GPP_Long_Term_Evolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3GPP_Long_Term_Evolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultra_Mobile_Broadbandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Next_Generation_Networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Next_Generation_Networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIMOhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIMOhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMT-Advancedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3.9Ghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-4Ghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-4Ghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-4Ghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LTE_Advancedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=3G&action=edit§ion=10http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=3G&action=edit§ion=6http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=3G&action=edit§ion=7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPRShttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=3G&action=edit§ion=8http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=3G&action=edit§ion=9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3GPPhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3GPP2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3GPP_Long_Term_Evolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3GPP_Long_Term_Evolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultra_Mobile_Broadbandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Next_Generation_Networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Next_Generation_Networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIMOhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMT-Advancedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3.9Ghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-4Ghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LTE_Advancedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=3G&action=edit§ion=10
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Cost of 3G phones
Lack of coverage in some areas
Demand for broadband services in a hand-held device
Battery life of 3G phones
