Using Evidence and Citing Sources

What is evidence?

• Evidence = information that helps explain and prove your ideas

• Types of evidence include the following:• Specific Examples• Facts• Statistics• Opinions from experts• Maps, charts, graphs

What are three ways to use evidence?

• Quote it place in quotation marks

everything that comes directly from the text.

• Paraphrase it restate the idea in

your own words.

• Cite it give the source where you

found your informationhttp://www.grammar-quizzes.com/writing_plagiarism.html

Terms to know…

It’s important to tell where you found your evidence.

• Not citing your sources= plagiarism

• Plagiarism is stealing because you are using another person's words, ideas,

or images without giving credit to that person.

http://libguides.collegeofsanmateo.edu/content.php?pid=112738&sid=1451036

Citing your sources = telling where you found your evidence

http://classguides.lib.uconn.edu/content.php?pid=50827&sid=386249 on 9/02/13

What information needs to be cited?

• OK to use common knowledge - facts that can be found in many places and are likely to be known by a lot of people.

• Not OK to use another person's ideas, opinions, theories, statistics facts or spoken words which are not common knowledge.

http://www.grammar-quizzes.com/writing_plagiarism.html

Sourcea term used to

describe the

place where

information is

found such as in

an article, book,

or website

• citation (noun) = information about a book or article such as the title, author, and date which someone can use to find the same book or article

• to cite, citing (verb) = to tell where you found your evidence and information.

• MLA style = a specific way to format citations and bibliographies used in English literature classes

http://libguides.collegeofsanmateo.edu/content.php?pid=112738&sid=1451036

• common knowledge - facts that can be found in many places and are likely to be known by a lot of people.

What are In-Text Citations orParenthetical Citations?

An in-text citation identifies the source where you took a specific quotation, fact, idea, or opinion.

In-text citations are also called parenthetical citations because they appear in parentheses.

For Example:One author claims that “no one is concerned with

this issue” (Jones 45).

In-Text Citation vs. Foot/Endnotes

In-text citations lead readers to specific works listed on the Works Cited page.

Footnotes and endnotes provide readers with the explanatory information:

Content notes offer additional comments, information, insight, etc., not provided in the text

Bibliographic notes provide information on additional sources or comments on other sources.

When do I use an in-text citation?

1. You directly quote a source.

2. You paraphrase a source (even if you change the word order and replace words with synonyms).

3. You use an idea from a source. Because the idea is not originally yours, it belongs to the author(s) of the source and must be cited.

4. You use information that is not common knowledge.

What are the features of an in-text citation/parenthetical citation?

Example:

She said, “This is a quote” (Burkhart 1) .

• The citation includes the author’s name and page #.

• The end punctuation mark goes AFTER the citation, not inside of the quotation marks.

• In-text citations refer the reader to an entry on the Works Cited page

Burkhart, Mary. Tips for Writing Consultants. Scranton: Scranton Books, 2008. Print.

Fairy Tales

by Hans Christian Anderson

Once upon a time there was a girl.

Here is a source.

To use a direct quote do this:

I just read a book that begins “Once upon a time there was a girl” (Anderson 2).

This tells you the author.

Once upon a time there was a girl.

Fairy Tales

by Hans Christian Anderson

The quotation marks show you that these words are written the exact same as the original source.

This tells you the page number.

What is a Work Cited page?

• Also called a bibliography

• Located at the end of your essay

• Contains enough information that the reader can find the source you are citing.

Remember:

• You can paraphrase your evidence or you can directly quote your evidence, but you must always tell where you found the information by giving an in-text citation.

• Remember, telling where you found your information is called citing your sources.

How do I create a Works Cited page?

• Citations are listed alphabetically according to the first word in the entry

• Citations are double-spaced• Use hanging indentation; this is the opposite of

how you indent a paragraph. The first line takes up the entire line and then every line after it is indented 5 spaces.

• Websites like www.easybib.com help you create an MLA works cited citation.

For example:Truth, Sojourner. Narrative of Sojourner Truth. Ed.

Margaret Washington. New York: Vintage, 1993. Print.

How do I create in-text citations?

• Your citation goes at the END of the SENTENCE, not directly after the quote.

• Although “this is a quote,” it is not very interesting (Galbraith).

What if my quote is really long?

• Any quote OVER 4 typed lines needs to be in the following format:

You will leave off the quote marks. You will also indent the whole thing into a block like you see here. You will place the citation outside the punctuation mark, which is different from regular citations. (Galbraith 1)

What if I am directly quoting a source, but need to change a word?

• If you need to change a word inside of the quote, use [brackets]:

• “We didn’t always live on Mango Street” (Cisneros 3).

• “[Esperanza] didn’t always live on Mango Street” (Cisneros 3).

How do I quote something that already uses quotation marks?

• When quotation marks already appear around the text (such as in dialogue),

you will punctuate it like this:

“‘Stop,’ yelled Amanda” (Smith 27).

Single quotation marks surround the

dialogue.

Double quotation marks surround the

entire quoted material .

How do I integrate quotes into my writing?

1) Introduce the information with a complete sentence followed by a colon.

2) Introduce the information with an introductory statement, followed by a comma.

3) Weave the information into a sentence.

#1 Integrating Quotes

• Write a complete sentence followed by a colon.

• If you make a statement using a complete sentence, you can support your statement with a quote in the following fashion:

• Humans are a major cause of global warming: “Our dependency on petroleum based products is a major issue when it comes to global warming” (Adams 17) .

#2 Integrating Quotes

• Write an introductory statement, followed by a comma.

• If you want to introduce something that was said or thought, you would use the following integration technique:

• According to Dr. Matthew Price, “AIDS rates are increasing among American teenagers" (12-13).

Because the source is already mentioned in the introductory statement, you don’t have to restate it in the parentheses.

#3 Integrating Quotes

• Make the quote part of the sentence itself.

• You can weave your quotation into the sentence itself in the following manner:• Blood Diamonds are often “trafficked

across the borders of politically unstable countries” in order to make a profit (Stevenson 13).

Practice

• Turn to page 4 and practice citing your sources and embedding quotations into your writing.

• When you finish, place this handout in the Notes section of your binder.