Learn From Hope - Crowd Sourcing Wikipedia

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Crowdsourcing

Please read:A personal

appeal fromWikipedia

founder Jimmy

Wales

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

(Redirected from Crowd sourcing)

Crowdsourcing is the act of outsourcing tasks, traditionally performed

by an employee or contractor, to an undefined, large group of people or

community (a crowd), through an open call.

Jeff Howe, one of first authors to employ the term, established that the

concept of crowdsourcing depends essentially on the fact that because it

is an open call to an undefined group of people, it gathers those who are

most fit to perform tasks, complex problems and contribute with the most

relevant and fresh ideas to benefits from their inputs.

For example, the public may be invited to develop a new technology,

carry out a design task (also known as community-based design[1] and

distributed participatory design), refine or carry out the steps of an

algorithm (see human-based computation), or help capture, systematize

or analyze large amounts of data (see also citizen science).

The term has become popular with businesses, authors, and journalists as

shorthand for the trend of leveraging the mass collaboration enabled by

Web 2.0 technologies to achieve business goals. However, both the term

and its underlying business models have attracted controversy and

criticisms.

Contents [hide]

1 History

2 Overview

2.1 Web-based crowdsourcing

2.2 Collaboration

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History

The term "crowdsourcing" is a neologistic portmanteau of "crowd" and

"outsourcing," first coined by Jeff Howe in a June 2006 Wired magazine

article "The Rise of Crowdsourcing".[2][3] Howe explains that becausetechnological advances have allowed for cheap consumer electronics, the

gap between professionals and amateurs has been diminished.

Companies are then able to take advantage of the talent of the public, and

Howe states that "It’s not outsourcing; it’s crowdsourcing."

Projects which make use of group intelligence, such as the LazyWeb or

Luis von Ahn's ESP Game, predate that word coinage by several years.

Recently, the Internet has been used to publicize and manage

crowdsourcing projects.

A more detailed definition was introduced by Henk van Ess in

september 2010 "Crowdsourcing is channelling the experts desire to

solve a problem and then freely sharing the answer with everyone".

Overview

Crowdsourcing is a distributed problem-solving and production model. In

the classic use of the term, problems are broadcast to an unknown group

of solvers in the form of an open call for solutions. Users —also known as

the crowd —typically form into online communities, and the crowd submits

solutions. The crowd also sorts through the solutions, finding the best

ones. These best solutions are then owned by the entity that broadcast

the problem in the first place —the crowdsourcer —and the winning

individuals in the crowd are sometimes rewarded. In some cases, this

labor is well compensated, either monetarily, with prizes, or with

recognition. In other cases, the only rewards may be kudos or intellectual

3 Early examples

4 Recent examples

5 Appeal

6 Controversy

7 Brand marketing

8 Historical examples

9 See also

10 Notes

11 References

12 External links

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satisfaction. Crowdsourcing may produce solutions from amateurs or

volunteers working in their spare time, or from experts or small

businesses which were unknown to the initiating organization.[4] Jeff

Howe has differentiated four types of crowdsourcing strategies:

Crowdfunding

Crowdcreation

Crowdvoting Crowd wisdom

The use of the term has spread to include models where discrete work is

distributed to individuals within the crowd. Companies such as

CloudCrowd and CrowdFlower do not use classic CrowdSourcing

because the crowd does not all participate together, or collectively sort

through solutions.

Perceived benefits of crowdsourcing include the following:

Problems can be explored at comparatively little cost, and often very

quickly.

Payment is by results or even omitted (See this page on the German

Wikipedia).

The organization can tap a wider range of talent than might be present

in its own organization.[5]

By listening to the crowd, organizations gain first-hand insight on their

customers' desires.

The community may feel a brand-building kinship with the

crowdsourcing organization, which is the result of an earned sense of

ownership through contribution and collaboration.

In his article, "Power of Crowdsourcing" , Matt H. Evans contends that

"Crowdsourcing taps into the global world of ideas, helping companies

work through a rapid design process." This is usually available at

relatively no cost, as people are always willing to share their ideas on a

global scale.[6]

The difference between crowdsourcing and ordinary outsourcing is that a

task or problem is outsourced to an undefined public rather than a

specific other body. The difference between crowdsourcing and open

source is that open source production is a cooperative activity initiated

and voluntarily undertaken by members of the public. In crowdsourcing

the activity is initiated by a client and the work may be undertaken on an

individual, as well as a group, basis.

[7]

Other differences between open



source and crowdsourced production relate to the motivations of

individuals to participate.[7][8]

Crowdsourcing also has the potential to be a problem-solving mechanism

for government and nonprofit use.[7] Urban and transit planning are prime

areas for crowdsourcing.[9] One project to test crowdsourcing's public

participation process for transit planning in Salt Lake City has been

underway from 2008 to 2009, funded by a U.S. Federal Transit

Administration grant.[10] Another notable application of crowdsourcing to

government problem solving is the Peer to Patent Community Patent

Review project for the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office.[11]

Web-based crowdsourcing

With the increase of web applications' capabilities over the past two

decades[citation], the capabilities for crowdsourcing techniques has been

greatly increased, and now the term often refers exclusively to web basedactivity. While the potential for web-based crowdsourcing has existed for

many years, it hasn't been well implemented until more recently.

In a Leah DeVun interview of Andrea Grover, DeVun asks Grover if web-

based collaborative projects tend to be different from face-to-face

projects. Grover states that individuals tend to be more open because

they are not being physically judged or scrutinized.[12] This ultimately

allows for well-designed artistic projects because individuals are less

conscious, or maybe even less aware, of scrutiny towards their work. Inan online atmosphere there is more attention being given to the project

rather than communication with other individuals.

An important example of web-based crowdsourcing, mentioned also in

Howe's original book, is social bookmarking (also called collaborative

tagging). In social bookmarking systems, users assign tags to resources

shared with other users, which given rise to a type of information

organisation that emerges from this crowdsourcing process. Other

important examples are web-based idea competitions.[13] Recent

research[14] has shown that consensus around stable distributions and a

simple form of shared vocabularies does indeed emerge in such systems

even in the absence of a central controlled vocabulary.

Collaboration

"Collaboratition" is a neologism to describe a type of crowdsourcing used

for problems that require a collaborative or cooperative effort to be

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successful, but use competition as a motivator for participation or

performance. A good example of collaboratition is the 2009 DARPA

experiment in crowdsourcing. DARPA placed 10 balloon markers across

the United States and challenged teams to compete to be the first to

report the location of all the balloons. Collaboration of efforts was required

to complete the challenge quickly and in addition to the competitive

motivation of the contest as a whole, the winning team (MIT, in less than

seven hours) established its own "collaborapetitive" environment to

generate participation in their team.[15]

Another form of collaboration can be found in the term of crowdfunding,

inspired from crowdsourcing. Crowdfunding collaboration takes on a

different role, describes the collective cooperation, attention and trust by

people who network pooling their money together, usually via the Internet,

in order to support efforts initiated by other people or organizations.

Crowdfunding occurs for any variety of purposes, from disaster relief to

citizen journalism to artists seeking support from fans, to political

campaigns. The Age of Stupid is perhaps the most publicized and

successful case to-date; this film raised $1.2 million via crowd funding,

and also used crowd sourcing to distribute and exhibit it around the world.[16]

Early examples

The Oxford English Dictionary (OED) may provide one of the earliest

examples of crowdsourcing. An open call was made to the community for

contributions by volunteers to index all words in the English language and

example quotations for each and every one of their usages. In the 70

year project, they received over 6 million submissions. The making of the

OED is detailed in The Surgeon of Crowthorne by Simon Winchester.

Augusto Boal's Theatre of the Oppressed provides early examples of

crowdsourcing in theatrical performances. Boal's models give emphasis

to the participants, and the influence their collaboration has on theirperformances.

In 1994, Northeast Consulting compiled a database of trends in the

marketplace. This database was collected from numerous sources,

offering an example of early crowdsourcing.[17]

The Internettunnel in Leidschendam/Netherlands by Zwarts & Jansma

Architects and artist Hans Muller is another early example of

crowdsourcing. Opened in 1998, people could feed the LED-display via

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the Internet with their own texts. Also, words could be blocked for a

certain time. The public became its own dynamic filter, preventing, for

example, racist remarks.

Douglas Adams's fictional concept of the Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy

in the multimedia franchise of that same name is largely written by

random people who wandered into the publishing offices.

Recent examples

Main article: List of crowdsourcing projects

Appeal

Andrea Grover, curator of the 2006 crowdsourcing art show, Phantom

Captain: Art and Crowdsourcing , explained in an interview that

crowdsourcing eliminates a financial barrier that prohibits most peoplefrom participating in art, as "Internet real estate is essentially free."

Grover finds that the primary appeal of crowdsourcing is the satisfaction

that is obtained through working with a community.

Individuals who participate in crowdsourcing projects are often

anonymous, and Grover states that "people reveal more when they’re not

face-to-face," because "there’s a certain security in not being physically

present," which adds to the appeal of crowdsourcing.

Dion Hinchcliffe explains in his article Crowdsourcing: 5 Reasons Its Not

Just For Start Ups Anymore several reasons why businesses find

crowdsourcing appealing. These include, but are not limited to, the ability

to offload peak demand, access to cheaper business inputs, generating

better results, and undertaking problems that would have been too difficult

to solve internally. Crowdsourcing allows for businesses to submit

problems in which contributors can work on problems in science,

manufacturing, biotech, medicine, etc, with monetary rewards for

successful solutions. Businesses can crowdsource design issues,

ranging from simple web design (Crowdspring) or more complicated

design problems. Although it is difficult to crowdsource complicated tasks

simple work tasks can be crowdsourced cheaply and effectively. The

testing of software and other services can be crowdsourced.

Crowdsourced customer support allows businesses to rely on customers

to solve other customers issues and questions.

Controversy

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The ethical, social, and economic implications of crowdsourcing are

subject to wide debate. For example, author and media critic Douglas

Rushkoff, in an interview published in Wired News , expressed

ambivalence about the term and its implications.[18] Wikipedia co-founder

Jimmy Wales is also a vocal critic of the term.[19]

Some reports have focused on the negative effects of crowdsourcing on

business owners, particularly in regard to how a crowdsourced project

can sometimes end up costing a business more than a traditionally

outsourced project.

Some possible pitfalls of crowdsourcing include the following:

Added costs to bring a project to an acceptable conclusion.

Increased likelihood that a crowdsourced project will fail due to lack of

monetary motivation, too few participants, lower quality of work, lack

of personal interest in the project, global language barriers, or

difficulty managing a large-scale, crowdsourced project.

Below-market wages[20] or no wages at all. Barter agreements are

often associated with crowdsourcing.

No written contracts, non-disclosure agreements, or employee

agreements or agreeable terms with crowdsourced employees.

Difficulties maintaining a working relationship with crowdsourced

workers throughout the duration of a project.

Susceptibility to faulty results caused by targeted, malicious work

efforts.

Though some critics believe crowdsourcing exploits or abuses individuals

for their labor, studies into the motivations of crowds have not yet shown

that crowds feel exploited. On the contrary, many individuals in the crowd

experience significant benefits from their participation in crowdsourcing

applications.[21][22][23][24] Further authors discuss both risks and rewards

of using crowdsourcing as a means of balancing global inequalities. [25]

Project's like Amazon.com's "The Turk" have, however, made significant

advancement in addressing these issues in the last several years. "The

Turk" seeks to empower firms, developers and creators of any kind by

lubricating the relationship between them and crowds. It achieves this by

creating a platform through which crowds and employers communicate

and perform transactions in a way that is safe for both parties.

In Leah DeVun's interview of Andrea Grover the question, "Do you think

that crowdsourcin removes an economic barrier that mi ht revent



people from participating in art?" Grover's reply was yes. Grover went on

to explain that crowdsourcing was originally based on economics. It was

designed for businesses to be cost-efficient and lower their expenditures.[26]

Grover also provided an example of a crowdsourcing project that went

astray. Justcurio.us was a website where users would ask questions, and

receive answers from other users visiting the site. It eventually degraded

into people asking questions for pornographic purposes. Grover relates

that "maybe just asking a question is too simple. Maybe there has to be

more complexity."[27]

Brand marketing

Crowdsourcing has attracted the attention of brand marketers as a way to

engage customers using social media. Dorito’s "Crash the Super Bowl"

campaign is one prominent example of a fully integrated and successfulprogram. Dorito’s fans created their own advertisements for the chance to

win a trip to the game, $25,000 cash, and the fame of creating a Super

Bowl advertisement. Crowdsourcing for brands doesn’t always work.

Levia, a medical device marketer, failed to generate crowdsourcing

activity with a similar promotion. They lacked the prerequisites of a

crowd, sufficient motivation, and a reasonable expectation of work effort.[28]

Historical examples

The Alkali Prize

The Longitude Prize

Fourneyron's Turbine

Montyon Prizes

Nicolas Appert and food preservation

Loebner Prize

Millennium Prize Problems

See also

Buzzwords

Citizen science

Clickworkers

Co-creation

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Collective intelligence

Collaborative innovation network

Configuration system

Crowdcasting

Crowd funding

Distributed Computing

Distributed thinking Human Computation

Know-How Trading

List of crowdsourcing projects

The Long Tail

Mass Collaboration

Mass Customization

Micro-revenue

Open Innovation

Problem Solving

Scripped

Social collaboration

Social commerce

Toolkits for User Innovation

Tuangou

Virtual assistant Virtual volunteering

Waze

Wikinomics

Wisdom of Crowds

Ubiquitous Human Computing

Urtak

Zooppa

Notes

1. ^ Crowd Sourcing Turns Business On Its Head

2. ^ David Whitford (2007-03-22). "Hired Guns on the Cheap" . Fortune

Small Business . Retrieved 2007-08-07.

3. ^ Jeff Howe (June 2006). "The Rise of Crowdsourcing" . Wired . Retrieved

2007-03-17.

4. ^ Jeff Howe (June 2006). "The Rise of Crowdsourcing" . Wired . Retrieved

2007-03-17.

[edit



5. ^ Noveck, Simone. (2009). Wiki Government: How Technology Can Make

Government Better, Democracy Stronger, and Citizens More Powerful, p.

63.

6. ^ http://www.exinfm.com/board/crowdsourcing.htm

7. ^a b c Daren C. Brabham. (2008). "Crowdsourcing as a Model for Problem

Solving: An Introduction and Cases", Convergence: The International

Journal of Research into New Media Technologies, 14 (1), pp. 75-90.

8. ^ Daren C. Brabham. (2008). "Moving the Crowd at iStockphoto: TheComposition of the Crowd and Motivations for Participation in a

Crowdsourcing Application" , First Monday, 13 (6)

9. ^ Daren C. Brabham. (2009). "Crowdsourcing the Public Participation

Process for Planning Projects", Planning Theory, 8 (3), pp. 242-262.

10. ^ U.S. Department of Transportation Federal Transit Administration Public

Transportation Participation Pilot Program. "PTP-3 FY 2008 Projects:

Crowdsourcing Public Participation in Transit Planning"

11. ^ Peer-to-Patent Community Patent Review Project. "Peer to Patent

Community Patent Review", at http://www.peertopatent.org/ .

12. ^ DeVun, Leah. "Looking at how crowds produce and present art." Wired

News. Web. 19 Nov. 2009.

<http://www.wired.com/techbiz/media/news/2007/07/crowd_captain?

currentPage=all >.

13. ^ * Jan Marco Leimeister, Michael Huber, Ulrich Bretschneider, Helmut

Krcmar (2009): Leveraging Crowdsourcing: Activation-Supporting

Components for IT-Based Ideas Competition. In: Journal of Management

Information Systems (2009), Volume: 26, Issue: 1, Publisher: M.E. Sharpe

Inc., Pages: 197-224, ISSN: 07421222, DOI: 10.2753/MIS0742-1222260108[1]

Winfried Ebner; Jan Marco Leimeister; Helmut Krcmar (2009):

Community Engineering for Innovations -The Ideas Competition as a

method to nurture a Virtual Community for Innovations. In: R&D

Management, 39 (4),pp 342-356 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-

9310.2009.00564.x [2]

14. ^ V. Robu, H. Halpin, H. Shepherd Emergence of consensus and shared

vocabularies in collaborative tagging systems , ACM Transactions on the

Web (TWEB), Vol. 3(4), article 14, ACM Press, September 2009.

15. ^ https://networkchallenge.darpa.mil/default.aspx

16. ^ http://ageofstupid.net

17. ^ http://c21org.typepad.com/21st_century_organization/2009/02/looking-

forward---emerging-and-declining-networks-for-2009.html

18. ^ Cove, Sarah (2007-07-12). "What Does Crowdsourcing Really Mean?"

Wired News (Assignment Zero). Retrieved 2008-02-19.

19. ^ McNichol, Tom (2007-07-02). "The Wales Rules for Web 2.0" .

Business 2.0 . Retrieved 2008-02-19. "I find the term 'crowdsourcing'



incredibly irritating," Wales says. "Any company that thinks it's going to

build a site by outsourcing all the work to its users not only disrespects the

users but completely misunderstands what it should be doing. Your job is

to provide a structure for your users to collaborate, and that takes a lot of

work."

20. ^ Sherwood Stranieri (October 2006). "Beer Money: Mechanical Turk on

Campus" . Paylancers . Retrieved 2008-03-14.

21. ^ Daren C. Brabham. (2008). "Moving the Crowd at iStockphoto: The

Composition of the Crowd and Motivations for Participation in a

Crowdsourcing Application", First Monday, 13 (6), available online at

http://www.uic.edu/htbin/cgiwrap/bin/ojs/index.php/fm/article/view/2159/196

22. ^ Daren C. Brabham. (2009, August). "Moving the Crowd at Threadless:

Motivations for Participation in a Crowdsourcing Application", Paper

presented at the annual meeting of the Association for Education in

Journalism and Mass Communication, Boston, MA.

23. ^ Katri Lietsala & Atte Joutsen. (2007). "Hang-a-rounds and True Believers

A Case Analysis of the Roles and Motivational Factors of the Star Wreck

Fans", In A. Lugmayr, K. Lietsala, & J. Kallenbach (Eds.), MindTrek 2007

Conference Proceedings (pp. 25-30). Tampere, Finland: Tampere

University of Technology.

24. ^ Karim R. Lakhani, Lars Bo Jeppesen, Peter A. Lohse & Jill A. Panetta.

(2007). The value of openness in scientific problem solving (Harvard

Business School Working Paper No. 07-050), available online at

http://www.hbs.edu/research/pdf/07-050.pdf .

25. ^ Roth, S. (2008): Open Innovation AcrossThe Prosperity Gap: An Essay

On Getting The Caucasus Back Into The European Innovation Society. In:

International Black Sea University Scientific Journal, Vol 2., No. 2, pp. 5-20,

http://steffenroth.files.wordpress.com/2009/10/ibsusj_open-

innovationacrossthe-prosperity-gap.pdf




currentPage=all >.




currentPage=all >.

28. ^ Crowdsourcing without a Crowd: Levia's Failed Attempt ,

merriamassociates.com. Retrieved 15 November 2010

References

What is crowdsourcing?

Noveck, Beth Simone. (2009). Wiki Government: How Technology

[edit



This page was last modified on 26 November 2010 at 00:31.

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License;

additional terms may apply. See Terms of Use for details.

Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profi

organization.

Contact us

Can Make Government Better, Democracy Stronger, and Citizens

More Powerful. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press. 10-

ISBN 0-8157-0275-2; 13-ISBN 978-0-8157-0275-7

External links

The Crowd Is Wise (When It’s Focused) , by Steve Lohr, "The New

York Times", July 18, 2009.

Internettunnel Leidschendam, Zwarts & Jansma Architects

Moving the Crowd at iStockphoto: The Composition of the Crowd and

Motivations for Participation in a Crowdsourcing Application , by

Daren C. Brabham, First Monday , June 2, 2008.

Crowdsourcing: consumers as creators , by Paul Boutin, Business

Week , July 13, 2006.

Secure Distributed Human Computation by Craig Gentry, Zulfikar

Ramzan, and Stuart Stubblebine. Proceedings of the 6th ACM

Conference on Electronic Commerce, 2005.

Innovation in the Age of Mass Collaboration , by Don Tapscott and

Anthony D. Williams, Business Week , February 1, 2007.

Randy Burge: Internet allows us to resource the crowd ,

Albuquerque Tribune , April 9, 2007.

Assignment Zero First Take: Wiki Innovators Rethink Openness:

Citizendium, by Michael Ho for Assignment Zero and Wired , May 3,

2007.

Four crowdsourcing lessons from the Guardian’s (spectacular)

expenses-scandal experiment from Nieman Journalism Lab

Wiki dedicated to Crowdsourcing

Categories: Web 2.0 neologisms | Business | Outsourcing |

Crowdsourcing | Collaboration | Social information processing | Social

psychology

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