Leadership, Behavior & St

8/7/2019 Leadership, Behavior & St

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Leadership,Leadership,

Behavior & StyleBehavior & Style

Presented by Presented by

H I R A T A S L E E MH I R A T A S L E E M



LeadershipLeadership

LeadershipLeadership isis statedstated asas thethe ´process´process of of socialsocial

influenceinfluence inin whichwhich oneone personperson cancan enlistenlist thethe aidaid

andand supportsupport of of othersothers inin thethe accomplishmentaccomplishment of of aacommoncommon task task..

Ref: Chemers, M. M. (2002). MetaRef: Chemers, M. M. (2002). Meta--cognitive, social, andcognitive, social, and emotional intelligenceemotional intelligence of of

transformational leadership: Efficacy and Effectiveness. In R.E. Riggio, S.E.transformational leadership: Efficacy and Effectiveness. In R.E. Riggio, S.E.

Murphy, F. J. Pirozzolo (Eds.), Multiple Intelligences and Leadership.Murphy, F. J. Pirozzolo (Eds.), Multiple Intelligences and Leadership.



Definitions more inclusive of followers haveDefinitions more inclusive of followers havealso emerged.also emerged. Alan Keith of GenentechAlan Keith of Genentech statesstatesthat, ´Leadership is ultimately about creating athat, ´Leadership is ultimately about creating a

way for people to contribute to making way for people to contribute to making something extraordinary happen.µsomething extraordinary happen.µ

Ref: Kouzes. J. , and Posner, B. (2007). The Leadership Challenge.Ref: Kouzes. J. , and Posner, B. (2007). The Leadership Challenge.

CA: Jossey Bass.CA: Jossey Bass.



Behavioral and style theoriesBehavioral and style theories

Of LeadershipOf Leadership

InIn responseresponse toto thethe early early criticismscriticisms of of thethe traittrait

approach,approach, theoriststheorists beganbegan toto researchresearch leadershipleadershipasas aa setset of of behaviors,behaviors, evaluating evaluating thethe behaviorbehavior of of

'successful''successful' leaders,leaders, determining determining aa behaviorbehavior

taxonomy taxonomy andand identifying identifying broadbroad leadershipleadership

stylesstyles..



DavidDavid--McClellandMcClelland,, forfor example,example, LeadershipLeadership

takestakes aa strong strong personality personality withwith aa wellwell developeddeveloped

positivepositive egoego.. NotNot soso muchmuch asas aa patternpattern of of motives,motives, butbut aa setset of of traitstraits isis crucialcrucial.. ToTo leadlead;;

self self--confidenceconfidence andand aa highhigh self self--esteemesteem isis useful,useful,

perhapsperhaps eveneven essentialessential..



A graphical representation of the managerial grid model



Kurt LewinKurt Lewin, Ronald Lipitt, and Ralph White, Ronald Lipitt, and Ralph White

developed in 1939 the seminal work on thedeveloped in 1939 the seminal work on the

influence of leadership styles and performance.influence of leadership styles and performance.The researchers evaluated the performance of The researchers evaluated the performance of

groups of elevengroups of eleven--yearyear--old boys under differentold boys under different

types of work climate.types of work climate.



In each, the leader exercised his influence regarding theIn each, the leader exercised his influence regarding the

type of group decision making, praise and criticismtype of group decision making, praise and criticism(feedbacks), and the management of the group tasks(feedbacks), and the management of the group tasks(project management) according to four styles as we(project management) according to four styles as wehave learned in our course too:have learned in our course too:

AutocraticAutocratic

DemocraticDemocratic

FreeFree--ReinRein

ParticipateParticipate



TheThe managerial grid modelmanagerial grid model is also based on ais also based on a

behavioral theory. The model was developed by behavioral theory. The model was developed by

Robert BlakeRobert Blake andand Jane MoutonJane Mouton in 1964 andin 1964 and

suggests five different leadership styles, based onsuggests five different leadership styles, based on

the leader·s concern for people and theirthe leader·s concern for people and their

concern for goal achievement.concern for goal achievement.



B.F. Skinner is the father of BehaviorB.F. Skinner is the father of Behavior

Modification and developed the concept of Modification and developed the concept of

positive reinforcement. Positive reinforcementpositive reinforcement. Positive reinforcement

occurs when a stimulus is presented contingentoccurs when a stimulus is presented contingent

upon a behavior which results in a higherupon a behavior which results in a higher

probability of that behavior increasing in theprobability of that behavior increasing in the

future.future.



Empirical research covering the last 20 yearsEmpirical research covering the last 20 years

suggests that reinforcement theory has a 17suggests that reinforcement theory has a 17

percent increase in performance. Additionally,percent increase in performance. Additionally,

many reinforcement techniques such as the usemany reinforcement techniques such as the use

of praise are inexpensive which can result inof praise are inexpensive which can result in

higher performances for low monetary costs.higher performances for low monetary costs.



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Leadership, Behavior & St