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A,Economlc Geology, 50311119“ NO 255
B,Descriptive Geo logy, 62
DE PA RTME N T O F THE IN TE RIO R
UN ITED STATES G EOLOG ICAL SURVEY
CHARLE S D . WA LCOTT , DIRE CTO R
T H E
FLUO RSPA R DE PO SITS
SO UTHE RN ILLIN O IS
H . F O S T E R B A I N
W A S H I N G T O N
G O V E R N M E N T P R I N T I N G O F F I C E
1 9 0 5
CO N T E N T S
Le tte r o f tran sm ittal
In tro duc tio nLo c atio nH isto ry o f de ve lo pm e n t
S c o pe o f this re po rtPhysio graphy
G e n e ral re latio n sTo po graphy
- o
G e o lo gy
De sc riptio n o f se dim e n tary fo rm atio n sDe v o n ian ro c ks
O hio shal eCharac te rThic kn e ssD istributio n
Tu l lahom a fo rm atio nCharac te rTh ickn e ssD istributio n an d re lat io n sN am e an d c o rre latio n
S t . Louis l im e sto n e
C harac te rThic kn e ssD istributio n an d re latio n sN am e an d c o rre latio n
S te . G e n evieve lim e sto n e
Charac te r an d th ic kn e ssD istributio nN am e an d c o rre lat io n
Cypre ss san dsto n eCharac te r an d thic kn e ssDistribut io n an d re latio n s
Tribun e lim e sto n e
Charac te r an d re latio n sdsville fo rm atio nCharac te r
Thickn e ss
4 CON TE N TS .
G e o lo gy— Co n tin ue d .
De sc riptio n o f se dim e n tary fo rm atio n s— Co n tin ue d .
Carbo n ife ro us ro cks— Co n tin ue d .
Man sfie l d san dsto n eCharac te rD istributio nN am e an d c o rre latio n
Te rtiary de po sitsQ uate rn ary de po sits
Lo e ss lo amA l luv ium
De sc riptio n o f ign e ous ro cksG e n e ral statem e n t
O rr’
s lan din gRo sic lare quarryDown e y ‘
s b luffS oward farm
G e o l o gic struc ture
G e n e ral re latio n sH icks dom e
FaultsQ uartz ite re e fs
G e o lo gic histo ryPe rio ds o f se dim e n tatio nD e fo rm atio n an d in trusio n o f ign e o us ro cksPe rio d o f e ro sio n
G e n e ral c harac te r
G an gue m in e ra l sF luo rite
Do l o m iteKao l in
O rigin al m e tal l ic m in e ralsG al e n aB l e n dePyriteChal c o pyriteS tibn ite
S e c o n dary m in e ralsC e russite
Malac hiteCo pp e r
Parage n e sis an d asso c iatio n
CON TE N TS .
The o re de po sits— Contin ue d .
Mo de o f o c c urre n c e
F o rm an d c harac te r o f the o re bo die sO re sho o tsStruc tural re latio n sRelatio n s to to po graphy an d un de rgroun d wate r leve lA lte ratio n o f o ne s
G e n e sis an d valueD e sc riptio n o f m in e s an d pro spe c ts
Ro sic lare are a
R esum e o f'
ge o lo gyFairvie vv m in eRo sic lare m i n e
Blue ve inDaisy v e inC l em e n t ve in
H icks are aResum e o f ge o lo gyE m pire m in e
Hubbard shaftB ig Jo e m in eHutc hin so n m in eRain e y m in eBaldwin m in eH icks m in eHam p m in e
S c atte re d m in e s in Hardin C oun ty
Pe ll m in eStewart m in eO xfo rd an d Watso n m in e
Le ad H i llE ure ka m in e
G e n e ral re latio n sP ittsburg m in eMc Cle llan m in eLue lla m in -e
Taylo rs Sprin g
G e n e ral re latio n s I
Kin g an d F e rguse n m in eBig Fo ur m in e
6 CON TE N TS .
The o re de po sits— Co n tin ue d .
G e n e sis o f the o re s
O rigin al sour c e o f m ate rialO re m in e ralsG an gue m in e ra ls
Pro c e ss o f c o n c e n tratio nE c o n om ic im po rtan c e an d future o f the distric t
S o urc e s an d use s o f fiuo rspar
G uide s fo r pro spe c tin g
ILLUSTRA TIO N S
Pag e .
PLATE 1 . G e n e ral ge o lo g ic m ap o f the Ke n tucky-Illin o is fluo rspar distric tG e o l o gic m ap o f the Ro sic lare distric tG e o lo gic m ap o f the H ic ks distric tMap an d c ro ss se c tio n
,Ro sic lare to Karbe rs Ridge
In te rban de d fluo rspar an d lim e sto n e from Le ad H illPho tom ic ro graphs o f fluo rspar ban ds in o re bo dy at h e ad H ill
FIG . 1 . Ske tch showin g are as c ove re d by de taile d m aps
LE TTER O F TRA N SMITTA L.
DE PA RTM E N T O F TH E IN TE RIOR,
UN ITE D STA TE S GE OLOG ICA L SURVE Y,Washin g to n ,
D . G .
,July 1 6 ,
S IR : I have the ho no r to transmit herewith the manuscript o f
a paper entitled Fluo rspar Depo sits o f S o uthern I ll ino is,
” byH. Fo ster Bain
,an d to recomm end that it be publ ished as a bulletin .
This paper embo dies the results Obtained in a detailed study Of thefluo rspar depo sits o f this impo rtant district , the study having beenundertaken in co nnectio n with the investigatio n Of the lead an d zincdepo sits Of the Mississippi Valley regio n . The area co vered is at
present the mo st impo rtant pro ducer o f fluo rsp ar in the UnitedStates.
Very respectfully,
C . WV. HA YE S ,G e o lo g ist in Charg e of G e o lo gy.
Ho n . CH A RLE S D . VVA LCO TT ,
Dire c to r Un ited S tate s G e o lo g ic al S urve y .
THE FLUORSPAR DEPOSITS OF SOUTHERN ILLINOIS.
By H . FOSTE R BA IN .
IN TR O D U CT IO N .
LOCA T ION
The fluo rsp ar mines which are the subj ect Of this repo rt are inPo pe an d Hardin co unties , in the extreme so uthern po rtio n o f I ll ino is .
The principal mines are near Ro siclare , Elizabethtown , an d Cave inRo ck , smal l towns o n the Ohio River , in Hardin Coun tv. An impo r
F IG . 1 .— Ske tc h showin g are as c o ve re d by d e ta i l e d m aps.
tant gro up o f prospects is lo cated in the no rthwest part Of HardinCo unty and no rtheast part Of Pope Co unty
,an d there are mino r
o ccurrences at vario us o ther po ints in these co unties an d also inSal ine an d Jo hnso n co unties . The area fo rms the no rthern part o fthe Kentucky -I llino is distr ict . Its o utline an d general situatio n are
1 1
1 2 FLUORSPA R DE POS ITS O F S OUTHE RN ILLIN O IS . [B ULL. 2 5 5 .
indicated o n the accompanying m ap , Pl . I . In fig. 1 are indicatedthe particular areas survey ed in detai l in the preparatio n o f thisrepo rt.
H ISTORY O F DE VE LOPM E N T .
Attentio n seems to have been first attracted to the KentuckyIllino i s district by the o ccurrence o f the brill iant co lo red fluo rite.In early Am erican geo logic l iterature there are numero us refere n c e s a to this fluo rspar , o r fluate o f l ime
,as it was then called . It
was usually no ted as coming from Shawneetown,Ill.
,since that was
the nearest town o f any size. The galena which o ccurs asso ciatedwith the fluo rite was pro bably no ticed very early in the nineteenthcentury , but it was n o t until some years after the settlement o f theco untry that an y serio us attempt was made to mine it . The firstimpo rtant mining venture seems to have been that Of a companyheaded by President Andrew Jackso n , which underto o k develo pmentnear the site Of the present Co lumbia mines
,in Crittenden Co unty ,
Ky .
,in 1 835 . In I l l ino is the first mining was at Ro siclare in 1 842 .
Lead was mined an d smelted at vario us po ints in the district previo usto the civil war
,tho ugh it seems never to have been remunerative in a
large way . Vario us Observers Speak Of the mining as having beensto pped
,o r as being carried o n in o nly a small way from 1 851 b to
1 87 A S late , however , as 1 884 competent Observers co nsideredsome at least Of the pro perties wo rthy o f develo pment fo r lead alo ne,‘1
an d there is even n ow a smal l o utput o f lead .
In I ll ino is fiuo rsp ar seem s to have been first disco vered in place in1 839
,when it was enco untered with galena in sinking a well o n the
Anderso n farm,n ow the pro perty Of the Fairview Fluo rspar Com
pany . In 1 841 a seco nd well n o t far from the first also enco unteredthe lo de
,but n o attempt seems to have ever been made to explo it
either o f these finds . In 1 842 Mr. W i ll iam Pell disco vered spar an d
g ale n a som ewhe re near the site o f the present Ro siclare mine,an d
Marshal l an d Wh ite underto o k its develo pment . From that time o nmining appears to have been carried o n m o re o r less co ntinuo usly inthis V icinity
,at first under the directio n o f certain well-known Mis
a A m . Jo ur . S c i , l s t se r . , vo l. 1 , 1 8 1 8 , pp . 5 2—5 3 ; vo l. 2 , 1 8 2 0 , p . 1 7 6 ; vo l. 3 , 1 8 2 1 , p .
2 4 3 . S c ho o l c raft , H . R . , A Vi ew o f t he Le ad M in e s o f M issouri , 1 8 1 9 , p . 1 9 1 . C l e avelan d , Parke r, M in e ralo g y , 1 8 2 2 . p . 2 0 2 . B rush , J . G . , A m . Jo ur. S c i . , 2d se r . , vo l. 1 4 ,
1 8 5 2 , p . 1 1 2
b N o rwo o d , J . G . , G e o l . Surve y I l l in o is , vo l . 1 , 1 8 6 6 , p . 36 7 . Owe n , D . D . , G e o l . Surve y K e n tuc ky , vo l. 1 , 1 8 5 6 , p . 8 7 . Wh itn e y , J . D . , Re pt . G e o l . Surve y upp e r M iss iss i pp il e ad re g io n , 1 8 6 2 , p . 2 0 5 .
0 N o rwo o d , C . J. , G e o l . Surv e y Ke n tuc ky , vo l. 1 , n ew se r . , 1 8 7 6 , p . 4 9 3 .
d E i le rs , A n to n , an d Raym o n d , R . W . , Man us c ri pt re po rt o n the pro p e rty o f the M in e ralC ity M in in g an d Sm e lt i n g C o m pan y , Hard in C o un ty , I l l .
m m . ) HISTORY O F DE VE LOPMEN T .
so uri o perato rs , Messrs . Valle , Anso n , an d o thers,an d in rece nt
years with the ownership in lo cal an d eastern hands .Shipm ents Of fiuo rspar began apparently in the early seventies
,an d
since 1 880 have been regularly repo rted . In 1 89 1 , when the districtwas visited by Mr. S . F . Emmons
,large bo dies o f spar had been devel
o ped, tho ugh , as seems to have been usual ly true Since the beginnin gOf m in in g i n this regio n , o nly o n e o r two mines were actually shipping .
Z inc was early no ted a in the district an d from time to time smal ltrial shipments were made. W i th the rise in the price Of zinc in1 899
,a perio d Of active pro specting fo r zinc o re began . The disc o v
ery o f the Old Jim m ine in Kentucky stimulated the search an d thewho le d istrict was go ne o ver with co nsiderable care by lo cal pro s
p e c to rs . Very few impo rtant depo sits o f zinc o re were fo und,but
the size an d purity o f the fiuo rsp ar depo sits became fo r the first time
adequately appreciated . There has since been an active an d in te lli
gent campaign to widen the market fo r spar an d to increase its productio n . Incidental ly some lead an d zinc is being fo un d an d mined
,
tho ugh so far n o impo rtant bo dies Of either have been develo ped inthe I ll ino is po rtio n Of the district .
PRE VIOU S G E OLOG IC IVO RK .
The Kentucky -I llino i s district. has been visited by but few g e o lo
gists . The o fficial repo rts o f the States include brief repo rts b upo nthe district . Aside from these the mo st impo rtant paper is o n e byMr . S . F . E m m o n sfi which was based upo n a brief visit to the Ro siclare mines made in 1 89 1 . Mr. J . S . D iller d has published a de scrip
tio n,with analysis
,o f the mica-perido tite fo rming the Flan n e ry
’
dike
in Kentucky,based upo n specimens co llected by Mr. E . O . Ulrich .
Brief no tes upo n the mining industry have been publ ished by Mr. WI
.
E . Burk ,
6 an d a descriptio n Of the Old Jim mine has been given inthe Engineering an d Mining Journ al f Sho rt no tes o n develo pment Of the district have bee n given in co nnect io n with the statistics
o f pro ductio n annually published by the United States Geo lo gicalSurvey in the Mineral Reso urces , an d no tes o n the fluo rite as a mineral have appeared in o ther parts o f these vo lumes .
n o we n , D . D . , O I) . c i t . ,p . 8 7 .
b Ke n tuc ky : Owe n , D . D . , G e o l . Surve y Ke n tuc ky , vo l. 1 , pp . 8 7—8 8 . N o rwo o d , C . .I . ,
G e o l . Surve y Ke n tuc ky , n ew se r . , vo l . 1 , 1 8 7 6 , p p .
_
4 4“—49 3 . I l l in o is : W o rthe n , A . H . ,
E n g e lm an n , H e n ry , an d N o rwo o d , J. G . , G e o l . Hard in Co un t y , G e o l . Surve y I l l in o is ,
vo l. 1 , 1 8 6 6 , pp . 35 0 — 37 5 . E n g e lm an n , H e n ry , Massac an d Po p e c o un t i e s , G e o l . Surve yI l l in o is , vo l. 1 , 1 8 6 6 ; pp . 4 2 8— 4 9 5 .
c Fluo rsp ar de po s its o f so uth e rn I l l in o is : T ran s . A m . In s t . M in . E n g , vo l. 2 1 , 1 89 3 ,
pp . 31 4 5 3 .
(1 A m . Jo ur. S c i . , 3d se r. , vo l . 4 4 , 1 8 9 2 , pp . 2 8 8— 2 8 9 .
e M in e ral I n dustry , 1 9 0 1 , vo l. 9 , pp .
f E n g . an d Min . Jour. , vo l. 7 4 , 1 9 0 2 , pp . 4 1 3—4 1 4 .
1 4 FLUORSPA R D E POS ITS O F S OUTHE RN ILLIN OIS . [B ULL- 2 5 5 .
SCOPE O F TH I S RE PORT .
The present paper is essentially a preliminary statement o f resultsbased upo n wo rk do ne in 1 90 8 in the I llino is po rtio n o f the Kentucky
I ll ino is district . In this wo rk the writer had the field assistance OfMr . A . F . Crider , an d the benefit o f bo th field an d Office co nsultatio nwith Mr . E . O . Ulrich , who se tho ro ugh fam i l iarity with the Kentuckymines an d the stratigraphy o f the entire regio n co ntributed greatly
to the wo rk . Mr . Albert Johan n se n has furnished petro grap'hic no tes,
which are inco rpo rated in the g eneral descriptio n o f the dike ro cks .The repo rt is intended to supplement the fuller discussio n given byMr . U lrich an d Mr . IV. S . Tangier Smith Of the district in general
an d the Kentucky mines in particular .
“ Brief statements co ncerningbo th po rtio ns o f the district have already been published ")
P H Y S I O G R A P H Y .
G E N E R A L R E LA T IO N S .
The Kentucky-I ll ino is fluo rspar district l ies well toward the mid
dle Of the Mississippi Valley , that great level -flo o re d basin which
o ccupies the co ntinental interio r o f the United States . The districti s somewhat nearer the Appalachian than the Ro cky Mo untain bo rder o f the valley an d abo ut midway between the Great Lakes an d theGulf o f Mexico . The Mississippi Valley
,tho ugh a mo no to no us plain
when co n tras ted with its surro undings , has been differentiated into a
number Of physio graphic pro vinces , which stand in somewhat markedco ntras t with o n e ano ther . Of these
,three— the Allegheny Plat eaus
,
the Gulf Plains,an d the Ozark Plateau— meet within this district ,
while the Prai rie Plains j o in it o n the no rth .
The Allegheny Plateaus are represented by the Interio r Lowland .
as defined by Mr . C . W . Haye sfi This o ccupies much o f the mining
district in Kentucky an d includes the upland between the Ohio Riveran d Karbers Ridge
,in Po pe an d Hardin co unties
,III. The Gulf
Plains include the so uthern po rtio n Of Po pe an d the adj acent part OfMassac Co unty
,in I ll ino is
,an d that po rtio n o f Kentucky which lies
west o f the Tennessee River. The m o re exact l imits are shown , c o v
ered with Tertiary an d Cretaceo us depo sits,o n the accompany ing gen
e ral geo lo gic m ap Of the distr ict (Pl . I ) . The Ozark Plateau is represented by a lo ng
,narrow ridge Of highland stretching acro ss so uth
ern I ll ino is from abo ut G rand Tower, o n the Mississippi , to Shawneetown
,o n the Ohio . This plateau is represented in Po pe an d Hardin
0 Pro f . Pap e r U. S . G e o l . Surve y N o . 36 , in pre ss .
” U lri c h an d Sm i th , B u l l . U . S . G e o l . Surve y N o . 2 1 3 , 1 9 0 3 , pp . 2 0 5—2 1 3 . B a in ,B ul l .
U . S . G e o l . Surv e y N o . 2 2 5 , 1 9 0 4 , pp . 5 0 5— 5 1 1 .
0 Haye s , C . W . , So uthe rn A ppa lac h ian s Mo n . N at . G e o g . S o c . , vo l. 1 , 1 89 5 , p . 3 1 0 .
U. S . G E O LO G ICA L S URVEY BULLETIN N O 2 5 5 p m
JULIUS B IE N UT H N .Y
LE G E N E)
Pe nn sylva nian Mis 3 13 5 1 pian D e vo n ian D ike s
"Co al i [eas ur‘e y / o n e s , fB Zac /c s lat e /
G E N RE -A LIZ E D G E O LO G IC MA P0 F T H E
KENTUCKY-ILLIN O IS FLUORS PAR DISTRICT
8 C' a le1 5 1 0 s o 1 5 m il e sM T :
1 9 0 4
1 6 FLUORSPA R DE POS ITS O F S OUTHE RN ILL IN OIS . [B ULL-2 5 5 .
name the entire ridge. F o r co nvenience that po rtio n develo ped inPo pe an d Hardin co unties will be called by the lo cal name KarbersRidge ,
”a name also applied to a small vil lage at the base o f its so uth
fro nt.Up land p lain
— A t a lower level an d extending so uthward fromKarbers Ridge to the Ohio River is a ro ll ing
,bro ken plain slo ping
gently from abo ut 60 0 feet elevatio n at the no rth to 50 0 feet at theso uth . While somewhat i rre gular in detail
,i t is in general a mark
e dly level plain . The high Shetlerville Hills rise somewhatabo ve it,
but aside from them all the country south o f Karbers Ridge in Ill ino is is at o r below the level Of this plain . In Kentucky there are
several hills which rise abo ve it,an d in bo th States the rivers an d
their tributaries have reduced co nsiderable areas to a lower level .Alo ng the no rth side o f the Ohio such a lower plain is lo cally devel
o ped between Elizabethtown an d Cave in Ro ck . Here a strip ap
pro ximately parallel to the river an d 2 miles wide has been reducedto an altitude Of abo ut 440 to 460 feet . No rth o f this strip the co untry rises very abruptly to 550 o r 60 0 feet
,after which the even
upland plain is preserved,except fo r the interruptio ns due to river
valleys,to the fo o t o f Karbers Ridge . No rth o f Go lco nda there is a
distinct bench at about 480 feet abo ve se a,while abo ve that
,at 550 to
575 feet,is the general upland plain .
The upland plain is develo ped upo n vario us so rts o f ro cks . Limesto n es
,sandsto nes
,an d Shales o utcro p at. vario us po ints within its
l imits,an d all have been cut down to a commo n level . Lo cally the
individual fo rmatio ns influence the to po graphy , as no rtheast o f
Elizabethtown,where the S t . Lo uis l imesto ne underlies the lower
plain mentio ned,an d as in the case o f the Shetlerville Hills
,twin
peaks,co nspicuo us from every po int upo n the upland
,which are
largely compo sed Of the hard sandsto ne an d co nglomerate ’
o f theMansfield. The plain is a true peneplain an d marks an ancient baselevel o f ero sio n . It was fo rmed at a time when the surface o f thee arth was undisturbed fo r SO lo ng a time that the streams bro adenedthe ir valleys unti l the hills between were almo st entirely cut away .
The time at which this o ccurred is appro ximately fixed by the factthat in so uthern Po pe Co unty the plain passes very gradually beneaththe gravels an d sands which are believed to be Of Tertiary ag e . In
so uthern I llino is also this plain marks the no rthwestern l imit o f theInterio r Lowland
,who se ag e has been fixed as Tertiary at a number
o f po ints .“
Rive r valleys— Into the upland plain the rivers have cut their
valleys . Fo r the mo st part these are rather narrow an d sharp walled .
The Ohio , the master stream o f the area,has a low—water level o f 2 90
feet from Go lco nda to Elizabethtown . It flows between high ro ck
c Haye s , lo c . c it .
m m ] TOPOG RA PHY— G E OLOG Y . 1 7
walls fo r the greater part o f its co urse . At 345 feet there is at severalpo ints a wide develo pment o f bo ttom land , as at E l izabethtown
,Ro
clare,an d near the mo uth o f Lusk Creek at G o lco nda. From B ay
City the low land extends west in a bro ad belt , known as the B ay
Bo ttoms,to Cache River , in Jo hnso n Co unty . In perio ds o f flo o d an
independent co nnectio n between the Ohio an d Mississippi rivers isestablished by this ro ute. At Ro siclare the bo ttom is likewise subj ectto o verflow . The Ohio makes the impressio n Of being very imper
fe c tly adj usted to its val ley. The great B ay Bo ttoms cut directlythro ugh the upland
, but are traversed by o nly insignificant streams,
while at , vario us po ints alo ng the Ohio the valley seems no ne to olarge fo r the stream . The arrangement o f tributaries is also erratic.
Near the mo uth Of Grand Pierre Creek are tributaries which headwithin a few feet o f the Ohio
,but flow no rthward an d by a ro unda
bo ut way into the min o r stream . There are n o to po graphic maps o fthe regio n an d n o go o d drainage maps
,so that it is unsafe to make
many general izatio ns. It seems clear,however
,that the streams are
po o rly adj usted an d that they Show evidence o f superpo sitio n . Theirco urses were fo r the mo st part determined when the present uplandwas a lowland
,an d with its upl ift they have cut directly downward
witho ut much adj ustment through hard an d so ft ro cks al ike. Themo st impo rtant tributaries o f the Ohio — Big Creek
,Grand Pi erre
Creek,an d Lusk Creek— have cut back acro ss the upland until their
headwaters are at wo rk upo n the so uth slo pe Of Karbers Ridge ._
Atseveral places the tributaries Of these streams o n the so uth an d tho seo f the
.
Sal ine River o n the no rth have cut entirely thro ugh the ridge,
fo rming passes o r gaps. Packers G ap , near the headwaters o f GrandP ierre Creek
,is o n e o f the best known .
G E O L O G Y .
G E N E R A L S T A T E M E N T .
Bo th Igneo us an d sedimentary ro cks o ccur in this district . Thefo rmer are represented in a number o f dikes fo und near the OhioRiver an d are all
,so far as known
,o f the same general class o f
ro cks . The sedimentary fo rmatio ns represent fo ur different systems— D evo nian
,Carbo ni fero us
,Tertiary
,an d Q uaternary. The
Devo nian o utcrops are co nfined to a limited area in no rthern HardinCo unty ; the Tertiary gravels are fo und o nly in so uthern Po peCo unty ; the Carbo nifero us o ccup i es the larger part o f the territo ry , while the lo ess lo am o f the Q uaternary extends as a thinmantle o ver the who le. The Carbo nifero us ro cks co nsist fo r themo st part o f fo r matio ns belo nging to the Mississippian series
,the
Mansfield sandsto ne alo ne representing the Pennsylvanian . In theBul l . 2 5 5— 0 5 M — 2
I8 FLUORSPA R DE POS ITS O F S OUTHE RN ILLIN O IS . [B ULL. 2 5 5 .
divisio n an d classificatio n o f the Carbo ni fero us,the scheme used
by Mr . Ulrich in his discussio n Of the adj acent Kentucky districthas been ado pted in its entirety
,with the exceptio n that
,as a m atter
o f practical co nvenience in preliminary mapping,the dividing line
between the St . Lo uis an d the Tullahoma is drawn at a sl ightlyhighe r ho rizo n than the o n e reco gnized by him
,an d the Sp e rg e n
Hill discriminated by him between the S t. Lo uis an d the S te . Gene vie ve was n o t re co gnized in the co urse Of this wo rk . Mr . U lrich c o n
siders the Birdsville an d Tribune fo rmatio ns the equivalent o f
Kaskaskia as o riginal ly defined,an d these with the Cypress an d
the S te . Genevieve as making up the Cheste r . In the earl ier w o rko f Engelmann an d VVo rthe n a the l ines were somewhat differentlydrawn
,but fo r reaso ns which Mr . Ulrich has else-where discussed it is
impracticable to fo llow them exactly . A general tabular arrangement o f the fo rmatio ns is presented below .
Table of fo rm atio n s , southe rn I llin o is .
Sys te m . F o rm at io n . Charac te r .
Lo e ss lo am .
Lafaye tte G rave ls .
Carbo n ife rous
D e v o n ian O hio Blac k S hale .
D E S CR IPT IO N O F S E D IM E N T A RY F O RM A T IO N S .
DE VON IA N ROCK S .
O H IO SHALE .
G harae te n — The Ohio shale as develo ped in this area is a blackfissi le Shale o r
“slate . It splits in very thin sheets parallel to theo riginal bedding an d is very unifo rm in character . The o nly e xc e p
tio n to this statement is that at the to p a thin bed was Observed whichMr . U lrich co nsiders the equivalent Of a sim ilar bed fo rming the to pOf the fo rmat io n in m iddle Ten ne ssee") In it there are small
,ro unded
G e o l . I l l in o is , vo l. 1 , pp . 7 6—8 3 , 34 8—4 9 5 .
0 G e o lo g ic A t las U . S . , fo l io 9 5 , U . S . G e o l . Surve y , 1 9 0 3 , p . 2 .
San dsto n e an d c o n glo m e rate .
San dsto n e,shale
,an d thin lim e sto n e s .
Lim e sto n e s .
H e avy-be dde d san dsto n e .
O o litic lim e sto n e s .
Lim e sto n e s an d c he rt .
Che rt an d lim e sto n e .
U . S . G E OLO G ICA L S URVEY
B ULLETIN N O . 2 5 5 p L.
LE G E N 0
Lam p ro phy t e(d ike s and she e ts
B irdsville Tribun ean dCypre ss san dsto n e
l im e sto n e
[o o luw lun es to n e /
St .Lo uis lim e s to ne
r Lan din é
Min e s
G E 0 Log-“S
I
T
E
S S trik e an d dip
H O S ICLAHE D IS TR ICT
ILL IN O I S
H .F O S T E R B A IN ,A S S IS TE D B Y
E . O ULR ICH A N D A .F . CR ID E R
S c al eo Vz m il e
1 9 0 4
2 0 FLUORSPA R DE POS ITS O F S OUTHE RN ILL IN O IS . IB ULL. 2 5 5 .
stro tio n ) . Mr. Ulrich wo uld class the upper 2 5 feet Of strata as
abo ve described with the succeeding fo rmatio n rather than with theTullahoma.
Thickn e ss — Exact measurements Of the thickness o f the fo rmatio nare n o t available
,but checked estimates
,based upo n dip measure
ments an d barometer Observatio ns , place it at 2 0 0 to 225 feet .D istributio n an d re latio n s — The Tullahoma o utcro ps in no rth
western Hardin Co unty in a belt aro und the dome o f Ohio shalen ear Hicks . Its area o f o utcro p is l imited in turn by a similar belto f S t . Lo uis l imesto ne , the next succeeding fo rmatio n . S O far as
known the fo rmatio n do es n o t come to the surface elsewhere in theseco unties
,tho ugh it is quite po ssible that smal l areas are expo sed in
the faulted regio n east o f that represented o n the Hicks Special m ap .
In Kentucky,Mr . U lrich has reco gnized the fo rmatio n near Smith
land an d near Princeto n . It rests with slight un c om fo rm ity upo nthe Devo nian Shale below . The relatio ns to the St . Lo uis are lessclear
,an d it c an o nly be stated that there is n o o bvio us un c o n fo rm it-V
in the Hicks area.
N am e an d c o rre latio n — The name Tul lahoma i s derived from a
lo cality in Tennessee , where it was applied by Saffo rd in 1 90 0 to theequivalent beds . The fo rmatio n represents early Mississippian t ime ,including pro bably that within which the Kinderho o k
,Burl ingto n
,
an d Keo kuk fo rmatio ns were depo sited alo ng the Mississippi . It
Shows o nly general faunal relatio nships to these fo rmatio ns,an d it
i s impracticable to make detai led co rrelatio ns with them .
S T.
.
LO U IS LIM E STO N E .
G harae te r.—The St . Lo uis l imesto ne is fo r the mo st part a fin e
grained,dark -co lo red ro ck , breaking with a sharp co ncho idal frac
ture . It is mo derately thin bedded an d apparently n o n m ag n e sian .
It is charac terized by the presence o f abundant chert no dules , whichare i rregularly ro unded an d are mo st marked alo ng bedding planes .They frequently show a distinct co ncentric structure
,an d individual
no dules 3 to 4 inches in diameter are very prominent an d charac teristic o n weathered o r fractured surfaces .
The St . LOuis l imesto ne i s apparently exceptio nal ly so luble , an d
its areas o f o utcro p are marked by numero us sink ho les , which Oftenco ntain po nds o f water . The irregular surface an d large number Ofpo nds remind o n e stro ngly Of a drift -co vered surface .
Thickn e ss — A thickness o f 1 0 5 feet o f lime sto ne is expo sed at JacksPo int o n the Ohio , near Elizabeth . The be ds have a lOw dip , which ,i f m aintained , w o uld g ive a to tal o f seve “
al hundre d feet as the thick
ness expo sed alo ng the Ohio,but Of this there is n o certainty . Mr.
B A IN . ] CA RB ON I FE ROUS ROCKS . 2 1
Ulrich estimate s the thickness o f the fo rm atio n in this district at 30 0to 40 0 fe et.
D istributio n and re latio n s — The S t . Lo uis o utcro ps o ve r a c o n sid
crable area in Hardin Co unty . In the vicinity O f Hicks it surro undsthe belt Of Tullahoma
,an d is itsel f surro unded by the Ste . G enevieve .
T o the so utheast o f Hicks it is cut O fl’
by a fault (Pl . IV ) , whichbrings it into j uxtapo sitio n with the Birdsville an d the Mansfieldsandsto nes . T o the east an d beyo nd the limits Of the detai led mapsthe re latio ns are less certainly known
,but faulting seems to have
largely determined the bo undary lines Of its areas O f o utcro p .
The limesto ne co vers a co nsiderable area adj ace nt to the Ohio River
an d extending from Cave in Ro ck to Ro siclare . It extends from the
river back to Lead Hill,a maximum distance o f 3 miles
,an d its no rth
bo undary is in part at least determined by a fault plane . At Elizabe thtown the limesto ne is well displayed in the river bank an d m ay
be seen immediately in fro nt o f the Ro se Ho tel . It is expo sed at
intervals down to the smal l stream enterin g the river a quarter Of amile below Orr
’
s landing,where the Ste . Genevieve limestone makes
its appearance . The relat io ns o f the two are n o t altogether clear .
The ro cks alo ng the stream dip toward it o n either side,an d the pres
e nce o f barite,fluo rspar , an d quartz seems to indicate a certain amo unt
Of fracturing o f the ro ck . There is,however
,n o certain evidence o f
faulting,an d the relatio ns m ay be tho se o f simple co nfo rmity . B e
tween this po int an d Big Creek Bridge (Pl . II ) there are practicallyn o o utcro ps . At this po int the relatio ns o f the St . Lo uis to the Ste .
G enevieve are almo st certainly tho se o f faulting,such as quite cer
tain ly are the relatio ns Of the St . Lo uis an d the Cypress sandsto ne.
N am e an al c o rre latio n — S t . Lo uis is a well -known name,lo ng
appl ied to the beds here mapped under it . Engelmann,in his early
wo rk in this regio n,co rrelated these beds with tho se expo sed an d
studied at S t . Lo uis,an d there are n o reaso ns fo r questio ning his
co nclusio ns.S TE . G E N EVIEVE LI EI E STO N E .
Charac te r an d thickn e ss — The Ste. Genevieve limesto ne is in manyinstances l itho lo gically similar to bo th the S t . Lo uis limesto ne belowan d the Tribune abo ve . It is fine grained
,medium bedded
,an d n o n
magnesian . Its mo st commo n distinguishing characteristic is thepresence o f massive o o l it ic beds
,which m ay easily be distinguished
from the o ccasio nal beds o f o o l ite in the o ther fo rmatio ns by theirthickness
,mas siveness
,an d l ight co lo r . The fo rmatio n has also an
abundant an d characteristic fauna which is readily recognized . A m
ple azn s g e n iculatus an d Platyc rin n s hun tsy illi m ay be mentio nedamo ng the mo st widespread Of its characteristic fo ssils . Mr. Ul rich
2 2 FLUORSPA R D E P OSITS O F S OUTHE RN ILLIN O IS . [B ULL. 2 5 5 .
reco gnizes three members within the fo rmatio n . They m ay be described as below :
G e n e ralize d se c tio n S te . G e n evie ve lim e s to n e , so uthe rn I llin o is .
Th i c kn e ssin fe e t .
O hara m e m b e r. L im e sto n e , fin e g ra in e d , th in be dde d . in part shaly an d
a lways asso c iate d w i th shal e , 30
Ro s i c lare m e m be r. Ca l c i fe rous san dsto n e ; in we athe re d e xpo sure sS how in g m uc h san d an d usual ly m arke d c ro ss -be dd in g ; in nu
we athe re d surfac e s pre do m in an tly c a l c are ous m ate rial an d e as i lyo v e rlo o k e dFre do n ia m e m b e r. Main ly o o l it i c l im e sto n e s , wh ite an d l ig ht blue ,in te rbe dde d w ith c r in o idal , c rysta l l in e , an d hue
—g ra in e d l im e sto n e s
T o tal 1 44 —245
While the who le o f the fo rmatio n . is fo ssili fero us,the Ohara mem
ber is particularly SO,the shaly bands being crowded with fo ssils .
One Of these bands,o ccurring usual ly abo ut 30 feet abo ve the Ro si
clare sandsto ne an d being abo ut 8 feet thick,fo rms a ho rizo n easily
re co gnized an d hence Of co nsiderable impo rtance in stratigraphicw o rk . From it at Shetlerville the fo llowing fo ssils
,as determined
by Mr . U lrich , were o btainedZ aphre n t is p e llmn sis . C le io thyris sublam e llo sa.
A m pl e xus g e n i culatus . C le io thyris h irsuta.
P e n tre m i te s flo re alis . S e m inula trinuc le a.
Sp ir ife r le idy i. D ie lasm a fo rm o sa.
Sp irife rin a n o rwo o di. D ie lasm a turg i-dum .
Sp irife rin a tran sv e rsa .
D istributio n — The S te .
'
G e n e vie ve l imesto ne is very widely distributed in bo th Po pe an d Hardin co unties . It is shown o n theaccompanying maps (PIS . II an d III ) , bo th surro unding the S t .
Lo uis l imesto ne near Hicks an d o utcro ppin g between it an d theCypress sandsto ne in the Ro siclare area. In additio n , it o ccurs bo theast an d no rth Of Cave in Ro ck . near Shetlerville , Eicho rn , an d at
vario us o ther po ints which .will be mo re particularly no ted indescribing the vario us mines . Its significance in the present discussio n ar ises from the fact that the impo rtant o re bo dies so far
fo und have been in mo st cases clo sely asso ciated with this l imesto ne .
N am e an d c o rre latio n — In the wo rk Of Engelmann an d Wo rthenthe S te . Genevieve limesto ne was n o t discriminated from the S t .
Lo uis an d the general gro up to which the name Chester was applied .
The Fredo nia member seems to have be e n co nsidered to be lOn g W IQIthe S t . Lo u i s while the Ro si clare an d Ohara memberswere sometimesincluded with the o verlying beds an d sometimes n o t .
“
These discrepancies cam e mainly from the fact that faulting wasn o t reco gnized as impo rtant in interpreting the stratigraphy o f the
a S e e se c t io n s , p . 7 8 an d p . 39 7 , G e o l . Surve y I l l in o is , vo l. 1 , 1 8 6 6 .
m m ] CA RB ON IFE ROUS ROCKS . 2 3
district . Mr. Ulrich reco gnizes these beds as the equivalents o f
tho se to which Shumard o riginal ly gave the nam e Ste. Genevieve inMisso uri
,an d that name is acco rdingly applied to them here .
Princeto n limesto ne is a name fo r the beds which has o btained a
certain amo unt o f lo cal use,but which is co nsidered syno nymo us
with Ste. Genevieve . On acco unt , principally , o f the affinities o f itsfauna
,Mr. U lrich regards the S te . Genevieve as the base o f the
Chester gro up . Mr . Keve s a co nsidered it to belo ng to the S t. Lo uis,
to which it is much mo re clo sely related litho logically than to theo verlying Cypress sandsto ne.
CYPRE S S SAN DS TO N E .
Charac te r an d thickn e ss — Abo ve the Ste. Genevieve is a massive toheavy-bedded sandsto ne almo st who lly quartzo se . S O
“
far as has
been Observed,this fo rmatio n co ntains very little shale o r argil laceo us
matter. The lower po rtio n o f the sandsto ne is characteristical lyheavy bedded
,but the upper po rtio n is somewhat thinner bedded to
flag g y. Near the middle is frequently a thin bed o f chert-bearinglimesto ne carryin g a characteristi c fauna.
The thickness o f the fo rmatio n in this area m ay be estimated at
80 to 1 0 0 feet .D istributio n an d re latio n s — NO attempt has been made in the maps
so far prepared to separate the Cypress from the Tribune an d B irdsville. It wo uld be po ssible to do so o nly o n go o d base maps an d withtime fo r detailed studies . The Cypress sandsto ne is do ubtless present at many po ints in bo th Hardin an d Po pe co unties
,but m ay easily
be co nfused with certain phases o f bo th the Birdsville an d the Mansfield . It m ay, however, be seen ty pically develo ped at bo th Ro siclare an d Shetlerville. At the fo rmer lo cal ity it caps the Ste.Genevieve limesto ne in Downeys B luff
,the basal heavy -bedded sand
sto ne being present. At Shetlerville these basal beds are less typic ally expo sed , but the thin l imesto ne member an d the o verlying
flag g'
y san dsto ne were reco gnized bv Mr. Ulrich .
N am e an al c orre latio n — C ypress sandsto ne is a name o riginallypro po sed by Engelmann b fo r this fo rmatio n . Equivalent beds havebeen called B ig Clifty sandsto ne by Mr. N o rwo o d, c an d Aux Vases byMr. Keyes.“ In the early geo lo gic literature o f the regio n mo st o fthe expo sures o f this sandsto ne were referred to the Ferrugino ussandsto ne
,
”a term also applied at times to what is here called the
Mansfield sandsto ne.
a G e o l . Surve y M isso ur i , vo l. 4 , 1 894 , pp . 30 , 7 6 .
” T ran s . S t. Lo uis A c ad . S c i . , vo l. 2 , p . 1 89 .
c G e o l . Surve y Ke n tuc ky , n ew se r vo l. 1 , p . 369 .
4 B ul l . G e o l . S o c . A m e r i c a, vo l. 3 , p . 2 9 6 .
2 4 FLUORS PA R DE POS ITS O F S OUTHE RN ILLIN O IS . "B ULL-2 5 5
TRIB UN E LIM E STO N E .
Charac te r an d re latio n s .—A t the Fairview mine the fo o t wall o f
the vein at the surface co nsists o f a co arse,crystall ine
, n o nm ag n e sian
limesto ne,light gray to white in co lo r an d co ntaining mino r quanti
ties o f o o l ite an d o f chert. The fo llowing fo ssils were co l lected fromit an d recognized by Mr . Ulrich
Z aphre n tis sp inulife ra . Z e ac rinus m an n ifo rm is .
Pe n tre m ite s g o do n ii . Le p o ra ran a.
P e n tre m i te s pyri fo rm is . Lyro p o ra subquadrata.
Pe n tre m i te s tube rculata. S piri fe r in c re be sc e n s.
S te n o p o ra c e rvin us . Sp irife r le idy i;
On the basis o f these fo ssils he determined this l imesto ne to be thesame as that at Tribune , Ky .
,representing the middle Chester. It
impo ssible at . Fairview to determ ine much regarding the relatio ns
o f the l imesto ne . It is c ut o ff o n all sides by faults , an d its thicknessis somewhat un certain . The shaft at a depth o f 2 0 0 feet shows similar limesto ne o n the fo o t wal l . Whether i t is indeed the same o r
represents the Ste . Genevieve c an n o t be po sitively ascertained,since
it is impo ssible to make a complete examinatio n o f the wal l ro ck fromthe to p to the bo ttom o f the shaft. At the first o r 30 - fo o t level E ilersmentio ns calcareo us shale
,an d at the same level disintegrated sandy
material m ay n ow be o bserved . This m ay po ssibly represent theCypress sandsto ne
,an d
,i f so
,the Tribune wo uld here have a thick
ness o f less than 50 feet. The Tribune limesto ne has n o t been de fin ite ly recognized at an y o ther po int in the two co unties
,tho ugh
there are at a number o f po ints thick limesto nes which m ay po ssiblyrepresent it . At no ne o f them
,however
,were the fo ssils fo und which
are co nsidered to be peculiarly characteristi c o f it .
B IRDSVILLE FO RMAT IO N
Charac te r — This fo rmatio n includes sandsto nes , shales , an d l imesto nes . In distinctio n from the Cypress sandsto ne below an d theMansfield abo ve
,the Birdsville sandsto nes are particularly thin
bedded . They seldom show massive character,an d do n o t
,so far as
o bserved,give rise to sharp bluffs an d canyo ns . They frequently
grade into shales,becoming less an d less sandy until true argil
lac e o us shale is fo und . The latter is o ccasio nal ly thin bedded , black ,an d fissile
,an d co ntains thin co al beds . Interbedded with the shale
an d the sandsto ne are thin limesto ne beds . The latter are usuallysomewhat argillaceo us an d are chert bearing. They are usual ly o nlya. few feet thick
,tho ugh o n e bo dy having a maximum o f 50 feet
o ccurs in the fo rmatio n .
The general impressio n o f the fo rmatio n as a who le which o n e
gains from travel ing o ver it is that it i s mainly a sandsto ne. It m ay
2 6 FLUORSP A R DE PO SITS o r S O UTH E RN ILLIN O IS . m m . 2 5 5 .
It i s quite po ssible that o utliers o f it have been o verlo o ked . It verycommo nly carries smal l flakes of mica
,an d these are rare
,at least
in the o ther sandsto nes . This fact is o f material assistance in reco gn izin g it . The fo rmat io n seem s to rest un co nfo rmably o n the Birdsville .
D istributio n — The Mansfield sandsto ne o utcro ps aro und the no rthern an d eastern sides o f the district
,an d its edge practically marks
the limit o f the pro ductive territo ry . It rises in sharp bluffs,fo rm
ing Karbers Ridge , as already discussed . So uth o f this escarpmentthere are . a number o f o utl iers fo rm ed o f fault blo cks let down intothe o lder fo rmat io n s . A few o f them are indicated o n the generalm ap . No attempt has been made to m ap all o f them
,an d the Mans
field has n o t been especially studied in the co urse o f this wo rk,an d
n o estimate o f its thickness was made .
N am e an d c o rre latio n .—The name used here fo r these beds is that
ado pted by the Indiana geo lo gical survey . Fo rmerly the beds werecommo nly referred to as the Co nglomerate measures o r the Millsto negrit . The Mansfield. fo rms the base o f the Pennsylvanian series o fco al measures an d is regarded as o f late Po ttsville ag e .
TE RT IA RY DE POS IT S .
In the so uthern part o f Po pe Co unty,including the highland so uth
o f B ay Bo ttoms , scattered pebbles an d thin beds o f gravel make theirappearance o n to p o f the Carbo ni fero us fo rmatio ns . The pebbles areWell ro unded an d seemingly waterwo rn . They vary in size from a
hal f inch to two inches in diameter an d exhibit co nsiderable hetero
g e n e ity as to bo th compo sitio n an d material . Pieces o f quartz,quartz
ite, sandsto ne , an d chert are commo n . The chert frequently co ntains
fragments o f fo ssils,so far as o bserved
,o f commo n Carbo nifero us
Species . The pebbles were n o t o bserved elsewhere in the district,
but near the o ld shaft immediately east o f the main wo rking shaft
o f the Ro siclare mine there are numero us similar pebbles scattered
o ver the surface . Amo ng them was o n e ro unded an d apparentlywaterwo rn pebble o f galena sho wing quartz crystals in a small druse .
It is po ssible that these represent remnants o f a fo rmer extensi o n o f
the fo rmat io n . In general all the pebbles o bserved are such as might
have been derived from the destructio n o f lo cal fo rmatio ns.
N o special study o f_the se gravels was made , n o r were the green
sands,said by Wo rthen to accompany them in Pulaski Co unty,
0
examined . VVo rt-hen determined these beds to be o f Tertiary ag e .
Mr . McG e e ” has referred them mo re specifical ly to the Lafayette
fo rmatio n .
a G e o l . Surve y I l l in o is , vo l. 1 , 1 8 6 6 , pp . 4 4—4 7 .
0 Twe lfth A n n . Re pt . U . S . G e o l . Surve y , p t . 1 , 1 89 1 , p . 4 69 .
B A IN . ] DE SCRIPTION O F S E D IME N TA RY FORMA T I ON S . 2 7
Q U A TE RN ARY DE POS IT S .
LO E SS LO AM .
Thro ugho ut the two co unties there is commo nly a surface materialo f light—buff
, p e bble le ss clay o r lo am . This is spread as a thin mantleo ver the underlying ro cks
,an d o ver the flat uplands
,in particular
,is
widespread . On the slo pes it i s cut away o r so mixed with residualm aterial as to be indistin guishable . In places the sand co ntributedto it by the decompo sitio n o f the lo cal ro cks is very abundant. In
o ther places,however , i t exhibits all the characteristics o f upland
lo ess o f the glaciated area farther no rth,an d i t is do ubtless a phase
o f o n e o f the o lder lo ess sheets which have been there discriminated .
ALLUVIUM .
Alo ng the Ohio an d many o f its tributaries are numero us bro ad,
flat bo ttom lands underlain by alluvium . No attempt has been madeto discriminate them o n the accompanying maps
,n o r has an y study
been made o f the interesting an d comp lex river histo ry which they inpart reco rd .
D E S CR IPT IO N O F I G N E O U S R O CKS .
G E N E RA L STA TE NIE N T .
The disco very o f intrusive igneo us ro cks in Ill ino is was very recent .In 1 889
'
Mr . Ul rich , while wo rking fo r the Kentucky Geo lo gical Surve y, disco vered the F lannery dike in Crittenden Co unty , Ky.
,an d in
1 892 Mr. J . S . D iller described the ro ck . From time to time o therdikes were fo und in that State
,unti l n ow a co nsiderable number are
known . In 1 90 2 Mr . W . S . Tangier Smith lo cated the Mix dike abo veGo lco nda
,that being the first fo und in I llino is . I n the co urse o f the
wo rk in 1 903 a number o f additio nal dikes were fo und,an d there are
do ubtless o thers which as yet remain undisco vered . Near Hicks Mr .
Crider fo und co nsiderable mica in o n e o f the streams,an d Mr . F .
Julius Fo hs has furnished a specimen o f a mica-bearing ro ck pickedup nearby . S o far , however , it has pro ved impo ssible to find materialin place .
The dikes so far fo und are indicated o n the accompanying maps .In n o case has a dike been traced an y co nsiderable distance , an d withtwo exceptio ns they are fo und o nly in the bluffs o f the Ohio an d fo r
a sho rt distance inland . The dike in D owney’s bluff at Ro siclaresends o ff a thin sheet which is intruded into beds o f the Ohara membero f the Ste . Genevieve . The dike at Orr’s landing has a thin stringerrunning o ff into the St. Lo uis l imesto ne . W ith these exceptio ns theigneo us ro ck so far as known o ccurs o nly in no rmal
,vertical dikes .
2 8 FLUORSPA R DE POS ITS O F S OUTHE RN ILL I N O IS . [B ULL . 2 5 5 .
The individual o ccurrences are described below , gro uped by lo calities
,the petrographic no tes being by Mr . Albert Jo hannse n
,Of the
Unite d States G eo logical Surve y . He make s the fo l lowing generalo bservatio ns o n the ro cks , based o n an examinatio n o f material frombo th the Kentucky an d Il lino is o ccurrences :
S O far as the y c an be de te rm in e d fro m the alte re d state o f m o s t o f the ro cks ,
the y fa l l in to two gro ups , m ic a-pe r ido t i te s an d lam pro phyre s , the m aj o r i ty o f
the spe c im e n s b e lo n g in g to the latte r. In all the spe c im e n s (o f the lam pro
phyre ) the o r ig in a l m in e ra ls are so m uc h a lte re d to c a l c i te that subd i v is io n is
im po ss ib le , fo r in n o c ase is the re an y o f the fe ldspar re m a in in g. It is po ss ib lethat the re was o r ig in a l ly n o fe ldspar , a l though the d ispo s itio n o f the part ic le san d re plac e m e n t pro duc ts se e m s to po in t in so m e o f the th in se c t io n s to a g roun dm ass o r ig in a l ly in lath-S hape d c ry sta ls.
T he re is a Sharp d i st in c t io n b e twe e n the m ic a-pe r ido t i te s an d the lam p ro
phyre s , howe v e r, in that in the fo rm e r ,O l i v in e , e ithe r part ia l ly o r e n t ire ly se r
p e n t in ize d ,is c le ar ly S hown , wh i l e in the latte r the re is n o in d i c at io n o f its e v e r
hav in g o c curre d ; aga in ,in the latte r the re is a re m arkab l e an d unusua l o c cur
re n c e o f apat i te . T h is o c curs in n e ar ly all o f the lam pro phyre s l ide s in larg e ,pe rfe c t ly fre sh , S ho rt , th i c k prism s . the ir un c han g e d c o n d i t io n m ak in g a str ikin g c o n trast w ith the state o f a l te rat io n o f the re m a in de r o f the se c tio n s . The
pre se n c e o f phlo g o p i te in bo th g ro ups , rathe r than a m o re usua l var i e ty O f m ic a ,
c o n n e c ts the m in a m an n e r .
O rr’s lan din g .
— Abo ut a quarter o f a mile below Orr’s landing
(SW . NE . sec . 33,T . 1 2 S .
,R . 8 E . ) the S t . Lo uis limesto ne is
cut near the water’s edge by a vertical dike abo ut 1 0 inches thick .
This shows,o n superficial examinatio n
,very l ittle igneo us mat erial .
The bulk o f the dike is made up O f e lastic material,co nsisting Of
ro unded pebbles o f limesto ne an d quar tzite. These attain a maximum diam eter O f 6 inches
,an d
,while the co untry ro ck is S t . Lo uis
l imesto ne,they include l itho logic ty pes n o t fo und in that fo rmatio n .
The pebbles are in a matrix o f dark cal careo us material,in which
,o n
exam inatio n,Mr. Jo hannsen fo und much pyrite
,some magnetite
,
quartz,an d large apatites. He regards it as a lampro phyre n ow
nearly entirely altered to calcite. There are 3 to 4 inches o f calciteparallel to the dike material an d separatin g it from the wall
,an d in
smal l seams intersecting the who le calcite an d fluo rite are develo ped,
to gether. On the east side o f the dike a narrow irregular crack leadsO ff thro ugh the limesto ne fo r a number o f feet . Alo ng either sideo f this crack the limesto ne is altered an d darken ed fo r abo ut 2 inches .This somewhat pecul iar dike seem s to re present the intrusio n o f
liquid an d n o t entirely dry magm a into an Open crevice partiallvcho ked by gravel an d material washed in from abo ve.
There has been apparen tly some slight alteratio n o f the limesto ne,tho ugh the nature o f this al teratio n has n o t been studied , an d whetherthe intro duct io n o f the fluo rine was incide nt to i t is who lly unknown.
Ro sic lare quarry— Ih the quarries in the Ste . G enevieve limesto ne
m m ] IG N E OUS ROCKS . 29
immediately abo ve Ro siclare landing there are two dikes which Mr.JOhan n se n describes as fo l lows
Me g asc o p ic a l ly the ro c k is m uc h a l te re d , an d at first s ight it appe ars to be a
c o n glom e rate'
w i th in c lude d fragm e n ts o f sha le . T he se sha ly part i c l e s are , how
e ve r , ah a l te rat io n pro duc t o f m i c a as is S hown by th in se c t i o n s un de r the
m i c ro sc o pe . M ic ro sc o pic a l e xam in at io n shows the ro c k to be alm o st e n tire lya lte re d to c alc ite . Larg e apat ite s . iro n o x ide , c hlo r ite , an d se rpe n t in e o c cur.
The two dikes are abo ut 1 0 feet apart,an d are each abo ut 1 0 inches
thick . They are vertical an d apparently do n o t mark faulting planes .The limesto ne in co ntact with them shows n o apparent alteratio n
,but
parallel with them an d dispo sed o n either side are a number o f prominent veins o f calcite carrying smaller amo unts o f fluo rite. The who lesystem o f veins an d dikes has a co urse abo ut N . 45 ° W .
A single specimen o f o rdinary diabase was Obtained from near herein the town o f Ro si clare . It was fo und in digging a well
,but as the
relatio ns are n o t known it po ssibly represents material bro ught do wnthe river during Glac ial times an d until further data are avai lable itc an hardly be co nsidered as representing ano ther dike.
Down ey’s bluff— In the high bluff between Ro siclare an d Fairview
landings is o n e o f the mo st interesting o f the o ccurrences . The ro ckis fo und here bo th in a well -defin e d dike
,cutting the po int o f the hill
with a co urse N . 31°30
’ W .
,an d in a thin sheet intruded between
beds o f the l imesto ne lying abo ve the Ro siclare sandsto ne member.The dike itself is 4 to 5 feet wide. The main sheet running o ff fromit is 6 inches thick
,an d abo ut 3 inches abo ve this is a seco nd sheet
barely 1 inch thick . The two are co nnected by very thin stringersOf igneo us material
,indicating apparently a co nditio n Of high fluid
ity . The dike do es n o t mark a faulting plane,tho ugh o n the no rth
west side O f the hill the sheet is cut O ff by an east—west fault o f 70feet
,with downthrow to the no rth . The dike h as been traced to
the no rth abo ut feet to a spring,beyo nd which it is either
cut o ff by. the fault o r fails to o utcro p because o f the presence o f
alluvium .
Despite the penetratio n o f the ro ck into the thinnest crevices o f
the l imesto ne,there is n o macro sco pic evidence o f the alte ratio n o f
the latte r by co ntact metamo rphism . Mr . Jo hannsen examined a
number o f specimens Of the co ntact ro cks,an d no tes that there is
no thing to indicate a change caused by the intrusio n . His petrographic descriptio n Of the ro ck , which he determines as a lam pro
phyre , is as fo llows :
Me gasc o p i c al ly th is is a ve ry dark po rphyr i tic ro c k , c o n sist in g o f a fin e
g ra i n e d g roun dm ass ful l o f phe n o c rysts o f dark m i c a an d pyro xe n e . The m i c ag e n e ra l ly o c curs in basal se c t i o n s o f abo ut 1 m m .
,thoug h o c c as i o n al ly c rystals
o f ove r a c e n tim e te r o c cur. The c rysta ls o f pyro xe n e are o f sm al l d im e n s io n s .
30 FLUO RSRA R DE PO S ITS O F S OUTHE RN ILLIN OIS . [B ULL. 2 5 5 .
Un de r the m i c ro sc o pe the struc ture is ho lo crystal l in e po rphyritic , the g roun d
m ass be in g m uc h l e ss in am o un t than the phe n o crysts. The phe n o c rysts are
irre gular in o ut l in e an d o f varyin g size s , an d are ,in the o rde r o f the ir im po r
tan c e . m ic a , pyro x e n e , apatite , iro n o xide , an d ,po ss ibly ,
pe ro fsk ite . The m ic ao c curs in larg e c rysta l s an d is c h i e fly phlo g o p i te , w i th bio t i te in l e sse r am oun t .
The iro n m in e ra l is t i tan i te an d , po ss ib ly , c o n s ide rab l e t i tan i fe rous m ag n e t ite .
Pyr ite o c curs in se v e ral o f the s l ide s . T he pyro xe n e is usua l ly m uc h a l te re d ,
but in se c t io n N O . 4 the re are re m n an ts o f a pl e o c hro i c aug i te . The g roun dm ass
is larg e ly al te re d to c a l c i te . The se c o n dary pro duc ts are c a l c ite , se rpe n t in e(from pyro x e n e ) , l euc o xe n e , an d quartz .
S oward farm .— No rthwest Of Ro siclare (W . 5 sec . 31 ) is an inter
esting o ccurrence O f dike fo rm which po ssibly indicates the presenceo f igneo us ro ck a l ittl e below the surface. The ro ck itsel f is e lastic ,an d shows bo th angular an d ro unded fragments o f l imesto ne
,with
flakes an d bits o f black shale cemented by a l imesto ne matrix . Somevery altered ferrugino us material m ay represent igneo us ro ck , butth 1 s i s uncertain . From the mo de Of o ccurrence it is po ssible thatthis represents a fissure fi lling
,largely Of material brought up from
below by the intrusio n underneath . It is mentio ned merely as a placeat which it is tho ught igneo us ro ck m ay yet be fo und in situ .
Mia farm .—There are two dikes known in Po pe Co unty . One o f
them is that disco vered in 1 90 2 o n the Charles Mix farm,a few miles
abo ve Go lco nda (sec . 8,T . 1 3 S .
,R . 7 It cuts Chester sandsto ne ,
presumably o f Birdsvi lle ag e , an d has a co urse abo ut N. 40 ° W . It
Shows o nly in the river bluff, an d apparently the intruded ro ck hasn o t been in an y way altered . Mr . JOhan n se n determines the ro ck tobe a mica-perido tite
,somewhat similar to that de sc ribe d /by D i ller ,
an d describes it as fo llows
The han d spe c im e n c o n s ists o f a dark , granular. m o tt le d b lack an d wh iteg roun dm ass , w i th phe n o c rysts o f m ic a an d pyro x e n e . Un de r the m ic ro sc o pethe y v e ry c lo se ly re se m b le the se c t i o n s o f the F lan n e ry d ike . T he y c o n s istc h ie fly o f phlo go p i te , se rpe n tin e , i lm e n ite , le uc o xe n e , pe ro fsk ite , m agn e tite , an da l itt le pyro xe n e an d o l ivin e . The o l i v in e is o n ly partia l ly a lte re d to se rp e n
t in e .
G o lc o n da — The seco nd o ccurrence o f dike material no ted in Po peCo unty is that fo und a Sho rt di stance west Of Go lco nda, at the Gilbert pro spect . This dike is 4 to 5 feet thick
,vertical
,an d cuts Ches
ter— presumably Birdsvil le— sandsto ne an d shale witho ut faultingthem . Mr. Jo hannsen describes the ro ck as fo llows
A pyro xe n e - lam pro phyre , c o n s i stin g o f m uc h c al c ite , c hlo rite , iro n o xide , som e
phlo g o p ite , l e uc o xe n e , an d som e se rpe n tin e afte r pyro xe n e an d , doubtful ly ,afte r
O l i v in e . The iro n o xide is i lm e n ite , an d pro bably so m e titan i fe rous m agn e t i teo c curr in g in cubic al c rystals . A l itt le he m at ite o c curs .
U S G EO LO G ICA L S U RV EY B U LLET IN N O 2 5 5 PL lV
M A P A N D CRO S S SE CT ION . RO S ICLARE TO KARB E RS RIDGE , iLL.
H FO STE R B A IN, A S S IS TE D BY A F CRIDE R A ND E O ULRICH
32 FLUORSPA R DE POS ITS O F S OUTHE RN ILL IN O IS . [B ULL. 2 5 5 .
Bran ch,an d alo ng a branch o f Big Creek in sectio n 2 0 (Pl . III ) ,
indicates a lo cal irregularity in the dome .
There are n o known o ccurrences o f igneo us ro ck co nnected with theHicks dome
,but the _ pre se n c e o f unusual quantities o f mica in the
stream s at o n e o r two po ints lends co lo r to the suspicio n Of their
presence.
FA ULT S .
No rmal faults are fo und thro ugho ut the two co unties . A number
o f these are represented upo n the accompanying maps,an d their
particular relatio n to the o re depo sits w il l be discussed later. The
throw varies from an imperceptible am o unt to feet o r mo re .
All the Carbo ni fero us fo rmatio ns are affected . East o f Cave inRo ck the Mansfield sandsto ne an d th e Ste . G e n e vie ve
‘
lim e sto n e are
bro ught to gether. On H o g Thief Branch (sec . 30,T . 1 1 S .
,R . 9 E . )
the St . Lo uis l imesto ne is bro ught into co ntact with the Mansfieldan d with either Cypress o r Birdsvil le sandsto ne . In the regio nbeween Elizabethtown an d Karbers Ridge there are many faults
,
an d rapid changes in strata m ay be no ted in traversing an y o f thero ads . In Po pe Co unty ,
from the Ohio an d the B ay Bo ttoms to theencircling escarpment o f Mansfield sandsto ne
,faulting is a commo n
phenomeno n,an d in Gallatin Co unty (sec . 2 1
,T . 1 2 S .
,R . 7 E . ) the
Man sfield itsel f is cut by faults in numero us directio ns .There is n o regularity as to the trend o f the fault planes
,tho ugh
a maj o rity Of tho se so far studied have a general co urse no rth o f east .The individual fault planes are rarely traceable mo re than 1 o r 2
miles,but alo ng the same general co urse faulting o ccurs fo r 1 2 to 1 5
miles . Fo r example,from the Emp i re m ine (sec . 34
,T . 1 1 S .
,R . 7
E . ) to the Wright pro spect (sec. 3,T . 1 3 S .
,R . 5 E . ) there is a suc
cessio n o f pro spects an d evidence Of disturbance Of the beds,tho ugh
there is smal l pro babil ity o f a co ntinuo us fault. From the Ro siclarean d Fairview mines the general co urse o f the faulting m ay be pro
j e c te d so uthwest to B ay City , an d alo ng the l ine frequent evidenceo f disturbances will be fo und
,while at B ay City there is also min
e ralizatio n .
On the o ther hand,there is usually clear evidence that the indi
vidual faults are o f l imited length . They o ccupy en échelo n po sitio ns an d are by n o means exactly parallel . This is illustrated o n
th e special m ap o f the Ro siclare district , where the vario us faultplanes are Offset as indicated; an d vary in directio n nearlyThis tendency o f fault planes to take a co urse at a sl ight angle withwhat appears to m ark the line o f maj o r stress is believed to be theexpressio n o f a. ge ne ral law . The reaso n is n o t well understo o d, butseems to l ie in the character o f the ro cks an d the directio n o f the
m m ] G E OLOG IC‘ STRUCTURE . 33
stressi It is perhaps due to the presence Of a. slight ho rizo ntal element in the latter .
The fault planes are usuallv ve rti cal . The Ro siclare ve in,o ccur
ring alo ng such a plane,has be en mined to a depth o f 30 0 feet
,an d
in that depth is so nearly vertical that the shaft is st il l within thevein . The Fairview vein has an average dip to the west o f 79 °
The Hamp ve in dips S . The Empire vein dips E . Eventhese departure s from the vertical seem
,o n the jwho le
,to be e xc e p
tio n al,
'
an d the to tal effect o f the faulting has been to divide thenearly ho rizo ntal ro cks into a. series o f po lygo nal blo cks
,which
have been raised o r lowered with reference to o n e ano ther,but with
very little ho rizo ntal displacement . This type o f structure,while
perhap s commo n,has been but l ittle discussed . Mr. G . K . Gilbert
some y ears ag o pictured it , an d Powell gave it the name diversedisplacement .
” It is as he rem arks,the Kaibab structure o n a small
scale . Recently Pro f . IV. H . H o bbs has called attentio n 0 to faultingsomewhat similar in character ; an d in the Glo be district o f ArizonaMr . F . L . Ransome has described an intricate system Of small no rmalfaults
,apparently very much like these .
0 In the Co lumbia fo lio,‘Z
Hayes an d U lrich have m apped o n e blo ck o f strata,evidently
bo unded by Sim ilar fault planes,but with this exceptio n the strue
ture has n o t been described from the Mississippi Val ley . Its o ccurre nce here is quite in keeping with the general peculiarities o f the
district,which set it O ff from the remaining po rtio n Of the geo lo gic
pro vince within which it o ccurs .
Q U A RTZ ITE RE E F S .
The fault planes are commo nly marked by the develo pment parallel with them Of clo sely spaced fractures . W here these affect sandsto nes an d the latte r have been changed to quartzite by the additio no f sil ica
,reefs o r ridges o f quartzite
,n o t unlike dikes in to pographic
expressio n,are fo rme d . These affo rd the mo st Obvio us means o f
reco gnizing fault planes . The j uxtapo sitio n Of ro cks o f diversel itho lo gic character
,such as sandsto ne an d limesto ne
,is also indica
tive o f faulting,tho ugh o ccasio nally the o utcro pping edge Of a lime
sto ne interbedded with sandsto ne an d shale becomes deceptive.
DIP .
Near fault planes the ro cks o ften dip at a high angle,an d this
seems to be especial ly true in the western part Of the district,where
a P owe l l , G e o lo g y o f the U in ta M o un tain s , 1 8 7 6 , fig s . 4 an d 5 , pp . 1 6 - 1 7 .
” Twe n ty -first A'
n n . Re p t . U . S . G e o l . Surve y , p t . 3 , pp . 1 9— 1 6 2 .
0 G e o lo g y o f the G lo be c o pp e r d is tri c t : Pro f . Pape r U . S . G e o l . Surve y N O . 1 2 , 1 9 0 3 , pp .
9 7— 1 0 6 .
G e o lo g ic At las U . S . , fo l io 9 5 , U . S . G e o l. Surve y .
Bull . 255— 05 M— 3
3 4 FLUORSPA R DE POS ITS O F S OUTHE RN ILL IN O IS . (B ULL . 2 5 5 .
defo rmatio n apparently has been accomplished in part thro ughmo no clinal fo lding rather than fracturing. At the lVright pro spect ,near Ro ck , the sandsto n e an d Shale in the creek strike N . 60
° E .
an d dip 42 ° NW . Abo ut 50 0 feet farther west the strike is N . 45°
E . an d the dip 40 ° SE . Abo ut a mile an d a hal f east o f Reso rt (sec.
9 , T . 1 3 S .
,R . 5 E . ) there i s a co nsiderable belt o f l imesto ne striking
N . 35° E . an d dipping Sharply to the so utheast . Near the Luella
mines (sec. 1 0 , T . 1 2 S .
,R . 6 E . ) dips as high as 50
° were Observed,
an d in a belt appro ximately paral lel to the fault plane Sandsto ne,
shale,an d l imesto ne pass successively beneath the surface. Near
Packers G ap’
(NE . sec . 1 6 , T . 1 1 S .,R . 7 E . ) heavy beds o f sand
sto ne striking N . 80° “7 . have a dip SW . 49
°an d Show evidenc e
o f some displacement between the beds . No rth o f Elizabethtown o n
the Patto n land (sec . 2 1,T . 1 1 S .
,R . 9 E . ) there is a belt Of ro cks
feet acro ss,dipping 1 0 ° SE . an d striking N . 30
° E . The ro cksinclude sandsto ne
,Shale
,an d thin limesto nes
,such as characterize the
Birdsville fo rm atio n . There are mino r faults an d lo cal evidenceso f thrust .
These varying dips are no tably irregular,an d in n o case studied
did they indicate a regular system o f fo lds . Occasio nally,in co nnec
tio n with the displacement,comprehensive stresses have been gen
crated,but these seem to have been entirely lo cal in their effect "
an d
incident to the general defo rmatio n by diverse displacement.
G E O L O G IC H IS T O RY .
PE RIODS O F SE DIM E N TA T ION .
O f the pre-Devo nian histo ry o f this area no thing is definitelyknown . There are n o expo sures Of earlier ro cks in the district an dthere are n o drill reco rds reaching below the black shale . In the
adj acent Ozark regio n,resting o n pre-Cambrian granites an d p o r
phyrie s, are Cambrian,Ordo vician
,an d Silurian ro cks
,co ns isting
largely o f magnesian limesto nes,do lomites
,an d sandsto nes . The
co ntempo raneo us ro cks in the regio n so uth an d east are largely n o n
magnesian limesto nes an d shales . In the absence o f data it is un c e rtain what kind o f ro cks were depo sited here
,an d i t c an o nly be ih
ferred that in pre -Devo nian time the area was o n e o f sedimentatio n,
interrupted at intervals by perio ds o f ero sio n . From Devo nian untillate in the Carbo ni fero us at least
,similar co nditio ns prevai led . A t
times the area was co vered by the se a an d at times it fo rmed part Ofthe land . The detai ls o f this histo ry have n o t been made o ut
,an d,
so far as known,are n o t significant from the present po int o f View .
m m . ) G E OLOG IC H ISTORY 35
DE FORM A T ION A N D IN TRU S ION O F IG N E OU S ROCK S .
At som e time after the depo sitio n o f the Mansfield sandsto ne,an d
presumably after the depo sitio n o f a co n siderable thickness o f co almeasures
,the regio n was upli fted an d expo sed to ero sio n . This m ay
well have been merely a recurrence o f upli ft alo ng a l ine marked o ut
by previo us defo rmatio n,since in the to tal unlikeness o f the pre-S t .
Lo uis Carbo nifero us beds o f this district to tho se alo ng the Mississippi to the no rthwest there is evidence o f an Old barrier between thetwo pro vinces . However that m ay be , the particular upli ft mentio nedwas either in the Carbo ni fero us o r later. It was accompanied o r succ e e de d by fracturing an d diverse displacement
,an d Since this fo rm o f
defo rmatio n pro bably o ccurs o nly when the beds are lightly lo aded itto o k place either befo re an y great. thickness Of co al -measure Shaleswas depo sited o ver the regio n o r after they were ero ded . If acco untbe taken o f the large amo unt o f ero sio n which the Mississippi Val leyhas undergo ne in Meso zo ic an d Ceno zo ic time , i t seems pro bable thatthis upli ft o ccurred after a co nsiderable thickness o f ro cks— laterthan an y n ow known in the area— was depo sited . In central an dso uthern Illino is there are feet o r mo re Of co al measures whichare unrepresented in Po pe an d Hardin co unties . As these beds arenowhere preserved in the fault blo cks o f the latter area
,there wo uld
seem to have been first an upli ft o f the district as a who le,fo llowed
by ero sio n,an d this in turn by fracturing an d displacement o f the
individual blo cks o f strata.
While the hypo thesis i s n o t perhaps susceptible o f abso lute demo nstratio n
,the intrusio n o f the igneo us material seems to have aecom
pan ie d the fracturing an d displacement . The relatio ns o f the dikesto the faults are n o t clear. In general the dikes seem to o ccupy fractures alo ng which there is practically n o faulting
,an d the deep fault
planes are n o t o ccupied by igneo us mate rial,tho ugh they are fre
quently the lo cus o f veins . The o ccurrence in the no rth flank o f
Downey’s bluff o f a fault cutting the smal l Sheet o f perido tite o f
co urse merely pro ves that some faults are later than some intrusio ns.N O attempt to fix mo re definitely the ag e o f the dikes an d defo rma
tio n will be made,as an y suggestio n wo uld rest who lly o n analo gy
with neighbo ring regio ns showing Similar phenomena,an d there
are no ne sufficiently clo se to give muchweight to such suggestio ns.
PE RIOD O F E ROS ION .
Since the defo rmatio n,the faulting
,an d the intrusio n Of the
dike material there has been pro lo nged ero sio n Of the area. It isextremely pro bable that this ero sio n has o ccurred in two o r mo recycles
,but o f the earlier o nes there is n ow n o demo nstrable evidence.
36 FLUORSPA R DE POS ITS O F S OUTHE RN ILLI N O IS . [B ULL . 2 5 5 .
The upland -plain pre vio usly discussed marks the la st o f the impo rtant cycles o f ero sio n , an d its ag e has already been suggeste d
to be Lafayette o r late Te rt iary . At the completio n o f this cycleKarbe rs Ridge , the She tlervil le Hills , an d certain areas in Kentucky
remained as mo nadno cks rising abo ve the plain . Since its'
comple
tio n the co untr y has be en elevated as a who le 2 0 0 feet o r mo re an d
the streams have c ut their present channels . This elevatio n se ems
n o t to have been co ntinuo us , Since there are traces o f incompletepeneplains below the m ain o n e
‘
an d abo ve the bo ttoms o f the rivers.
TH E O R E D E P O S IT S .
G E N E R A L CH A R A CT E R .
The o re depo sits o f Po pe an d Hardin co unties are vein depositso ccurring alo ng faulting fissures . The ve in material co nsists essen
tially o f fluo rspar an d calcite,o r calc spar
,
”as it i s lo cally called .
Asso ciated with these minerals are mino r amo unts Of the lead an d
zinc sulphides , galena an d blende . There are al so traces o f o thersulphides , no tably tho se co ntainin g co ppe r an d antimo ny . Surfacealte ratio n is relatively unimpo rtant , tho ugh some carbo nate o f zinco ccurs . an d in the adj acent po rtio n Of K e n tuckv o n e o r two bo dies o f
it have be e n mine d : N o traces Of seco ndary enrichment have beeno bse rved . lVithin the area are ce rtain bo dies o f limo nite . which werefo rmerly mined
,but which are n ow unimpo rtant . Fluo rspar is the
o nly mine al l n ow min ed in quantity , an d th e depo sits affo rd , therefo re
,an instance Of what is o rdin arily
,an d was here o riginal ly
,merely
a gangue mineral,be ing the o n e which give s value to the Ore .
M IN E R A L S PR E S E N T .
CAN G U E M I N E RALS .
Ftw r ita — This district is characte rized by the peculiar an d remarkable abundance o f the calcium fluo ride
, CaF ”co rrespo nding in c o m
po sitio n to 5 1 per cent o f calcium an d 49 per cent o f fluo rine (sp ec ific gravity ,
to This mineral o ccurs in large"
‘bo dies o f
unusual purity,shipments running 98 to 99 per cent being co nstantly
made . Ve ry l ittl e run ning less than 95 per cent finds sale except at
reduced price . The m in eral is cry stall ized , an d in druses an d Openspaces we ll—develo ped crystal s are n o t uncommo n . On these the
face s o f the cube are best develo ped,but mo dificatio ns due to the
o ctahedro n m ay be frequently no ted . Fo r the mo st part the fluo riteo ccurs in gre at ve rtical sheets o r veins clearly crystallized . but n o t
showing crystal fo r n . The o ctahedral cleavage is always well develo ped , so much so
,in fact , that j ig co nce ntrates co nsist largely o f
imperfect te t i
ahe dra. an d o ctahedra. Cleavage fo rms are easi ly o b
m m . ) G A N G U E M IN E RA LS . 37
tain e d, an d many very perfect o nes ado rn lo cal cab inets . In the
veins a ribbo n structure giving the appearance o f o nyx is o ccasio nallyseen . This seems to be depen dent upo n the distributio n o f co lo ringm att er . In general the spar is white , but purple , amethyst
, gre en ,an d go lden y ellow are also present
,in the o rder o f abundance given .
The cause o f the co lo r was n o t inve stigated . Mr . Tangier Smith,
from his studies o f the Kentucky fluo rspar , co nclude d that the diffe re n c e s in co lo r we re dete rm ine d by the co nditio n Of the co lo ringmatte r
,pro bably hydro carbo ns , pre sent .
The fluo rspar is almo st universally known by the shortened name o fSpar
,an d the clear transparent varietie s are known as glass spar . N O
fluo rine minerals o the r than fluo rspar were fo und in the regio n ,
except that in the (l ike ro cks the re are unusual quan tities o f apatitean d m ic a
,bo th Of which usually co nta in fluo rite .
Calc ite — The mo st universal accompaniment o f the fluo rspar iscalcite o r calcium carbo nate
,co rrespo ndin g to 5 6 per cent o f
calcium o xide an d 44 per ce n t o f carbo n dio xide (specific gravity ,to
This mineral in its impure fo rm co nstitutes the larger part Of thel imesto nes o f the regio n an d also o ccurs in the Shales an d some o f thesandsto nes: It is the commo n cementing material where th e ro ckshave been brecciated o r fractured
,an d o ccurs alo ne fo rming impo r
tant veins,as well as with the fluo rite . It is commo nly n o t transparent
an d rarely o ccurs showin g crystal fo rm,though -the usual scaleno
hedra with rhombohedral terminatio ns o ccur . The mineral i s n o t
itself valuable . It. is lo cally co nsidere d an indicatio n o f the presenceo f fluo rite an d the o re m in e rals , but o ccurs so commo nly witho ut themthat it is o f smal l value in this particular . Calcite i s frequentlyreferred to lo cal ly as calc .
”
Q uartz .
— In co nne ctio n with the mineralization o f the veins,large
quantities o f sil ica, S iO _
have be en added to that already present inthe sandsto nes an d o the r ro cks . This silica has been depo sited e spe
c ially be tween the gram s o f sand o f the o riginal sandsto nes alo ng theveins
,firmly cementing the ro ck an d giving rise to the quartzite ree fs
already mentio ned . In druses in the vein an d elsewhere the silica
has also crystall ized , fo rming small pyramidal crystals,some trans
parent an d o thers j e t black .
B arite .
—Somewhat '
widely distributed but in relatively smallerquantity than the mineral s e nume rated abo ve is barite
,the barium
sulphate B aS O , (specific gravity , to This o ccurs as a m as
sive,white
,crystalline substance intimately intergrown with the
o the r mine rals . Occasio nally o n the free surfaces o f druses it showscrystal fo rm
,small tabular crystals clustered so as to fo rm m am m il
lary aggregatio ns being characteristic . In this it resembles the barite
o ccurring in so utheastern Misso uri . The larger clear crystals , such as
38 FLU ORSPA R DE POS ITS o r S OUTHE RN ILLIN O IS . [n e w 2 5 5 .
o ccur in so uthwestern Misso uri , were n o t no ted , tho ugh po ssibly present . The mineral i s lo cally known by the commo n name , heavy spar .
D o lom ite — The do uble carbo nate o f magnesium an d calcium ,while
po ssibly present in o ccasio nal smal l quantities,was nowhere no ted
,
tho ugh Mr. Fo hs has sho wn the writer the iro n-manganese-magnesium -calcium car bo nate . ankerite
,from o n e Of the Kentucky mines .
D o lomite is pro bably present , but o nly in ve rv smal l quantity , a fact
o f some po ssible significance as related to the genesis o f the o res .
Kao lin — The hydrous S il icate o f alumina
o ccurs near the Pittsburg mine in co nsiderable quantity . It do es n o tseem to be directly related to the o res , an d its o rigin is in do ubt.
ORIG IN A L M E TA LL IC M IN E RA LS .
G ale n a — The sulphide o f lead,PbS , co ntaining per cent Of
sulphur an d per cent o f lead (Specific gravity , i s pro bablythe mo st abundant an d widespread o f the o riginal metall i c m m e rals.
It o ccurs in the usual cubical crystals , o ccasio nally showing the faceso f bo th cube an d o ctahedro n . It is intimately asso ciated with o thersulphides an d with gangue minerals . The galena o f this district isargenti fero us
,at least to a degree no tably beyo nd that o f o ther de
po sits ih the Mississippi Val ley . “7li itn ey ‘1 gives an assay showingthe presence o f 95 ounces o f Silver to the to n in galena from R-Osiclare , an d Eilers quo tes the statement o f the owners o f the Old Mineral City pro perty to the effect that 8 to 1 4 o unces were commo nlyfo und in the o re yielding 1 2 to 20 o unces in the pig. Whether thisamo unt is constant o r n o t is uncertain
,an d n o attempt has been made
,
so far as is known,to save the si lver
,n o r do es its presence affect the
price Of the lead .
The lead o re n ow o btained comes mainly from the j igs emplo yed toc le an the fluo rite an d its pro ductio n is incidental to the preparatio no f the latter fo r the market. Large bo dies o f galena co rrespo nding totho se fo rmerly mined do n o t seem to be anywhere in sight at present.B le n de — The zinc sulphide
,Z n S (sulphur , 33 per cent ; zinc , 67 per
cent ; specific gravity , to lo cal ly known as jack,
” is,next to
galena, the mo st abundant o f the sulphides . It o ccurs crystall izedbut rarely with crystal fo rm . The blende present is usually qui tepure , being a brown ro sin jack
,
”an d apparently rather free from
an y admixture o f pyrite . t i le many hand specimens an d evensmall quantities o f o re c an be fo und running high in blende
,n o
co nsiderable bo dies rich eno ugh to warrant independent m ining wereexpo sed when the area was visited . At the Ro siclare mill middlingsco ntaining zinc are being accumulated with a V iew to po ssible futuresale.
“Whitn ey , J . D G e o l . Surve y I l l in o is , vo l. 1 , 1 8 6 6 , p . 1 89 .
40 FLUORSPA R DE POSITS O F S OUTHE RN ILLIN O IS . [B ULL 2 5 5 .
PA RA G E N E S I S A N D A SSOC IA T ION .
N O defin ite o rder o f depo sitio n o f the o riginal"
minerals c an be madeo ut. The vario us metallic sulphides an d gangue minerals seem to
have crystallized at the same time an d beyo nd the general fact o f thereplacement o f calcite by fluo rite there seems to be n o system in theirdepo sitio n . All o f the sulphides o ccur completely surro unded by thefluo rite. The re are no ne Of the commo n evidences o f seco ndaryenrichment
,an d in the veins the o xidatio n incident to the kin g perio d
o f ero sio n subsequent to the fo rmatio n o f the o re bo dies has left fewtraces . Apparently the sulphides
,being practically sealed up in fluo r
i te,are
,so lo ng as they remain in the .ve in ,
almo st entirely unaffectedby surface wate rs . Mino r except io ns are no ted in the de scriptio n s o fthe individual mines . In general the o re bo dies are believe d to bepractically unmo dified o re s Of primary depo sitio n
,o r o f first co ne en
tractio n , as Pro fesso r Van Hise defi nes the term .
“
M O D E O F O CCURR E N C E .
F o rm an d charac te r of the o re bodie s — The depo sits o f this districtfo rm typical fissure veins . The o re bo dies are tabular ; the v o ccuralo ng planes that mark extensive faulting an d that cut acro ss thestrike an d dip o f the strata.
, Ore an d gangue minerals in co nsiderable variety are present
,an d bo th fissure fill ing an d metasomatic pro
cesses have Operated in their fo rmatio n . The o re bo dies are unusualin respect to thickness— frequen tly 1 0 to 1 2 feet
,an d o ccas io nally 2 5
feet o r mo re an d in the great purity an d abundance o f the fluo rite .
The develo pment wo rk at Ro siclare gives some idea o f the Size o f
at least o n e o f the o re bo dies . Mining has been carried o n fo r p rac
t ical ly the who le distance o f three- fo urths o f a mile alo ng the vein .
F o r the greater po rtio n o f this length the sto pes have been 1 0 to 2 0feet wide in very clean o re . In the Fairview shaft
,at o n e end
,levels
at a depth o f 2 0 0 feet show the presen ce o f a vein o f undiminishedstrength an d an o re bo dy o f th e full no rmal th ickness . At the o therend the Ro siclar e shaft shows th e same thing to a depth o f .
,30 0 fe et .
Beyo nd these Shafts very little wo rk has been do ne,but even i f the
vein o r o re sho o t— the two terms here seem almo st syno nymo usgo es n o far ther laterally
,a very large bo dy o f spar is Shown .
This is the largest bo dy Of fluo rspar ye t develo ped in the two
co unties,but it is also the o nly place at which any co nsiderable
"sinking an d drifting have been do ne . A S the mine descriptio ns Show ,
there are a number o f o ther po ints at which present indicatio ns p O IDtto large o re bo dies .
a Van H ise , C . R . , So m e pr in c ip l e s c o n tro l l in g the d ispo s i t io n o f o re s : T ran s . A m . In st .
M in . E n g , vo l . 3 0 , 1 9 0 1 , p . 1 7 3 .
m m ] MOD E O F OCCURRE N CE . 4 1
In general the great width o f the vein is pro bably due to the facility with which the less so luble calcium fluo rite is fo rme d in the placeo f calcium carbo nate whenever fluo rine is available. This hasresulted in extensive re placeme nt o f the l imesto ne wall thro ughmetasomati c pro cesses
,as was lo ng since po inted o ut by Emmo ns .“
The de tai led m ic rO SCO p ic evidence o f this is give n in co nne ctio n withth e de script io n Of the Le ad Hil l mine. This pro ce ss is n o t believed
,
howe ve r,to have Op e rated to the exclusio n O f no rmal vein fill ing in
o pe n cavities . sin ce,fo r e xample
,in the McCle llan mine
,later
describe d,there is a co nsiderable bo dy o f clear fluo rsp ar where bo th
walls are sandsto ne an d whe re , acco rdingly , the re is l ittle o ppo rtunityfo r sn n p le re placeme nt . The o ccasio nal banding o f the o re
,while
n o t co n clusive evidence , and o ften,indeed
, the reverse , po ints , never
the le ss,to the same co nclusio n . The co o peratio n o f the two pro cesses
o f Open fissure fi llin g an d metasomatism is,as Mr. Lindgren ha
shown,
” no rmal an d quite in acco rd with what sho uld be expected .
In co nnectio n with the veins , the wall ro ck , where compo sed o f
sandsto ne,
‘
is c om m o n lv co nverted to a quartzite. A S this is a lo calphenomen o n
,the quartzite o ccurring o nly alo ng the veins
,it po ints
apparently to the intro ductio n o f co nsiderable amo unts o f sil ica at
the time the o re bo dies were fo un d —a co nclusio n apparently c o n
firm ed bV the presence o f c rvstals o f quartz intimately intergrownwith the o re minerals .
O re SIIO O ZL
S r v—‘ S O far as is known , the o re do es n o t o ccur in regularo re sho o ts . In view ,
howeve r,o f the small amo unt o f develo pment
wo rk an d the smaller amo unt o f mining so far do ne,this appearance
m ay be deceptive . The Fai rview -Ro siclare o re bo dy,i f it be
regarded as a sin gle o re sho o t , is certainly o n e o f unusual size .
S truc tural re latio n s — The veins are develo ped , as alre adv indi
c ate d,alo ng fault planes , but these are neither nece ssarily n o r fre
quently planes o f m aj o r faulting . The Hamp mine,which shows
an e xcellent bo dy o f o re,is in a vein where there has been very l ittle
faulting. A t the Empire mine,while there has been co nsiderable
faulting in the Vicinity,the o re bo dy i s fo und alo ng a plane which
seemingly marks very l ittle displace m en t . This is,however , a c om
m o n phenomeno n . F o r some reaso n n o t well understo o d,the large
faults do n o t fo rm the lo cus o f o re bo dies any mo re commo n ly thansmaller faults in their vicinity .
The o re bo dies so far develo ped are usual ly fo und where o n e wal l isa sandsto ne an d the o ther a l imesto ne
,general ly the S te . Ge n evieve.
The Fairview an d Ro siclare m ay be cited as examples . They alsoo ccur where bo th walls are l imesto nes . as at the Hamp an d Empire
0 Lo c . c it , . p . 5 1 .
b Lin dg re n , Wa ld e m ar , M e taso m at i c pro c e sse s in fissure v e in s : T ran s . A m . In s t . M in .
E n g , vo l. 30 , 1 9 0 1 , pp . 5 7 8—6 9 2 .
42 FLU ORSPA R DE POS ITS O F S OUTHE RN ILL IN O IS . [B UDL 2 5 5 .
an d where bo th are sandsto nes , as at the M cCle llan an d pro bably theDaisy . Since the faulting i s deep eno ugh to cut a co nsiderable successio n o f sandsto nes an d l imesto nes , it is Obvio us that i f the o res c o ntinne to an y depth the relatio ns at the surface m ay change , even to thepo int Of reversal . In such a regio n as this it i s also true that the faultplanes which bring limesto ne in to co ntact with sandsto ne are mo ste asily recognized
,an d hence are the o nes first pro spected . Un der the
circumstances the se emin g clo se relatio n o f the o res with the Ste .
G enevieve limesto ne m ay be decep tive , tho ugh in the absence o f deepmining judgment o n the po int must be suspended .
Re latio n s to top o g raphy an d un de rg ro un d wate r le ve ls —T he o re
bo dies do n o t seem to bear any clo se re latio n to to po graphy . Theyare fo und o n the upland , as at the Empire ; in hillsides , as at the LeadHill mine
,an d un der. bo ttom land
,as at the Ro siclare . In general
they are o n the slo pe , since there is very l ittle level gro und in the distriet . There is n o t , however , that clo se relatio n to to po graphy which,fo r example
,is characteristic o f the o re bo dies o f the Lake Superio r
iro n ranges .“
The relatio ns to undergro und water level appear to be equallyfo rtuito us . In ge neral
,the mines are relatively dry an d the small
amo unt o f water handled seems to be entirely o f lo cal o rigin . Atthe Ro siclare mine it is clearly o xidizing an d varies with lo cal rainfal l . A S this is the deepest mine
,it would presumably have tapped
an y deep waters which might o ccur in the veins,an d yet the to tal
amount o f water pumped under o rdinary co nditio ns is very small,
bein g estimated at 75 gallo ns per minute. In general,the mines ,
where Of an y depth at all,are below the lo cal level o f undergro und
water .
A lte ratio n o f o re s — The o res are very l ittle altered . Beyo nd theo ccasio nal o ccurrence Of smal l bo dies o f zinc carbo nate near the surface
,there are no ne o f the usual signs Of decay an d alteratio n c om
m o n to sulphide o res . Even where o xidat io n has been carried to somedepth
,as at the Hubbard an d Co o k mines
,i t has n o t much affected
the vein matter,but has pro ceeded rather alo ng cro ss fract ures o r
thro ugh the co untry ro ck . In the lo ng perio d Of ero sio n in whichthe upper po rtio n o f these veins was cut o ff
,very little material was
carried down into the vein . That which was ero ded seems to havebeen mechanically bro ken Off o r to have been disso lved an d carriedaway witho ut lo cal reco ncentratio n . In the presence o f the mo reeasily so luble l imesto ne
,surface waters do n o t attack with an y vigor
the fluo rite o r the mineral s co nfined within it,an d so the vein mate
rial as n ow expo sed is practically unaltered . The bo dies o f zinc c arbo nate o ccasio nally fo und mark lo cal an d exceptio nal reco ncentratio ns .
Van H ise , C . R Twe n t y-first A n n . Re pt . U . S . G e o l . Surve y , p t . 3 , 1 9 0 1 , pp . 32 9—330 .
m m ] MIN E S A N D PROSPE CTS . 43
A g e— The o res were fo rmed after the perio d o f defo rmati o n
,
which,as has already been shown
,was late in the Carbo nifero us o r
after the clo se Of that perio d . They o riginated befo re the Lafay ettepeneplain was cut
,an d they do n o t seem to be fo rming n ow. They
m ay be as o ld as the Permian o r as yo ung as middle Tertiary,but it
is impo ssible to fix their ag e mo re definitely o n the basis o f lo calevidence.
G e n e sis an d value .—These to pics will be discussed in detai l after
the descriptio n o f the individual mines .
D E S CR IPT IO N O F M IN E S A N D PR O S P E CT S .
ROS ICLA RE A RE A .
B e’
sum e’
of g e o logy — The fo rmatio ns expo sed near Ro siclare havealready been discussed , but a brief résumé with certain additio naldetai ls will help in understanding the mine descriptio ns .The so utheastern po rtio n Of the area (Pl . II ) , extending from
Elizabethto wn to Orr’s landing an d back to the cro ssing o f BigCreek by the Go lco n da ro ad , is underlain by the St . Lo uis l imesto ne .
This fo rmatio n is bro ught into faulting co ntact with the Chesterfo rmatio ns
,tho ugh probably in part at least the bo undary between
it an d the Ste . Genevieve is a no rmal ero sio n bo undary . S O far as
known n o o re bo dies have been fo und in the St. Lo uis o f this vicinity .
Smal l amo unts o f fluo rspar o ccur in cavities in the ro ck,an d there are
several wel l-develo ped veins o f calcite, the mo re prominent o nes beingrepresented o n the m ap .
The central po rtio n o f the area is underlain by a bro ad belt o f
Chester fo rmatio ns trending no rtheast an d so uthwest. These are inpart in faulting co ntact with each o ther. Only the Ste. Genevievelimesto ne is mapped separately. The beds have a very gentle dip tothe no rthwest
,the highest beds no ted being in sectio ns 30 an d 3 1 .
The Mansfield sandsto ne o ccupies the no rthwestern co rner o f the
area,an d the irregular bo undary
,the presence Of o utl iers
,an d the
absence Of faulting phenomena indicate that it rests upo n the Chesterwith a no rmal ero sio n co ntact.Igneo us ro cks o utcro p at three po ints alo ng the Ohio
,cutting the
S t. Lo uis an d Ste . Genevieve limesto nes . There are two o ther do ubtful o ccurrences known .
The veins o ccur alo ng fault planes havm g In mo st cases a no rtheastso uthwest trend an d falling within a Single vein system cro ssing thearea from sectio n 8 to sectio n 2 1 . The area has up to the presentpro ved the mo st pro ductive in the who le d istrict
,but this m ay have
been due as much to the nearness o f the mines to the river as to theSize o f the o re bo dies.
44 FLUORSPA R D E POS ITS O F S OUTHE RN ILLIN OIS . [B u n 2 5 5 .
Fairview m in e — The first disco very o f fluo rspar in place an d thefirst attempt to mine it seem to have been made upo n the pro pertyn ow owned by the Fairview Fluo rspar Compan y . There are severalveins o n the pro perty , an d o re is repo rted to have been disco veredin 1 842 . N o attem pt seems to have been made to Operate until 1 862
,
whe n the G o o d Ho pe shaft was started . From that year unti l 1 874the wo rk was practically co ntinuo us
,the o re bein g smelted as well
as m ined o n th e pro pe rty . Three success ive smelters were bui lt ; twowe re destro yed by fire , an d the third was to rn down abo ut fi fteenyears ag o . The dumps o f fluo rspar which accumulated during these
years whe n the le ad alo ne was o f value were wo rked up an d so ld inthe ye ars 1 889 an d 1 890 . From 1 89 1 to 1 895 the pro perty was Operated under lease by the owners Of the Ro siclare mine
,an d a large
to n n age o f spar was dispo sed o f. The Go o d Ho pe vein is n ow beingreo pened
,an d in th e c o urse o f the present survey a number o f the
o ld sto pes o n this vein were visi ted . Since the reo pening o f the
mine had o n lv begun at the time it was visited,the fo llowing no tes
are based to some extent upo n the publ ished descriptio ns o f J . G .
No rwo o d “an d S . F . E m m o n s
ban d an unpublished repo rt o n the
pro perty made in 1 884L by Messrs . Anto n,Eilers an d R . IV. Raymo nd
an d co urteo usly placed at the dispo sal Of the Survey by the presentm anager
,Mr . T . P . E island .
The Go o d Ho pe vein o ccurs alo ng a fault trending N . 2 1° E .
an d dippin g 79 °30
’N lV. The han ging wall is compo sed at the
surface o f a co arse san dsto ne showing n o pebbles an d be l ie ved to
belo ng to the Cheste r. The fo o t wal l at the main shaft is the Tribunelimesto ne . as determine d by Mr . U lrich . A sho rt distance to the
so uthwe st a shaft near th e sawmill shows the fo o t wal l to co nsist o fa. sandy Shale similar to that o ccurring no rmally some distance abo vethe Tribune limesto n e . This w o uld po int to a cro ss fault be tweenthe two shafts with a down throw to th e so uth . The do wnthrow o f
the main fault i s to the we st. The amo unt o f the displacement is unkn own but is ce rtainly 1 0 0 fe e t an d pro bably much mo re . Thewalls undergro und are marked by vertical striatio ns n e ar
‘
t he mainshaft an d in the n o rth dri fts . In the so uth dri fts the striatio ns areat angle s to the no rtheast . The hanging wall is sandsto ne o r verysandy shale to a depth o f 1 5 0 feet at least . The fo o t wal l shows
l imesto ne at the surface an d again at 2 1 0 feet , but a co nsiderablepo rtio n o f the wall betwee n is unbro ken
,an d sandy material o ccurs
at a depth Of 30 feet .
The undergro und wo rkings Show a clean,hard hanging wall . The
fo o t wal l is usually less well defined an d is bro ken by a series Of
a G e o l . Surve y I l l in o is , vo l . 1 , 1 866 , pp . 36 6—3 7 2 .
” T ran s . A m . In st . M in . E n g . , vo l. 2 1 , 1 8 9 3 , pp . 3 1 —5 3 .
m m ] M IN E S A N D PROSPE CTS . 4 5 .
splits running o ff from the main vein . These have a co urse abo ut.N . 39
° E . The o ld wo rking extends to a depth o f 2 1 3 feet,an d dri fts
have been run in bo th directi o ns at depths Of 30,6 0 , 1 35 , 1 60 , an d 2 1 0
feet . At present such o f these sto pes as c an be e n tered show co nside rable bo dies o f clear fluo rspar , mainly white
,but with subo rdinate
amo unts Of purple . In the fluo rspar are small bunches o f galena an d
blende . Mino r amo unts o f pyrite an d chalco pyri te o ccur an d stibnite
an d jameso nite are repo rted . While the sulphides o ccasio nally
o ccupy distinct veinlets o r o ccur in definite bands,they are mo re c om
m o n ly completely intergrown with the spar . Cal cite is also exten
sive ly develo ped , especially in the fo o t wal l . N O distinct c rustific a~
tion indicating a definite o rder o f depo sitio n Of the vario us minerals
can be m ade_
o ut,an d there are n o satisfacto ry evidences o f differences
in the character o f the o re bo dy at different levels . Certain o f the
o ld sto pes showed chambers o f co nsiderable size,1 5 to 1 6 feet wide
,
20 to 2 5 feet high,an d 40 feet o r mo re lo ng
,with ro o f an d face o f
fluo rspar . In V iew o f the fact that the pro perty was fo rmerlywo rked fo r galena alo ne
,these chambers co rro bo rate th e statements
made‘
by No rwo o d an d o thers as to th e large Size o f the bo die s o f
lead o re fo rmerly fo und . Mr . Eilers estimated that at the time o f hisV isit there was in o n e sto pe a bo dy o f o re 20 fe et wide , 2 0 feet high ,an d 50 to 60 feet lo ng
,which wo uld run 1 0 to 1 5 per cent galena. A t
the same t ime ano ther sto pe 1 38 feet lo ng was yielding o re which the
owner'
s state d ran 1 3 per cent o f dressed galena . At present there are
n o co nsiderable bo dies o f galena in sight , as all available o re o f that
kind had evidently been remo ved befo re mining sto pped . It has
been e stimated,however, that there are reserves o f to ns o f
fluo rspar in the gro und n ow Open .
From the main shaft the vein has been o pened a distance o f
appro ximately 1 50 fe et in each directio n . T o the no rtheast , however
,the vein has been mined thro ugh a numbe r o f o the r shafts
up to the bo undary line o f the pro perty , an d practi cally co ntinuo ussto ping has been do ne from the Fairview to the Ro siclare shaft.
While the o re bo dy is thus co ntinuo us from o n e mine to the o ther ,the recent wo rk indicates that the two mines are o n separate faultplanes . If the Ro siclare vein be pro j ected to the so uthwest o n an
accurate base i t passes thro ugh o n e,at least
,o f the shafts which
mark the Anderso n W ell vein,the first to be disco vered . The co urse
o f the latter as generally given in N . 3° E .
,while the Ro siclare vein
runs N . 1 8° E . (true ) . Since
,however
,the Anderso n Well vein
was never wo rked,n o t much impo rtance is to be attached to the
early determinatio n o f its co urse.
Ro sic lare m in e .~ —The Ro siclare mine has pro bably the lo ngest
reco rd o f nearly co ntinuo us pro ductio n in the district. It is also the
46 FLUORSPA R DE POS ITS O F S OUTHE RN ILL IN OIS . [B ULL 2 5 5
deepest,the shaft n ow being down 300 feet , an d fo r many years it
was the o nly impo rtant pro ducer o f fluo rspar . It is lo cated abo ut
a hal f mile back from the Ohio an d slightly farther from the Fai rview mine . As already stated, it is believed to be o n a different vein
,
tho ugh the o re bo dy co ntinues from o n e mine to the o ther.
The hanging wall co nsists o f the same sandsto ne as at the Fairview . Samples taken from below the surface Show that it has been
altered to a hard quartzite by the depo sitio n o f sil ica between the
sand grains . The fo o t wall at the bo ttom o f the shaft'
is a fin e
grained “ plucky ” l imesto ne,which Mr . U lrich co nsiders to be
pro bably St. Lo uis . A t the surface the fo o t wall is n o t expo sed,
but from general relatio ns it is presumed to be Ste . Genevieve . Ata shaft acro ss the ro ad an d to the no rtheast o f the main wo rkingshaft
,the dump shows fragments o f l imesto ne o f po ssibly Tribune
o r Birdsville ag e , but it is impo ssible to determine the relatio ns .Sti ll farther to the no rtheast sandsto ne co vers the who le surface .
The shaft is 300 feet deep,an d develo pment has been carried bo th
to the no rtheast an d to the so uthwest with underhand sto ping. Thevein is vertical an d the wal ls where unco vered are well defined . Thehanging wall is extensively expo sed an d shows numerous striatio ns ,which are ho rizo ntal . The fo o t wall is usually co vered by a thickbo dy o f calcite .
The vein stuff co nsists essential ly o f fluo rspar an d calcite,with
mino r amo unts o f lead an d zinc sulphide an d o ccasio nal specimens o fpyrite an d chalco pyrite . Near the hanging wal l there is o rdinarily a
band 1 to 2 inches thick o f the sulphides,but they also o ccur thro ugh
o ut the fluo rspar an d intimately mixed with it . On o n e specimen o f
the blende a greenish -yellow material suggestive o f greeno ckite (c admium sulphide ) was Observed
,an d a smal l flake o f native co pper was
also seen . The sulphides o ccur intimately intergrown an d also intergrown with the gangue minerals . Alo ng water channels the blendeis o ccasio nally altered to zinc carbo nate
,an d in druses crystals o f
quartz o ccur frequently . N o special o rder o f depo sitio n o f the sul
phide s c an be made o ut , an d n o differences in character with depth are
apparent,either in them o r in the fluo rspar . The fluo rspar o ccurs in
great thickness an d makes up the greater po rtio n o f the vein . Thisis usually 1 0 to 1 2 feet wide
,but sto pes 2 6 feet wide are n ow Open .
The who le face o f such a sto pe is made up o f practically clear fluo rspar
,with some intergrown calcite
,particularly toward the fo o t wall .
Ordinarily the calcite o ccurs fo r the mo st part back o f a facing o r
fault plane,showing striatio ns an d separating the cleaner fluo rspar
from the mixed spar an d calcite . A thickness o f 1 4 feet o f the latte r between this facing an d the true limesto ne fo o t wall has beeno bserved .
48 FLUORSPA R D E POS ITS O E S OUTHE RN ILL IN O IS . [s aw 2 5 5 .
gene ral co urse N ° I4 . N ear the faul t an d o n the hanging—wal lside the san dsto n e
l o
is tilted to an angle o f The o ld E ure kawo rkin gs , which were o pen
‘
at the time Mr . E mmo ns visited the area,
were o n th is vein . A large amo unt o f spar was shippe d from them
an d the vein was pro ved to a de pth o f 80 fe et .
A t present the Mario n Mine ral Company is s inking a shaft far
the r to the n o rthe ast . The ve in stuff co nsists o f bre cciated l imesto ne
with purple an d white fluo rspar crystal l ized with calcite . In druse s
the spar,calcite
,an d some smal l quartz cry stal s are crystall ized
to gether .
In the vicinity there are seve “
al faults an d a number o f small pro spee ts . These are represented 0 11 the m ap . One o f the mo st interesting o f the faults is east o f Big Creek an d is lo cally known as the“ Co ppe r vein .
”It has a co urse N . 37° “K
,an d shows limesto ne o n
bo th walls . A t the surface is a re e f o f hig hly silic ifie d l imesto nepro j ecting abo ve the gro und . The vein is abo ut 6 feet wide an d
co nsists o f a breccia o f l imesto ne cem ente d by calcite an d with somecrystals o f quart-z . Stains o f malachite o ccur
,but n o o ther metall ic
min eral was o bserved . The surface o utcro p shows cavities left bythe leaching o ut o f some fiat
,tabular c rvstals , po ssibly barite . The
vein is o f inte rest because o f the unusual character o f its co ntentsan d its co urse . nearly at right angles to the o thers discusse d . It has
n o t,so far , pro ve d o f an y value and se ems to belo ng with the barren
calcite veins near . by .
I I ICK S A RE A .
Resum e o f g e o lo g y — The Hicks area includes the gre ater part o f
a. small structural dome in which beds from the Devo nian black shaleto the Mansfield c o n g lo m e rate are e xpo se d . The mines are co nfinede xclusive ly to the ai ea o f o utc i o p o f the Che ste i fO Im atio n s
,an d to a
ve ry no table degree the m e is develo ped 1 1 1 0 1 ne ar the S te . Genevievel ime sto ne (Pl . III ) .
E m p ire m in e— The E mpire is perhaps the best known o f the mines
back from the Ohio River . It has been w o rked at different t imes fo ra. number o f years an d has made several shipments . In the V i cm ity
there are a numbe r o f faults which fo r the mo st part seem to ‘be o f
smal l throw . The m o re im po rtant o n es o nly are represented o n
the accompany ing m ap . The Empire vein fo l lows a fault with a
co urse N . 448° E . an d a dip 73 ° S E . A t the shaft l imesto ne is fOun d
0 11 bo th sides o f the vein,an d the amo un t o f faulting do es n o t seem
large . The fault is no rmal,with downthrow to the east. This is
indicated bv the upturning o f the shale partings in the beds o f thehanging wall an d by the ge ne ral relatio ns o f the ro cks . In th e
field no rth o f th e mine the Ro sic lar z an d Ohara members o f the S te .
m m ] M IN E S A N D PROSPE CTS . 49
Genevieve l imesto ne m ay be identified , an d near the Shaft sandsto ne ,presumably Cypress
,rests o n the limesto ne with a no rmal ero sio n
bo undary . In some o pen cuts,an d in the bed o f the stream cro ss
in g the vein n o rtheast o f the shaft,l imesto ne m ay be seen o n bo th
Sides o f the fault,an d while the identificatio n o f the hanging wall
is n o t po sitive the ro ck is apparently the Ste . Genevieve . Stillfarther to the no rtheast shaly an d cherty beds take their place. Mr .
Ulrich identifies them as pro bably Birdsville,an d this wo uld require
a small blo ck o f higher strata faulted down to the general level .This blo ck is indicated o n the m ap , but with n o pretensio ns to accuracy o f o utline.
From the shaft the Empire vein has n o t been traced far to the
uthwe st,the presence o f sandsto ne o n bo th sides making surface
identificatio n somewhat uncertain . Fluo rspar is,however
,repo rted
from its pro bable extensio n in sectio n 34 . From the shaft so uth thesandsto ne seems to be cut O ff to the east by a seco nd fault exten dingfrom the Empire to the Hubbard shaft , an d at a number o f po ints
alo ng this line fluo rspar has been fo und .
The wo rkings o f the Crystal Fluo rspar Minin g Company c o n
sist o f a large o pen cut an d a shaft sunk o n the vein , which Was 1 27
feet deep when Visited,an d has since been co ntinued to a depth o f
1 6 0 feet . In the Open cut a wall o f so lid white fluo rspar was at o n e
po int expo sed , dipp in g t o the east parallel to the hanging wall o f thevein . Against it an d in the V—shaped angle between it an d a p e rp e n
dicular plane to the surface was a bo dy o f zinc carbo nate. This issaid to run 38 to 40 per cent o f metallic zinc , an d has the appearanceOf being o f fair grade. The“ amount expo sed was n o t large
,an d the
to tal amo unt present is who lly unknown . It is asso ciated with re
sidual clay,an d seems to represent surface co ncentratio n against the
hanging wall o f the vein .
In the shaft a vein usually from 6 to 1 0 feet wide an d with welldevelo ped walls is shown . The vein matter co nsists o f brecciate dlimesto ne cem ented by fluo rspar an d calcite intimately intergrown .
In this matrix galena, blende , pyrite , an d chalco pyrite o ccur , the twofirst named being frequently in co nsiderable abundance . The sul
phide s, particularly the blende, Sho w a tendency to replace the fragmen ts o f l imesto ne an d
‘
also to some extent the wal l ro ck . Occa
sio n ally they are segregated in a distinct band,which in o n e place is
as much as 4 inches thick an d o ccurs alo ng the hanging wall . It israther no ticeable that the sulphides are fo r the mo st part very finegrained an d are intimately asso ciated with the wall ro ck an d the
gangue . The dark shaly m aterial fo und in the hanging wall israther widely distributed through the breccia.
Bull. 2 55— 05 M— 4
5 0 FLUORSPA R D E P OS ITS O F S OUTHE RN ILL IN O IS . [B ULL . 2 5 5 .
The fluo rspar o ccurs largely interbanded with calcite,but a band
o f clear spar from 1 to 4 feet wide is fo und almo st co ntinuo usly fromthe to p to the bo ttom Of the shaft, either o n fo o t wal l o r hanging wal l .A to tal thickness o f 65 feet is repo rted from o n e po int in the Shaft.The wo rkings are n ow some distan ce below water level . There are n omarked differences in the character o f the o re at
'
diffe re n t levelse xcept the presence o f the zinc carbo nate in the o pen cut
,an d there
are n o evidences o f seco ndary enrichment o r redistributio n o f the o res .As n o drifts have been run an d n o sto pes Opened
,it is impo ssible to
make an y estimate o f the amo unt Of o re Opened . A co nsiderableamo unt o f the fluo rspar seen co uld be shipped as mined
,but to save
the zinc an d lead an d the remaining po rtio n wo uld require carefulmilling
,with rather fine crushing an d co ncentrat io n .
In the field no rth o f the mine,as well as the fields to the so uth ,
fluo rspar o ccurs in the so i l at a number o f po ints,but the develo p
ment wo rk is n o t sufficiently advanced to Show the character an d
relatio ns o f the veins . In the SW .
"1: NE . sec. 34 the hillside isliterally co vered with clear glassy spar in a great variety o f beautifulco lo rs . A number o f shallow pits here show its wide distributio n .
Hubbard Shaft — In sectio n 34,so uthwest o f the Empire
,is the
shaft being put down by Mr. H . B . Pierce an d his asso ciates o f theGrand P ierre Mining Company . This shaft is abo ut 6 0 feet deepan d in l imesto ne
,apparently the Ste . Genevieve . This was e n c oun
te re d at a depth o f 1 2 feet . In an o pen cut near by are sandy bedsbelo nging to the higher fo rmatio ns . The shaft seems to be o n an
intersectio n o f two o r mo re crevices,the main o n e
,as shown in the
o pen cut,having a co urse N . 45
° E . The crevice is vertical an d theamo unt o f faulting do es n o t seem to be great . In the shaft the veinwas o bscured by the presence o f red surface clay
,but brecciated l ime
sto ne with a matrix o f calcite an d fluo rspar was made out. A sho rtdistance to the no rtheast
,near the creek
,i s a reef o f brecciated quartz
ite with some fluo rspar in the cementing material . In a trench cutacro ss the reef the beds are seen to dip to the so utheast. At a numbero f po ints o ver the low gro und adjacent large quantities O f
‘“glassyspar have been dug from shallow depths. The Spar is vario uslyco lo red an d is so widely distributed as to indicate the presence o f a
few cro ss fractures .B ig Jo e m in e
— In sectio n 27,no rthwest o f the Empire m in e , _
spar
has been fo und at a number o f po ints. At the Big Jo e the surfacefo rmatio n is sandsto ne
,pro bably belo n ging to the Birdsville fo rma
tio n . The vein has a co urse N . 1 5° E . an d has been develo ped to a
depth o f 60 feet. There are apparently two veins,with a blo ck o f
quartzitic sandsto ne between . At a depth o f 2 0 feet the quartzitegives place to black sandy shale , which o ccupies the space between
3 1 m ] MIN E S A N D PROSPE CTS . 5 1
two veins o f fluo rspar , each 8 to 1 2 inches thick . Apparently theshale has been thrust upward , o r rather bo th the fo o t wall an d hanging wall Of the vein as a who le have
i
mo ved downward , leaving theshale as a wedge between the two wal ls . There are small veins o fgalena o n e - fo urth inch thick which come down to the shale an d are
there cut o ff abruptly . It is repo rted that 2 0 0 po unds o f lead wereshipped from a surface po cket at this shaft. A small amount o f
blende an d o ccasio nal pieces o f pyrite have been fo und in the vein.
It is said that the last wo rk do ne o n this pro perty Showed fluo rspar
,calcite
,an d galena distributed pretty well o ver the bo ttom o f
the shaft.The same vein
,presumably
,has been o pened o n the ground so uth
o f the B ig Jo e an d has yielded several hundred po unds o f lead o re .
There are there,as at the B ig Jo e , parallel crevices, an d fluo rspar ,
calcite,galena
,an d blende o ccur, intimately intermingled in crevices
in the quartzitic sandsto ne.
Two small pro spects have also been o pened near Mr. Jesse Crab’sho use
,n o t far from the B ig Jo e . They show the usual asso ciatio n o f
o res,a smal l vertical vein abo ut 2 feet thick cro ssing the quartzite .
In the no rtheast quarter o f the same sectio n a vein 2 feet o r mo rein width o f de ep
~
purple spar shows in the bed o f a small creek . Thevein has a co urse N . 58 ° E .
‘
an d lies between the St. Lo uis an d S te .
Genevieve l imesto nes. N o wo rk has been do ne o n this vein,but the
Spar has the appearance o f being very clean .
Hutchin so n m in e — In SE . 4 SW . 4 sec . 22 Mr. James Hutchinso nhas an Open pit
,in which are a series o f parallel crevices running
thro ugh the sandsto ne with a co urse abo ut the same as at the Big Jo e .
The crevices are vertical an d narrow . White,purple
,an d green fluo r
spar o ccur,with a mino r amo unt o f galena.
Rain e g/ m in e— In SW . 4 SE . 4 o f the same sectio n (22 ) is an Open
pit lo cated o n the co ntact between the Ste. Genevieve an d the B irdsville fo rmatio ns. Limesto ne shows o n bo th sides o f the pit
,but in
the hill abo ve to the west is blue shale,an d a sho rt distance beyo nd
sandsto ne o ccurs . There seems to be some slight faulting here,with
downthrow to the no rth . The co urse o f the vein is N . 2 5° E . The
vein is 1 2 to 1 8 inches wide an d shows fluo rspar , galena, an d blende.
Mino r amo unts o f zinc carbo nate have been fo rmed by the alteratio no f the blen de.
B aldwin m in e — This is lo cated in SW . 4 SW . 4 sec. 23, an d c o n
sists o f an Open out abo ut 1 0 feet deep . It expo ses a vertical veinabo ut 6 inches wide cutting the Ste. Genevieve l imesto ne an d having
a co urse abo ut N . 40° E . The limesto ne is slightly brecciated , but
the bulk o f the vein stuff co nsists Of purple fluo rspar an d white c al
cite,with mino r amo unts O f galena an d blende.
5 2 FLU ORSP A R D E POS ITS O F S OUTHE RN ILLIN OIS . [B ULL . 2 55
H ieles m in e — This is in the same sectio n as the Baldwin an d is
suppo sed to be 0 11 a co n tin uatio n o f that vein . Wh en visited it wasa pro spect o nly
,the fluo rsparhaving been lo cated by means o f a
po st-ho le digger. A bo dv o f clear spar somewhat o ver 2 feet thick
was indicated .
In ano ther po rtio n o f the SE . 4 NW . 4 sec . 23 two small o pen
c uts'
show the presence o f a 3 - inch vein o f purple spar,with co nsider
able calcite,cutting acro ss the Ste . Genevieve limesto ne with a co urse
N . 2 0° E . Slickensides indicate some faulting
,an d the downthrow
is apparently to the west .H am p m in e
— O n the no rtheast flank o f the Hicks dome is a seco n dgro up o f pro spects
,o f which the Hamp mine is the mo st impo rtant
ye t develo ped . This mine is o n a well -develo ped fissure cutting the
S te . Gen evieve limesto ne with a co urse N . 60° E . There seems to
have been very little displacement , since the Ro siclare sandsto nemember o f the fo rmatio n o ccurs at nearly the same elevatio n o n bo thsides . The vein dips SE . 68
°an d cro sses the beds o n bo th dip an d
strike,the dip o f the strata being 1 0 ° NW . The vein co nsists Of ve rv
clean “ ribbo n ”fluo rspar
,mainly white in co lo r
,but with some
purple near the surface . There is very little calcite develo ped withit . Some galena is fo und an d very subo rdinate amo unts o f blende .
The pro perty is bein g develo ped by two shafts,the deeper being at
last acco unts 6 1 feet down,an d showing at the bo ttom 6 feet o f clear
white fluo rsp ar .
East o f the Hamp mine there are a number o f small pro spectsshowing spar
,as indicated o n the m ap . No ne o f these have been
develo ped eno ugh to make clear the relatio ns o f the o re bo dies.No rthwest o f the area also (se e . 1 1
,T . 1 1 S . , R . 7 o n the Wright
land,some pro specting has been do ne in an area o f complexly
faulted an d slightly fo lded ro cks .
SCA TTE RE D BI IN E S IN H ARD IN COU N TY .
G e n e ral statem e n t — A t a num ber o f po in ts thro ugho ut the co untyan d o utside o f the areas specially mapped there are o ccurrences o fspar an d lead
,an d at a few places some mining has been carried o n .
A s many o f these places as po ssible were visited in 1 903,an d brief
no tes o n a number Of them are given below . The largest numbero f these mines is near Eicho rn
,which is lo cated in sec . 1 1
,T . 1 2 S .
,
R . 7 E . The Pell,Stewart
,Co o k , Oxfo rd an d Watso n
,Parke n so n
,
an d G o rdo n are in this vicinity,the two last named being in Po pe
Co unty . A t Lead Hill,no rth o f Cave in Ro ck
,mining has also been
carried o n at a number Of po ints. In the co untry back o f Lead Hill,
extending to Ro ck Creek,are a number o f pro spects
,including the
Showalter , Patto n , an d a second Eureka. This enumeratio n do esn o t exhaust the list, but includes mo st Of tho se perso nally visited .
m m ] MIN E S A N D PROSPE CTS . 53
Pe ll m in e — This pro perty is lo cated in se e . 24,T . 1 2 S .
,R . 7 E .
,
o n Threemile Creek , near St. Jo seph Church . There is a wellequipped ho isting plant an d co ncentrating mill
,n o t 11 0 W in Operatio n
an d said to have been run but a sho rt time. The shaft is repo rtedto be 95 feet deep an d sun k o n the vein
,which apparently dips to
the east . The co urse o f the vein seems to be abo ut N . 2 0°to 30
° E .
The dump pile co nsists mainly o f limesto ne,with some sandsto ne .
The vein stuff evidently includes brecciated limesto ne,with calcite
,
fluo rite,galena, an d blende acting as the cementing material . The
sulphides o ccur also in cracks in the limesto n e,an d to some extent
disseminated in an d replacing the ro ck . The sto ck pile shows somefluo rite o f go o d grade
,an d a small amo unt o f zinc carbo nate with
o ccasio nal stains o f malachite . The o re bins Show a fairly cleangrade Of ro sin blende an d some well-cleaned galena. Financial difficultie s an d dissensio ns in the management are given as reaso ns fo rthe pro perty being idle .
S tewart m in e — This pro perty,Operated by the A merican Mines
Company,is lo cated no rthwest o f the Pell
,in sectio n 1 4 . Several
small shafts have been sunk o n a nearly vertical vein running N . 2 0°
E . between Cypress sandsto ne o n the east an d Ste. Genevieve limesto ne Ou the west . This vein has been traced fo r abo ut a hal f milealo ng its co urse, an d whe re seen showed from 2 to 3 feet o f purplean d white spar wit-h small amo unts o f barite an d . some small blackquartz crystals .
O xfo rd an d Watso n m in e .— This pro perty is near the Stewart
,in
SW . 4 NE . 4 an d NW . 4 SE . 4 sec . 1 3 . A small pro spect shaft hasbeen sun k in the l imesto ne
, probablv Ste. Genevieve,an d near the
sandsto ne . It has develo ped the presence o f a breccia o f which thefragments are l imesto ne an d the cementing material is mainlycalcite . A few crystal s o f blende an d galena were o bserved
,but n o
co nsiderable bo dy o f o re has been fo und .
Co ok m in e — This is a small pro spect shaft 70 feet deep abo ut a
hal f mile no rtheast o f the Oxfo rd an d lVatso n . It is o n the co ntactbetween the sandsto ne an d l imesto ne an d shows co nsiderable calcite
an d some fluo rite in the no rth side o f the shaft. At 56 feet the eastside o f the shaft was entirely o ccupied by red clay .
Parke n son m in e — This pro perty is a co uple o f miles so uthwest o fthe Stewart an d j ust acro ss the line in Po pe Co unty (NE . 4 sec . 27 ,
T . 1 2 S . ,R . 7 E . ) The co untry ro ck here is sandsto ne
,presumably
belo nging to the Cypress fo rmatio n,an d while there has evidently
been some faulting , it has n o t been eno ugh to bring the limesto ne
to the surface . The pro perty was n o t in Operatio n when visited,
but the dump showed the presence in smal l quantity o f fl uo rite,
blende,an d barite . The co urse o f the vein seemed to be N. 30
° E .
5 4 FLUORSPA R DE POS ITS O F S OUTH E RN ILLIN OIS .
G o rdo n m in e .—O u the same quarter sectio n an d po ssibly o n the
same vein as the Parke n so n is the Go rdo n shaft , also n o t bein g wo rkedwhen visi ted . Here
,again
,the sandsto ne Shows some brecciatio n ,
an d fluo rite,calcite , barite , blende , an d galen a o ccur . The barite an d
blende seem to be especially abundant an d are apparently o f go o dgrade .
Le ad H ill — Abo ut 3 miles from the river,at Cave in Ro ck
,there
is an abrupt rise o f 80 feet an d a mural escarpment fro nts the irregular plain develo ped o ver the area o f St. Lo uis l imesto ne . At thefo o t o f this escarpment an d parallel to it is a fault which m ay betraced somewhat so uth o f east fo r nearly 3 miles . Alo ng this escarpment
, particularlv in sectio ns 3 an d 4,T . 1 2 S .
,R . 9 E .
,mining has
be en carried o n fo r a number o f years,an d fo rmerly e n o ug lr le ad was
taken out to give its name to the lo cality .
In 1 903 the Cleveland -I llino is Fluo rspar Company was o peratinga mine abo ut o n the l ine between sectio ns 2 an d 3 . The company waswo rking a bedded o r sheet depo sit in the Fredo nia member o f theSte. Gen evieve limesto ne an d j ust under the Ro siclare sandsto ne.
A number o f sho rt dri fts were run into the hill,an d the wo rkings
were co nducted o n a mo dified ro om -an d-pillar system . The o re
bo dy varies in thickness from 1 8 inches to 6 feet,thinning as the
wo rkings extend into the hill . The vein stuff co nsists to a mino rextent o f brecciated limesto ne , but fo r the mo st part o f interbandedlimesto ne an d fluo rite with mino r amo unts o f calcite an d galena.
A t the to p o f the o re there is a band o f green sandy Shale a few inchesthick
,an d the fluo rite extends into this between the laminae. Brec
c ia is o nly lo cal ly develo ped , an d banded limesto ne an d fluo rite,such as is il lustrated in P1. V
,is mo re commo n . In this specimen
the individual bands o f purple an d white fluo rite are o n e -hal f tothre e- fo urths o f an inch thick
,an d are separated by layers o f equal
thickn ess made up Of ve ry impure limesto ne co ntaining no table quantities o f sil ica an d iro n o xide . This banding represents ho rizo ntalbedding
,an d the fluo rite has evidently been intro duced alo ng the
stratificatio n planes , unitin g with the calcium o f the limesto ne an d
e xcluding the impurities. These were partly,n o do ubt
,carried o ff,
but also in part remain trapped between the growing crystals o f
fluo rite an d in the bands o f unreplaced l imesto ne .
These relati o ns are perhaps made clearer by the pho tomicrographso f P1. VI . In A is shown , in natural l ight, a po rtio n o f o n e o f thefluo rspar bands . Traces o f bedding m ay be o bserved
,an d the iro n
o xides an d o ther impurities are so arranged as to mark the o utlines o fgranular material
,presumably the o riginal calcite.
In B the same sectio n is shown between cro ssed nico ls . The fluo rite appears entirely black , while the small po ints o f light indicate
P L A T E V I .
PH O TO B IICRO GRA PH S FLU ORSPAR B A N DS
A .
— N a tural l ight , showin g gran ular o ut l in e o f o rig in al13.
— Po lar ize d l ig ht . showing c o m pl e te “pe n e tratio n o f o r ig in a lby fluo r i n e n ow fo rm i n g fluo rsp ar
C .
'
— N atura l l ig ht , show ing pre se rvat io n o r igin alfluo rspar.
u. s. G EO LO G ICA L S URVEY B U LLET IN N O . 2 5 5 PL. vi
PHO TO MICRO G RAPHS O F FLUO RS PAR BAN DS IN O RE B O DY AT LEAD HlLL.
m m ] MIN E S A N D PROSPE CTS . 57
the presence Of minute grains and crystals o f calcite and quartz . Thebedding m ay stil l be made out
,but the o utlines o f the cal cite crystals
are completely o bscured . The very intimate asso ciatio n o f the calci tean d fluo rite are no table an d indicate the entire penetratio n o f the ro ckby the fluo rine. The calcite o f the large cry stal in the lower po rtio no f the field has been partly replaced by fluo rite
,the bo unding planes
being evidently determined by the cleavage planes o f the calcite . Thecalcite is under strain
,as is indicated by the undulato ry extinctio n
In (7 a Vi ew is shown,in natural l ight
,o f the central po rtio n o f
o n e o f the bands o f fluo rite . Running through this band is an irreglar plane
,which might readily be mistaken fo r such a surface as is
pro duced by the interlo cking o f crystals making up the comb strueture o f o rdinary banded o re depo sits . In this case
,however
,the
irregularities o f the line bear n o relatio n to the o ptical o rientatio n o f
the crystals,an d the line is furthermo re o f the exact character c om
m o n in sedimentary beds between individual layers,particularly
Where the . be ds have been under slight pressure,so as to pro duce
sty lo l ites.The abo ve evidence warrants the co nclusio n that in this o re bo dy
the fluo rine has been intro duced alo ng ho rizo ntal bedding planes an dthat fluo rite has m etaso m aticallv replaced the calcite o f the limesto ne,pro ducing a banded structure witho ut crystallizatio n in free spaces.On the who le it fo rms an interesting an d typical example o f thephenomeno n Of pseudo -c rustific atio n
,discussed some years ag o by
Mr. Emmo ns.“ In this case ho rizo ntal bedding planes rather thanvertical shearing planes are co ncerned .
W ith the metasomatic replacement o f the ro ck there has been alsosome free growth o f crystals wherever space has been avai lable indruses o r the brecciated ro ck. Very beauti ful specimens o f go lden ,purple
,an d white fluo rspar o ccur
,showing the cube with o ccasio nal
mo dificatio ns by o ctahedral faces .The intro ductio n o f the fluo rine so lutio ns was do ubtless from the
main fault alo ng the fo o t o f the hill,an d o ccurred befo re the develo p
ment o f the present to pography . The calcareo us sandsto ne fo rmingthe Ro siclare member o f the l imesto ne was the particular lo cal izingagent
,as i t fo rms a firm ro o f o ver the mine
,an d
,being o f unusual
thickness,2 5 feet
,was a competent stratum under mild stresses .
This had the effect o f o pening up the upper bedding planes o f thelimesto ne an d allowing slight lo cal brecciatio n
,so as to affo rd entrance
to the so lutio ns .The main fault at the '
fo o t o f the hill is complicated by the presence
o f a number o f mino r faults. Alo ng o n e o f these near the mine is an
“ S truc tural fe ature s o f o re de po s its : T ran s. A m . In st . M in . E n g . , vo l. 1 6 , 1 8 8 8 , pp .
8 0 4—8 39 .
5 8 FLUORSPA R DE POS ITS O F S OUTHE RN ILLIN OIS . [m m ., 2 55 .
impo rtant develo pment o f barite,which is particularly interesting In
View o f the absence o f that mineral in the o re bo dv o n the hill . The
relatio ns o f the two were n o t made o ut .
So uth o f Lead Hill , near Cave in Ro ck , an d between that place an dElizabethtown
,there are a number o f faults an d some pro specting
has been do ne. S o far as co uld be learned n o co nsiderable bo dies o f
o re have been fo un d .
E ureka m in e — No rth Of Lead Hill the ro cks are faulted an d dis
turbe d at a number Of po ints an d pro specting has been carried o n,
witho ut,however
,so far as known
,develo ping an y o re bo dies o f c o n
sequence. A po ssible exceptio n is the o ld Eureka mine,n o t the sam e
as that near Ro siclare (se e . 23,T . 1 1 S .
,R . 9 which is said to
have yielded several to ns o f galena. The wo rks are n ow abando ne d,
but at the shaft a fault plane running N . 6 0° E . m ay be seen separat
ing sandsto nes bel ieved to be Mansfield to the no rth an d Chester to
the so uth . The dump shows small pieces o f galena,fluo rspar , an d
calcite .
SCA TTE RE D B 'I IN E S IN POPE COU N TY .
G e n e ral r e latio n a — Much the larger po rtio n o fPo pe Co unty no rth
Of B ay B o ttoms is underlain by sandsto nes o f the Mansfield an d
Chester fo rmatio ns . The gen eral absence Of the S te . Genevieve an d
lower limesto nes makes it difficult to reco gnize faulting , an d so,while
disturbances o f the strata have been no ted at a number o f po ints an dpro specting is widespread
,relatively l ittle has been determined with
regard to the stratigraphy o f the regio n . There is o n e belt o f mines
extending from the vicinity o f the E mpire mine to the “Old Clay
diggings ” o f the Pittsburg Mining Company near Raum . A seco nd,
o r po ssibly a co ntinuatio n o f the first belt,includes a number o f pro s
p e c ts near Allens Spring . Near G o lco nda there are a few veins an dsome pro specting has been do ne , an d no rtheast o f town are the Park
enso n an d Go rdo n min es,already discussed . Near B ay City c o n
side rable lead o re is said to have been mined . These mine s an d pro s
pee ts will be discussed in the abo ve o rder .
P ittsburg m in e .—The Pittsburg Mining Company has sunk two
shafts an d driven o n e tunnel into a narrow belt o f l imesto ne out
cro pping in the general sandsto ne regio n near Raum . The limesto ne is dark
,flin ty , an d n o t very fo ssil i fero us . It seems to be o f
S t . Lo uis ag e . It o utcro ps in a belt abo ut 20 0 feet wide , having a
general co urse N . 35° E .
,an d is said to be traceable fo r several miles .
The sandsto ne to the no rthwest,at least , i s pro bably Mansfield .
That to the southeast is o f undetermined ag e . The limesto ne ismuch bro ken an d there are co nsiderable bo dies Of breccia . G alenaan d blende o ccur in small veinlets thro ugh the limesto ne an d in the
6 0 FLUORSPA R DE POS ITS O F S OUTHE RN ILLIN OIS . 11m m . 2 5 5 .
given high angles o f dip . A number o f pro spect Shafts have shownsome brecciatio n o f the ro ck an d the presence o f calcite as a cementingmaterial .G o lc o n da p ro sp e c ts
— Abo ut a mile so uth Of Go lco nda, o n theriver bank
,faulting has bro ught the Mansfield sandsto ne o f the bluffs
into co ntact with the Chester fo rmatio ns . Parallel to the fault thesandsto ne is sheeted o r sheared an d a m in o r amo unt o f barite has beenintro duced . N o o ther minerals o ccur .
West o f Go lco nda the Chester comes in abruptly,replacing the
Mansfield,an d the re seem to be several mino r parallel faults an d
crevices. In o n e o f the latter , showing in the first railway out west
o f the town,is the Gilbert dike
,which was pro spected fo r mineral to
a depth o f 70 feet in 1 903 witho ut favo rable results .B ay City m ine — Near B ay City the ro cks are bro ken by fault.
planes presumed to represent the Ro siclare-Fairview system o f faulting . Alo ng these planes fluo rite
,galena
,an d blende have been de
po sited,an d an effo rt is being made to mine them . The Black mine
is lo cated in sectio n 2 6,T . 1 4 S .
,R . 6 E .
,o n a low hill rising abo ut
2 5 feet abo ve the Ohio River bo ttom land an d cut o ff from .the mainbluff by a low c o l. Near the o ld shaft there are clear evidences o ffaulting in the sandsto ne which fo rms the surface material . Thedump shows a brecciated limesto ne cemented by calcite an d fluo ritean d carrying galena an d blende. A small amo unt o f z inc carbo natealso o ccurs . The vein dips to the west
,an d a new shaft was being
sun k to intersect it . In the hillside near by there is a n arrow beltOf limesto ne running abo ut parallel with the fault upo n which theo re has been fo und .
M IN E S IN SA LIN E COU N TY.
G e n e ral re latio n s — Near the so uthern bo rder o f Sal ine Co unty , n o tfar from the Po pe Co unty line
,smal l quantities o f galena an d fluo rite
have been fo und an d some pro specting is go ing o n . The co untry isrugged
,the area including a part o f Karbers Ridge. The ro cks c o n
sist mainly o f Mansfield sandsto ne,with subo rdinate areas o f the
later co al measures an d some in faulte d blo cks o f Chester limesto ne.
Kin g and F e rguse n m in e — This pro perty is in sectio n 21,T . 1 0 S .
,
R . 7 E . The surface ro cks co nsist mainly o f sandsto ne,with subo r
din ate amo unts o f black Shale an d l imesto ne . They have been c o n
side rably disturbed an d dip o ccasio nally at high angles . There are
three shafts . At the first the beds strike nearly no rth an d so uthan d dip 52 ° to the east. This shaft has been sunk o n a thin bed o fblack shale , an d there is apparently n o displacement , tho ugh a mino ramo unt o f dip faulting m ay be present . Barite an d fluo rite are
fo und in small amo unts crystal lized to gether in bro ken quartzitic
m m ] G E N E SIS O F TH E ORE S . 6 1
sandsto ne. There are a few small crystals o f galena Calcite seemsto be entirely absent. In the seco nd shaft a l imesto ne is present an dsmall amo unts o f galena an d fluo rspar Show . In the third
,lo cate d
farther so uth,near a contact o f limesto ne an d sandsto ne
,smal l
amo unts o f galena,pyrite
,an d fluo rspar o ccur in cracks in the l ime
sto ne .
B ig F our m in e— O u the Miller land
,sectio n 32
,a shaft has been
sunk 30 feet in Chester limesto ne . This ro ck is apparently in placean d undisturbed , tho ugh near it pieces o f brecciated l imesto necemented by calcite were picked up
,an d in the same vicinity there
are smal l p ieces o f blende an d evidences Of faulting. In general it
m ay be said that in the vic in itv small quantities o f the sulphides an d
o f fluo rspar are widely dissem m ate d an d the ro cks are faulted and
bro ken in a manner favo rable to o re depo sitio n . At the time the
area was visited , however , n o co nsiderable bo dies o f o re had beenlo cated . Later pro specting is said to have given mo re enco uraging
results.
G E N E S I S O F T H E O R E S .
It is impo ssible in the present co nditio n o f knowledge to make an
e xact an d final statement as to the o rigin o f the o res o f this district .The be st that c an be do ne is to indicate certain alternative hypo thesesan d to discuss their po ssible co nflicts an d agreements . In View o f
the unusual character Of the o res an d the interest attaching to them,
it is believed wo rth while to do this,even tho ugh it be admitted at
the o utset that the explanatio n Offered is fo unded o n hypo thesistho ugh in acco rd with the facts as known .
ORIG IN A L SOURCE O F M A TE RIA L .
The o re bo dies represent co ncentratio ns o f material no rmally prese n t in ro cks in a disseminated fo rm . The minerals entering intotheir compo sitio n must have come either from the sedimentary ro cksexpo sed at the surface an d co ntinuing fo r some depth below
,o r from
deeper lying igneo us ro cks o f which the dikes present at the surfacerepresent o ffsho o ts . Neglecting calcite
,pyrite
,an d o ther minerals
widely distributed,attentio n m ay be co ncentrated o n the rarer
metallic sulphides— galena , blende , an d stibnite— an d o n the fluo rite.The discussio n o f their po ssible o rigin will be taken up in o rder.
O RE M IN E RA LS .
The commo n o re minerals o f this district , neglecting seco ndaryan d derived fo rms , are galena an d blende. These sulphides o f lead
an d zinc o ccur in bo th igneo us an d sedimentary ro cks an d are widely
6 2 FLUORSPA R D E POS ITS O F S OUTHE RN ILLIN O IS . 1m m . 2 5 5 .
disseminated . Large bo dies in unaltered l imesto ne are especiallycharacteristic o f the Mississippi Val ley an d they Show thro ugho ut.
the wo rld a tendency toward segregatio n in do lomite an d l imesto ne.
The lead an d z inc depo sits fo und at o ther po ints in the MississippiValley
,excluding tho se Of so uthwestern Arkansas
,are believed to
represent co ncentratio ns from the surro unding limesto ne bro ught
abo ut by the activities o f o rdinary. meteo ric water. Specifical ly,it
is believed that they represent material o riginally depo sited in thedo lomites o f the Cam bro —Silurian an d later co ncentrated in theirpresent situatio ns.“ The evidence fo r this will n o t be reviewed here.
In certain particulars the o res o f this district differ f rom tho se fo undelsewhere in the valley
,an d this raises a questio n as to the applica
bility to them o f the theo ries wo rked o ut from a study o f the o thers.These differences are as fo l lows :
(1 ) The antimo ny o ccurring in co nnectio n with the lead is fo undelsewhere in this regio n o nly in so uthwestern Arkansas
,where the
relatio ns are entirely distinct from tho se no rmal to the M ississippiVal ley . The lead o res o f the valley are always particularly free from
antim o ny,so much so as to class them as so ft o res in distinctio n from
the western o r hard o res .
(2 ) The fact that the galena is slightly argenti fero us is also distin c tive ; The amount o f si lver present is n o t great
,but is no ne the
less large when co ntrasted with that fo und elsewhere in the regio n .
The fo llowing analyses made by Messrs . Chandler an d Kimbal l werepubl ished some years ag o by Whitney"an d indicate the amo unt o fthis difference .
A n alyse s o f g ale n a from southe rn I llin o is.
T ro y o un c e s S i l ve r p e rpoun ds le ad .
Ro s ic lare , I ll 94Massac Coun ty , 1 11 1 gM in e ral Po in t , W isRo ck v i l l e , W isMarsde n lo de (n e ar G ale n a ) , 1 11
The amo unt o f si lver is smal l an d its o ccurrence seems irregular,but that it i s ever present to the amo unt indicated is striking. H . A.
t eeler has recently discussed this po int in co nnectio n with theo ccurrence n ear Fre de ricktown ,
Mo .
,an d in Algo nkian felsites o f a
narrow vein o f no nargentifero us galena.
° He argues from this thatthe neighbo ring lead depo sits in the l imesto ne were depo sited bvascending waters o f presumably deep-seated o rigin . If i t pro ve g e n
a l‘re lim in ary re po rt o n l e ad an d z in c de po s its o f the Ozark re g io n : Twe n ty-se c o n dA n n . Re pt . U . S . G e o l . Surve y , p t . 2 , pp . 2 3—2 2 7 .
0 Wh itn e y , J . D . , G e o l . Surve y I l l in o is , vo l. 1 , 1 86 6 , pp . 1 88—1 89 .
0 Whe e le r. H . A . , E n g . an d M in . Jo ur. , Marc h 31 , 1 90 4 .
B A IN J ORIG IN A L S OURCE O F ORE MA TE RIA L . 6 3
e rally true that the galena o f the Older ro cks in this regio n is n o nargenti fero us
,this wo uld seem to emphasize the unusual character o f
the co nditio ns under which such depo sits as tho se o f so uthern I llino iso riginated an d would po int to the impro babil ity o f the who le o f thematerial entering into the compo sitio n o f the o re bo dies being derivedfrom the no rmal ro cks Of the regio n .
(3 ) The marked develo pment o f fluo rite in co nnectio n with the
lead an d zinc is who lly exceptio nal fo r this regio n . In no ne o f theo ther lead an d zinc districts has this mineral ever been no ted
,despite
its showy character ; an d in the Jo plin district the co untry ro ck , so
far as Mr. Steiger’s analyses go, fails to show a trace o f fluo rine.
While an y negative evidence derived from co untry ro ck is n o t c o n
side re d stro ng evidence,it is at least suggestive .
(4 ) The presence o f numero us an d impo rtant fault planes an d theasso ciatio n o f the o res with them are peculiarly characteristic o f thisdistrict . Whi le faulting is n o t absent elsewhere
,an d
,indeed, is
believed to have a high significance as regards the genesis o f the JO plin o res
,it is nowhere as impo rtant as here
,an d in no ne o f the o ther
districts do the o res SO persistently fo l low the fault planes . In thisparticular the o re bo dies fo und here are mo re like tho se o f the Western States than like tho se o f the Mississippi Valley general ly .
(5 ) The presence o f igneo us ro ck in the vicinity o f the o re bo diesis. so far as known
,who l ly restricted to this particular district.
These vario us facts po int to the co nclusio n that,while it wo uld
perhaps be po ssible to co nsider the lead an d zinc fo und here as beingin the same catego ry with that fo und elsewhere in the MississippiValley
,the pro babil ity is that either its so urce was unusual o r the c o n
ditio n s under which it was co ncentrated were entirely different fromtho se prevail ing elsewhere . The mo st no table peculiarities in eachparticular seem co nnected with the presence in the district o f igneo usro ck.
G AN GUE M IN ERAL S .
The gangue minerals asso ciated with the o re bo dies o f this districtare tho se commo n in the Mississippi Valley , with the exceptio n o f the
fluo rite. Calcite,quartz
,an d barite are fo und in all the districts
,
tho ugh n o t in equal amo unts . There is a striking an d peculiar
absence o f do lomite , which elsewhere is a co nstant asso ciate o f galenaan d blende. IVhe the r this absen ce is due to the derivatio n o f the
o res from the immediately surro unding ro cks,which are n o n m ag
n e sian,o r from some entirely new so urce , o r whether the Cambrian
an d Silurian ro cks underlying the district are here n o nm ag n e sian ,is
unce rtain . The greatest peculiarity Of the o re bo dies,however
,is the
presence o f large quantities o f fluo rite. This mineral is somewhat
6 4 FLUORSPA R D E POS ITS O E S OUTHE RN ILLIN OIS . 1m m . 2 5 5 .
widely distributed,principally in metamo rphic ro cks . In the United
States it o ccurs from Maine to Virginia in the P iedmo ntl
and Appalaob ian areas .
“ In the Western States it is n o t uncommo nly fo und insmal l quantities in co nnect-io n with m e tallife rous ve in s. In the Miss
issipp i Valley it is exceedingly rare . A t o n e o r two lo calities in central Kentucky an d Tennessee it o ccurs in n o n m ag n e sian l imesto nes .From Tennessee it is n ow being shipped . It is re po rted to o ccur indruse s in the St . Lo uis limesto ne at St . Lo uis
,an d Mr . U lrich has
o bserved a few crystals in the S te . G e nevieve limesto ne at the typelo cality fo r that fo rmatio n . W ith these exceptio ns it is n o t knownto o ccur at an y
.
po int in the valley,-an d it is entirely absent from
all the lead an d zinc depo sits o f the regio n,except tho se o f this
par ticular district an d the small depo sits in central Kentucky n earLexingto n .
Abro ad the mo st impo rt-an t lo cal ities fo r the pro duction o f fluo r
spar are the no rth o f England an d certain Saxo n mining lo calitiesin Germany . The English depo sits o ccur in limesto nes o f abo utthe same ag e as tho se o f southe rn I ll ino is
,an d in m any particulars
the o ccurrences are similar . This extends even to a clo se simi larityin the dike ro cks present in bo th districts . III Saxo ny th e fluo rsparo ccurs near Fre iberg in veins an d druses in gneisses , Schists an d
slates,cut by dikes Of quartz -po rphyry an d by gabbro . It is asso
c iate d with argenti fero us galen a,blende
,stibnite
,an d man y comp lex
compo un ds n o t fo und in the Kentucky -Ill ino is distric t fi
Fluo rine itsel f has been fo und in se a water,in bo iler incrustatio ns
Of o cean vessels,
0an d Dana fo und it in calcareo us co ral s . It o ccurs
in the bo nes o f marine animals,an d was fo und in smal l quantities
in the man ganese no dules bro ught up by the Challe n g e r nets from a
depth o f fathom sfZ
From these no te s it appears that fluo rite m ay well be expected too ccur in small quantity in limesto nes an d o ther sedimentary ro cks ,but that its presence in unaltered limesto nes is very rare
,an d
'
that
the o nly impo rtant bo dies Of fluo rite known an d wo rked comm erc ially are in limesto nes which have been intruded with igneo us ro ck“Bo th Mr . Emmo ns an d Mr. Tangier Smith have shown that theapparently unaltered limesto nes o f this district c o ntain small quantities o f fluo rin e .
av Dan a , M in e ralo lo g y , 6 th e d . , 1 8 9 2 ,p . 1 6 3 .
” V o n C o tta, E . , T re at ise o n O re D e po s i ts (Prim e tran s lat io n ) , 1 8 7 0 ,p . 9 8 .
C Pum p e lly , Raphae l , G e o l . Surve y K e n tuc ky , 2 d se r. , vo l. 2 , p t . 8 , p . 4 6 .
d D e e p-se a d e po s its , Re po rt Challe n g e r E xpe d it io n ,p . 4 2 1 .
m m ] ORIG IN A L S OURCE O F O R E MA TE RI A L. 6 5
Mr. Smith’s analyses,made by Mr . Geo rge Steiger
,o f the United
States Geo logical Survey,are quo ted below .
A n alyse s o f lim e sto n e from Ke n tuc ky an d M isso uri .
P e r c e n t
Mg o
aDo ubtfu l trac e .
I . S te . G e n evieve l im e sto n e from n e ar View, Ky .
II . S te . G e n evie v e l im e sto n e from n e ar Cr ide r, Ky .
III. S t. Louis l im e sto n e from Cr itte n de n Coun ty , Ky .
IV. Lim e sto n e from S ho al Cre e k , southe ast o f Jo pl in , Mo .
While there is always do ubt attaching to the o rigin o f these minutequantities o f material
,an d i t is impo ssible to make sure that they do
n o t represent seco ndarily- intro duced material,it wo uld seem that the
l imesto ne is at least a po ssible competent so urce o f the fluo rite .
As a co nstituent o f igneo us ro cks fluo rite is commo n . It enters intothe compo sitio n o f a number o f widely disseminated minerals
,includ
ing the commo n variety o f apatite,certain micas
,an d to paz . O f these
the first two named o ccur in unusual abundance in the dike ro cks o fthis vicinity
,tho ugh it is n o t certain that the particular minerals
fo und here are fluo rine bearing . Analyses o f the freshest dike ro ckavailable
,made in the Geo lo gical Survey labo rato ry by Mr. Geo rge
Steiger,gave the fo llowing results
F luo rin e in an alyse s o f (like ro c k o f so uthe rn I llin o is an d K e n tucky.
Pe r c e n t .
D own e y d ik e , Ro s i c lare , 1 11 . N o n e .
M ix (l ike, G o l c o n da ,Ill
Hard d ike , Mario n , Ky N o n e .
It-
is o f interest to recal l in this co nnectio n the fact that in even themo st altered o f the igneo us ro cks the apatite , presumably the mineralcarrying the largest amo unt Of fluo rine , is fresh an d unaltered .
F luo rine has commo nly been o bserved in co nnectio n with vo lcanic
o utbursts,an d fluo rite is o n e o f the mo st commo n min erals co nnected
with vo lcanic ro cks . At Cripple Creek Co lo rado , an d many o therwestern camps it is abundant in intrusive an d extrusive ro cks o f Ter
tiary ag e .
S o far , then , the igneo us ro cks fo rm a very pro bable so urce o f theBul l . 255— 0 5 M— 5
6 6 FLU ORSPA R DE POS ITS O F S OUTHE RN ILLIN O IS . [B ULL 2 5 5
fluo rin e, but the evidence that the material did actually come from
them is weak . If i t is o f any such o rigin,it presumably was -
n o t
segregated during the weathering o f the ro cks an d,recall ing the
field evidence , there seems little co nnectio n between particular dikesan d individual o re bo dies .
PROCE SS O F CON CE N TRA T ION .
There are two bro adly co ntrasted metho ds by which the present o rebo dies m ay have been co ncentrated . The first is by the actio n o f theno rmal meteo ric waters o f the regio n
,which m ay here , as in o ther
districts , have gathered the disseminated material from the co untryro cks into the veins . The seco nd is by the actio n o f heated waters
,
either o riginal ly meteo ric o r derived from the intruded igneo us ro ck ,o r in part from each so urce. It is believed that the evidence po intsto heated waters having been the agency by which the o res were segregated an d that they o btained an essential po rtio n o f their lo ad froma large mass o f lower-lying intruded ro ck
, o f which the dikes are theo ffsho o ts.It has already been po inted out that the o re bo dies Show n o Sign
o f seco ndary enrichment , an d apparently the surface waters n ow inthe regio n c an o nly o perate to destro y rather than re - fo rm the o re
bo dies . As compared with l imesto ne,
fluo rite is relatively inso lublein co ld water
,tho ugh still mo re so luble than barite
,which is very
commo nly co ncentrated by such waters . In the presence o f an abundance o f calcium carbo nate in the surface waters mass actio n wo ulddemand that the waters largely exhaust their powers in wo rkingupo n the co untry ro ck rather than the vein minerals . This seems
to acco rd with the facts o f the field,since the crystals o f fluo rspar in
druses,which might be co nsidered to represent reco ncentratio n
,are
relatively rare , an d, as has been seen , the sulphides , which are verydelicate indices o f the pro cess o f reco ncentration
,Show n o clear
evidence o f such actio n , but po int rather to its absence . It is ditficult to believe , therefo re , that such waters have gathered minute lydisseminated quantities o f fluo rite from the surro unding limesto ne
an d fo rmed the veins as they n ow o ccur. It is also to be remembered
that in o ther districts o f commercial impo rtance in the,
MississippiValley
,where such waters have been shown to be effective
,bo th the
o res an d the gangue differ in the impo rtant particulars already
enumerated .
If i t be held that the waters which fo rm ed the o res were heatedwaters
,but that they derived their lo ad from the St . Lo uis , Ste"
Genevieve,an d surro unding limesto nes , it m ay be po inted out that the
no rmal tendency o f heated waters rising alo ng faulting fissure s wo uldundo ubtedly be toward depo sitio n an d disseminatio n o f materialrather than toward its segregatio n . This wo uld seem to indicate
6 8 FLUORSPA R D E POS ITS O F S OUTHE RN ILL IN O IS . [B ULL 2 5 5 .
Produc tion Offluo rsp ar in the Un ited S tate s in an d .by S ta te s .
State o r T e rr ito ry .
Q uan t it y . Va lue . Q uan t it y . Va lue .
S ho rt to n s . S ho r t to n s .
A rizo n a an d T e n n e sse e _ 628 $6 , 872 275 $2 , 037
Ke n tuc ky 2 9, 030 1 43 , 41 0 30 , 835
Il l in o is 1 8 , 360 1 2 1, 532 1 1 , 41 3 57 , 620
To tal 48, 0 1 8 2 7 1 . 8 14 42 , 523 2 1 3
,6 1 7
The spar is shipped in part by the I l lino is Central Rai lway an d inpart o n ‘
the Ohio River . Prices are fixed by P ittsburg quo tatio ns , lessfreight an d commissio ns. A t Pittsburg the American spar comesinto competit io n with English an d German material impo rtedthro ugh New Yo rk . The American mines supply the western tradean d abo ut hal f o f the P ittsburg demand . The impo rters co ntro l theeastern trade an d determine prices at P ittsburg.
There are three main uses fo r fluo rspar . The highest grade,run
ning less than 1 per cent o f sil ica,an d white in co lo r
,is so ld either
gro und o r in lump,fo r use in the enameling
,chemical
,an d glass
trades . It brings the highest price,recent New Yo rk quo tatio ns
being $8 to $1 0 a to n ungro und an d to gro und . Theprice at the western mines is abo ut a do llar less per to n than the NewYo rk price
,to o ffset differences in fre ight rates to competing terri
to ry . There is a l imited market fo r this grade o f spar,an d it pro b
ably wo uld n ot be extended much even at lower p rl c e s , S ince theamo unt used is determined by co nditio ns who lly o utside the co st o fthe spar. On the o ther hand, it i s a questio n whether even a higherprice co uld n o t well be o btained fo r this grade .
The seco nd grade o f spar is used in steel making,an d is so ld
ungro und as lump o r gravel . It includes co lo red spar an d m ay runas high as 4 per cent sil ica , tho ugh mo stly so ld with a 3 per centguaranty . It is demanded fo r o pen -hearth wo rk because o f the greatfluidity which i t gives the slag . A t present at least to ns areused annually in this wo rk , at a co st to the use r o f from $6 to $8 perto n . Impo rters have n ow a slight advantage in the Pi ttsburgmarket o n this grade o f o re . It is pro bable that when a steady supplyo f fluo rspar at the present o r sl ightly lower prices c an be guaranteedin steel -making centers the market c an rapidly be expanded , an d thisaffo rds the mo st ho peful o utlo o k fo r spar pro ducers . In many waysfluo rspar has advantages o ver o ther fluxing materials n ow used .
The lowest grade o f spar,including all running o ver 4 per cent
B u s ] S OURCE S A N D US E S O F FLUORSPA R . 6 9
si lica, o r spar mixed with calcite , c an be used in fo undry wo rk , an dwhile the price is an d always must be low
,there is po ssible an almo st
unlimited market . It i s pro bable that systematic effo rts to intro ducethe low-grade material into this trade wo uld be highly beneficial tothe industry as a who le . “I
li ile there wo uld be little pro fit i n m i n
ing fo undry spar,it wo uld allow the pro ductio n o f N O . 2
'
spar inquantity an d at prices demanded by steel makers. W ith the e xhaus
tio n o f bessemer grades o f i ro n there will be an increased demandfo r fluo rspar , tho ugh even n ow demand is ahead o f supply fo r steelmaking grades . Since at an y increase in prices it becomes cheaperto use less efficient fluxes
,it fo llows that while th e o utput c an be
increased prices pro bably c an n o t be much chan g ed .
W ith these facts in mind it is seen that the fluo rsp ar mines o f theKe n tuckv-Il l ino i s district will have fo r m any years a large an d
growing market to supply . Their o nly competito rs are the impo rters,
an d competitio n with them is main ly a matter o f transpo rtatio n co sts .
It is n o t certain that this competitio n will always be keen as n ow,since
fo reign pro ducers have an impo rtant an d growin g trade o utsidethe United States. Mines in the Ro cky Mo untain regio n an d o therlVe ste rn States c an n o t be expected to disturb the fluo rsp ar market .Such fluo rspar as o ccurs in co nnectio n with the o res o f that regio nwill pro bably always have a suflic ie n t lo cal market . The quantitypresent is n o t im po rtant in an y western district yet described , an d
lo cal smelters make an allowance fo r l ime,which
,entirely aside from
the co st o f transpo rta tio n,is l ikely to prevent
.
shipments o f spar to
the East.
FUTURE PRODU CT ION .
The o pinio n already given as to the genesis o f the o res indicates
the belief o f the autho r that they will pro ve permanent in depth toho rizo ns below which they c an n o t be wo rked because o f increasingco st . The low value o f the o re places a somewhat severe l imitatio nupo n the future depth o f mining , an d i t i s po ssible that this feature
alo ne will in mo st situatio ns preclude wo rk to a depth greater thanfeet . It is also po ssible that changes in the character o f the
co untry ro ck m ay influence disastro usly the size an d character o f the
o re bo dies . It has been impo ssible to g e t an y data o n the character
o f the ro ck which o ccurs in this area beneath the Ohio shale . N o r
mally a co nsiderable thickness o f do lomites an d l ime sto nes wo uld beexpected to be present , but they m ay be absent , an d i t is n o t im p o s
sible that the suppo sed igneo us mass o ccurs below the shale . In all
the mines so far lo cated in Illino is the shale lies 500 to feet o r
mo re below present wo rkings .
70 FLUORSPA R D E POS ITS O F S OUTHE RN ILLIN O IS . [B ULL- 2 5 5 .
There are n o data at hand fo r predictio ns as to change in characteran d richness o f the o res with depth . Chan ges in the co untry ro ckm ay be expected to have an impo rtant influence
,an d so far the S te .
Genevieve a nd o ther Chester fo rmatio ns have pro ved mo st favo rable . In the I llino is mines no thing suggesting rearrangement o f the
o res an d seco ndary enrichment co incident with degradatio n o f the
surface was o bserved . At the Empire mine carbo nates gave placto sulphides within the first hundred feet
,an d be low that level n o
change was o bserved .
In the Kentucky mines a number o f depo sits o f first-grade fluo rspar
are said to have given o ut o r lo st grade with depth . The significanceo f this fact is uncertain . W hether it is to be co rrelated with changein wall ro ck , o r indicates o nly the usual irregular distributio n o f o re
in depth as well as alo ng a vein,i s n o t clear . In n o case was develo p
ment carried o n to determine whether the o re wo uld come in again at
lower levels . If it be true that the diminutio n in size o f the o re bo dieswas related to to pography rather than stratigraphy
,i t c an o nly be
stated that the best o btainable evidence in Il l ino is do es n o t warrantthe belief that the rule is universal . The character an d size o f th e
o re bo dies certainly do n o t. bear an y co nstant relatio n to the presentland surface .
In the light o f these facts an d the wide pro specting which has bee ngo ing o n in the district
,l ittle enco uragement is o ffered to the ho pe o f
finding impo rtant bo dies o f lead an d zinc o n the no rthern side , at
least,o f the river
,but it i s believed that the fluo rsp ar depo sits affo rd
the basis fo r an impo rtant an d growing industry .
G U IDE S FO R PROSPE CT IN G .
Fluo rite is such a distinctive an d easily reco gnized mineral that itis n o t o ften o verlo o ked . Its presence , o r ,
that o f galena o r blende , isusually sufficient to warrant careful pro specting fo r an o re bo dy.
Calcite,o n the o ther hand
,is so commo n that its presence is n o t
o fte n significant . The presence o f faulting fissures m ay usually bereco gnized by the fact that ro cks o f unlike character are bro ught intoco ntact alo ng straight l ines o r by the presence o f the quartzite reefsalready discussed . T O a less extent an y disturbance o f the strata isin this district pro bably co n nected with faulting . IVhe n a bo dy o f
spar has been fo rmed along a fault co ntact it sho uld first be pro s
p e c te d by a few Shallow shafts alo ng the strike to determine its extent.That pro ving favo rable
,regular sinking m ay be undertaken with
some co nfidence . In general i t is to be remembered that the-
materialis o f low value an d expensive installatio ns ‘
are n o t warranted . Whi lesome lead an d zinc m ay be saved in mining the spar , i t is n o t tho ughtthat they are generally o f first impo rtance.
IN DE".
A .
Al l e g he n y Plate aus, e xte n sio n o f, in Ke n
tuc ky-lllin o is distric t 1 4
Al l e n s Sprin g ,m in e s n e ar 58
pro spe c tin g n e ar 59
Al luvium, o c curre n c e an d c harac te r o f 27
A m e rican M in e s Co m pan y , pro pe rty o f 53
Am pl e xus g e n ic ulatus, o c curre n c e o fAn al yse s o f l im e sto n e 65
An d e rso n we l l , d isc o ve ry o f fluo rspar in .
An so n ,d e ve lo pm e n t by 1 3
An tim o n y , o c curre n c e o f 36 , 62
An to n , E i l e rs an d Raym o n d , R , W . , o n l e adm in in g
Apati te , pre se n c e o f, e vide n c e o f .
Ari zo n a, pro duc tio n o f fluo rspar in
A ux Vase s san dsto n e , e qui val e n t o f
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
n n n n n n n n n n n n n n
o o o o o o o o o o
Ba in,H . Fo ste r, o n l e ad an d z in c
Baldwi n m in e ,de sc riptio n o f
Barite , c harac te r o fo c curre n c e o f
B ay Bo ttom s, lo c atio n o f
ro c ks n e arB ay C ity m in e ,
d e sc riptio n o f
B ig C l ifty san dsto n e , e qui val e n t o fB ig Cre e k , lo c atio n an d c harac te r o f
ro c ks o nB ig Four m in e , d e sc ript io n o f .
B ig Jo e m in e , de sc ript io n o f
Birdsvi l le fo rm atio n ,c harac te r o f
n am e o f
o c curre n c e o f
B islan d ,T . P. , in fo rm atio n fro m
o n st ibn iteBlac k m in e , de sc riptio n O f Daisy ve in , de sc riptio n o f
Ble n d e , c harac te r o f ro c ks atc o n c e n trat io n O f Dan a
,J . D . , o n fluo rite
o c curre n c e O f De pth , e ffe c t o f, o n o re sBlue ve in , de sc ript io n O f De ve lo pm e n t o f fluo rspar d istric t , h isto ryBrush , G . J. , o n fluo rspar
Bryo zoa , o c curre n c e o f
Burk , W . E . , o n Ke n tuc ky-I l l in o is distric t .
o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o
Cale . S e e Calc ite .
Cal c ite , c harac te r o fo c curre n c e o f
Carbo n i fe rous ro c ks, c harac te r an d o c cur
re n c e o f. 1 7-26
Carbo n i fe rous t im e , upl i ft in .
Cave in Ro c k , faul ts n e arfluo rsparm in e s n e arfo ssi ls n e arro c ks n e ar
Ce russi te , c harac te r o fChalc o pyrit e , c harac te r o fChan dl e r an d Kim bal l , an al ysis byChattan o o g a shal e , e quival e n t o fChe ste r g ro up , e quival e n ts o f
o c curre n c e o f
Cle io thyris h irsuta , o c curre n c e o f
sublam e llo sa , o c curre n c e o f
C l e ave lan d , Parke r, o n fluo rsparC l em e n ts ve in , d e sc riptio n o f
C l e ve lan d-I l l in o is F luo rspar Com pan ypro p e rty o f
Co al m e asure s, o c curre n c e o f
Co lum bia m in e s , d e v e lo pm e n t o f
Co n c e n trat io n , pro c e sse s o fCo n g lom e rate m e asure s , e qu ival e n t o fCo o k m in e , d e sc riptio n o f
Co ppe r, c harac te r o fo c curre n c e o f
Co pp e r ve in , faul t a tCrabb , Je sse , house o f, pro spe c ts atCrid e r, A . F . , assistan c e o f
m ic a foun d byCride r, Ky . ,
l im e sto n e from , an al ysis o fCro ss se c t io n from Ro sic lare to Karbe rs
Ridg e ,d iag ram showin g
Crystal F luo rspar M in in g Com pan y , wo rkin g s o f
Cypre ss san dsto n e , c harac te r o fo c curre n c e o f
1 2 1 3
De vo n ian ro c ks, c harac te r o f 1 7—1 8
o c curre n c e o f 1 7—1 8 , 48
Diabase , o c c urre n c e o f 29
Die lasm a fo rm o sa , o c c urre n c e o f 22
turg idum , o c curre n c e o f 22
D ike s , o c curre n c e an d c harac te r o f 27—30
D i l le r, J . S . , o n Ke n tuc ky'
m ic a-pe rido tite 1 3, 30
Dip , c harac te r o f 33—34Disc o ve ry o f fluo rspar 1 2
D isplac em e n t , dive rse , o c c urre n c e o f 33
7 2 IN D E".
Do lom ite , abse n c e o fc harac te r o f
Down e y dik e ,fluo rin e in
Down e y ’s bluff , faul t a tro c ks at an d n e ar
E ic ho rn ,m in e s n e ar
ro c ks n e arE i l e rs, An to n ,
an d Raym o n d , o n Fairvi ewm i n e
o n Fairvi ew ro c kso n g al e n ao n l e ad m in in go n stibm te
E l e vat io n s in I l l in o is distric t, state m e n t o f .
E l i zabe thtown , faults n e arfluo rspar m in e s n e arro c ks n e ar
E m m o n s, S . F . , o n Fairview m in eo n fluo rin eo n fluo rspar
o n o re d e po sitso n re plac e m e n t
E m p ire m in e , de sc riptio n o f
faul ts atro c ks in
E n g e lm an n, H e n ry , o n Cypre ss san dsto n e
o n I l l in o is g e o lo g yo n K e n tuc ky-I l l in o is d istric to n S t . Lo uis l im e sto n e
E n g e lm an n an dWo rthe n o n S te . G e n e vie vel im e sto n e
E ro sio n ,p e rio ds o f
E ure ka m in e ,de sc ript io n o f .
Fairvi ew F luo rsparCom pan yp ro p e rty o f
Fairvi ew m in e , de sc ript io n o f 44—45
d e ve lo pm e n ts at , disc lo sure s o f 40
faul t at 33
ro c ks at 24,41
Faul t in g , c harac te r o f 32—33
de te c t io n o f 70
o c curre n c e o f . 2 1,
24 25, 31
—33, 41—42
, 47—48 , 57—58 , 60
sig n ifican c e o f 63
Fe rrug in ous san dsto n e ,e quival e n ts o f 23
F lan n e ry d ik e , l o c at io n o f 27
F luate o f l im e , o c c urre n c e o f 1 2—1 3
F luo rite,c harac te r o f 36-37
o c c urre n c e o f 36—37 , 63—65
c harac te r an d o c curre n c e O f 36—37
disc o v e ry o f 1 2
pric e s an d use s o f 67-69
so urc e s an d pro duc tio n o f 6 1—70
F luo rsparan d l im esto n e , in te rban de d , v i ew
F luo rspar ban d,pho tom i c ro g raphs o f
pho to m ic ro g raphs o f, c om m e n t o n
Fo hs , F. Jul ius, ac kn o wl e dg m e n ts to
o n an k e ri teFo rm at io n s o f southe rn I l l in o is, tabl e O fFo ssils , o c curre n c e o fFre do n ia m e m be r, e qui val e n t o f
o c curre n c e an d c harac te r o f
o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o
o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o
o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o
o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o
o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o
Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q
o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o
o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o
o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o
o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o
o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o
o o o o o o o o o o o o ooo o o o o
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
G al e n a , an al yse s o f 62
c harac te r o f 33
c o n c e n tratio n o f 62
o c c urre n c e o f 1 2 , 26 , 36 , 60
G al e n a ,Ill. , g al e n a from n e ar an al ysis o f 62
G al latin Co un ty , faul ts in 32
to po g raphy in 1 5
G e o l o g ic wo rk , in d istric t , sum m ary o f 1 3- 1 4
G e o lo g y o f I l l in o is distri c t , ac c oun t o f 1 7- 36
G i lbe rt , G . K . , o n dive rse displac em e n t 33
G i lbe rt d ike ,lo c at io n o f 60
G lass spar. S ee F luo rsparG o lc o n da , m in e s n e arpro spe c ts n e arro c ks n e ar
G o o d Ho pe shaft , O pe n in g o f
G o rdo n m in e , d e sc riptio n o f
l o c atio n o f
G ran d Pi e rre Cre e k l o cat io n an d c haracte r o f
G ran d Pi e rre M in in g Com pan y , wo rk o fG ul f ' P late au , e xte n sio n o f, in K e n tuc ky~
Il l in o is distric tto po g raphy o f
Ham p m in e , disc rip tio n o f
faul ts atro c ks in
Hard dik e , fluo rin e inHardin Coun ty , dom e in
m in e s an d pro spe c ts in de sc riptio n so f 1 1 52—58
o re de po sits in , c harac te r o f 36
1 7 , 1 9
to po g raphy o f 1 4- 1 5
Haye s, C . W . , le tte r o f tran sm ittal by 9
o n In te rio r Lowlan d 1 4
Haye s an d U lric h , o n faul tin g 33
Hic ks, dom e n e ar 31
faul ts n e ar 21
ro c ks n e ar 1 9—22 , 27
Hic ks Bran c h , ro c ks o n 1 9 , 31
Hic ks are a , g e o l o g ic m ap o f 22
g e o lo g y o f, résum é o f 48
m in e s an d pro spe c ts o f 48—52
Hic ks m in e , de sc riptio n o f 52
Histo ry , g e o l o g ic , ske tc h o f 34- 36
Ho bbs , W . H .,o n faul tin g 33
H o g Th i e f Bran c h , faul t n e ar 32
Hubbard shaft , de sc riptio n o f 50
Hutc hin so n ,Jam e s, m in e o f, d e sc ript io n o f . 5 1
Ig n e ous ro c ks, de fo rm at io n an d in trusio no f, h isto ry o f
o c c urre n c e o f
sig n ifi c an c e o fI l l in o is, fluo rspar pro duc t io n o f
l im e sto n e s from , an al ysis o fIn dian a g e o lo g ical surve y o n Man sfi e ld
san dsto n eIn te rio r Lowlan d , lo c at io n o f
to po g raphy o fIro n , o x ide o f, o c c urre n c e o f .
J .
Jac kso n , A n drew, de ve lo pm e n t by c om
pan y h e ade d byJac ks Po in t
,ro c ks at
Jo han n se n , A lbe rt , assistan c e o fo n K e n tuc ky-I l l in o is ig n e ous ro c ks .
Jo hn so n Coun ty , fluo rspar m in e s inJo pl in , Mo . , l im e sto n e from , an al ysis o f
K .
Kaibab struc ture , c harac te r o fKao l in , c harac te r o f
o c curre n c e o f
Karbe rs Ridg e , c ro ss se c t io n from Ro sic lare to
faul ts n e arl o catio n an d c harac te r O fo rig in o f
ro c ks o fKaskaskia, e quival e n ts o fK e n tuc ky , Critte n de n Coun ty, fluo rspar
m in in g inCri tte n d e n Coun ty , l im e sto n e from ,
an al ysis o f .
ro c ks inl im e sto n e from , an al ysis o fpro duc tio n o f fluo rspar in
ro c ks in
K e n tuc ky-I l l in o is fluo rspar distric t , g e olo g ic m ap o f
lo c at io n o f
in de x m ap showin gK e ye s , C . R . , o n Cypre ss san dsto n e an d S te .
G e n e vi e ve l im e sto n e
Kin g an d Fe rg use n m in e ,de sc ri ptio n O i . .
L .
g rave ls, c harac te r an d o c cur
re n c e o f
Le ad , pro duc t io n o f
Le ad Hi l l , fluo rspar an d l im e sto n e from,
view o f
m in e s n e arro c ks n e ar
Le ad Hi l l m in e , de sc riptio n o f
re plac e m e n t i n
Le ad sulphid e , o c curre n c e o f
Lim e sto n e , an al yse s o fLim e sto n e an d fluo rspar, in te rban de d ,
V iew o f
Lim o n ite , c harac te r o fo c curre n c e o f
Lin dg re n , Wal de m ar, o n re plac e m e n t
Lo e ss, o c curre n c e an d c harac te r o f e
Lo n sdalia (Litho stro tio n ) , o c c urre n c e o f.
Loug hridg e , R . H . , o n Ke n tuc ky-I l l in o isdistric t
Lue l la m in e , de sc ript io n o f
Lusk Cre e k , lo c atio n an d c harac te r o fLyro p o ra ran a
, o c c urre n c e o f
subquadrata , o c curre n ce o f
Mc Cle llan m in e , d e sc rip tio n o f
re plac em e n t in
ro c ks in
IN DE".
c c c c c
o o o o o o o
1 4—1 6 ffififfifffifififfffifffiifififil
M in e ral Po in t , Wis , g al e n a fro m , an al ysis
o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o
o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o
o o o o o o o
o o o o o o o0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
60-61
N .
N ew Alban y shal e , e quival e n t o fN o rwo o d , J . G .
, o n Blue ve ino n Cypre ss san dsto n eo n Fairview m in eo n l e ad m in i n go n Ke n tuc ky-I l l in o is distric t
o o o o o o o o o o o o o o
o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o
o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o
o o o o o o o o o o o o o o
o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o
o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o
73
Mc G e e , W J , o n Lafaye tte fo rm atio nMalac hite , c harac te r o fMan sfi e ld san dsto n e c harac te r o f
e quival e n t o fn am e o f 26
o c curre n ce o f 1 6- 1 8 , 26 31 43 48 58 , 60
Map , g e o lo g ic , o f Hic ks distric t 22
o f Ke n tuc ky-I l l in o is distric t 1 4
o f Ro sic lare distric t 1 8
Map , in d e x , o f Ke n tuc ky-I l l in o is distric t 1 1
Mario n M in e ral Com pan y,wo rk by 48
Marsde n lo d e , g al e n a from , an al ysis o f 6 2
Marshal l , de ve lo pm e n t by . 1 2
Massac Coun ty , g al e n a from ,an al ysis o f 62
to po g raphy o f 1 4
M ic a , o c c urre n c e o f 27
M i l le r farm,m in e o n 6 1
M i l lsto n e g ri t, e quivale n t o f 26
M in e ral d e po si ts, ag e o f 43
re lat io n s o f to po g raphy , wate r l e ve l ,
62
parag e n e sis o f 40
M in e rals , g an gue , c harac te r o f 36—38 , 63—66
so urc e o f 63-66
M in e rals, o re , c harac te r an d sourc e o f 6 1 - 63
M in e rals, o rig in al m e tal l ic , c harac te r o f 38—39
M in e rals , se c o n dary, c harac te r o f 39
M in e s an d pro spe c ts, de sc riptio n s o f 43—67
M ississipp ian ro c ks, o c curre n c e o f 1 7 , 20
M issouri , l im e sto n e from,an al ysis o f 65
Mix , Charl e s, farm o f ro c ks o nMix dike ,
fluo rin e inlo cat io n o f
Mo o re farm , pro spe c ts o n .
Ohara m em be r, o c curre n c e an d c harac te ro f 22 , 48Ohio Rive r, e l e vat io n s o n an d c harac te r o i 1 6—1 7
fluo rspar m in e s o n 1 1
Oh io shal e , c harac te r an d e quival e n ts o f 1 8—1 9
o c curre n c e o f 1 8—48
Ol d c lay dig g in g s, l o c atio n o f 59
O l d Jim m in e , disc o ve ry an d de sc riptio n o f . 1 3
O re de po sits, g e n e ral c harac te r o f 36—37 40—41
m in e rals in 36—40
m o de o f o c curre n c e o f . 40—43
m aterials o f, so urc e o f 61
struc tural re lat io n s o f 4 1—42
O re sho o ts, o c curre n c e an d c harac te r o f 41
Ore s , al te rat io n o f 42
c harac te r o fg e n e sis o f
Orr’s lan din g ,ro c ks at
Owe n , D . D . , o n l e ad m in in go n Ke n tuc ky-I l l in o is d istric t
74 IN DE".
Oxfo rd an d Watso n m in e , d e sc riptio n o f .
Oxidatio n ,o c curre n c e o f.
Ozark Plate au, e x tin c tio n o f, in Ke n tuc kyI l l in o is distric t
to po g raphy o f
P .
Pac k e rs G ap , l o cat io n o f
Parag e n e sis o f m in e rals . 1
Parke n so n m in e , d e sc riptio n o f
l o c at io n o f
Patto n m in e , l o c at io n o f
Pe l l , m in e s n e arPe l l , W i l l iam ,
fluo rspar fo un d byPe l l m in e , d e sc riptio n s o fPe n e plain ,
lo c at io n o f
Pe n n sylvan ian ro c ks , o c curre n c e o f
Pe n tre m ite s flo re alis , o c curre n c e o f
g o do n ii, o c curre n c e o f
pyrifo rm is, o c curre n c e o ftube rculata, o c c urre n c e o f
P ie rc e , H . B . . wo rk o f
P ittsburg M in in g Com pan y m in e o f,de
sc riptio n o f
m in e o f, ro c ks n e arPlatyc rin us hun tsvilli , o c c urre n c e o f
Po pe Coun ty , faults ing e o l o g y o fm in e s an d pro sp e c ts ino re d e po si ts in , c harac te r o f
ro c ks into po g raphy o f
Powe l l , W . J. , o n dive rse displac e m e n t
Prin c e to n l im e sto n e , e quival e n t o fPro duc t io n o f fluo rspar
Pro spe c t in g , guid e s fo rPum p e lly , Raphae l , o n fluo ri tePyrite , c harac te r o f
Q uartz , c harac te r o fo c curre n c e o f
Q uate rn ary d e po sits, c harac te r, an d o c cur
re n c e o f 1 7—1 8 , 27
Q uartzite re e fs, o c curre n c e o f 33
R .
Rain e y m in e , d e sc riptio n o f
Ran som e , F . L. , o n faul tin gRaum ,
m in e s n e arRaym o n d “
. R . V . , o n Fairvie w m in eRaym o n d , An to n an d E i l e rs, o n le ad m in
in g
Ro c k , pro spe c t in g n e ar
Ro c kvi l l e , Wis. , g al e n a from , an al ysis o fRo sic lare , c ro ss se c tio n from Karbe rs Ridg e
fluo rspar m in e s n e arg al e n a from , an al ysis o fro c ks at an d n e ar
Ro sic lare are a,faul ts in .
g e o lo g ic m ap o f
g e ol o g y o f, résum é o f .
m in e s an d pro spe c ts o f 43—48
o o o o o o o o o o o o
n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n
28—29
o o o o o o o o
o o o o o o o o o o o o o
n n n n n n n n n n n n n n
o o o o o o o o
g g g g g g g g g g g
o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o
o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o
o o o o o o o o o o o o
o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o
o o o o o o o o o0 0 0 0 0 0
o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o
O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O
Ro sic lare m em be r, c harac te r o fo c curre n c e o f
Ro sic lare m in e ,de sc ript io n o f
d e ve lo pm e n ts at disc lo sure s o fdisc o v e ry o ffaul t at .
ro c ks in
wate r in
Ro sic lare quarry , ro c ks i n
Saffo rd , J . M . , o n Tul lahom a fo rm atio n 2 0
S t . Lo uis l im e sto n e , c harac te r o f —2 1
c o n tac t o f Tul lahom a fo rm at io n an d 1 8—20
o c curre n c e o f 1 6 1 8 20
o re in
S te . G e n e vie ve l im e sto n e , c harac te r o f 1 8 , 2 1 - 23
o c curre n c e o f —29 43, 41 8—49
Sal in e Coun ty , m in e s an d pro spe c ts in 1 1 , 60—61
ro c ks o i_ 60
Sc ho o l c raft, H . R o n fluo rspar 1 2
Se dim e n tary ro c ks , o c c urre n c e o f 1 7 27—30
Se dim en tat io n , pe rio d o f, histo ry o fS em in ula trin uc le a , o c curre n c e o f 22
Shawn e e town , fluo rspar from 1 2
She tl e rvi l l e , fo ssi ls an d ro c ks at an d n e ar 22- 23
She t l e rvi l l e Hil ls, lo catio n an d c harac te ro f
o rig in o f
Showal te r m in e ,lo catio n o f
Shum ard , B ,F .
, o n S te . G e n e vi e ve l im e
sto n e
Si lve r, o c curre n c e o fSm ith
,W . S . ,
Tan g ie r, o n fluo rsparo n I l l in o is ig n e ous ro c ks
Sm ith an d Ulric h , wo rk o f .
Sm ithso n i te , c harac te r o fSoward farm ,
ro c ks o nSpar. S e e F luo rspar.
Spiri fe r in c re ‘
be sc e n s , o c c urre n c e o f
le idyi , o c curre n c e o f
Sp irife rin a N o rwo o di , o c curre n c e o f
tran sve rsa, o c curre n c e o f
Ste ig e r, an al ysis bySte n o p o ra c e rvin us, o c curre n c e o f
Stewart m in e ,d e sc riptio n o f
Stibn ite , c harac te r o fStruc ture , g e o log ic , c harac te r o f
g e n e ral re latio n s o f
T .
Taylo rs Sprin g , pro spe c ts n e arTe n n e sse e , pro duc tio n o f fluo rspar in
Te rtiary de po si ts, c harac te r an d o c curre n c eo f 1 6—1 8 , 26
Thre em i l e Cre e k , m in e o n 53
To po g raph y o f,Illin o is distric t 1 5—1 7
Tribun e l im e sto n e , c harac te r o f 1 8 , 24
o c curre n c e o f 1 8 , 44 , 46
Tul lahom a fo rm atio n , c harac te r o f 1 8- 20
c o n tac t o f St Louis l im e sto n e an d 1 8—20
n am e o f 20
o c curre n c e o f
PUBLICATIONS OF UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
[Bul l e tin N o .
The se rial pub l icat i o n s o f the Un ite d State s G e o logic al Surve y c o n sist o f (1 ) A n n ualRe po rts, (2 ) Mo n o graphs, (3 ) Pro fe ssio n a l Pape rs , (4 ) Bul le tin s, (5 ) Min e ral Resourc e s, (6 ) Wate r-Supply an d Irrigatio n Pape rs, (7 ) TO po g raphic A t las o f Un ite dS tate s— fo l io s an d se parate she e ts the re o f, (8 ) G e o lo gic A tlas o f the Un ite d State sfo l io s th e re o f. The c lasse s n um be re d 2 , 7 , an d 8 are so l d at c o st o f pub l ic atio n ; theo the rs are distribute d fre e . A c ircular giv in g c o m ple te l ists m ay be had o n app li
c atio n .
The Pro fe ssio n al Pape rs, Bul le tin s, an d Wate r-Supply Pape rs tre at o f a varie ty o f
subje c ts, an d the to tal n um be r issue d is large . The y hav e the re fo re be e n c lassifie din to the fo l lowin g se rie s : A ,
E c o n om ic ge o lo gy ; B ,De sc riptive ge o lo gy ; C. System atic
ge o l o gy an d pal e o n to logy ; D ,Pe tro graphy an d m in e ralo gy ; E , Ch e m istry an d phys
ic s ; F , G e o graphy ; G , M isc e l lan e ous ; H ,Fo re stry ; I , Irrigatio n ; J, Wate r sto rage ;
K, Pum pin g wate r ; L, Q ual ity o f wate r ; M , G e n e ral hydro graphic in v e stigatio n s ;
N,Wate r powe r ; 0 , Un de rgro un d wate rs ; P ,
Hydro graphic pro gre ss re po rts . Thisbul le tin is the fiftie th in Se rie s A an d the sixty-se c o n d in S e rie s B , the c o m pl e tel ists o f which fo l low. (PP=Pro fe ssio n al Pape r ; B =B ulle tin ; WS=Wate r-SupplyPape r. )
SE RIE S A , E CON OMIC G E OLOG Y .
B 2 1 . Lig n ite s o f G re at Sioux Re se rvatio n : Re po rt o n re g io n be twe e n G ran d an d Mo re au ri ve rs ,Dako ta , by Bai le y W i l l is . 1 885 . 1 6 pp . , 5 p ls. (O ut o f sto c k . )
B 46 . N ature an d o rig in o f d e po sits o f pho sphate o f l im e,by R. A . F . Pe n ro se , j r.
, with in tro duc tio nby N . S . Shal e r.
.1 888 . 1 43 pp . (O ut o f sto c k . )
B 65 . Stratig raph y o f the bi tum in o us c o a l fi e l d o f Pe n n syl van ia , Oh io , an d We st Virg in ia , by I . C .
Wh i te . 1 89 1 . 2 1 2 pp . , 1 1 pls. (O ut o f sto ck . )B 1 1 1 . G e o lo g y o f B ig Sto n e G ap c o a l fi e ld o f Virg in ia an d Ke n tuc ky , by M . R . Cam pbe l l . 1 893. 1 06
pp . , 6 p ls.
B 1 32 . The disse m in ate d l e ad o re s o f so uthe aste rn M issouri , by Arthur W in slow. 1 896 . 31 pp .
B 1 38 . Arte sian -we l l pro spe c ts in Atlan t ic Co astal P lain re g io n , by N . H . Darto n . 1 896 . 228 p p . , 1 9
p ls. (O ut o f sto c k . )B 1 39 . G e o lo g y o f Castle Mo un tain m in in g d istric t, Mo n tan a , by W . H . We e d an d L. V . Pirsso n . 1 896 .
1 64 pp . , 1 7 p ls.
B 1 43. Bibl io g raphy o f c lays an d the c e ram ic arts, by J . C . Bran n e r. 1 896 . 1 1 4 pp .
B 1 64 . Re c o n n aissan c e o n the R io G ran de c o a l fie l ds o f T e xas, by T . W . Vaug han , in c lud in g 1 re po rto n ig n e o us ro c ks from the San Carlo s c o al fi e ld , by E . C . E . Lo rd . 1 900 . 1 00 pp . , 1 1 p ls .
B 1 78 . E l Paso tin de po si ts, by W . H . W e e d . 1 90 1 . 1 5 pp . , 1 pl .B 1 80 . Oc c urre n c e an d distributio n o f c o run dum in Un ite d State s , byJ. H . Pratt. 1 90 1 . 98 pp . , 1 4 p ls.
B 1 82 . A re po rt o n the e c o n om ic g e o lo g y o f the Si l ve rto n quadran g l e , Co lo rado , by F . L . Ran som e .
1 90 1 . 266 pp . ,1 6 p ls.
B 1 84 . O i l an d g as fi e lds o f the we ste rn in te rio r an d n o rth e rn Te xas Co al Me asure s an d o f the Uppe rCre tac e ous an d Te rtiary o f the we ste rn G ul f c o ast , by G . I . Adam s. 1 90 1 . 64 pp .
,1 0 p ls.
(O ut o f sto c k . )B 1 93. Th e g e o lo g ic al re latio n s an d distributio n o f platin um an d asso c iate d m e tals , by J . F . K e m p .
1 902 . 95 pp .,6 p ls . (O ut o f sto c k .)
B 1 98 . The Be re a g ri t o il san d in th e Cadiz quadran g l e ,Ohio ,
by W . T . G riswo ld . 1 902 . 43 pp . , 1 pl .PP 1 . Pre l im in ary re po rt o n the Ke tc hikan m in in g distric t , Alaska,
wi th an i n tro duc to ry ske tc h o f
the g e o lo g y o f southe aste rn Alaska ,by Al fre d Hulse B ro o ks. 1 902 . 1 20 pp . ,
2 p ls.
B 200 . Re c o n n aissan c e o f the bo rax de po sits o f De ath Val l e y an d Mo have De se rt, by M . R . Cam pbe l l .1 902 . 23 pp . , 1 pl .
B 202 . Te sts fo r g o ld an d si l ve r in shal e s from we ste rn Kan sas , by Waldem ar Lin dg re n . 1 902 . 2 1 pp .
PP 2 . Re c o n n aissan c e o f the n o rthwe ste rn po rtio n o f Seward Pe n in sula,Alaska , by A . J . Co l l i e r.
1 902 . 70 pp . , 1 1 p ls.
II A DVE RTIS E ME N T .
PP 1 0 . Re c o n n aissan c e from Fo rt Ham l in to Ko tze bue Soun d , Alaska,by way o f Dal] , Kan uti , Al l e n ,
an d Kowak rive rs, by W . C . M e n d e n ha l l . 1 902 . 68 pp . , 1 0 p ls .
PP 1 1 . C lays o f the Un i te d State s e ast o f th e M ississippi R ive r, by He in ric h R i e s. 1 903 . 298 pp . , 9 pls.
PP 1 2 . G e o lo g y o f th e G lo be c o ppe r distric t, Arizo n a, by F . L. Ran som e . 1 903. 1 68 p p .,27 p ls.
B 2 1 2 . Oi l fi e lds o f the Te xas-Louisian a G ul f Co astal P lain , by C . W . Haye s an d W i l l iam K e n n e dy .
1 903. 1 74 pp . ,1 1 p ls.
B 2 1 3. Co n tributio n s to e c o n om ic g e o l o g y , 1 902 ; S . F . E m m o n s, C . W . Haye s, g e o l o g ists in c harg e .
1 903. 449 pp .
PP 1 5 . Th e m in e ral re so urc e s o f th e Moun t Wran g e l l d istric t , Alaska, by W . C . M e n de n hal l an dF . C . Sc hrade r. 1 903 . 71 pp . , 1 0 p ls.
B 2 1 8 . Coal re so urc e s o f th e Yuko n , Alaska , by A . J . Co l l ie r. 1 903. 7 1 p p . , 6 p ls .
B 2 1 9 . Th e o re d e po sits o f To n o pah , N e vada (pre l im in ary re po rt) , by J . E . Spurr. 1 903. 31 pp . , 1 pl .PP 20 . A re c o n n aissan c e in n o rthe rn Alaska,
in 1 901 , by F . C . Sc hrade r. 1 904 . 1 39 pp . , 1 6 pls.
PP 2 1 . G e o lo g y an d o re d e po sits o f th e Bisb e e quadran g l e , Ari zo n a,by F . L. Ran som e . 1 904 . 1 68 pp . ,
29 p ls.
B 223. G ypsum d e po sits o f th e Un ite d State s , by G . 1 . Adam s an d o the rs . 1 904 . 1 29 pp . , 2 1 p ls.
PP 24. Z in c an d l e ad d e po sits o f n o rthe rn A rkan sas, by G . I . Adam s. 1 904 . 1 1 8 p p . ,27 p ls.
PP 25 . Co ppe r de po sits o f th e E n c am pm e n t d istric t , Wyom in g -Co lo rado , by A . C . Spe n c e r. 1 904,
1 07 pp . ,2 p ls .
B 225 . Co n tribut io n s to e c o n om ic g e o lo g y , 1 903; S . F . E m m o n s, C . W . Haye s , g e o lo g ists in c harg e .
1 904. 527 pp . , 1 pl .PP 26 . E c o n om ic re sourc e s o f th e n o rth e rn Blac k Hi l ls, by J . D . Irvin g , with c o n tributio n s by S. F .
E m m o n s an d T . A . Jag g ar, j r. 1 904. 222 p p . ,20 p ls.
PP 27 . A g e o lo g ic al re c o n n aissan c e ac ro ss the Bitte rro o t Ran g e an d C l e arwate r Moun tain s in Mo n
tan a an d Idaho ,by Walde m ar Lin dg re n . 1 904. 1 23 pp . ,
1 5 p is.
B 229 . Tin de po sits o f the Yo rk re g io n ,A laska , by A . J . Co l l ie r. 1 904. 61 pp . , 7 p ls.
B 236 . The Po rcupin e plac e r distric t , A laska, by C . W . Wrig ht . 1 904. 35 pp . , 1 0 p ls.
B 238 . E c o n om ic g e o lo g y o f the Io la quadran g l e , Kan sas , by G . 1 . A dam s, E rasm us Hawo rth , an dW . R . Cran e . 1 904 . 83 pp . ,
1 1 p ls.
B 243 . Cem e n t m ate rials an d in dustry o f th e Un ite d State s, by E . C . E c ke l . 1 905 . p p . , 1 5 p ls.
B 246 . Z in c an d l e ad de po sits o f n o rthwe ste rn I l l in o is, by H . Fo ste r Bain . 1 904 . 56 pp . , 5 p ls.
B 247 . The Fairhave n g o ld plac e rs , Seward Pe n in sula, A laska ,by F . H . Mo ffit. 1 905 . 85 p p . , 1 4 p ls.
B 249 . Lim e sto n e s o f southe aste rn Pe n n syl van ia , by F . G . C lapp . 1 905 . 52 pp . ,7 p ls.
B 250 . Th e pe tro l e um fi e l ds o f th e Pac ific c o ast o f A laska,with an ac c oun t o f the B e rin g R i ve r c o al
de po sit , by G . C . Martin . 1 905 . pp . ,7 pls .
B 251 . The g o l d plac e rs o f th e Fo rtym i l e , Birc h Cre e k , an d Fairban ks re g io n s , Alaska, by L .M . Prin dle ,1 905 . 89 pp . , 1 6 p ls.
WS 1 1 7 . The l ig n ite o f N o rth Dako ta an d its re latio n to irrig atio n ,by F . A . W i ld e r. 1 905 . 59 p p . ,
8 p ls.
PP 36 . Th e l e ad , zin c , an d fluo rspar de po sits o f we ste rn Ke n tuc k y , by E . O . Ulric h an d W . S . T . Sm ith .
1 905 . pp . ,1 5 p ls.
PP 38 . E c o n om ic g e o lo g y o f the Bin g ham m in in g d istric t o f Utah , by J . M . Boutwe l l , with a c hapte ro n are al g e o lo g y , by Arthur Ke ith , an d an in tro duc t io n o n g e n e ral g e o lo g y , by S . F . E m m o n s.
1 905 . p p . , p ls.
PP 41 . Th e g e o lo g y o f the c e n tral Co ppe r R ive r re g io n , A laska , by W . C . Me n d e n hal l . 1 905 . pp . ,
p ls.
B 254 . Re po rt o f pro g re ss in th e g e o lo g ic al re surve y o f th e Crippl e Cre e k distric t , Co l o rado , by Wald em ar Lin dg re n an d F . L . Ran som e . 1 904. 36 pp .
B 255 . The fluo rspar d e po sits o f southe rn I l l in o is, by H . Fo ste r Bain . 1 905. 75 pp . , 6 p ls.
SE RIE S B , DE SCRIPT IVE G E OLOG Y .
B 23. Obse rvat io n s o n th e jun c ti]n be twe e n the E aste rn san dsto n e an d the Kewe e n aw se rie s o n
K ewe e n aw Po in t , Lake Supe rio r, by R . D . Irvin g an d T . C . Cham b e rl in . 1 885 . 1 24 p p . ,
1 7 p ls.
B 33. N o te s o n g e o lo g y o f n o rth e rn Cal i fo rn ia . by J . S . Di l le r. 1 886 . 23 pp . (O ut o f sto ck . )B 39 . Th e upp e r be ac h e s an d de l tas o f G lac ial Lak e A g assiz , by Warre n Upham . 1 887 . 84 pp . , 1 p l .
(O ut o f sto c k . )B 40 . Chan g e s in rive r c ourse s in Wash in g to n Te rrito ry due to g lac iat io n , by Bai l e y W i l l is. 1 887 .
1 0 pp . ,4 p ls. (O ut o f sto c k . )
B 45 . The p re se n t c o n d itio n o f kn owl e dg e o f the g e o lo g y o f T e xas, by R . T . Hil l . 1 887 . 94 pp . (O ut
o f sto c k . )B 53. Th e g e o lo g y o f N an tuc ke t , by N . S . Shal e r. 1 889 . 55 pp .
,1 0 pls. (O ut o f sto c k . )
B 57 . A g e o lo g ic al re c o n n aissan c e in southwe ste rn Kan sas, by Ro be rt Hay . 1 890 . 49 pp . ,2 p ls.
B 58 . Th e g lac ial boun dary in we ste rn Pe n n syl van ia ,Ohio ,
Ke n tuc ky , In dian a, an d I l l in o is, by G . F.
Wrig ht , with in tro duc tio n by T . C . Cham be rlin . 1 890 . 1 1 2 pp . , 8 p ls. (O ut o f'sto c k . )B . 67 . Th e re latio n s o f th e traps o f the N ewark syste m in th e N ew J e rse y re g io n , by N . H . Darto n .
1 890 . 82 pp . (O ut o f sto c k . )B G lac iatio n o f th e Y e l lowsto n e Val l e y n o rth o f th e Park , by W . H . We e d . 1 893. 41 pp . ,
4 p ls.
A DVE RTISE ME N T . III
B 1 08 . A g e o lo g ical re c o n n aissan c e in c e n tral Wash in g to n , by I . C . Russe l l . 1 893. 1 08 p p . , 1 2 p ls.
(O ut o f sto c k . )B 1 1 9 .
A g e o lo g ic al re c o n n aissan c e in n o rthwe st Wyom in g , by G . H . E ldridg e . 1 894 . 72 pp . , 4 p ls.
B 1 37 . The g e o lo g y o f the Fo rt R i l e y M i l itary Re se rvatio n an d vic in ity , Kan sas , by Ro be rt Hay .
1 896 . 35 pp . , 8 p ls.
B 1 44. The m o rain e s o f the M isso uri Co te au an d th e ir atte n dan t d e po sits, by J . E . To dd . 1 896 . 71
pp . , 2 1 p ls.
B 1 58 . The m o rain e s o f so uthe aste rn South Dako ta an d the ir atte n dan t d e po sits, by J . E . To dd .
1 899 . 1 71 pp . , 27 p ls .
B 1 59 . The g e o lo g y o f e aste rn B e rksh ire Co un ty , Massac huse tts, by B . K . E m e rso n . 1 899 . 1 39 pp . ,
9 p ls.
B 1 65 . Co n tribut io n s to the g e o lo g y o f Main e , by H . S . W i l l iam s an d H . E . G re g o ry . 1 900 . 2 1 2 pp1 4 p ls.
WS 70 . G e o l o g y an d wate r re sourc e s o f th e Patric k an d G o she n Ho le quadran g le s in e aste rn Wyo ‘
m in g an d we ste rn N e braska, by G . I . A dam s. 1 902 . 50 pp . ,1 1 p ls.
B 1 99 . G e o lo g y an d wate r re sourc e s o f th e Sn ake R ive r P lain s o f Idaho ,by I . C . Russe l l . 1 902 . 1 92
pp . ,25 p ls.
PP 1 . Pre l im in ary re po rt o n th e K e tc hikan m in in g distric t , Alaska , with an in tro duc to ry sk e tc h o fthe g e o l o g y o f southe aste rn Alaska , by A . H . Bro o ks. 1 902 . 1 20 p p . , 2 p ls.
PP 2 . Re c o n n aissan c e o f the n o rthwe ste rn po rt io n o f Seward Pe n in sula, Alaska,by A . J . Co l l i e r.
1 902 . 70 pp . , 1 1 p ls.
PF 3 . G e o lo g y an d pe tro g raphy o f Crate r Lake N atio n a l Park , by J . S . D i l l e r an d H . B . Patto n1 902 . 1 67 p p . , 1 9 p ls.
PP 1 0 . Re c o n n aissan c e from Fo rt Ham l in to Ko tze bue Soun d , A laska ,by way o f Dal l
,Kah uti , A l l e n ,
an d Kowak rive rs, by W . C . Me n d e n hal l . 1 90 2 . 68 pp . , 1 0 p ls .
PP 1 1 . Clays o f the Un i te d State s e ast o f the M ississippi R ive r, by H e in ric h Rie s. 1 903. 298 pp . , 9 p ls.
PP 1 2 . G e o log y o f th e G lo be Co ppe r distric t , Arizo n a , by F . L . Ran som e . 1 903 . 1 68 pp . ,27 pls.
PP 1 3 . Drain ag e m o dific at io n s in southe aste rn Ohio an d adjac e n t parts o f We st Virg in ia an d Ke n
tuc ky , by W . G . T ig ht . 1 903. 1 1 1 p p . , 1 7 p ls.
B 208 . De sc riptive g e o lo g y o f N e vada south o f th e fo rtie th paral l e l an d adjac e n t po rt io n s o f Cal ifo rn ia,
by J . E . Spurr. 1 903. 229 p p . , 8 p ls .
B 209 . G e o lo g y o f Asc utn e y Moun tain , V c rm o n t , by R . A . Dal y . 1 903. 1 22 pp . , 7 p ls.
WS 78. Pre l im in ary re po rt o n arte sian basin s in southwe ste rn Idaho an d so uthe aste rn Ore g on , by
I . C . Russe l l . 1 903. 5 1 pp . ,2 p ls.
PP 1 5 . M in e ral re sourc e s o f th e Moun t Wran g e l l d istric t , Alaska , by W . C . Me n de n hal l an d F . C.
Sc hrade r. 1 903. 7 1 pp . , 1 0 p ls.
PP 1 7 . Pre l im in ary re po rt o n th e g e o lo g y an d wate r re so urc e s o f N e braska we st o f the o n e hun dre dan d third m e rid ian , by N . H . Darto n . 1 903 . 69 p p . , 43 pls.
B 2 1 7 . N o te s o n th e g e o lo g y o f southwe ste rn Idaho an d southe aste rn Ore g o n ,by I . C . Russe l l . 1 903.
83 pp . ,1 8 p ls.
B 21 9 . Th e o re de po sits o f To n o pah , N e vada (pre l im in ary re po rt ) , by J. E . Spurr. 1 903 . 31 pp . , 1 pl .PP 20 . A re c o n n aissan c e in n o rth e rn Alaska in 1 90 1 , by F . C . Sc hrade r. 1 904. 1 39 p p . , 1 6 p ls.
PP 2 1 . The g e o lo g y an d o re de po sits o f the Bisbe e quadran g le ,Ari zo n a,
by F. L. Ran so m e . 1 904 .
1 68 pp . , 2 9 p ls.
WS 90 . G e o lo g y an d wate r re sourc e s o f part o f th e lowe r Jam e s Rive r Val le y , South Dako ta ,by J . E .
To dd an d C . M . Hal l . 1 904 . 47 pp . ,23 p ls.
PP 25 . The Co ppe r de po sits o f th e E n c am pm e n t distric t , W yom in g , by A . C. Spe n c e r. 1 904. 1 07 pp . ,
2 pls.
PP 26 . E c o n om ic re sourc e s o f n o rthe rn Blac k H il ls, by J . D . Irvin g , with c hapte rs by S . F . E m m o n s.
an d T . A . Jag g ar, j r. 1 904 . 222 pp . ,20 p ls.
PP 27 . G e o l o g ic al re c o n n aissan c e ac ro ss the Bitte rro o t ran g e an d the C le arwate r Moun tain s in Mo n
tan a an d Idaho , by Walde m ar Lin dg re n . 1 904. 1 22 pp . , 1 5 p le .
PP 31 . Pre l im in ary re po rt o n the g e o lo g y o f th e Arbuc kl e an d W ic hita m oun tain s in In dian Te rrito ryan d Oklahom a, by J . A . Taif , with an appe n d ix o n re po rte d o re d e po sits in the W ic h itaMoun tain s, by H . F. Bain . 1 904 . 97 pp . , 8 p ls.
B 235 . A g e o lo g ical re c o n n aissan c e ac ro ss th e Cascade Ran g e n e ar the fo rty-n in th paral l e l , by G . O .
Sm ith an d F . C . Cal k in s. 1 904 . 1 03 pp . , 4 p ls.
B 236 . The Po rcupin e plac e r d istri c t , Alaska ,b y C . W . Wrig h t . 1 904. 35 p p .
, 1 0 p ls.
P 237 . Ig n e ous ro c ks o f the Hig hwo o d Moun tain s, Mo n tan a,by L. V . Pirsso n . 1 904 . 208 pp . , 7 p ls.
B 238 . E c o n o m ic g e o l o g y o f the Io la quadran g le , Kan sas, by G . I . Adam s, E rasm us Hawo rth , an dW . R. Cran e . 1 904 . 83 pp .
,1 1 p ls.
PP 32 . G e o lo g y an d un d e rg roun d wate r re sourc e s o f the c e n tral G re at Plain s, by N . H . Darto n . 1 905 .
433 p p . , 72 pls.
WS 1 1 0 . Con tribut io n s to hydro lo g y o f e aste rn Un ite d State s , 1 904 ; M, G . Ful l e r, g e o lo g ist in c harg e .
1 905 . 2 1 1 pp . , 5 p ls.
B 242 . G e o l o g y o f the Hudso n Val le y be twe e n th e Ho o sic an d th e Kin de rho o k by T . N e lso n Dal e1 904 . 63 pp . , 3 p ls.
IV A DVE RTIS E ME N T .
PP 34 . De lavan lo be o f th e Lake M ic h igan g lac i e r o f the W isc o n sin stag e o f g laziatio n an d asso c iate dphe n om e n a ,
by W . C . A lde n . 1 904. 1 06 pp . , 1 5 p ls.
PP 35 . G e o lo g y o f the Pe rry basin in southe aste rn Main e , by G . O . Sm i th an d David Wh ite . 1 905 .
1 07 pp . , 6 p ls.
B 243. Cem e n t m ate rials an d in dustry o f the Un i te d State s, by E . C . E c ke l . 1 905 . pp . , 1 5 p ls.
B 246 . Z in c an d l e ad d e po sits o f n o rthwe ste rn 1 11111 0 18 , by H . F . Bain . 1 904 . 56 pp . , 5 p ls.
B 247 . The Fairhave n g o ld plac e rs, Seward Pe n in sula , Alaska , by F . H . Mofl‘
it. 1 905 . 85 pp . , 1 4 p ls.
B 249 . Lim e sto n e s o f so uthwe ste rn Pe n n sy lvan ia , by F . G . C lapp . 52 pp . , 7 p ls.
B 250 . The pe tro l e um fi e lds o f the Pac ific c o ast o f A laska , with an ac c oun t o f the B e rin g Rive r c o alde po si t , by G . C . Martin . 1 905 . p p . , 7 pls .
B 25 1 . Th e g o ld plac e rs o f the Fo rty M i le , Birc h Cre e k , an d Fairban ks re g io n s , Alaska , by L. M .
Prin dl e . 1 905 . 89 pp . , 1 6 p ls.
WS 1 18 . G e o lo g y an d wate r re so urc e s o f a po rtio n o f e ast c e n tral Wash in g to n , by F . C . Calk in s. 1 905 .
96 pp . , 4 p ls .
B 252 . Pre l im in ary re po rt o n the g e o lo g y an d wate r re sourc e s o f c e n tral Ore g o n , by I . C . Russe l l .1 905 . 1 38 pp . ,
24 p ls.
PP 36 . The l e ad , zin c an d flo urspar de po si ts o f we ste rn Ke n tuc ky , by E . O . Ulric h an d W . S . T .
Sm i th . 1 905 . pp . , 1 5 p ls .
PP 38 . E c o n om ic g e o lo g y o f th e Bin g ham m in in g distric t o f Utah , by J . M . Bo utwe l l , wi th a c hapte ro n are a] g e o lo g y , by Arthur Ke ith , an d an in tro duc tio n o n g e n e ral g e o lo g y , by S . F . E m m o n s.
1 905 . pp . , p ls.
PP 41 . The g e o lo g y o f the c e n tral Co ppe r R ive r re g io n ,Alaska, by W . C . Me n de n hal l . 1 905 . pp . ,
p ls .
B 254 . Re po rt o f pro g re ss in th e g e o lo g ic al re surve y o f th e Cripple Cre e k distric t in 1 903—4 , by Wal
de m ar Lin dg re n an d F . L . Ran som e .
'
1 904. 36 pp .
B 255 . The flourspar d e pos its o f southe rn I l l in o is , by H . Fo ste r Bain . 1 905 . 75 pp . , 6 p ls.
Co rre spo n de n c e sho uld be addre sse d toTH E DIRE CTO R ,
UN ITE D STATE S G E O LO G ICAL SURVE Y,
WASHIN G TO N ,D. C.
FE BRUARY , 1 905 .
LIBRARY CA TA LOGUE SLIPS.
[Moun t e ac h sl ip upo n a se parate card , plac ing the subje c t at the to p o f the
se c o n d sl ip . The n am e o f the se rie s sho uld n o t be re pe ate d o n the se rie sc ard , but the additio n al n umbe rs should be adde d , as re c e ive d , to the firste n try ]
B ain , H [arry] F o ste r, 1 872
The fluo rspar de po sits o f so uthe rn Illin o is,by
H . Fo ste r B ain . W ashin g ton, G o v’t prin t . Off , 1 90 5 .
75, y p . i l lus. ,V I pl . (in c l . m aps ) . (U . S . G e o lo gical surve y .
Bulle tin n o .
Subje c t se rie s : A ,E c o n o m ic ge o lo gy ,
50 ; B, De scripti ve ge o logy , 62 .
1 . F luo rspar. 2 . G e o l ogy— I l l in o is.
B ain , H [arry] F o ste r, 1 872
The fluo rspar de po sits o f so uthe rn Illin o is,by
H . Fo ste r B ain . W ashin g to n ,G o v
’t prin t . o ff ,I 90 5 .
75 , V‘
p . i l lus. , VI pl . (in c l . m aps ) . (U . S . G e o lo gic al surv e y .
Bul le tin n o .
Subje c t se rie s : A ,E c o n om ic ge o lo g y , 50 ; B ,
De sc ripti ve ge o logy , 62 .
1 . F luo rspar. 2 . G e o logy— Il l in o is.
U . S . G e o lo g ic a l surve y .
B ulle tin s .
n o . 2 55 . B ain,H . F . The fluo rspar de po sits o f southe rn
Illin o is . 1 90 5 .
U . S . D e pt . o f th e In te rio r.
se e also
U . S . G e o lo g ic al surve y .
Bul l . 255— 05 M —6
