Law Enforcement Organization and Administration

Chapter 14

Proactive Planning

• Planning Defined -The development of a method or procedure to achieve a defined objective– Planning ahead is the ultimate proactive approach to

anticipate events and have police operations prepared to deal with these anticipated events

– Importance of planning is that it creates a consistency over time so that daily operations are uniform

– Helps members of an organization to understand their roles

Accreditation

• Accreditation for law enforcement agencies is included in the planning chapter because the department must review all aspects of their operation in comparison with either state or national benchmarks

• The process of accreditation consist of self-study, site visit, agency response, and then awarding or denying accreditation

Steps in The Planning Process

• Recognize and analyze the problem• Formulate a set of objectives that are specific

and attainable• Gather data related to the problem• Plan an attack to deal with the problem• Obtain consensus in dealing with the issue• Evaluate

Types of Plans• Long-Range Administrative/Management Plans– Deals with the basic organizational basis of the

development – Often called strategic planning – Reviews the

strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats (SWOT) facing the department

– Mission statement summarizes the main purpose of the organization

– Vision statement and core values underline the ideals of the organization

Strategic planning

– Addresses key issues, internal and external assessments of major economic and political factors, setting goals and monitoring results

– GAP analysis addresses the gap in wants and resources in wants and resources

– Major questions• Changes in the organizational structure• Long range personnel deployment • Training needs and requirements

Fiscal Plans• These are the monetary plans for future needs

that are focused on the budget– Three budget examples are:• Line Item–Most often used and easy to understand

• Planned Program Budgeting– Has each unit present a set of objectives in terms of

fiscal resources• Zero Based Budgeting– Basically the unit or department starts at zero and

then justifies its existence and future plans

Supplementing the Police Budget

• Secret of success is never to depend on these supplemental monies but use them for needed capital technology and short-term expenses– Where does the supplemental money come from• Fines for false alarm calls• Local ordinance violations• Drug asset forfeiture• Donations from business

Risk Management And Liability• Part of strategic planning focuses on potential

criminal and civil tort actions• Criminal liability occurs when a person

commits a crime in conjunction with his or her official duties

• Civil liability is a wrong committed against another party

• Three main areas are intentional conduct, negligence and strict liability

• Citizens and employees can file civil actions– Major areas: use of force, auto pursuits,

arrest/search, drug testing, hiring and promotion, discrimination based on race, sex, or age.

– Most civil actions are settled out of court or before trial

– Civil actions have to be planned for – they consume resources of time and cost of attorneys

Short Range Plans

• Establishes operating procedures for the department including job descriptions and authority relationships

• Can be found in the general orders or duty manual

• Can be supplemented by temporary orders

• Contingency Plans– Proactive approach that needs flexibility– Two common types: tactical and emergency

• Emergency Mobilizations– This is a 21st century reality for environmental

emergencies such as floods and ice storms but also terrorist actions. Police managers need to develop first a regional and then national perspective• Analyze capabilities and hazards• Develop the plan• Implement the plan

Example of Short Range Plan, Contingency Plan and Emergency Mobilization

• 11/2/08 – On the night before the election, Candidate Obama held his final campaign rally at the Prince William County Fairgrounds.

• Prince William County Police was the lead agency and had three days to prepare for the event

• It was the largest gathering in Prince William County since the Second Battle of Manassas.

• Several hundred police and fire units staffed the event.– Prince William

County Police– Manassas City Police– Va. State Police– FBI– Secret Service– Prince William Fire

and Rescue– US Park Police

Note the Police Officers in the crowd wearing the reflective vest for visibility

National Incident Management System(NIMS)

• Deals with – Command - Person(s) in charge develop goals to deal

with and emergency situations. – Operations - Consist of first responders that deal with

direct operations– Planning – Obtaining information on the situation to

address problems– Logistics – Personnel and equipment management– Finance and Administration – tacking of cost– Information and Intelligence – obtaining bits of

information and making some sense of trends and events for future planning

NIMS Requirement

• All local police and fire commanders, managers and supervisors must be trained in the Incident Command System under the National Incident Management System.

NIMS training requires different level of training and the student must

successfully pass an exam to be certified in the level of training.

• On incidents in which will operate under the NIMS system, police commanders will institute the INCIDENT COMMAND SYSTEM which divides responsibilities into different areas of expertise.

The ICS organization comprises five major functional areas command, operations, planning, logistics, and finance and administration. (A sixth area, intelligence, may be established if required.)

• Each branch is then divided into areas of responsibility.

The Incident Command System was used during the Obama campaign event.

Proactive Homeland Security

• A new century and new problem for proactive police managers. Terrorism seeks to disrupt a community and implant fear in order to advance a political, social or religious cause.

• Four Stages of Proactive Homeland Security– Prevention, greater cooperation, dealing with the

aftermath and learning from previous acts.

Criminal Groups versus Terrorist Groups

• Criminal groups focus on money make in both legal and illegal businesses

• Terrorist groups seek to finance operations to spread terror

• Need to focus on groups in the United States

• Created a Counter-Terrorism Division, • Revamped the department’s Intelligence

Division• Stationed detectives overseas in terrorism

hotspots such as London and Israel.

Recommendations

• Sharing intelligence information with state and local agencies

• Giving state and local police more authority and assistance in dealing with threats

• Creating intelligence units in every major police department

• Creating emergency response plans• Working with community groups for

intelligence purpose

Critical Infrastructure Assessment

• There is a cooperative effort with civilian authorities, state, federal and regional authorities

• This cooperation deals with protecting utilities, computer networks and major highways

• The plan to protect these elements starts with threat and risk analysis

COMPSTAT

• Is being used as a technology planning tool• Based on setting goals and obtaining data• Overall it is an important planning tool