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LAPORAN LENGKAP PRAKTIKUMTEKNIK PENGOLAHAN PANGAN
(323 G5 403)
NUR RAHMAYANTI
G 411 10 262
PROGRAM STUDI KETEKNIKAN PERTANIANJURUSAN TEKNOLOGI PERTANIAN
FAKULTAS PERTANIANUNIVERSITAS HASANUDDIN
MAKASSAR2013
i
HALAMAN PENGESAHAN
JUDUL : LAPORAN LENGKAP PRAKTIKUM TEKNIK PENGOLAHAN PANGAN (323 G5 403)
NAMA : NUR RAHMAYANTISTAMBUK : G 411 10 262JURUSAN : KETEKNIKAN PERTANIANKELOMPOK : V (LIMA)
Laporan Lengkap ini Disusun Sebagai Salah Satu SyaratUntuk Melulusi Praktikum Mata Kuliah Teknik Pengolahan Pangan
(323 G5 403)
Pada
Jurusan Teknologi PertanianFakultas Pertanian
Universitas HasanuddinMakassar
2013
Menyetujui :
Asisten I Asisten II
ANNISA RISDIANDIKA PUTRI, STP FILDZAH WAHYUDDIN, STP
Mengetahui :
Dosen Pembimbing Praktikum
INGE SCORPI TULLIZA, STP.,Msi19771105 200501 2 001
Tanggal Pengesahan : Mei 2013
ii
BIODATA PENULIS
NUR RAHMAYANTI lahir di Kabupaten Gowa
pada hari Sabtu tanggal 12 Januari 1991,
merupakan anak sulung dari tiga bersaudara dari
pasangan Bapak H. Dudding dan Ibu Hj. Mulyati.
Pendidikan formal yang telah dilalui adalah:
1. Pendidikan Sekolah Dasar di SD INPRES
PARIGI (1997-2003)
2. Pendidikan Dasar Pesantren, Madrasah I’DADIYAH PUTRI PONPES DDI-
AD MANGKOSO BARRU (2003-2004)
3. Pendidikan Sekolah Menengah Pertama, Madrasah Tsanawiyah Putri
PONPES DDI-AD MANGKOSO BARRU (2004-2007)
4. Pendidikan Sekolah Menengah Atas, MAN 2 MODEL MAKASSAR
(2007-2010)
5. Perguruan Tinggi pada Universitas Hasanuddin, Fakultas Pertanian, Jurusan
Teknologi Pertanian, Program Studi Keteknikan Pertanian, pada tahun
(2010 - 2014)
iii
LEMBAR PERSEMBAHAN
PUISI
AIR
Gemericik Riuh Air Jernih
Mendendang Jiwa
Segar Membasuh Wajah Bumi
Yang Lelah Dalam Terik Matahari Nan
Menyengat
Bening Mengalir Tanpa Keruh
Menghidupkan Semua Yang Berjiwa
Namun Dengan Berjalannya Waktu
Kebersihannya Tak Lagi Mudah
Didapat
Air Kian Tak Berdaya
Dalam Derasnya Derita Alam
Buatan Manusia
Yang Tak BerjiwaKATA PENGANTAR
iv
Puji syukur penulis panjatkan atas kehadirat Tuhan Yang Maha Esa atas
selesainya Laporan Lengkap Praktikum Teknik Pengolahan Pangan ini. Laporan
lengkap ini disusun sebagai salah satu syarat untuk mengikuti ujian praktikum
Teknik Pengolahan Pangan.
Penulis menyadari bahwa dalam laporan ini terdapat banyak kekurangan dan
kesalahan, baik dalam pengetikan maupun kata-kata yang tidak sesuai. Oleh
karena itu, kami mengharapkan saran dan kritik dari semua pembaca guna
kesempurnaan laporan ini.
Penulis mengucapkan terima kasih kepada kedua asisten Teknik Pengolahan
Pangan yang telah membimbing dalam melaksanakan praktikum Teknik
Pengolahan Pangan. Mereka telah membimbing penulis tanpa mengenal lelah
walaupun penulis sering mengecewakan mereka. Penulis juga mengucapkan
terima kasih kepada semua pihak yang telah membantu dalam menyelesaikan
Laporan Lengkap ini. Semoga Laporan Lengkap ini bermanfaat bagi penyusun
dan bagi pembaca. Atas perhatiannya, penulis mengucapkan terima kasih.
Makassar, Mei 2013
Penulis
DAFTAR ISI
v
HALAMAN JUDUL......................................................................................... i
HALAMAN PENGESAHAN........................................................................... ii
BIODATA PENULIS ....................................................................................... iii
LEMBAR PERSEMBAHAN........................................................................... iv
KATA PENGANTAR....................................................................................... v
DAFTAR ISI...................................................................................................... vi
DAFTAR TABEL ............................................................................................. xii
DAFTAR GAMBAR ........................................................................................ xiii
DAFTAR LAMPIRAN..................................................................................... xvi
PENETRATION
I. PENDAHULUAN
1.1 Latar Belakang.................................................................................... 1
1.2 Tujuan dan Kegunaan ....................................................................... 2
II. TINJAUAN PUSTAKA
2.1 Tekstur .............................................................................................. 3
2.2 Alat Texture Analyser........................................................................ 5
2.3 Texture Profil Analyser (TPA) .......................................................... 6
2.4 Deformasi .......................................................................................... 8
2.5 Probe ................................................................................................. 11
2.6 Buah .................................................................................................. 13
III. METODOLOGI PRAKTIKUM
3.1 Waktu Dan Tempat ............................................................................ 17
3.2 Alat Dan Bahan................................................................................... 17
3.3 Prosedur Kerja .................................................................................... 17
vi
3.4 Rumus Yang Digunakan..................................................................... 18
IV. HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN
4.1 Hasil ................................................................................................... 19
4.2 Pembahasan ....................................................................................... 19
V. PENUTUP
5.1 Kesimpulan ......................................................................................... 23
5.2 Saran .................................................................................................... 24
DAFTAR PUSTAKA........................................................................................ 25
LAMPIRAN ...................................................................................................... 26
BENDING
I. PENDAHULUAN
1.1 Latar Belakang.................................................................................... 37
1.2 Tujuan dan Kegunaan......................................................................... 38
II. TINJAUAN PUSTAKA
2.1 Tekstur ................................................................................................. 39
2.2 Bending .............................................................................................. 40
2.3 Probe ................................................................................................. 41
2.4 Deformasi............................................................................................ 41
2.5 Buah ................................................................................................... 43
III. METODOLOGI PRAKTIKUM
3.1 Waktu Dan Tempat ............................................................................. 49
3.2 Alat dan Bahan..................................................................................... 49
3.3 Prosedur Kerja ..................................................................................... 49
3.4 Rumus Yang Digunakan...................................................................... 50
vii
IV. HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN
4.1 Hasil.................................................................................................... 52
4.2 Pembahasan ........................................................................................ 52
V. PENUTUP
5.1 Kesimpulan ......................................................................................... 54
5.2 Saran .................................................................................................... 55
DAFTAR PUSTAKA........................................................................................ 56
LAMPIRAN ...................................................................................................... 57
BACK EXTRUSION
I. PENDAHULUAN
I.1 Latar Belakang.................................................................................... 63
1.2 Tujuan dan Kegunaan........................................................................ 64
II. TINJAUAN PUSTAKA
2.1 Ekstrusi ................................................................................................ 65
2.2 Nilai nutrisi produk pangan ekstrusi .................................................. 66
2.3 Jenis – jenis ekstrusi ........................................................................... 66
2.4 Deformasi ........................................................................................... 68
2.5 Probe Compression Plates .................................................................. 69
2.6 Agar - agar ........................................................................................... 70
III. METODOLOGI PRAKTIKUM
3.1 Waktu Dan Tempat ............................................................................. 72
3.2 Alat dan Bahan ................................................................................... 72
3.3 Prosedur Kerja ..................................................................................... 72
3.4 Rumus Yang Digunakan .................................................................... 73
viii
IV. HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN
IV.1..............................................................................................................Has
il............................................................................................................ 75
IV.2..............................................................................................................Pe
mbahasan ............................................................................................. 75
V. PENUTUP
5.1 Kesimpulan ......................................................................................... 78
5.2 Saran .................................................................................................... 78
DAFTAR PUSTAKA........................................................................................ 79
LAMPIRAN ...................................................................................................... 80
COMPRESSION
I. PENDAHULUAN
1.1 Latar Belakang..................................................................................... 86
1.2 Tujuan dan Kegunaan.......................................................................... 87
II. TINJAUAN PUSTAKA
2.1 Kompresi ............................................................................................. 88
2.2 Bulk Density......................................................................................... 89
2.3 Deformasi ........................................................................................... 90
2.4 Probe Compression Platens ................................................................ 91
2.5 Bahan ................................................................................................... 92
III. METODOLOGI PRAKTIKUM
3.1 Waktu Dan Tempat ............................................................................. 97
3.2 Alat dan Bahan ................................................................................... 97
3.3 Prosedur Kerja ..................................................................................... 97
ix
3.4 Rumus Yang Digunakan .................................................................... 98
IV. HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN
4.1 Hasil..................................................................................................... 100
4.2 Pembahasan ....................................................................................... 100
V. PENUTUP
5.1 Kesimpulan ......................................................................................... 102
5.2 Saran .................................................................................................... 103
DAFTAR PUSTAKA........................................................................................ 104
LAMPIRAN ...................................................................................................... 105
SHEAR
I. PENDAHULUAN
1.1 Latar Belakang..................................................................................... 111
1.2 Tujuan dan Kegunaan.......................................................................... 112
II. TINJAUAN PUSTAKA
2.1 Tekstur ................................................................................................. 113
2.2 Tegangan Geser (Shearing Stress)....................................................... 114
2.3 Deformasi ........................................................................................... 115
2.4 Probe Warner Bratzler Blade ............................................................. 116
2.5 Bahan ................................................................................................... 117
III. METODOLOGI PRAKTIKUM
3.1 Waktu Dan Tempat ............................................................................. 122
3.2 Alat dan Bahan ................................................................................... 122
3.3 Prosedur Kerja ..................................................................................... 122
3.4 Rumus Yang Digunakan .................................................................... 123
x
IV. HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN
4.1 Hasil..................................................................................................... 124
4.2 Pembahasan ....................................................................................... 124
V. PENUTUP
5.1 Kesimpulan ......................................................................................... 127
5.2 Saran .................................................................................................... 128
DAFTAR PUSTAKA........................................................................................ 129
LAMPIRAN ...................................................................................................... 130
KARTU KONTROL......................................................................................... xix
xi
DAFTAR TABEL
No. Teks Halaman
1. Tabel Parameter - Parameter Tekstur dan Definisinya..................................... 4
2. Tabel Parameter Tekstur dan Penentuan Nilai Parameter Dari
Grafik Hasil Keluaran TPA ............................................................................. 7
3. Tabel Hasil Pengamatan Tekstur Buah dengan Alat Texture
Analyser TA.TX Plus ........................................................................................
19
4. Tabel Hasil Pengamatan Pengujian Tekstur Buah ...........................................
26
5. Tabel Hasil Dalam Pengujian dengan Metode Bending...................................
52
6. Tabel Hasil pengamatan praktikum Texture Analyser
dengan metode Bending....................................................................................
57
7. Tabel Hasil Perhitungan dalam Pengujian dengan
Metode Back Extrusion.....................................................................................
75
8. Tabel Hasil pengamatan praktikum Texture Analyser
dengan metode Back Extrusion........................................................................
80
9. Tabel Hasil Perhitungan dalam Pengujian dengan
Metode Compression .......................................................................................
100
10. Tabel Hasil pengamatan praktikum Texture Analyser
dengan metode Compression............................................................................
105
11. Tabel Hasil Perhitungan dalam Pengujian dengan
Metode Shear....................................................................................................
124
xii
12. Tabel Hasil pengamatan praktikum Texture Analyser
dengan metode Shear........................................................................................
130
xiii
DAFTAR GAMBAR
No. Teks Halaman
1. Gambar Alat Texture Analyser TA.XT Plus................................................. 5
2. Gambar Stress tergantung pada kedua
Angkatan dan daerah........................................................................................
........................................................................................................................10
3. Gambar Cylinder Probe ...................................................................................
........................................................................................................................12
4. Gambar Spherical Probe ..................................................................................
........................................................................................................................12
5. Gambar Buah manggis ....................................................................................
........................................................................................................................14
6. Gambar Buah kiwi............................................................................................
........................................................................................................................15
7. Gambar Buah Naga ..........................................................................................
........................................................................................................................16
8. Gambar Grafik Manggis Tengah .....................................................................
........................................................................................................................31
9. Gambar Grafik Manggis Ujung .......................................................................
........................................................................................................................31
10. Gambar Grafik Manggis Pangkal ....................................................................
........................................................................................................................32
11. Gambar Grafik Kiwi Tengah ...........................................................................
........................................................................................................................32
12. Gambar Grafik Kiwi Ujung .............................................................................
........................................................................................................................32
13. Gambar Grafik Kiwi Pangkal ..........................................................................
........................................................................................................................33
14. Gambar Grafik Buah Naga Tengah .................................................................
........................................................................................................................33
15. Gambar Grafik Buah Naga Ujung ...................................................................
........................................................................................................................33
xiv
16. Gambar Grafik Buah Naga Pangkal ................................................................
........................................................................................................................34
17. Gambar Grafik Manggis Kupas .......................................................................
........................................................................................................................34
18. Gambar Grafik Kiwi Kupas .............................................................................
........................................................................................................................34
19. Gambar Grafik Buah Naga Kupas ...................................................................
........................................................................................................................35
20. Gambar Foto Manggis Tengah, Ujung, Pangkal..............................................
........................................................................................................................35
21. Gambar Foto Kiwi Tengah, Ujung, Pangkal....................................................
........................................................................................................................35
22. Gambar Foto Buah Naga Tengah, Ujung, Pangkal..........................................
........................................................................................................................36
23. Gambar Foto daging buah Manggis, buah kiwi dan
buah naga ........................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................36
24. Gambar Uji Bending Mentimun ......................................................................
........................................................................................................................40
25. Gambar Three Point Bending ..........................................................................
........................................................................................................................41
26. Gambar Pisang Ambon ....................................................................................
........................................................................................................................44
27. Gambar Gambas ..............................................................................................
........................................................................................................................46
28. Gambar Mentimun Jepang ...............................................................................
........................................................................................................................47
29. Gambar Pare ....................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................48
30. Gambar Grafik Pisang ambon mengkal kupas, matang
kupas dan matang kulit ...................................................................................
........................................................................................................................60
xv
31. Gambar Grafik Gambas ...................................................................................
........................................................................................................................60
32. Gambar Grafik Mentimun Jepang ...................................................................
........................................................................................................................60
33. Gambar Grafik Pare .........................................................................................
........................................................................................................................61
34. Gambar Pisang ambon mengkal kupas, matang
kupas dan matang kulit ...................................................................................
........................................................................................................................61
35. Gambar Gambas ..............................................................................................
........................................................................................................................61
36. Gambar Mentimun Jepang ...............................................................................
........................................................................................................................62
37. Gambar Pare ....................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................62
38. Gambar Probe Compression Plates .................................................................
........................................................................................................................70
39. Gambar Alga Merah ........................................................................................
........................................................................................................................71
40. Gambar Grafik agar – agar 1050 ml ...............................................................
........................................................................................................................83
41. Gambar Grafik agar – agar 1400 ml ...............................................................
........................................................................................................................83
42. Gambar Grafik agar – agar 1750 ml ...............................................................
........................................................................................................................84
43. Gambar Grafik agar – agar 2100 ml ...............................................................
........................................................................................................................84
44. Gambar Foto agar – agar 1050 ml ..................................................................
........................................................................................................................84
45. Gambar Foto agar – agar 1400 ml ..................................................................
........................................................................................................................84
xvi
46. Gambar Foto agar – agar 1750 ml ..................................................................
........................................................................................................................85
47. Gambar Foto agar – agar 2100 ml ..................................................................
........................................................................................................................85
48. Gambar Probe CompressionPlatens.................................................................
........................................................................................................................92
49. Gambar Brownies Kukus dan Brownies Panggang .........................................
........................................................................................................................93
50. Gambar Bakso Tekstur Kasar dan Bakso Tekstur Halus .................................
........................................................................................................................93
51. Gambar Telur Puyuh ........................................................................................
........................................................................................................................94
52. Gambar Telur Bebek ........................................................................................
........................................................................................................................95
53. Gambar Tahu ...................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................96
54. Gambar Grafik Brownies Panggang ................................................................
.......................................................................................................................108
55. Gambar Grafik Brownies Kukus .....................................................................
.......................................................................................................................108
56. Gambar Grafik Bakso ......................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................108
57. Gambar Grafik Telur Puyuh ............................................................................
.......................................................................................................................108
58. Gambar Grafik Telur Bebek ............................................................................
.......................................................................................................................109
59. Gambar Grafik Tahu ........................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................109
60. Gambar Foto Brownies Panggang ...................................................................
.......................................................................................................................109
61. Gambar Foto Brownies Kukus ........................................................................
.......................................................................................................................109
xvii
62. Gambar Foto Bakso .........................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................110
63. Gambar Foto Telur Puyuh ...............................................................................
.......................................................................................................................110
64. Gambar Foto Telur Bebek ...............................................................................
.......................................................................................................................110
65. Gambar Foto Tahu ...........................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................110
66. Gambar Batang Mengalami Tegangan Geser...................................................
.......................................................................................................................114
67. Gambar Probe Warner Bratzler Blade ............................................................
.......................................................................................................................117
68. Gambar Ikan Bandeng dan Ikan Kakap Merah ...............................................
.......................................................................................................................121
69. Gambar Grafik Kepala Ikan Bandeng .............................................................
.......................................................................................................................131
70. Gambar Grafik Badan Ikan Bandeng ..............................................................
.......................................................................................................................132
71. Gambar Grafik Ekor Ikan Bandeng .................................................................
.......................................................................................................................132
72. Gambar Grafik Kepala Ikan Kakap Merah .....................................................
.......................................................................................................................132
73. Gambar Grafik Badan Ikan Kakap Merah ......................................................
.......................................................................................................................132
74. Gambar Grafik Ekor Ikan Kakap Merah ........................................................
.......................................................................................................................133
75. Gambar Foto Kepala Ikan Bandeng ................................................................
.......................................................................................................................133
76. Gambar Foto Badan Ikan Bandeng ..................................................................
.......................................................................................................................133
77. Gambar Foto Ekor Ikan Bandeng ....................................................................
.......................................................................................................................133
xviii
78. Gambar Foto Kepala Ikan Kakap Merah ........................................................
.......................................................................................................................134
79. Gambar Foto Badan Ikan Kakap Merah .........................................................
.......................................................................................................................134
80. Gambar Foto Ekor Ikan Kakap Merah ...........................................................
.......................................................................................................................134
xix
DAFTAR LAMPIRAN
No. Teks Halaman
1. Tabel Hasil Pengamatan Pengujian Tekstur Buah ...........................................
26
2. Perhitungan Data Primer Hasil Pengamatan ....................................................
........................................................................................................................26
3. Gambar Grafik Manggis Tengah .....................................................................
........................................................................................................................31
4. Gambar Grafik Manggis Ujung .......................................................................
........................................................................................................................31
5. Gambar Grafik Manggis Pangkal ....................................................................
........................................................................................................................32
6. Gambar Grafik Kiwi Tengah ...........................................................................
........................................................................................................................32
7. Gambar Grafik Kiwi Ujung .............................................................................
........................................................................................................................32
8. Gambar Grafik Kiwi Pangkal ..........................................................................
........................................................................................................................33
9. Gambar Grafik Buah Naga Tengah .................................................................
........................................................................................................................33
10. Gambar Grafik Buah Naga Ujung ...................................................................
........................................................................................................................33
11. Gambar Grafik Buah Naga Pangkal ................................................................
........................................................................................................................34
12. Gambar Grafik Manggis Kupas .......................................................................
........................................................................................................................34
13. Gambar Grafik Kiwi Kupas .............................................................................
........................................................................................................................34
14. Gambar Grafik Buah Naga Kupas ...................................................................
........................................................................................................................35
15. Gambar Foto Manggis Tengah, Ujung, Pangkal..............................................
........................................................................................................................35
xx
16. Gambar Foto Kiwi Tengah, Ujung, Pangkal....................................................
........................................................................................................................35
17. Gambar Foto Buah Naga Tengah, Ujung, Pangkal..........................................
........................................................................................................................36
18. Gambar Foto daging buah Manggis, buah kiwi dan
buah naga ........................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................36
19. Tabel Hasil pengamatan praktikum Texture Analyser
dengan metode Bending....................................................................................
57
20. Perhitungan Data Primer Hasil Pengamatan ....................................................
........................................................................................................................57
21. Gambar Grafik Pisang ambon mengkal kupas, matang
kupas dan matang kulit ...................................................................................
........................................................................................................................60
22. Gambar Grafik Gambas ...................................................................................
........................................................................................................................60
23. Gambar Grafik Mentimun Jepang ...................................................................
........................................................................................................................60
24. Gambar Grafik Pare .........................................................................................
........................................................................................................................61
25. Gambar Pisang ambon mengkal kupas, matang
kupas dan matang kulit ...................................................................................
........................................................................................................................61
26. Gambar Gambas ..............................................................................................
........................................................................................................................61
27. Gambar Mentimun Jepang ...............................................................................
........................................................................................................................62
28. Gambar Pare ....................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................62
xxi
29. Tabel Hasil pengamatan praktikum Texture Analyser
dengan metode Back Extrusion........................................................................
80
30. Perhitungan Data Primer Hasil Pengamatan ....................................................
........................................................................................................................80
31. Gambar Grafik agar – agar 1050 ml ...............................................................
........................................................................................................................83
32. Gambar Grafik agar – agar 1400 ml ...............................................................
........................................................................................................................83
33. Gambar Grafik agar – agar 1750 ml ...............................................................
........................................................................................................................84
34. Gambar Grafik agar – agar 2100 ml ...............................................................
........................................................................................................................84
35. Gambar Foto agar – agar 1050 ml ..................................................................
........................................................................................................................84
36. Gambar Foto agar – agar 1400 ml ..................................................................
........................................................................................................................84
37. Gambar Foto agar – agar 1750 ml ..................................................................
........................................................................................................................85
38. Gambar Foto agar – agar 2100 ml ..................................................................
........................................................................................................................85
39. Tabel Hasil pengamatan praktikum Texture Analyser
dengan metode Compression............................................................................
105
40. Perhitungan Data Primer Hasil Pengamatan ....................................................
.......................................................................................................................105
41. Gambar Grafik Brownies Panggang ................................................................
.......................................................................................................................108
42. Gambar Grafik Brownies Kukus .....................................................................
.......................................................................................................................108
43. Gambar Grafik Bakso ......................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................108
xxii
44. Gambar Grafik Telur Puyuh ............................................................................
.......................................................................................................................108
45. Gambar Grafik Telur Bebek ............................................................................
.......................................................................................................................109
46. Gambar Grafik Tahu ........................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................109
47. Gambar Foto Brownies Panggang ...................................................................
.......................................................................................................................109
48. Gambar Foto Brownies Kukus ........................................................................
.......................................................................................................................109
49. Gambar Foto Bakso .........................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................110
50. Gambar Foto Telur Puyuh ...............................................................................
.......................................................................................................................110
51. Gambar Foto Telur Bebek ...............................................................................
.......................................................................................................................110
52. Gambar Foto Tahu ...........................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................110
53. Tabel Hasil pengamatan praktikum Texture Analyser
dengan metode Shear........................................................................................
130
54. Perhitungan Data Primer Hasil Pengamatan ....................................................
.......................................................................................................................130
55. Gambar Grafik Kepala Ikan Bandeng .............................................................
.......................................................................................................................131
56. Gambar Grafik Badan Ikan Bandeng ..............................................................
.......................................................................................................................132
57. Gambar Grafik Ekor Ikan Bandeng .................................................................
.......................................................................................................................132
58. Gambar Grafik Kepala Ikan Kakap Merah .....................................................
.......................................................................................................................132
xxiii
59. Gambar Grafik Badan Ikan Kakap Merah ......................................................
.......................................................................................................................132
60. Gambar Grafik Ekor Ikan Kakap Merah ........................................................
.......................................................................................................................133
61. Gambar Foto Kepala Ikan Bandeng ................................................................
.......................................................................................................................133
62. Gambar Foto Badan Ikan Bandeng ..................................................................
.......................................................................................................................133
63. Gambar Foto Ekor Ikan Bandeng ....................................................................
.......................................................................................................................133
64. Gambar Foto Kepala Ikan Kakap Merah ........................................................
.......................................................................................................................134
65. Gambar Foto Badan Ikan Kakap Merah .........................................................
.......................................................................................................................134
66. Gambar Foto Ekor Ikan Kakap Merah ...........................................................
.......................................................................................................................134
xxiv
KARTU KONTROL
xxv
