Lahti University of Applied SciencesInstructions to Thesis Writers

Publication of Lahti University of Applied Sciences

CONTENTS

PART I GENERAL PRINCIPLES FOR THESES

1 INTRODUCTION2 NATURE AND OBJECTIVES3 THE PROCESS4 REPORTING5 EVALUATION6 PUBLIC NATURE OF DOCUMENT, FUNDING AND

COPYRIGHT7 ARCHIVING

PART II INSTRUCTIONS FOR REPORTING OF THESES

1 OVERALL STRUCTURE2 TITLE PAGE3 ABSTRACT4 CONTENTS5 LANGUAGE AND STYLE6 WRITTEN FORMAT7 ILLUSTRATIONS8 HEADLINES9 REFERENCES TO SOURCES10 LIST OF SOURCES11 APPENDICES

SOURCES

APPENDICES

PART I GENERAL PRINCIPLES FOR THESES

1 INTRODUCTION

Lahti University of Applied Sciences is a versatile institution of highereducation which promotes development and internationalisation in itsgeographical area and operates in close co-operation with enterprises

andworking life.

Lahti University of Applied Sciences provides education in thefollowing fields of study: technology and communications, businessadministration, hospitality management, social and health care,culture, the humanities and teaching.

The structure of studies leading to a polytechnic degree includes asone element a thesis primarily to be completed independently. Thesegeneral instructions for theses may be supplemented by more specificinstructions from the respective faculties.

2 NATURE AND OBJECTIVES

The theses included in a polytechnic degree programme carries 10Finnish credits and are to be prepared as independent work. Whenapproaching a thesis the student has the option of individualsupervision and group supervision through seminar work. The aim ofthe thesis is that the student should learn about independentacquisition of knowledge and skill and their application to a problemarea central to the field of study. The idea is to combine theory andpractice and generate knowledge which is of use to the student and toworking life. The thesis further serves to support the student’sdevelopment in oral, written and visual communication.

At Lahti University of Applied Sciences a thesis may be either a co-operation project in several fields or focus on a single field(specialisation line or major subject). Theses are generallycommissioned by working life or are research and development tasksof the Polytechnic.

The thesis may take the form of a study, an application, anexperiment, plan or development project. The end result will varyaccording to the field and the subject. The thesis is presented inwritten form even if it concerns a product of design or a productseries, work of art, audiovisual product, exhibition, event or the like.

A thesis covering an extensive area or which is otherwise particularlydemanding in nature may be completed by two or more students asgroupwork. When the thesis is in the nature of a joint effort thedegree programme concerned will determine the independentcontribution of each individual and evaluate it in the context of theentire outcome of the process.

3 THE PROCESS

Selecting the subject and method

The selection of the subject may originate with the Lahti University ofApplied Sciences, a commission from working life or the individualstudent’s own interest. When selecting subjects student would be welladvised to consult theses completed in previous years.

A good thesis subject

* interests the student* originates from the needs of working life or the Polytechnic* considers the frame of reference of the professional field, itswork

tasks or development prospects* is useful and topical from the perspective of the professional

field or the student’s own interest* takes the student’s capabilities into consideration

There must always be some purpose for a thesis, a task or objective,which constitute the research problems and questions. These dulydirect the selection of a method and facilitate subsequent work.Methods should be used in a versatile manner and a comparison madebetween the advantages and drawbacks of alternatives.

Supervision

The decisions regarding supervision and its arrangement rest with therespective degree programmes. Teachers of Finnish, English or otherlanguages participate in supervision as agreed within the field ofstudy.

Personal supervision is an indispensable part of the thesis process (seeAppendix 1). A student may express a preference regarding thesupervisor to be concerned with the scientific content of the thesis.Such a supervisor must be thoroughly familiar with the subject area ofthe thesis to be supervised. The content supervisor acts as thepersonal supervisor of the student doing the thesis and co-operateswith others involved in the process.

Co-operation on the supervision of the work is considerably wider ifthe thesis is a commissioned work. This requires consultations amongthose doing the thesis, the party commissioning the thesis andrepresentatives of the educational institution. Representatives ofworking life will be involved in the supervision especially if the thesisis concerned with a project related to working life or a developmenttask. A commissioned task completed in the form of a thesis mustmeet the requirements of the commissioning party, the student and therequirements set by the educational institution.

Seminar work

Seminars form part of the thesis process, and are intended to direct thecompletion of the work. The idea behind the seminar is the notion ofthe public nature of conducting research or some other project.Seminars are arranged in keeping with the practice of the respectivedegree programmes at prearranged times. The schedule is announcedin the relevant instructions and work plans. Each student takes part in1 – 3 seminars; subject seminar, interim seminar and degree seminar.

The individual working on a thesis presents the work for criticism byother participants. Thus the work progresses through open discussionand argument. This serves to practice debating skills regarding one’sown views, choice of methods and the evaluation of others’arguments. Seminar work is a part of the thesis process and itsevaluation.

Subject seminar

Here the theses are presented in such a way that those just embarkingon their theses get to know the subjects and research objects of others.In the subject seminar assurance is gained that the subject andresearch task are appropriate to the individual’s own professionalfield. This is also the time to sort out matters pertaining tosupervision, opposition, finance, ownership and copyright. Moredetail on these will be found in Chapter Six: Public Nature ofDocument, Finance and Copyright

Interim seminar

Here students present their research plans for review and approval inthe seminar. This plan guides and determines the direction in theimplementation of the work in practice. In the event of changes beingmade in the project or research during the process, it will be possibleto revert to the objectives set. The plan serves as a guidelinethroughout the thesis process.

The plan should include

* subject* angle and limitations* problems* methods* detailed table of contents* schedule for completion of the work

This plan should be distributed to the teacher who will be supervisingthe thesis and possibly also to the student opponent in sufficient timebefore the seminar

Thesis seminar

Here the completed thesis is presented and, depending on the optionsof the given degree programme, submitted for evaluation by expertsfrom working life. The thesis seminar may take the form of a seminarsession, an exhibition or a demonstration.

The student opponent

It is beneficial to the development of the thesis that junior students beincluded in the thesis process. The student opponent may serve as thefirst evaluator of the thesis, in which case s/he will take the floorimmediately after the thesis writer has introduced his/her subject. Inthe optimal case the student opponent will be both a trustworthysupport for the thesis writer and a strict critic. The opponent will offeracknowledgement which include his/her understanding of possibleshortcomings in the thesis.

4 REPORTING

The student will write the thesis in the official language of the LahtiUniversity of Applied Sciences, i.e. Finnish, or in another languageapproved by the degree programme. Theses completed withindifferent degree programmes, thus their reporting may also differgreatly. However, the reporting of a thesis will always entail aproblem-centred approach and meet the requirements for theses.

The report should include the selection of the subject, the treatment ofthe subject and matters contributing to the conclusions drawn. Manythesis reports can be accomplished by a division into five mainchapters: introduction, methods, implementation, results andevaluation of the work. The external appearance of the report adheresto agreed standards. These, like the structure of the report will befound in the reporting section of these instructions.

5 EVALUATION

The maturity test

This is a written essay on the subject of the thesis. It should prove thewriter’s familiarity with the field and the writer’s ability in Finnish orSwedish (see the statute (256/95) governing polytechnic studies).Unless otherwise arranged the maturity test will be written in Finnish.The degree programmes will provide further instructions regarding thematurity test and the practical arrangements for taking it.

The maturity test will be examined by the supervisor of the thesis andby a teacher of Finnish. If it is written in a language other than thoseapproved for the degree programme the language will be examined bya Lahti University of Applied Sciences teacher of the language inquestion. The grading of the maturity test is on a pass/fail basis. Thematurity test must have been passed before the meeting at which thegrade for the thesis is decided upon.

Examining and grading of the thesis

A completed thesis may be submitted for grading at any point duringthe academic year. The degree programme will decide thecomposition of the evaluating group, the method of examination andthe schedule for the evaluation. The degree programme concernedwill decide on one or two examiners who may be chosen from amongthe evaluation or supervisory group or from elsewhere. When thedecision as to the grade is reached note may be taken of therecommendations of external experts. The evaluation group shall notbe bound to accept the grade recommended by the examiner.

The examiner will submit a written evaluation statement on the thesis.This will present an evaluation of the work based on the evaluationcriteria and a recommended grade in full numbers on a scale 0 – 5.

The verbal equivalents of numerical grades are as follows: 0 = fail, 1and 2 = satisfactory, 3 and 4 = good and 5 = excellent.

Information on the thesis and its evaluation will be compiled on thethesis form which serves as a record of the meeting. The abstract ofthe thesis and the examiner’s statement will be appended to this. Thegrade of a thesis is public information once the chairperson of theevaluation group has signed the record of the meeting. The officialdecision regarding the approval of the thesis and the grade will becommunicated to the student as soon as possible.

Evaluation criteria

The set of criteria for the evaluation of thesis must be clear and easy touse. The main task of evaluation is to support and promote learning.The evaluation of the thesis will focus on the entire work process,comprising the result, the reporting, supervision, the learning processand self-evaluation. Note will further be taken of the writer’s ability toacquire and process information independently and to carry out thethesis in accordance with the research process. Further attention willbe paid to the ability to identify, itemise and solve professional orartistic problems or those which are meaningful for the research. Inthe evaluation of the formal or artistic element of a thesis attentionwill be paid to these aspects.

In the evaluation of the reporting of the thesis attention will be paid tocontent, structure, language, illustrative quality and the externalappearance of the report and the illustrative data. A written studyshould demonstrate mastery of the given field, familiarity with themethods and communication used in the field. A faculty for criticismand systematicity are among the basics of scientific thinking. Themode of presentation must be clear, logical and consistent.

The degree programme will determine the detailed evaluation criteriaand handling with respect to theses. For the thesis to be approvedeach item in the set of criteria must be satisfied.

Rectification of a grade

The student is entitled to receive information regarding the applicationof the evaluation criteria to his/her thesis. A student who is notsatisfied with the grading of his/her thesis may make a verbal orwritten request for rectification by the evaluation group. This requestmust be made within 14 days of the point at which the student had theopportunity to receive information personally regarding the results ofthe evaluation and the application of the evaluation principles inhis/her case.

A student who is not satisfied with the decision regarding the requestfor rectification may appeal to the examinations board of thePolytechnic within seven days of receiving information of thatdecision.

6 PUBLIC NATURE OF DOCUMENT, FINANCE ANDCOPYRIGHT

Public information and confidentiality

A thesis becomes a public document once it has been evaluated andthe

chairperson of the evaluation group has signed the record of theevaluation. The evaluation group may declare the thesis to be secret ifit contains material which must be kept secret under the law andstatute (Julkisuuslaki 621/99) governing material to be kept secret.The writer of the thesis may also present a reservation to theevaluation group regarding the secrecy of the thesis delaying themaking public of the thesis until a certain time if

* the writer is to continue to research the same subject and doesnot

want to release incomplete work for public use

* the thesis is part of a research project involving several people

* work undertaken on external funding is for reasons ofimmaterial rights or business or professional secrecy is of sucha nature that it must be protected from public use and anappropriate agreement has been concluded to this effect.

Agreement as to the public nature of a thesis will be reached on a caseby

case basis. However, in the case of a work which is to be kept secret,an abstract for public use will be produced. The presentation of awork which is to be kept secret will be managed in such a way thatonly the author, the opponent, the supervisor (s) and examiner andmembers of the evaluation group and the head of the degreeprogramme or major subject may be present. No person belonging tothe personnel or involved in the handling of the thesis may divulgewithout permission or benefit without right what s/he has learned

while dealing in the course of his/her duties with what must be keptsecret. No material will be appended to the evaluation documentswhich might compromise the confidentiality of the work. However,the records of meetings are public.

During the time that the thesis is to be kept secret the work will not bedistributed. In practice this means that the work will not be availablein the library, no copies will be made of it, it will not be used forteaching purposes or otherwise presented publicly. The head of thedegree programme may come to an arrangement whereby the authorof the work will retain the original report until the period of secrecyhas expired.

Funding

Responsibility for the funding of a thesis rests primarily with thestudent. In the case of a thesis commissioned as a chargeable servicethe party commissioning the thesis will be responsible for the funding.Some theses are completed at the student’s own expense. Moreoverthere is the option of reserving funds for the use of degreeprogrammes and options to cover the costs of theses. It is alsopossible to apply for a stipend for purposes of completing a thesis;information on this will be found in the publication “Apurahat jaopintotuki” ( = stipends and grants), in the study affairs office and onthe notice boards of the faculties.

Ownership and copyright

Regarding theses the Lahti University of Applied Sciences adheres tothe legislation governing copyright (Tekijänoikeuslaki 404/61) andother regulations on immaterial property rights. These include thelegislation on patents (Patenttilaki 550/67), on protection of models(Mallioikeuslaki 221/71) and brand names (Tavaramerkkilaki 7/64).

The respective degree programmes will come to agreement on matterspertaining to ownership and copyright with the student and thesupervisor when the work is begun. The author is the original holderof rights and has copyright over his/her work. For example, the authorhas the right to monitor how another party uses his/her work.Generally the financial user rights belong to the original author. In thecase of commissioned theses agreement on ownership and copyright is

generally reached separately between the party commissioning thethesis and the Polytechnic on a case by case basis. The same holdsgood for theses which are to be published.

7 ARCHIVING

Two copies of the complete thesis are to be submitted, one being theoriginal and the other being a durably bound library version for use ininformation centres. The original version remains at the disposal ofthe degree programme and should include all the objectives of thethesis, the reliability of the process, the conclusions and the materialsnecessary for the estimation of their generalisability. If the thesis is inthe form of a unique work of art, a performance or an exhibition itshould be documented through pictorial examples so that it is possibleto gain a clear conception of the work without seeing the originaloutcome. The degree programme will store a written abstract of thethesis in electronic form.

PART II

INSTRUCTIONS FOR REPORTING OF THESES

1 OVERALL STRUCTURE

The basic structure of a thesis is the same regardless of the nature ofthe work. The first part will consist of a title page, an abstract, anabstract in another language and a table of contents. Prefaces are usedin doctoral dissertations. If there are good reasons a preface may alsobe included in a bachelor’s thesis. In this case its place is before theabstract. The preface includes acknowledgements to persons andorganisations who have contributed toward the completion of thework. If a large number many abbreviations are used in the work theyshould be made into a list and placed after the table of contents.

The text proper comprises an introduction, an empirical section andconclusions. The introduction familiarises the reader with the subjectof the thesis and generates interest. The introduction may include ageneral account of the purpose of the work, the research problems orhypotheses, the research methods, the theoretical background, the dataused and the main concepts. The introduction, however, should beshort, comprising a few pages. More precise explanations should belocated in other sections. It is advisable to write the introduction in itsfinal form only after completion of the work. The structure of theempirical section depends on the work. The subject and the way it ishandled will determine the arrangement and division into subsections.However, the text should not be divided into excessively shortfragments.

The conclusions or discussion section is the most personal part ofthe work, thus sufficient time should be allocated to writing it. Thissection should be in harmony with the introduction. It should includea concise presentation of the aim of the research, the main content and

the main findings. Conclusions will be drawn on the basis of theresults obtained and the degree to which the project has beensuccessful will be evaluated. This section may also include anassessment of the generalisability of the results and consider futureresearch challenges. A good conclusions section makes the thesis intoan entity. The final section of the thesis is the place for sources andpossible appendices.

Structure of a thesis:1. Title page 7. Introduction(2. Possibly a preface) 8. Empirical section3. Abstract 9. Conclusions ordiscussion4. Abstract in other language 10. Sources5. Table of contents 11. Appendices(6. Possibly a list of abbreviations)2 TITLE PAGE

The title page should include the following

* Title of thesis in upper case letters

* Lahti University of Applied Sciences

* Degree programme

* Specialisation line

* Nature of work (thesis)

* Date of completion

* Name(s) of author(s)

The title of the work should be placed in the centre of the page slightlyless than half way down. Other information should be places in thelower right corner. Possible pictures introducing the work may beincluded immediately after the title page.

3 ABSTRACT

The page on which the abstract is written should not be numbered andshould come before the table of contents. Its purpose is tocommunicate the core contents of the thesis. The abstract should becomprehensible to a reader without reading the entire thesis. Fullsentences must be used. The abstract ought to fit onto one page. Theabstract should be single-spaced and left justified (left margin straight,right margin uneven). The abstract comprises bibliographical detailregarding the work and the abstract proper (see Appendix 3).

Bibliographical information to be included on the abstract page:

* Name of the educational institution* Degree programme* Author(s)* Title of thesis* Specialisation line* Nature of work* Total page count* Date

The name(s) of the supervisor(s) may be added at the end of thebibliographical details.

To be included in the abstract:

* Subject of thesis* Purpose of thesis* Methods* Main findings* Main conclusions

After the abstract is the place for keywords describing the work. Theabstract in the other language (Appendix 4) should be done in thesame way.

4 TABLE OF CONTENTS

The table of contents follows the abstract. The heading should beTABLE OF CONTENTS (see Appendix 5). The reader of the table ofcontents should gain an impression of the structure of the work andthe main relations pertaining between its elements. The hierarchy canbe clearly indicated by indenting subheads. Headlines should beginfrom the left margin and subheads from directly below the first letterof the headline above. When the headlines are directly below oneanother it is easy to check that they are stylistically in harmony. Ifsubchapters are used, they should number at least two. For example1.1 requires that there also be 1.2. Three levels of headlines issufficient for the division of the text (2.1.3). No full stop should beadded after a single number or after the last number. The table ofcontents should present the headlines as they appear in the text andnote the page number on which they begin. Appendices should benoted APPENDICES. The table of contents should also note thesources and appendices and the page numbers on which they begin.

5 LANGUAGE AND STYLE

Writing up a thesis requires reporting skill. Reporting on sourcematerial is an essential part of academic writing. This entailsexpressing the core content of the source material in one’s own words.It shows that the writer has grasped the meaning of the sourcematerial. However, a thesis is more than mere paraphrasing of sourcematerial; it is the generating of original scientific knowledge, makinganalyses and drawing conclusions.

On beginning to write up the research a decision must be reachedregarding the use of personal pronouns, or of the passive and of thetense to be selected. There are three options open to the thesis writerregarding personal pronouns: It depends on the nature of the work towhat extent the writer needs to figure in it. When referring tohim/herself the writer of a thesis generally uses the first personsingular or a passive. However, the passive is more general in itsreference. Thus the writer needs to point out to the reader whether theclaim made is general or his/her own. The writer may also refer tohim/herself by using the demonstrative this.

In this study I address certain cases which…In this study cases are addressed which…

A third alternative is to use the third person singular:

One may deduce from the findings that…when one could be anyone at all.

Care should be taken with the selection of tense(s). When describingthe progress of the research the imperfect is appropriate, mostcommonly with passive voice. The pluperfect should be used to referto events prior to that time.

In the introduction the purpose of the research can be expressed eitherin the present

The present study is concerned with…or

The purpose of the study was to…

The style of academic writing is factual. The writer writes for thereader, thus the language should be illustrative, clear, reader-friendlyand consistent. The vocabulary should be familiar and concrete.

6 WRITTEN FORMAT

The thesis should be written on size A4 paper with 1.5 spacing. Therecommended font is Times New Roman, size 12. The right handmargin should not be justified (= made straight). Division of Englishwords should be avoided. One empty line should be left betweenparagraphs.

A longer quotation verbatim should be indented approximately oneinch and written with 1.0 spacing. It should be separated from theforegoing text and from the following by one empty line in each case.

Headlines

Main headlines should be written in upper case letters (capitals) withlower case letters for subheads. The size should be the same as for themain body of the text (12). Before a new heading two lines should beleft empty, and one after it. However, a new chapter or subchaptershould not start from the bottom line of the page if there is only roomfor a few lines of text.

Margins

The margin on the left side should be 5 centimetres wide. Since it iscustomary to bind theses care should be taken to allow for this. Aspace of 2.5 centimetres should be left at the top and bottom of thepage and of 2 centimetres at the right hand side.

Numbering of pages

Numbering should begin from the first page of actual text (theintroduction) and continue until the end of the list of appendices. Thefirst page number to actually appear will only be on the second textpage (2). The number should be in the top right hand corner above thefirst line of text.

7 ILLUSTRATIONS

Tables and Figures

Tables and figures may serve to improve the readability andcomprehensibility of the text. With the exception of tables, all otherillustrative solutions count as figures. They may be diagrams,drawings, photographs or maps.

Tables and figures are independent parts of the text and must benumbered and provided with captions. In the case of the table thecaptions should be at the top and for a figure at the bottom. Figures ortables mentioned in the text should be referred to by their numbers.Figures and tables should be separated from the main body of the textby two empty lines above and below. If the table or figure continueson the following page, this should be noted by writing in brackets(continued) at the bottom of the page and again at the top of the nextpage. The content of the table or figure need not be repeated in thetext, but the information contained should be assessed and conclusionsdrawn.

If the table or figure has been copied from somewhere else the sourceshould also be noted. Tables and figures may also be included inappendices if they do not naturally belong in the main body of the textbut are necessary in order for the matter to be understood. However,reference should be made to them in the text using the number of theappendix.

8 HEADLINES

The title of the thesis provides the reader with the first impression ofthe work. Thus it should be very carefully thought out. A goodheadline reveals the essential core content but should still be as shortas possible. If necessary an explanatory subhead may be used afterthe title. A successful title also arouses interest and provokesquestions in the reader’s mind. Generally the title is in the form of anominal group as opposed to a sentence.

What has been stated regarding the title of the work also holds goodfor the names of chapters. Subheads facilitate reading andcomprehension, but should not be used too frequently. It is a goodprinciple to write more than one paragraph for each subhead. Thelanguage and style of the headlines should display a degree ofconsistency. In the table of contents the headlines serve as keywords,thus it is important that they contain words describing the content ofthe respective chapters. The headline is not a part of the followingtext, however, and this should be taken into account when the text iswritten. The text should not refer to the headline but should be writtenas if the headline did not exist.

9 REFERENCES TO SOURCES

It should be entirely clear from the text what is the writer’s text andopinions and what originates from other sources. In the case ofinformation obtained from the literature, interviews and other sourcesand quoted verbatim or indirectly mention must always be made of theoriginal source. If the quotation is made verbatim it should appear ininverted commas (speechmarks) or be indented. Verbatim quotesshould be used with consideration. The general rule is that if theinformation in question is to be found in several sources without areference, it may be considered common knowledge. However, areference is necessary for thoughts and claims which have clearlycome from someone else. In this case the reference comes after thequote or is part of the narrative. There should be a separate referencefor each paragraph unless this is the writer’s own thinking.

If the source is a book, the reference should provide the surname ofthe author, the year of publication and the page number(s). Furtherinformation will be found in the list of references.

(Rentola 1997, 14.)

If no author can be found for the source, the name of thepublication should be provided.

(Handbook of Language Usage 1994,24.)

A full stop after the reference indicates to the reader how long thequote is. When the quote is only one sentence the referenceinformation is placed in that sentence. Thus the full stop at the end ofthe sentence is outside the brackets.

Through their studies of their mother tongue and of foreignlanguages, educated Finns have become familiar with the

Westerngrammatical tradition, which has come down to us from thegrammatical tradition of classical Greece (Määttä 1999,25).

When the reference concerns several sentences, a full stop is placedat the end of the last sentence. The reference thus constitutes its ownentity, thus a full stop is also placed inside the brackets.

From the perspective of copyright the homepage can be equatedwith the company brochure, a printed journal or newspaper orother printed matter or material. If the homepage isindependent and original, the result of mental creativity, it isprotected by the copyright legislation. (Niiranen & Tarkela1998, 64.)

If sources by several writers are to be included in the samereference, the source information should be arranged in chronologicalorder punctuated by semicolons.

Similar results have been obtained earlier (Mikkola 1990, 13 –21; Ryhänen 1993, 44 – 60; Suhonen & Yrjöla 1994, 65 – 73).

If there are two authors both should always be named in the sourcereference. If there are more than two authors they should only bementioned in the reference the first time.

(Määtä, Pälli & Suojanen 1999.)

Later it is sufficient to name the first author and thereafter theabbreviation et al.

(Määttä et al. 1999.)

If the same author has published several works in the same year, adistinction is made using small letters.

(Laitinen 1995a, 11 – 15.) (Laitinen 1995b, 52.)

The author may already be named in the text. In this case it issufficient to write only the year and page number(s). The referencemay be noted immediately after the name in the text (a) or at the endof the quote (b).

(a) Nilsson (1998,111) states that too many training sessionsand

conferences are lamentably one-sided. He argues that there istoo much one-way communication and far too little activationof participants and exchange of experiences.

(b) According to Nilsson too many conferences are… (1998,111).(Note the punctuation to compensate for omitted text.)

For interviews, TV or radio programmes etc. the reference is donein the normal way, but the page number is omitted and the dateinserted. For electronically published sources the information isnoted according to the author and the title of the publication. Whenborrowing from Internet sources or the equivalent it should be born inmind that this information may change very rapidly. Suchinformation should also be printed out as it may be necessary for theauthor of the thesis to prove the origin of the information.

(Saarinen 1998.) (Nokia 1998.)

When referring to laws etc. the reference should include the name ofthe law or its official abbreviation and the section and clause referredto. The reference refers to the list of references where more exactinformation is provided.

(Rakennusl. 370/1958,33 §)The most relevant point in law is the Tax Act (482/58) 125 §

clause

When referring to an article in a periodical, newspaper orcompiled work the author of the article, the date of publication of thework and the page(s) should be noted. Thus the reference looks thesame as when referring to a book. If the name of the author of thearticle is unknown the title of the article or its name should be used.

A good reference generally includes a page number. If the entire workis referred to the page numbers may be omitted. In such cases itwould be appropriate to include such abbreviations as vid., cf., interalia or e.g.

Women’s leadership has recently been examined in detail byLaitinen (1996), Koskinen (1997) and Mäki (1997).

Other scholars have reached the same conclusion (e.g. Uusitalo1991; Huttunen 1992).

Primary sources should be preferred. However, if the primary sourcecannot be located the author must show the reader that theinformation has been taken from a secondary source. Forexample:

Robson (1995) divides traditional research strategies into threegroups: test, surveys and case studies (Hirsjärvi, Remes &Sajavaara 2000, 127).According to Niiniluoto (1980) a definition should be watertightand logical. It may not be expressed in negative terms ormetaphorically (e.g. Hirsjärvi et al. 2000, 143.)

10 LIST OF SOURCES

The list of sources contains important information about the sourcesused. It enables the reader to locate these sources if s/he wishes. Thelist of sources should include all the sources to which reference ismade in the work and no others. These sources are then listedalphabetically according to the keyword used in the reference. Worksby the same author should be listed in chronological order.

Regarding the works the following information should be included:

* name of author, editor (or work); if there are many authors theyshould be interspersed with commas

* year of publication

* title

* edition, if not first

* publication series if appropriate

* publisher

* place of publication

Hirsjärvi, S., Remes, P. & Sajavaara, P. 2000. Research and Write. 6.revised edition, Kirjayhtymä Oy, Helsinki

Into the Future through Education. 1992. Publication Series of theEducational Committee for Industry. Series A:13. Tampere

Ruusunen, A. (Ed.) 1992. From Wall-paintings to Satellites.Gummerus Kirjapaino Oy, Jyväskylä.

For articles the following information should be provided:

* author

* year of publication

* title of article

* information on the journal or publication

* pages on which the article appears

* no page numbers for newspapers

Liiten M. 1996. Important learning experiences change the lifecourse. Helsingin Sanomat 4.2.1996The team creates competitive edge. 1996. Optio 3/96, 36 – 42.

Vilkuna, M. 1996. Whoever created grammar. In On the Track ofLanguage. Publications of the ______ 86. Edita, Helsinki, 15 – 29.

For interviews the following information should be provided:

* name of interviewee

* year

* place of work and title of interviewee

* date of interview

For orally communicated information (e.g. radio or TVprogrammes and lectures) the following information should beprovided:

* source of information

* year

* possible title

* situation

* date

Viherä, M.-L. 200. The future of communication – social capitalaccumulates in communication. Lecture delivered at Lahti Universityof Applied Sciences, Faculty of Business Studies, Heinola 3.10.2000.

For unpublished sources, such as theses and brochures the followinginformation should be provided:

* author

* year

* name or title

* type of work

* place where located (e.g. university)

Purho, M. 1998. The effects of EMU on the activities of the stockexchange and banking. A study in financial management. LahtiUniversity of Applied Sciences, Degree Programme in BusinessStudies

Programme Bank of the Raahe College of Computer Science. Pieni-suuri CD-ROM. Brochure.

For electronic sources the following information should be provided:

* author

* year

* title

* place located

* service through which obtained (e-mail, www page etc.)

* date

11 APPENDICES

Appendices should be placed after the sources. The numbering ofpages extends to the appendices, which should be named APPENDIX1, APPENDIX 2 etc. They should be referred to in the text by theirnumbers. The appendices should be used for material which is notindispensable to an understanding of work but which is referred to inthe work. Appendices may, for example, include questionnaires orinterview forms and further explanatory information.

TITLE OF THE THESISCase: (or subtitle)

Lahti University of Applied SciencesDegree Programme in xxx xxxxThesisAutumn 2000Name of the writer

Lahti University of Applied SciencesDegree Programme in ...

HURRI, PÄIVI & SIIVIKKO, JAANA: Segmentation in service companyCase: Lahti’s Sibelius Hall Ltd

Bachelor's Thesis in International Business, 87 pages, 1 appendix / 21 appendices

Autumn 2008

ABSTRACT

This paper deals with ...

The aim of theory part is to clarify the nature of services, segmentation and ...Market segmentation is the process of dividing large, heterogenous markets intosmaller, homogenous submarkets with the help of some segmentation bases.

The empirical part consists of a survey carried out to Lahti’s Sibelius Hall Ltd,which is a new congress and concert centre.

The results showed that the people of all ages were interested in ...

Key words: service, service company, service unity, segmentation

SISÄLLYS / TABLE OF CONTENTS

Tämä on sisällysluettelosivu. Nyt luettelossa näkyvät vain tällä hetkellä tässäasiakirjassa olevat otsikot. Kun olet kirjoittanut työsi tähän asiakirjaan jamerkinnyt otsikot otsikkotyylien mukaan, muista lopuksi päivittää alla olevasisällysluettelo: Näpäytä kerran hiirellä sisällysluettelon päällä ja paina näppäintäF9 (tai paina hiiren oikeanpuoleinen painike ja Päivitä kenttä) ja valitse Päivitäkoko luettelo.

1 JOHDANTO / INTRODUCTION 35

2 TOINEN PÄÄLUKU / SECOND CHAPTER 352.1 Ensimmäinen alaluku / First lower chapter 36

2.1.1 Ensimmäisen alaluvun ensimmäinen alaluku / More lower… 362.1.2 Alaluku / Lower chapter 36

2.1.2.1 Alaluku / Lower chapter 372.1.2.2 Alaluku / Lower chapter 37

2.2 Toinen alaluku / Second lower chapter 37

3 KOLMAS PÄÄLUKU / THIRD CHAPTER 37

3.1 Alaluku / Lower chapter 37

5 YHTEENVETO / SUMMARY 38

LÄHTEET / SOURCES ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.

LIITTEET / APPENDICES 40

1 Introduction

Tämä sivu on työn ensimmäinen sivunumeroitava sivu , mutta sivunumero ei näy

ylätunnisteessa.

First numbered page.

2 Second chapter

Tämä on tyyliä nimeltä Leipätekstiä. Tämä on tyyliä nimeltä Leipätekstiä. Tämä on

tyyliä nimeltä Leipätekstiä. Riviväli on puolitoista.

Tämä on tyyliä nimeltä Leipätekstiä. Tämä on tyyliä nimeltä Leipätekstiä. Tämä on

tyyliä nimeltä Leipätekstiä. Riviväli on puolitoista.

Tämä on tyyliä nimeltä Leipätekstiä. Tämä on tyyliä nimeltä Leipätekstiä. Tämä on

tyyliä nimeltä Leipätekstiä. Riviväli on puolitoista.

Tämä on tyyliä nimeltä Leipäteksti riviväli1. Tämä on tyyliä nimeltä Leipätekstiriviväli1. Tämä on tyyliä nimeltä Leipäteksti riviväli1. Tämä on tyyliä nimeltäLeipäteksti riviväli1. Riviväli on yksi.

Tämä on tyyliä nimeltä Leipäteksti riviväli1. Tämä on tyyliä nimeltä Leipätekstiriviväli1. Tämä on tyyliä nimeltä Leipäteksti riviväli1. Tämä on tyyliä nimeltäLeipäteksti riviväli1. Riviväli on yksi.

Tämä on tyyliä nimeltä Leipäteksti riviväli1. Tämä on tyyliä nimeltä Leipätekstiriviväli1. Tämä on tyyliä nimeltä Leipäteksti riviväli1. Tämä on tyyliä nimeltäLeipäteksti riviväli1. Riviväli on yksi.

Tämä on tyyliä nimeltä sisennetty. Tämä on tyyliä nimeltäsisennetty. Tämä on tyyliä nimeltä sisennetty. Tämä on tyyliänimeltä sisennetty. Tämä on tyyliä nimeltä sisennetty. Tämä ontyyliä nimeltä sisennetty. Tämä on tyyliä nimeltä sisennetty.

Tämä on tyyliä nimeltä sisennetty. Tämä on tyyliä nimeltäsisennetty. Tämä on tyyliä nimeltä sisennetty. Tämä on tyyliänimeltä sisennetty. Tämä on tyyliä nimeltä sisennetty. Tämä ontyyliä nimeltä sisennetty. Tämä on tyyliä nimeltä sisennetty.

2.1 Ensimmäinen alaluku

Kaksinumeroisen alaotsikon tyyli on Otsikko 2.

2.1.1 Ensimmäisen alaluvun ensimmäinen alaluku

Kolmenumeroisen alaotsikon tyyli on Otsikko 3

2.1.2 Alaluku

2.1.2.1 Alaluku

Nelinumeroisen alaotsikon tyyli on Otsikko 4

2.1.2.2 Alaluku

2.2 Toinen alaluku

3 KOLMAS PÄÄLUKU

3.1 Alaluku

5 YHTEENVETO / SUMMARY

LÄHTEET / SOURCES

Laita tähän lähdeluetteloon tulevat tekstit. Tyylivalikosta näet lähdeluettelossa

käytetyn tyylin nimen

Hirsjärvi, S., Remes, P. & Sajavaara, P. 2004. Tutki ja kirjoita. 10. Uudistettu painos.

Helsinki: Tammi.

LIITTEET / APPENDICES

Kirjoita tai lisää liitetekstit. Alla tyhjä rivi mistä aloittaa.