Kyle Shotts John Zink Company LLC Combustion Technology … Presentation-Kyle Shotts.pdfJohn Zink Company LLC Combustion Technology in Tank Degassing Applications. 2 C 2006 by John

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Kyle ShottsJohn Zink Company LLC

Combustion Technology in Tank Degassing Applications

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2006 by John Zink Company, LLCC

Fuel

IgnitionSource

Oxygen

Combustion Triangle

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Basic Combustion Stochiometry

C2H6 + O2 CO2 + H2O + Heat Ignition Source

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Air = 21% O2 and 79% N2

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Air = 21% O2 and 79% N2

C2H6 + O2N2 CO2 + H2O + N2 + Heat Ignition Source

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Hydrocarbon Destruction Efficiency = Hydrocarbon In - Hydrocarbon OutHydrocarbon In

Typical Hydrocarbon (VOC) Destruction Efficiency = 98%- 99.99%

Expected VOC Destruction Efficiency Through Combustion

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Main

Air

Burner

Pilot

Typical Commercial Combustion SystemN NO O

N NO O

N NO O

N NO O

N NO O

N NO O

(Ignition Source)

Atmosphere

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Main

Pilot

Air

Burner

C

H

C

H

H

HH

H

O O

N NO O

N N

O O

N N

O O

N N

O O

N N

O O

N N

O O

N N

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Main

Air

Burner

Pilot

C

O

H

NC

H

H

HH

HO

O O

N

NO O

N NO O

NO O

NO

N

N

N N

O O

ON

N N

Typically 600 - 900 C

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Main

Air

Burner

Pilot

O

HH

NON N N

ON N

CO O

N N

CO O

HH

O

HH

O

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Typical Chemical Composition of Gasoline Vapors

Auto Ignition

Component Vol% Temperature C

Air 58.1 ----

Propane 0.6 476

i-Butane 2.9 468

Butene 3.2 414

n-Butane 17.4 427

i-Pentane 7.7 420

Pentene 5.1 272

n-Pentane 2.0 284

Hexane 3.3 247

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What Affects Destruction Efficiency? • Air / Gas Mixing

• Operating Temperature

• Residence Time

Main

Air

Burner

Pilot

C

H

NC

H

H

HH

HO

O O

N

NO O

N NO O

NO O

N

N N

O O

ON

N N

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Other Considerations: • Smoke

Main

Air

Burner

Pilot

C

H

C

H

H

HH

H

O

O O

N

N N

O O

ON

N N

Causes:

• Too Little Air

• Poor mixing with Air

C

N N

O O

C

C

C

C

C

C

CC

C

C

CC

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Other Considerations • Carbon Monoxide

• Poor Destruction Efficiency of VOC

Main

Air

Burner

Pilot

HH

HH

O

Causes:

• Too Low Operating Temperature

• Too Little Residence Time

CC

C

H

C

H

H

HH

H

C

H

C

H

H

HH

H

C

H

C

H

H

HH

H

HH

C OC O

OH

H

H

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Other Considerations • Thermal NOx

• Result of high temperature Nitrogen cracking

Main

Air

Burner

Pilot

O O

Causes:• Too High Operating Temperature

• Typically Not Significant Until Temperatures Reach 1300 - 1500 C

NO O

O ON

NN

N

N OO

N OO

ON

ON

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Pilot

AirTE

TIC

Typical Combustor in Tank DegassingFuel

Nat Gas or Propane

Tank Vapors


(Open)(Closed)

(High LHV)

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Pilot

AirTE

TIC

Typical Combustor in Tank Degassing

Fuel Nat Gas or Propane

Tank Vapors


(Open)(Closed)

(Low LHV)

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Flammability Limits

Upper and Lower Flammability Limits

LEL UEL

Component Volume % _

Methane 5.0 15.0

Propane 2.1 9.5

Butane 1.8 8.4

Pentane 1.4 8.3

Gasoline 1.4 7.6

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Required Safety Features

• Vessel Purge Prior to Pilot Ignition

• Instantaneous Pilot Monitor

• Anti Flashback Burners

• Detonation Arresters

• Automatic Shutdown Valves

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John Zink Series 2000 Vapor CombustionSystem

John Zink Series 2000 Vapor CombustionJohn Zink Series 2000 Vapor CombustionSystemSystem

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Disadvantages of Combustion

• No Halogen Containing Hydrocarbons (No CL or F)

• Exhaust Contains CO2 and Small Amounts of NOx and CO

• Equipment Must be Set in Non-Classified Area

• Requires Fuel

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Advantages of Combustion• High Rate of Degassing

• No Waste Left Behind

• Simple Operation

• Highly Portable

• Reliable

• High Rate of VOC Removal

• Easily Monitored for Efficiency Without Expensive and Hard to Maintain Monitors

Documents

Kyle Shotts John Zink Company LLC Combustion Technology … Presentation-Kyle Shotts.pdfJohn Zink Company LLC Combustion Technology in Tank Degassing Applications. 2 C 2006 by John