Kuzmina Rus Engl

8/13/2019 Kuzmina Rus Engl

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)

2008


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1. . 8

-. . I II . . , . ? ? ? ? . : .

: ? ...-. .

2. ... 13

. , , , .: ?? ?

: ? ?2, 3,4 2,3,4 5, 6... 2, 3,4 5,6... 2,3,4 5, 6... 5, 6... ,, , , , ? .

3. ... 20

: . , , ,; , , , ; , , , . .

4. ... 27

. (, , ) + , . : , ,.

5. ... 32

. . . ? ? .. . ?

. . . . ? .


4/149

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? . . : ? ? .: ? ?? ?? .?

, . .? ) , , 2,3,4.

) ,, 5, 6 ..,, , . , . : , , ,.

6. ... 40

. . . ? ? ?? , .. . . . 1 5.: , , , ; , , , . . . : ? ? .

, .. . : ?? ? ? . : ? ? . . .: () ? ()? .

7. ... 56

. , . ? ? (, ). . . ? ? ? ?

. ? . . . , ,

, .. ,, . . . .

8. ... 71

, .-, -, -: , .: , ..


5/149

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: , , , .. , , . : ,... , . . : , ,

, .. . . . . . . : .

- :

:

? ?

9. 95

1 100. . , .

... 122


6/149

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, , , : , 501 , .

( ) , , 200 250 1 2 . : .

. . , . , , . , - .

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7

THE RUSSIAN ALPHABET

Letters Name of letters Sound values

ah ah be b

ve v

ge g de d ye after a soft consonant e as in let;

at the beginning of a word or syllable ve as inyet

yo yo zhe zh ze z ee ee ee - kratkaya Y kah k el l em m en n o o pe p er r es s te t oo oo ef f khah kh

tse ts che ch

shah shch shchah shch tvyordy znak (disjunctive) i i myahkhkeey znak (soft sing) e e (as in well) yoo yoo, oo

yah yah, ah


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8

1 []

-

1

1.? 1. .2.? 2. .3.? 3. , ,

,.

2

1.-? 1.-.

-.


9/149

9

2.--.

.

-.

3

1.? 1. .2.-? 2.-.3.? 3. .4.? 4. , , ,

, , , ,

, , .


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10

lesson

student

dialogue

I, you, he, shewe, you, they

? What is your name?... My name is...

who

what

? Who is he (she)?

?What is this?

teacher

textbook

exercise-book, notebook

to read

and

write

room

window

tablemagazine

street

key

car

shop

word

grammar

dictionary exercise

pen one

to say, to speak, to talk two-(in) Russian threeverb

verbsnot, do + notvery much

to wantwell

-a little, just a bit

to know

Russian language

Grammar1.The Russian verb has the forms of three tenses:

the Present, the Past and the Future.

2. The conjugation of some Russian verbs in the Present

Tense is given in this lesson.

3. Russian verbs are divided into two principal conjugations:

the 1-st conjugation (such as "to read") or the 2 conjugation (such as

"to speak").

4. Learn the following pronouns:

(I), (you), (he), (she), (we), (you), (they).

5. In the Russian language nouns are of three genders:

masculine m, feminine fand neuter n.

Russian nouns ending in a consonant or in the soft sign -are masculine, for instance:

, , .Most nouns ending in -, -, -are feminine, for instance:

, , .

Almost all nouns ending in -and -eare neuter, for example: , .


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12

1

!

, , , , , , ;

, , , , , , ,

.

2!

; ; ;

; ; ; .

3!

, . .

, . .

, . .


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13

2 []

1

1.? 1.. ?

2.. 2.?3. . 3.

? .

2

1.? 1..

2.? 2..

3.? 3..

4.? 4..


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15

, , , new to cost

to do rouble

yesterday dollar

to understand to be called / named

to mean Moscow

to ask (a question) inMoscow

to answer whereto learn hotelalready university

to live text

thank you number

excuse me! (I am) sorry four

Hello! five

good-bye six

question seven

answer eight

how much? how many? nine

time ten? What time is it? eleven

now twelve

hour, o'clock thirteen

minute fourteen

fifteen

1. The Past Tense of most Russian verbs is formed with the Infinitive stem and the

suffix - :

, ,

, ,

, ,

, , , ,

, , , ,

, , , ,

, , , ,

,,

2. . 3. .? ?

. , , .

. ( )

( )

( )


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16

, -, - , -, -? .

. .

? ?

? ..

15.


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17

1!

, , ; , , ;

, , ;

, , ;

, , .

2

!

?

.

?

.

3!

?

(, , 3, 4 , 5, )

(, , 3, 4 , 5, ).

4!

?

(, , 3, 4 , 5, )

.


18/149

18

5

!

?

10 ( , , 3, 4 , 5,

).

6

!

1. ?

..

10.

2. ?

.

7

!

1.?

, , .

2.?

, , .

8!

, , , ,

, , ,

, , , ,

, , , ,

.


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19

9

!

, , , , , , , , ,

, , , , , , , , ;

, , ,, , , ;

, , , , .

10

!

1., . .

2., . .3., . .

4., . .

5., . .

6., . .

7., . .

8. , . .

9., . 8 25 .

10., . 10 .

11., . 15.


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20

3 []

. .

. .

1

. . .

.

.,

.

. , , .

. .

2

. . .

.

. ,

.

. , , . . .


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21

1

1. , . 1. , .

?

.2. 2.,

, .

.

3.. 3.,

.. .

2

1. ! , 1. .

?

2. , 2. .

?

3. ? 3.,

.

3

1. ? 1. .

2. ? 2.

.

3. ? 3. ,

.


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22

4. - 4. , -

? .

5. - 5. -

? 5 .

6. ? 6. 11 20 .

4

1. ? 1.

.

?

2. . 2..

? ?

3.. 3.

? .

?

4. 4.

. .

?

5. 5.

? .


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23

to come, to arrive to hear, to listen (to)

I have come, he has come music

she has come America

they have come , -, -, - good

where from sixteenfrom seventeen

Lebanon eighteen

Lebanese nineteen

from Lebanon twenty

Canada thirty

Canadian forty

from Canada fiftylearn, study sixty

faculty seventy

preparatory faculty eighty

medical faculty ninety

why hundred

because

, my

, your

family

mummy

dad, daddy

brother

sister

school

... I have ..., I have got...

? Have you?

also

but

, , , all, the whole of

still, so far

how, how well

or

to be tired


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24

1. Russian verbs possess not only the three tenses but also two aspects: the Imperfective and the

Perfective aspects.

Imperfective aspect Perfective aspect

Imperfective verbs are used to express the process and the recurring actions or

just to name the action. For instance: : , , ?

.Perfective verbs are used to express the completion of an action and to show its

result.They denote an action which no longer takes place or takes place suddenly.

, ., .

, .

, , .

2. Memorize the following pronouns , , , :

.

.

.

3. Take note of the complex sentences with subordinate causal clauses:

, .

() (?)


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25

1

: ?

.

1. ? ()

2. ? (, , )

3. ? (, 148, )

4. ? (,

)

2

: ?

.

1.? (, )

2.? (, )

3.? (, , , ,)

4.? (, , )

3

: ?

.?

(, ).


26/149

26

4

: ?

, .

1. ?2. ?


27/149

27

4 []

1

, !

? ?

, .

. 6

4 . , , ,

, , ! !

! ! , ,

, , .

, ,

.

, .

. . ,

. ,

!

2

, ! , . .

, .

,

.

, .

: , ,


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30

1: ?

.1.? (, )

2.? (, , , , )

3.? ()

4.? (, , )

5.? (, , , , )

2

: ?

.

1. ? ()

2. ? ( ,

)

3

: ?

.

1. ? (, , )

2. ? (, , )3. ? (, , )

4. ? (, )


31/149

31

4

: ?

.

1. ? (, )

2. ? (, , )

5

1. , .

2. , .

6

1., ?


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32

5 []

!

? ?

?

. ,

.

-, , .

,

.

. ,

, .

, , , ,

, .

., .

, ,

, . : ",

, , !" , ,

-. , . . "".

. .

.

. ""

.

.-. . .


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33

in the street

firm, company

at the firm

to be (Past Tense was, were) , ,

to sell to have sold

yesterday

to buy to have bought.V. setrefrigerator

motor-car

Russian textbook

today

tomorrow

fast, quickly

every, each

to forget to have forgotten

to say to have said

souvenirmonth

week

airport

to meet to have met

?where to?

my

friend

together

him

,to go

to come, to arriveto have left, to have gone

1. The Imperative Mood:

. .

-

.


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34

2. Take note of the complex sentences with a subordinate clause of time:

, , .

3. There are 6 cases in the Russian language:

Nominative case : , Genetive case : , Dative case Accusative case : , Instrumental case Prepositional case : ,

4. ( ?)The Nominative Case (who what?), , ,, , .

. ?

5. . The Accusative Case.( ?)The Accusative Case of Object (whom what?)

?

. ?. ?

(). ?. ?

The Accusative case of masculine and neuter nouns denoting things usually coincides withthe Nominative case, for example:

.Most feminine nouns (denoting both things and persons) ending in ,

take , in the Accusative singular, for instance:

.

.The Accusative singular of feminine nouns ending in a soft consonant (consonant with " ")

coincides with the Nominative case:

.

6. The Prepositional Case.

The Prepositional Case of Place (?)

? .

? .


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35

7. The Genetive Case.

. ?? . .

()

()

()

()

.?.

.

. 2 (, ), 3, 4:

5, ,

Memorize: Singular PluralMasculine

Neuter - Feminine -

Note:


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36

1 ! ?. . ?

.

?

.

?

"".

2

!

! , , ?

.

?

.

.

1

: ?

.

.

1. ? (,,,,, )

2.? (,)3.? (, ,)


37/149

37

2

: ?

.

1. ? (, )2.? (, , )3.? (, , , )

? (, , , )

3

: ?

.

1. ? ()2. ? (, )3. ? (, ,)4. ? (,)

4

: ?

.

1. ? ()2.? (, )3.? (,)4.? (,)

5

: ?

.

(,,, )


38/149

38

6

: ?

.

(,,, , )

7

: ) ?

.

.

) ?

.

.

) (, ,, ,)

) (,, )

8

: ?.

.

(, ..)

9

: ?

.

.

(,,, ,,,)


39/149

10

: ?

.

1.?2.?3.?4.?5.?6.?7.?8.?9.?

11

: ?

, .?

12

: ?

.

1.? ()2.? (, )3.? (, , )

13

: , ?

, .

1., ?2., ?

39


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40

6 []

! .

. . .

, .

. .

. ,

. , ,

: , , . , 2

. ,

2 . ,

.

. ?

. , , .

.

morning

fifth

weather

bad

good, fine

It is cold

to go

rain

it is raining, it rainssnow

it is snowing, it snows

to be ill to fell ill

to catch cold

high

temperature

headthroat

arm


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42

.

.

. : "

".

,

.

. "?"

. " ", . " ?"

.

" , , ", . ,

. .

"?" .

. ? ? : " ?".

: "! !" "?!" .

, : "?"

: "! !"

. ,

.

: ". .

. . -

".

to invite

guest guests knock at the door

he invited me round to go

to me to come

to wait (for) to go away, to leave

to confuse, to mix up at last

to think when


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43

twelve to laugh to

flat start laughing

to ask (a question) to explain

to answer parrot

to open year

to repeat 2,3,4 2,3,4 years but 5, etc. to ask (for), to beg, to request ago

(for) a long time beautiful

door clever

nobody busy

to knock , , , whose?

, , , m, , , your

1 . .

! ? !?

? .

.., .?

: , ,, . ?, . ?

, .? , . ? , .

.

?

, , , . , . , !

. . .


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44

1. Parts of speech in Russian are:

(the Noun): , , , ,

(the Verb): , , (..)(the Pronoun): , , ; , , ; , , ; , ,

; , , ..(Numerals): , , , ..(the Adjective): , , , , ,

,

(the Adverb): ,

(the Preposition): , , , ..(the Conjunction): , , ..

2. Adjectives answer the question "what?", "what kind of?"

? ? ? ?

3. Adverbs answering the questions:

how? ? , , , (how well, how long)

when? ? , , , ,

where to? ? ..! ?

4. Be careful to distinguish adverbs from adjectives:

? .

? -.

Russian adjectives are qualifiers of nouns: ?

.

Adverbs usually qualify verbs:

?.


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45

5. There are full and short forms of the adjective:

a. the full forms of adjectives , , ,

, , ,

b. the short forms of adject ives , ,

,,

,,

, ,

In a sentence, the short forms of adjectives can be used as a predicate. They have gender

and number.

,, ,.

,, ,.

,, ,.

The short forms of adjectives used as predicates have three tenses: the Present, the Past and

the Future.

. .

.

. .

.

.

. .

6. Numerals are divided into two groups:

Cardinal Numerals Ordinal Numerals

How many? ? Which? , , , (, , , )?


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7. Memorize the following pronouns:

, , , , , , ? ? ? ? ? ? ?

? ?

?

?

?

?

? ?

8. The Accusative Case.

a. The Accusative Denoting Objects:

?

.

.

.

.

?, , , , , , .

, , ,

( f), ( f), ( f)

, .

( f), ( f)

(Genetive Case)

( ).

, , , (Genetive Case)

( ), ( ), ( m)

, , , (Genetive Case)

( ), ( ), ( )

b. The Accusative of Direction:?

? .

? .

? .

? .c. The Accusative Denoting Time Periods: ? ?

.

5 .12 .

?

, .

.

9. The Prepositional of Place.

?

.


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47


a.??

?

?

?

?b.?

? .

.

c.?

??

(; ; ).

d. ? ? ? ?

? .

? .? .

? .? .

11. The Dative Case: ?

, ?

?

, ?

12. The Instrumental Case: ? ?

?.


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48

1: ?

.

1.?2.?3.?4.?5.?6.? (, , , , )

2

: ?

.

?

.

1. ? ()2. ? ()3. ? ()4. -? ()

3

: .

.

.

1..2..3., .


49/149

4

: ?

.

1.?2.?3.?4.?5.? 12.?6.? 13.?7.?(,,; , , , )

5

:

?

.

1.? ()2.? ()3.? (, )4.? ()5.? ()

6

: ?

.

.

1.?2.?3.?4.?

8.?

9.?10.?11.?

49


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51

9

: ?

.

?.

1.? ()

2.? (, )

10

: ?.

1.? (, )2.? (, , , )3.? (, )4.? (, , )

5.? (, , , )6.? (,)7.? ()

11

: ?

.

1. ?2. ?3. ?4. ?5. ?

, ,

,,,

,, ,

,,,, , ,


52/149

6. ?7. ?

12: ?

.

1. ? (,)

2. ? (, )

3. ? (, )

4.? (, , , )13

: ?

.

1.? 3. ?2.? 4. ?( , , ,

, , ,

)

14

: ?.

?

.

1.? (, )2.? (, )

52


53/149

53

15

: ?

.

?.

?

.

1. ? (, )

2. ? ?

? (,, )

16

: ?

.

?

.?

.

?

.

1....? (, )2....? (, , )3....? (, , )4....? (, )


54/149

54

17

: ?

.

1., 2 ? (, , )

2.? (, , )3.? (, , )

18

: ?

.

? (, )

19

: ?

.

1.? (2, 3, 4 )2.? (5... )

20

: ?

.

? (18, 22, 26, 33, 39, 55)

21

: .

?

1..2..3..4..


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55

22

: , .

1.,.................................................................2.

,..................................................................

3., ............................................................4., ..5., ..........................


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56

7 []

!

.

, .

.

. , ? ,

- . , .

.

.

, .

. .

. .

, , , , , .

?!

?

.

.

. .

, ,

.

: ,

, .

, ? .


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57

, ,

. .

. -. .

., . ,

-. ?

-, -, -.

!

sixth

date

to speak, to talk,to converse

almost, practically

, It is necessary for smb. + to inf. One must/should/need + inf.

to he, to stay in bed to lie down for a while

to bring, to carry

to take smb. to

one is (was, will be) able + inf. It is (was, will be) possible for smb. + to inf.

to go for a walk, to walk to take/have a walk

usually, as a rule

to go home

familymummy

dad, daddy

brother

sister

why, what for

here

to like

to bore + Dative case

, , , difficult

, , , English

, , , French

, , , German

, , , most, the very

, to cough, to begin to cough

therefore, and so, that's why

one cannot + inf., one should not + inf.

, to smoke to have a smoke, to begin to smokethe most difficult

pronunciation

many, plenty of, a lot of

formso, like that, that wab how (at the beginning of a sentence)

in the morning


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58

to decide, to make up one's mind

man, person

, ... the man who/that..

, -, lazy

, -, industrious

to love, to like, to be fond of

to look at, to look through, , , new

tale, story

also

fluently

after all; later (on)

-(in) English

-(in) French

-(in) German

! Good bye! All the best!


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59

.

, . , , , ,

.

.

. : "

".

. : "

. ".

.

: "

. ". .

.

, , : "".

, ,

.

: "!"

: " .

, ".

, , , good, tasty

dinner

, , , big, large

, , , not big

, , , small, little

, , , old

village

housemother

son


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60

field

at home

to sit, to sit (for a while). stayed at home and did nothing. to sleep to have a sleep

late

home to cook

meat

rice

piece

kitchen

(Phrases with the preposition correspond to English non prepositional phrases, e.g.

the next day)

, , , other, another, different

to get up, to rise

early

workagain

in order that (The conjunction that expresses purpose)

is used to express desire.

appetite

1

, ! ? ?

. . ,

. , .

, .

. .

. , .

2

?

, .

?

, ..

. ?

. ,


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61

. , . ,

.

, .

3

! ! ? . , .

, ?

.

, ,

.

3. .

, ,

.

film

certainly, of course

to book (tickets

for the pi one/concert/theatre)ticket

to receive, to get

visa

the day after tomorrow

, , , ready

? When will it be ready?

circus

Tsvetnoy bulvar (avenue)or

there


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62


a. The Prepositional of Place: ?(Where?)

.

.

.

.

Adjectives in the Prepositional case have the ending (in the masculine and in the

neuter) and (in the feminine) and answer the question "?"(in the masculine

and in the neuter) and "?"(in the feminine).

??

b. The Prepositional Case of Object: ? ?(about whom? about what?), , , , , .

Russian nouns in the Prepositional case denoting objects answer the question

? ?and have the ending e(in the masculine, the neuter and the femininegender), as well as the nouns in the Prepositional case denoting place (, ).Adjectives in the Prepositional case denoting objects answer the question "?"(in the

masculine and in the neuter), "?"(in the feminine).

?

.

?

.

Adjectives in the Prepositional case denoting an object and those denoting a place have the

same endings:

(in the masculine and in the

neuter) (in the feminine).

?

.

?.? .

?.

2. The Accusative Case.

a. The Accusative Case of Object ? ?(whom? what?)

..

, .

Nouns in the Accusative denoting an object answer the question ? ?The Accusative case of masculine and neuter nouns denoting things usually coincides with

the Nominative case.

.

.

Most feminine nouns (denoting both things and persons) ending in the Nominative in

drop them and take in the Accusative singular.

.

.


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63

The Accusative singular of feminine nouns ending in a soft consonant (consonant with "")

coincides with the Nominative..

.The Accusative case of adjectives in combination with masculine and neuter nouns denoting

things coincides with the Nominative case.

, , .b. The Accusative of Direction: ?(Where to?)

? .

? .

? .

? .

c. The Accusative of Time: ? ?(When? (for) How long?)

.

.

..

..

3. The Genetive Case:??

.

?

.

4. The Dative Case: ? ?((to) whom? (to) what?)a. The Dative is used after the verbs: , ,

, . ...

.

, ., ., ., , ..

The masculine and neuter nouns in the Dative case have the ending,.The feminine nouns in the Dative take the ending e.

Take the notice of the verb

It is used exclusively with the dative, while the noun or pronoun in the dative usually

proceeds the verb, and the subject of the sentence follows the verb at the end of a sentence.

(Pattern: Dative of noun or pronoun + verb + subject).

.

Pronouns in the Dative Case:


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64

b. The Dative Case is used with the words (), one must, one may(permission or ability), one may not. Pattern: noun or pronoun in the Dative + +Infinitive phrase.

.

.

?

.

.

.

.

5. Complex sentences with the word "". , .

, ""., .

, .

6. Complex sentences with the word "".

, .

(Compare:, ).


65/149

65

1

: ?

.?

.

1.? (, )2.? ()3.? (, )4.? (,)5.? ()6.? (, )7.? ()

2

: ?

.

?

.

1.? (, , , , , )2. " "? (, ,, )

3.""? ()4.? (, )

3

: ?.


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66

1.? (, )2.? (, ,, , , )

3.? ()

4.? ()5.? ()6.? ()7.? (, )8.? ()

4

: ?

.

1. ? ()2. ? (, , )3. ? ()4. ? ()5. ? ()

5

: ) ?

.

) ?

.

) (, )

) (, )


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67

6

: ?

.

?.

?

.

1.?2.?3.?4.?5.?6.?

7

: ?

.

?

.

1.? (, , , )2.? ()3.? ()4.? (, )5.? ()6.? ()


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68

8

: ?

.

?.

1.? (, )2.? (, , , )3.? (, )4.? (, )5.? (, )6.? (, , , , )7.? (, )8.? (, )9.? ()10.? (, )11.? (, )

9

: ?

.

?

.

?

.

?

.


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69

1.?2.?3.?4.

?

5.?6.?7.?8.?9.?10.?

10

: ?

.

?

.

?

.

1.?2.?3.?4.?5.?6.?


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11

: , .

, .

1., .

2., .3., .4., .

12

: , .

1., ... (, )2., ... (-)3., ... ()4., ... ()5., ... ()6., ... ()

13

: . . .

. . .

. . .

1. . . .

2. . . .


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72

, -, -, -seventh to talk, to have a talk

evening , -, -, - next

, -, -, -interesting writer, author

letter easily

to bring page

short story

to agree, to arrange stone to treat smb., to smth. for

them children

biscuit , -, -, -easy

! very well!, wonderful!, fine!

literature . It's easy to read it.

. .

.

.

,

. : "!

".

, .

, - . : "!

?" , .

, . : " ,

. , . .

, ".

: "". .

.

plum during

plate - somebody

table to take

boy to die

never to throw

to taste windowroom to cry, to

to grasp, to seize begin to cry


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73

1. .

. ,

.

,

.

.

:

, ,

, ,

...?

,

, , .

2. , .

. ,

. ,

.

.

,

. ,

, , .

stomach

clinic

, -, -, -young

recipe

eye-eyes

, -, -, - eye

to fall

to break

to climb

tree trees

to


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74

1

- . , . , .! . , . .

, . .

? ! ,

. .

, . ,

.

. ! .?

, . .

. , , .

- .

.

. .

. ,

.

-: , , .

. , , .

, , .

.


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77/149

77

. .

, 7 , 5

.

,

10 . .

7, ?, , .

. ,

, , ., , ,

.

.

,

.


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78

8

. ?

. ,

: "! ....".

?

.

-: "

?" : ", " ", ".

9

?

"".

?

, ,

.

?

,

, , .

. , .

""?

.


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79

probably more

! come in! less

, to come into (a room) . Sorry, wrong number/

to go out, to come out . Sorry, wrong number.

to cross, to get across You must have the wrong number.

entrance to phone smb., to ring smb. up,

exit to callcrossing to call back

! won't you take off your one can hear

coat/things? . Sorry, cant hear a thing.

to take off (one's to go to bed

hat/shoes/clothes), to remove to have time (+ to inf.)

let me (help you) earlier

to let, to permit, to allow to meet

, to help quicker

to hang provisions,

to hang smth. on foodstuffs

coat chickenhat fish

to take off egg(s)

shoes sour cream

slippers cottage cheese

! won't you sit down!; take a seat! sausage

to sit down sausages/frankfurters

to meet bread

smb., to introduce smb. to ..., , -,-,-white

to get acquainted with ... white (wheat) bread

it is cosy , -, -, -black

, -, -,-cosy black (rye) bread

, -, -, -good, fine, sugar

excellent potato

, - , -, the cabbage

short-formed adjective of "good", carrots

"fine", "excellent", "beautiful" onions

toy (s) to pay

a long time (how long) , -, -, -expensive, dear

tocollect it's expensive

people more expensive

, -, -, -folk , -, -, -cheap

to hold (in one's hand) cheaply, cheap (it does not cost mutch)

to examine, cheaper

to have a good look at much more

, some, it is time

some kind of Numerals

the festive occasion (event), holiday to be

character, disposition, temper ...? Where is...?

it is interesting prospect, avenue

country centre

something theatre

stamp balletmoney , -, -, -favourite

it is difficult


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80

better to hurry,

worse to be in a hurry

to start, to begin to close, to shut

to finish to be closed,

postcard to be shut

to back

congratulate (on, upon) , to go back,New Year to return

! Happy bus

New Year! trolleybus

to wish to get off

health

success (es), luck ? Are you getting off at

happiness the next stop?

to send stop

New -Year tree supermarket

, -, -oe, -beautiful , -, -, -winter

to switch on , -, -, -(predic.) too big (for) to switch off , -, -, -(predic.) too little (for),

exhibition (public display) too small (for)

announcer light

station

be careful!, take care!

1. The Accusative Case.a. The Accusative Denoting Objects: ?

.

.

The Accusative case of adjectives in combination with masculine and neuter nounsdenoting things coincides with the Nominative case.

..

.The feminine adjectives in combination with nouns in the Accusative case denoting both persons

and things have the ending -or -.

? .? .

? .

? .

? .

? .

? .

? .

Adjectives in the plural in combination with masculine, neuter and feminine nouns

denoting things usually take the endings of the Nominative case.

.

().().

().


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81

b. The Accusative of Direction. ?

..

.

. The Accusative Denoting Time.(, , , , ,

).(, ,

, , , ).

.


a. The Prepositional Denoting Place:? ()? ()?

.

.

..

Besides the ending -e, nouns in -, -, -in the Prepositional case have the ending -uu.

..

b. The Prepositional Denoting Objects: ? ? ? ?

.

.

.

c. The Prepositional of the Adverbial Modifiers.

.d. The Prepositional of Time.

.

(, , , , , , ,

, , , ).


a. The Genetive Denoting Quantity.?

(, ).? ().

(, , , , ).

b. The Genetive Expressing Possession: ? ? ? ? (Whose?)

? .

? .

? .

? .

? .

? .

c. The Genetive case is used after the prepositions: , , , , , .

.-.

.


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.

, ..

.d. The Genetive case is used after the words: , , .

.

..In the Past, only the form is used with the masculine, neuter and feminine nouns in thesingular and in the plural.

. (.. )

. (.. )

. (.. )

. (.. )

In the Future tense, only the form is used.

? .? .

? .? .

e. The Genetive case is used after some verbs, such as , ..

, , .f. The Genetive is used after transitive verbs preceded by the negative particle.

, .

g. Adjectives, pronouns and ordinal numerals in the Genetive singular have the endings -, -(masculine and neuter nouns) and -, -(feminine nouns)

4. The Instrumental Case.

a. The Instrumental Denoting Joint Action.

Masculine and neuter nouns have the endings -,- in the Instrumental singular. Femininenouns have the endings -, -in the Instrumental singular.

.

.

Adjectives with the masculine and neuter nouns have the endings -, -in the singular.

.

b. The Instrumental denoting joint action is used after many verbs, such as ,

, , , ...

.

..

.


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83

c. Use the Instrumental case after the verb .

, , .

5. The Dative Case.a. The Dative Case is used after the verbs: , , , ,

, , , , , ..

..

.

?

b. After the words: (), , , , , ..?

.

.c. The Dative Case is used with the preposition .

Noun with the preposition may denote an object or a person to (toward) which/whom the

other object or person is approaching and answer the questions: ?where? ? to

what? ?to whom?.

..

d. The Dative Case of Adjectives and Pronouns. Adjectives and pronouns have the endings:- (in the masculine and neuter genders)

- (in the feminine)

O.

.

6. The Comparison Degrees of Adjectives:

, -, -, -

, -, -, -

, -, -, -

, -, -, -

, -, -, -

, -, -, -


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85

7. Pay attention to the verbs ending in -which are formed from transitive verbs.9 2 .

9 2 .Verbs with the particle -have the middle reflexive meaning.

8 5 .

8 5 .

8. Pay attention to the following verb groups:

? ?

.

, .

..

11 .12 .

..

9. Complex sentences containing the word""., .

10. Short-form adjectives are very often used in the Russian language. In a sentence, they may

be used as predicates.

, -, - , -, -, -

, -, - , -, -, -

, -, - , -, -, -

.

.

.

.

.

.().

11. In Russian, sentences containing predicative adverbs are often used, e.g. , ,

, , , ...

.

.

! !! ! !


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86

1

: ?

.

1." "? (, )2.? (, )3.? (, )4.""? (, )

2

: ?

.

1.? ()2.? ()3.? (, )4. ? ()

3

: ?

.

1.? ()

2.? ()3.? ()4.? ()


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87

4

: ?

.

1.? (, , ,)

2. ? ()

3. ? ()

4. ? ()

5

: ?

.

1. ? ()

2. ? ()

3. ? ()

4. ? (, )

6

: ?

.

1.? ()2.? (, ,)3.? (, )4.? ()

7

: ?

.

1.?


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88

2.?3.?4.?5.

?

8

: ?

.

1.?2.?3.?4.?5.?6.?

9

: ?

.

1.?2.?3.?4.?

10

: ?

.

1., , , , ,, ?


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89

2., , ?3., , , ?

11: ?

.

.

1.,, ?2.?3.?4.?5.?6.?7.?

12

: ?

.

.

?

.

.

?

.

.

1.? ? ?

2.?


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90

3.?4.?5.?6.

?

7.?13

: ?

.

1.?2.?3.?4.?5.?

14

: ,, ?

,, .

?

.

1.?

2.?3.? ? ?

15

: ?

.

?


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91

.

1.?2. ?

16

: ?

.

1.?2.?3.?4.?

17

: )?

.

)?

.

) (,,)

) (,)

18

: ?

.

1.? ()2.? (, , )3.? (, ,)4.? (,)


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92

19

: ?

.

1.?

2.?3.?4.?5.?6.?7. ?

20

: ?

.

1.?2.?3.() ?4.() ? ?

21

: ?

?

?

.

.

.

1.? ? ?(, , )


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93

2.? ? ?(, ,)

3.? ? ?(, , , )

4.? ?(, , )

5.? (, )22

: ?9 10 30 .

1.?2.?3.?4.?5.?

23

: , , !

1., , ... (, ,, )2., , ... (, , )3., , ... (,, )4., , ... (, , )


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94

24

: , .

1., ...2., , , , ...3., ...4., , ...5., ...


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95

9 []

!

. .

. , ,

. ,

,

.

10

, ,

. ,

,

, , .

..

, .

, ,

. , .

, , . -.

"".

""

.

""

, " ",


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96

,"", "

",

, " ",

, .

.

.

.

to be late businessman

to fly, to take a flight to ... occupation, work, business

father be occupied with, to do smth.

to pass, to give, bookshop

to hand sale

, -, -, -New Year's , not only... but also

for the time being, so far

present, gift unfortunately

business several, some

without at (outside, near) the porch,

to translate at the entrance

cup, -, -, -one's own. With the ?downstairs (of position), where?first and second persons, may be used ?downstairs (of motion), where?instead of the relevant possessive which way?

pronouns. (my, your, her, his, our, their) one year

last year

experience next year

to study, to learn square

study, learning (act) , -, -, -different

further, men, next friendship

reader

porch (roofer, but open-sided), entrance

.

,

. , , , ,

.

,


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97

.

,

, ,

, , , . , , .

. . , .

. ,

- , ,

.

. ,

, .

, ,

, . ,

. .

. , ,

. ,

.

, , :

", ".

:

1. .2. .3. .4. .5. , .

. , .

.


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98

. .

, ,

.?, .

. , ,

, . , ,

. , , ,

. " , ,

, ?" ,

, ,

: "

,

. ,

".

forest, woods to stopsuddenly earth, ground (surface of the earth)bear to come up, to approach smb. to run , , he, she, to get (into), to climb up (a tree), where? they approached to (of direction), towards to get down, (from) to move awaytree ,, he, she, they to hide (for a period), moved awayto conceal oneself to smell to remain, to stay to breatheroad danger, -,-, -dead ,-, -, -dangerousman, person, human it is dangerous, dangerously

people, humans more dangerous to thank to look for, search for to find to put

to study


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100

-. . ,

- , .

: "!" . -

.: "".""

"please", , ,

, . ,

: -.

"" "please".

"" "please", ""

"".

""

. -, ,

.

, , .

..

, ,

. "".

-..

: "".

:

"".

:

"".

. -

: "". .

. : ",".:


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101

"". , .

.

: " ? ,

?" "", -, , , "".

for the first time; first railway station

conversation, talk train

short even

long at night

office worker sleep

passport in one's sleep

document, papers to show

like smb./smth; resembling smb./smth. fingers

to learn -

to pronounce to point one's finger at smth.

letter accidentally

to return, to push

to come back to apologize

(to)

firmly phrase

ending (s) , -, -() dear

, -, -, -verbal (of people)

prefix occasion, chance

for example telegraph, -, -, -such, a kind of telegraphist

on foot telegram, cable

to walk, to go on foot queue

bridge form; a telegraph form

monument to give back

near to hold out

then floor

park to call; to call a

doctor

real meaning

.

. .

.

.

.


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103

.

.

, : !

.: ! .

!

,

, : ,

, , , !

, .

:

,

.

.

: .

.

: ,

, ,, .

, ,

!

to be a guest (at, of), it is trembling

to visit smb. to go on (+ ger.), to keep on(+ger.)acquaintance, friend tread(s) (of feet), step

acquaintances, friends place

to sing at somewhere else(elsewhere)

singer (masculine) this particle is rendered by the verb to let

singer (feminine) (+ noun or pronoun +inf.), e.g. let him come

host

verse to kill, to commit murder

verses, poetry to steal; to steal smth. from smb.

to be out of one's mind; pocket

(coll.) to become crazy to be angry,

night to get angryto stay (for) the night militiaman

to take out (-.)


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104

(female) friend to ask smb. a question

stairs, staircase devil;

to go/come down ! go to the devil!

downstairs at last, finally

, -, -, -closed tip

, -, -, -open note-book

to wake () if I knewyard caretaker comrade

soul at once; right away

to lose; to waste to let smb.pass

, -, -,-whole , -, -, -tired

especially proverb

heart enemy

it is beating; the heart is dangerous

beating more dangerous

joy coming

for joy tradition

fool seldomstupid, idiotic (coll.) more seldom

nose

1

-?

, , .

?

.

?

5 .

. !

. !

2

?

, ,

.

.?

.


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105

3

, , !

, .?

. , .

. .

4

, , 7 . .

, .

!.

watch, clock dont worry!

to worry by all means

5

?

.

! . .

. ? ?

.

. .

glasses, spectacles (pi.)

6

.

. .

.

, .

, .


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106

7

?

.

. ?

.

?

.

.

.

?

.

to be born birth

, , he, she birthdaywas born; they were born

:, , , , -, -, -, , -, -, - , -, -, - , -, -, - , -, -, - , -, -, - , -, -, -

, -, -, - , -, -, - , -, -, - , -, -, - , -, -, - , -, -, - , -, -, - , -, -, - , -, -, - , -, -, - , -, -, -

, -, -, - , -, -, - , -, -, - ..


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, -, -, - , -, -, - , -, -, - , -, -, - , -, -, - , -, -,

, -, -, , -, -, -

8

?

?

?

? ?

?

?

?

?

?

?

?

9

, ,

?

, ,

?

, . I

,

. 1700 ().


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108

.

, 7208 .

, , .

tsar to appear

to change , -, -, - merry

calendar

1

: , .

(, , , , ,

)

2

: , .

1. , ()2. , (, )3. , ()4. , ()

3

: ( ).

.

1. , ( ) , ).

2. , ( ) .


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110

This lesson deals with new meaning and endings of all cases, all the case

material being summarized the new material is underlined

The Prepositional Case1. The Prepositional Denoting Place. (Where?) (?)Nouns in the Prepositional Case denoting

place have the endings: -e(most masculine, feminine and neuter nouns), -u(feminine nouns

ending in ), -uu (words ending in -, -, -ue) and -y (words: , , ,

, , , ..)..

..

. (, f). (, f)

..

.Adjectives in the Prepositional case have the endings -, -(masculine and neuter words)

and -, -(feminine words) and answer the questions: ?/?(masculine

and neuter words) and ?/?(feminine words).

? .

?

.

The Pronouns , , have the endings: - , - .

.

.

The Pronouns: , ,

, , , ,

, ,

have the endings: - (), -.

.

Memorize the verbs requiring the Prepositional case denoting place. Memorize the questionword ?used after these verbs.

. .

2. The Prepositional Denoting Object.

Nouns in the Prepositional case denoting object have the endings -e(most masculine, neuter

and feminine nouns), -u(feminine nouns ending in the soft sign -), -uu(nouns ending in -,

-,

-ue) and answer the question: ??

.

* "".

: "".

* Before words beginning with a vowel the preposition has the form . Compare the Englishin definite articles a and an.


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111

Nouns in the Adjectives and the pronouns , , , , in the Prepositional

case denoting object have the same endings as those in the Prepositional case denoting place(- -and o - e) and answer the questions: ? ?

.

.

Personal pronouns in the Prepositional have the following forms:

.

.Memorize the verbs requiring the Prepositional denoting object. Remember the use of the

question? ?after these verbs:

..

3. The Prepositional Denoting Time.

. , , , , , , , , ,, , .

. , , () , , , , , ,

.. .

4. The Prepositional of Manner to Denote the Means of Transport.

.

.

5. Plural nouns of all three genders in the Prepositional case have endings: - ax, - ..

..

Plural adjectives in the Prepositional have the endings: - , - for all three genders., , .

.

.

The Genetive Case1. The Genetive Denoting Direction of Motion:

a. answers the question ?(where from?); ?(Take note of the useof the Genetive after the prepositions pairs: , ).

. .. .

. .. .

? .


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112

. denotes a starting point of motion and is used with the preposition ""and a verb of motionwith the prefix "":.

. .

. denotes a person from whom an action is directed, is used with the preposition "":

?.

: .

+ noun denoting things

+ noun denoting living beings

2.The Genetive with the Preposition "y ".

a indicates possession or belonging to someone or something and answers the question?*

.

.

.

. indicates the place, where someone or something is (was) ("at one's place"):

? . .? . .

. denotes a person from whom something is borrowed or taken..

.

3. The Genetive with the Preposition ""denotes the whole a part of which is marked out.

-.

-.

4. The Genetive without a preposition denoting possession answers the question ?

(? ? ?) (whose?).? .

? .

? .

? .

5.The Genetive without a preposition is used to indicate the performer or the object of action.

. . .

6. The Genetive without a preposition denotes a feature of an object.. . .

7. The Genetive without a preposition is used to denote a part of the object.

.

Memorize the endings of the singular nouns in the Genetive case:

Masculine a

Neuter a

Feminine

()


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113

___________________________________________________________

* It should be born in mind that phrases consisting of the preposition followed

by pronouns, nouns or noun groups in the Genetive case denoting the possessorand the verb are used to express possession and correspond in meaning to theEnglish "I have", "I have got" phrases.

8. The Genetive denoting quantity is used after Numerals, the words , , ,

..), 5 .., ,

,

, 5 .. , ,

,

, 5 .., ,

,

Memorize the endings of the singular and plural nouns in the Genetive case.

Singular Plural. - - 5 5

N. - - - 5 5

F. - - - 5 5 Most masculine, feminine and neuter nouns have these endings in the plural, but there are

ther endings that are not frequently used and they should also be remembered.

Nominative case Genetive case

- () ()

()

- ()

()

- ()

()

9. The Genetive in negative sentences with the words: , , .Sentences with these words are impersonal.

. .. .

. .Note that in the Past tense the form ""is always used with nouns of all genders, both in

the singular and in the plural.

.

.

.

Note that in the Future tense the form ""is used with words of all genders both in the

singular and in the plural.

10. Adjectives, pronouns and ordinal numerals in the Genetive singular have the endings -,

-(masculine and neuter nouns) and -, -(feminine nouns).


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114

Adjectives, pronouns and ordinal numerals in the plural have the endings (for all genders)

-, -..

.

().

.

11. The Genetive Denoting Time.

. Nouns in the Genetive case with the preposition "c"denote the beginning of action..

.. Nouns in the Genetive with the preposition "" indicate the final moment after which an

action will be completed..

. Nouns in the Genetive with the prepositions " "specify a period of action..

.Cardinal Numerals in the Genetive to be remembered

, , 50, 60, 70, 80 (following the model) 5 20,30 (following the model) 90 100 ..

. The Genetive case is used to denote dates. Note that the preposition ""is not used inthis construction.

.

.

. The Genetive case with the preposition ""answers the question ?.

. The Genetive with the preposition ""answers the question

?.

12. The Genetive Case with Prepositions "", "", "".

. The preposition ""shows that the action is performed in favour of a person or an object..

. The preposition ""is used to express absence of an object (not having).

, .

.

.

. The preposition "" is followed by pronouns, nouns or noun groups in the Genetive

case and corresponds to the English preposition "besides" (in addition to)., , , .


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115

13. The Genetive Denoting Cause with the Preposition ""..

14. The Genetive Denoting Place is used with the prepositions "", "","", "" "", et cetera to indicate where there is an object or

where an action takes place.

..

.

Ha.

.

15. The Genetive Case after the Verbs:? ? ...

, , .

16. The Genetive after the Comparative Degree of Adjectives., , ., , .

17. The Genetive case is used in negative sentences after transitive verbs..

.

.

18. Personal Pronouns in the Genetive Case:

() ,

()

.

.

The Accusative CaseThe Accusative case of masculine and neuter nouns denoting things usually coincides with

the Nominative case (for example: , , , , . .

). The Accusative case of masculine nouns denoting persons usuallycoincides with the Genetive case (for instance: , . .

. ).

1.The Accusative case is used to denote the object of action and answers the questions: ?(whom?) for persons and ?(what?) for things.?

?

.

Here are verbs followed by nouns in the Accusative case answering the questions: ?

whom?; ? what?


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116

,

etc.2. The Accusative case is used to denote the direction of action and motion (especially with

verbs of motion) and answers the question ? (where?).

, ,

, ,

, , , etc.

?

.

?

.?

.Here are prepositions that are used to denote the direction: , , , , .

/.

3. The Accusative case is used to denote time.

?When? , , , , , ,

.

, .

.

.

? .

How long?

?How often?

.

For how long? .

.

How much did it take you 5 .

to do this work?

4. The Accusative case with the verbs and indicates price and weight..

.

Adjectives (pronouns) in the Accusative case have the endings of the nominative or the genitive

case (except the feminine gender).

?

?


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117

?

??

?

?

?

?

Here are the Personal Pronouns in the Accusative case:

(with prepositions)

(with prepositions)

.

.Here are Possessive Pronouns in the Accusative case:

with animate beings: with inanimate objects:

/ /

/ /

. .

The Dative Case1. The Dative case is used with the verbs , , , ,

,etc.

The Dative case denotes a person or a thing to which the action is directed (when used in

combination with verbs). Noun in the Dative case answers the questions: ?whom? ?

(to) what?

, .

, .

Masculine and Neuter nouns in the Dative have the endings:.

Feminine nouns in the Dative take the ending e.

2. The Dative case with verbs

..

.


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118

The subject of the phrase is usually used at the end of a sentence. Notice the past tense of this

verb in the singular and in the plural..

.

.

.

3. The Dative Denoting Age..

.

4. The Dative in Impersonal Sentences.

In impersonal sentences the Dative case is used to denote the person who acts or to denote

the recipient of action.

In impersonal sentences the Dative case is used:

1) In combination with the words , , , , followed

by an indefinite form of the verb.

..

2) In combination with the words: , , , etc., .

, .,

.

5. The Dative case is used with the preposition .

The main meaning of the preposition is to direct one's steps to or to approach to someone

or something in time or in space.

1) Noun with the preposition may denote an object or a person to (toward) which/whomthe other object or person is approaching and answers the questions: ? where?

? to what? ? to whom?

.

.

The verbs denoting the approaching are generally used with the prefixes - or

.

.2) Nouns with the preposition may denote an object to which some thing is added, and a

verb is always used with the prefix -..

3) Many of the verbs with the prefix - require the preposition :

, , , , etc.

.

.

.

Nouns corresponding to these verbs also require the preposition :

, ,

4)The preposition is used after the nouns denoting feeling or attitude: :

but:


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119

5)The preposition is used with the following adjectives:

6) The preposition is used to denote time.

.

(?)

.

(?)

6. The Dative case is used with the preposition no.

1)The preposition nois used to denote movement along a surface. .

2)The preposition noindicates the action which is repeated during certain periods of time..

3)The preposition nois used to denote reason..

4)The preposition noindicates the purpose or type of activity or profession, etc..

9 .5) The preposition nois used in the meaning of: "by", "according to", "in accordance with".

..

6)The preposition noindicates the sign of an object..

7)The preposition no indicates the relationship, closeness..

.

8) The preposition noplus the dative or cardinal numerals forms distributive numerals..

9) The preposition no is used to denote some means of communication:

.

.

.

7. The Dative Case of Adjectives and Pronouns..

..

Adjectives and pronouns have the endings:

(in the masculine and neuter genders)

(in the feminine)

Personal pronouns in the dative case:

() ()

()

.

??


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121

5. The Instrumental Case of Adjectives and Pronouns.

..

Adjectives and pronouns in the instrumental case have the endings:

- (masculine and neuter)

- e(feminine)

.Personal pronouns in the instrumental case.

()

()

() ()

(, )

. .

6. Nouns, adjectives and pronouns in the instrumental plural have the following endings:

nouns ()

adjectives and pronouns ()

..


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122

1. : (

-

)

:.

: (

).

: , .

: .

(

):

.

:

I ;

(, , ) ,

;

, ;

, (


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123

)

);

(

, )

I .

,

,

.

(I ),

. (I )

:

, ;

;

.

-

,

,

.

1. 2. 3.


124/149


125/149

125

,

, ,

. , ,

, -

.

, , .

,

,

.

,

.

:

,

.

.

, ,

.

.

.

,

.


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126

. .. ,

, .. ,

,

, .

..

, ,

, , ..

..

, ,

, , ..

, .

,

, ,

..

.

,

:

, , ..

, ,

.

.

,

. 1000 , 300

150 .


127/149

127

(50-100 .)

. ,

.

,

, (

: , , ..).

:

(); (); ; ; , ,

;

, ; ; ; ; .

200

, 40 .

,

, ,

: 450-500 .

750-900 .


128/149

128

501

. ,

, .

.

2000

, 500 .

. 2-

:

1. ;2. , , 501

.

:

();

,

-, ,

, ,

;

.

. ,


129/149


130/149

130

; ., ., .., ..,

., ..,

; .., ..,

..,

-.

,

,

,

.

.

,

I , 10

, , 5.

.

1. .. . . 2. . ., 1995.

... ., 1998.

.., ..

// . . . . 1997. . 56. 1.

.., .. (). ., 1997.


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131

.., .. .

: .

.: , 2000.

..

. //

. .: . , 1980.

.. //

. : . .,

2003.

.. . . ., .,

2005.

.. . .: -

. -, 2007.

.. . ., 2000.

..

. .,

1996.

..

(

) , .,

1962.

..

// , 1996, 2.

.

// , 1962, 4.

. . .

, . 2, ., 1962.

..

. ., 1962.


132/149

132

..

(, , ). ., 1994.

2. .. // . , . . ., 1981,4.

.. // .

. . . ., 1973, .1.

. . .,

1980.

.. . , 1934.

.., ..

. .: , 2004.

.. . ., 1958.

.. //

. ., 1966.

.. . ., 1982.

.. .

. .: , , 2006.

.. 100% . .: , 2006.

. . . ., 1978.

. //

, .: , 1976.

.. . ., 1987.

.. // /

. .. . ., 1923. .1.

1. .., , 2

.

2. .., 2.


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133

3. .., 2 .

4. .., , .

5. .., , . .. .

,

,

,

, .

,

,

, I II ,

, ,

: ,

, , .

, , ,

- .

, , ,

?

..

1

1

: . . .

4 2


134/149


135/149

135

3

: : ? ?

2, 3, 4 2, 3, 4 5, 6 2, 3, 4

5, 6 2, 3, 4 5, 6 5, 6

.

4

2

4

: , , , ,

, ? .

. 4

2

3

1

: . .

4

2

2

: : .

.

4

2

3

: . .

. ? ?

. . .

? .

4 2


136/149

136

4

: , , , .

. .

4

2

4

1

: .

. .

4

2

2

: .

. . ?

.

4

2

3

:

. ? .

.

4

2

4

:

. : ?? .

: ? ?

? ?? .


137/149

137

?, .

. ? )

, ,

2, 3, 4. )

,

, 5, 6 ..,

, , .

, .

: , ,

, . , (, , ) +

, .

. 1 100.

.

4

2

5

1

: . . .

? ? ? ?

, . .

6

3

2

: . .

. .

.

6 3


138/149

138

3

: 1 5.

: , , , ; , , , .

.

6

3

4

:.

. .

6

3

5

:: ? ?

. , .. .

6

3

6

: . : ? ?

?? .

6

3

7

: . : ? ?

.

. . : () ? () ?

. .

6

3


139/149


140/149

140

6

: . .

6

3

7

:. .

6

3

7

1

:

,

. .

6

3

2

: -, -, -:

, . :

, .. .

6

3

3

: : , , ,

.. , , .

: , .. .

6

3

4

: . , . . .


141/149

141

6

3

5

:

: ,

, , ..

.

. .

6

3

6

: .

.

.

. .

6

3

7

: :

. -. .

6

3

8

1

: 1 100.

.

6

3


142/149

142

2

: .

. .

6

3

3

: . .

6

3

4

: . .

6

3

5

: . .

6

3

6

: . .

6

3

7

: ,

. .

6

3


143/149

143

:

, :

? :

?. ,

, , ,

, ,

.

,

,

, .. , : -,

, , -,

,

. , ,

, - ,

, ,

,

. ,

.

.

,

: ,

, ,

. , ,


144/149

144

, .

: , , ,

-, .

, , ..

.

. ,

, .

, ,

,

. ,

, ,

, , ,

, .

,

;

, ,

, .

,

.

1

, . 38 .

.

: , , , , , .


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145

1, 2, .

19 . 1, 2, 3, 4, 5,

,

. , .

2

-

, .

: ? ? ?

? ? ?? 47

. . : , , ,

, . 1, 2, 3, 4, ,

, . 1, 2,

3, 4, 6, 7 ,

.

3

,

. . 40 .

.

: , , , , , .

1, 2, , . 1, 2, 3, 4, 5,

-.

4

, (, ,

-). 72 .

.


146/149

146

, , , ,

, , ,

, , .

1, 2,

. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11,

12, 13, -.

5

, ,

. 58 . , . 36

. 1,

.

. : , ,

, , , , ,

, , , ,

, , ,

, , , ,

, , ,

, . 1-22

, -

.

6

- , .

49 . , -

. 30 . 1, 2, 3,

- . 13 . . :


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147

, , , ,

, , ,

, , , ,

, , ,

, . 1-13

.

7

.. , .. , ..

, .. . .

22 . .. ,

-. 15 .

, .

10 .

1-9, , -

. 124 110

.

.

: , ,

, , ,

, , , ,

, , ,

, , , ,

, , ,

, , ,

, , ,

, , , ,

, , ,

, , ,

, , ,


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148

, , , ,

, , , ,

.

1-24 ,

-.

8

. 35

. . ..

. 30 . - .

, -

, .

50 . .

-.

62 .

1-9 . 12

29 .

: , ,

, , ,

, , , ,

, , ,

, , ,

, , , , ,

, , ,

, , ,

, , , ,

, , , ,

, , ,

, , ,


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