KULIAH LYMPHOID

8/13/2019 KULIAH LYMPHOID

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Human natomyLymphatic System

Dr. Thontowi Djauhari NS,MKes

Fakultas Kedokteran

Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang


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Lymphatic Organs

Primary lymphoid organs Bone marrow

Thymus

Secondary lymphoid

organs Lymph nodes, spleen,

tonsils

Aggregated lymphoid

nodules (Peyers patches inileum)

Appendix


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Figure 22.1

The Components of the Lymphatic

System

Lymph Lymphatic Vessels

Lymphatic Capillaries

Lymphatic Vessels

Lymphatic Trunks

Lymphatic Ducts

Lymphatic Organs Thymus

Lymph Nodes Spleen


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Lymphatic Capillaries The lymphatic network begins with microscopic vessels called

lymphatic capillaries. closed-ended tubes that are found in most blood capillary

networks

similar to a blood capillary in that its wall is an endothelium


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Lymphatic Vessels

Lymphatic capillaries mergeto form larger structures.

Lymphatic vessels resemble

small veins.

both contain three tunicsand both have valves

Some vessels connect

directly to lymphatic organs

called lymph nodes.


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Trunks and Ducts Ducts:

Right Lymphatic Duct Into right subclavian

vein/right internal jugularjunction

Thoracic Duct: Into left subclavian

vein/left internal jugularjunction

Cisterna chyli

Drains most of the body


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Lymph Trunks Lymphatic collecting vessels converge Five major lymph trunks

Lumbar trunks

Receives lymph from lower limbs

Intestinal trunk Receives chyle from digestive organs

Bronchomediastinal trunks

Collects lymph from thoracic viscera

Subclavian trunks Receive lymph from upper limbs and thoracic wall

Jugular trunks

Drain lymph from the head and neck


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Overview of the Lymph Nodes, Trunks, and Ducts

Figure 20.3


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Lymph capillaries

converge to become

collecting vesselsand end up as either

Thoracic duct or

right lymphatic duct

Thoracic (left lymphatic) duct

Left subclavian vein

Right

lymphatic

duct

Right

subclavian

vein

Cysterna Chyli


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Thymus Gland

Locationbehind thesternum in themediastinum

The capsule divides itinto 2 lobes

Development

Infantconspicuous

Pubertymaximumsize

Maturitydecreases in

size Function

Differentiation andmaturation of T cells


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Tonsils Large clusters of lymphatic cellsand

extracellular matrix that are notcompletely surrounded by aconnective tissue capsule.

Consist of multiple germinal centersand have invaginated outer edgescalled crypts.

Several groups of tonsils form aprotective ringaround the pharynx.

pharyngeal tonsils(or adenoids)are in the posterior wall of thenasopharynx

palatine tonsils (amandel) are inthe posterolateral region of theoral cavity

lingual tonsilsare along theposterior one-third of the tongue

= adenoids


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Tonsils

Simple lymphoid organs

Lymph nodules

In the mouth/pharynx

Lingual tonsil on posterior aspect of tongue Palatine = adenoids, lateral pharynx

Tubal, behind Eustachian Tubes


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Ring of Waldeyer

Tonsila pharyngica / adenoidTonsila palatina / amandel

Tonsila lingualis


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Distribution of Lymph Nodes

Cervical lymph nodes - drain head and neck

Axillary lymph nodes - drain arms and breasts

Popliteallymph nodes - drain legs

Inguinal lymph nodes - drain lower limb

Thoraciclymph nodes - drain thoracic viscera

Abdominallymph nodes - drain pelvic region

Intestinal and mesentericlymph nodes - drain abdominal viscera


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Distribution of LymphNodes


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Important example:Axillary Drainage

Drainage from

breast andarm


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The Spleen


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Spleen Largestlymphatic organ in the

body. Located in the upper left

quadrant of the abdomen,inferior to the diaphragm andposterior to ribs 911.

Deep red organ lies lateral to

the left kidney andposterolateral to the stomach.

Can vary considerably in size

and weight, but typically is

about 12 centimeters long and7 centimeters wide.


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Destruction of antigens Site of B cell maturation into plasma cells

Phagocytosis of bacteria and worn-out RBCs,

WBCs and platelets (recycles iron)

Storage of platelets


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Figure 2227

Integration with

Other Systems


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SUMMARY

Divisions of the lymphatic system: lymphatic vessels (lymphatics)

lymph

lymphoid tissues and organs

Types of lymphocytes: T cells

B cells

NK cells


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Figure 225

Production and Distribution of Lymphocytes


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SUMMARY Lymphoid tissues and

organs:

nodules

nodes

MALT (mucosaassociated lymphoid

tissue)

thymus

spleen

7 nonspecific defenses:

physical barriers

phagocytes

immunological

surveillance

interferons

complement

inflammation

fever Specific defenses:

cell-mediated immunity

antibody mediated immunity


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The 7 Nonspecific Defenses


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SUMMARY

T cells and cell-mediated immunity:

antigen presentation

MHCs and APCs

antigen recognition

CD8 T cell activation

CD4 T cell activation

B cells and antibody-mediated immunity:

sensitization

plasma cells and

memory B cells antibody structure

antigenantibody

complex

5 classes ofimmunoglobins


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Lymphatic Cells

Also called lymphoid cells. Located in both the lymphatic system and the

cardiovascular system.

Work together to elicit an immune response.

Types of lymphatic cells are:

macrophages

epithelial cells

dendritic cells

lymphocytes


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Immune Response

Some cells (B lymphocytes) produce soluble proteinscalled antibodies. bind to and immobilize the foreign or abnormal agent

damaging it or identifying it to other elements of the immunesystem

Other cells (T lymphocytes) attackand destroy theantigen directly.

Other cells become memory cells (B and T): remember the past antigen encounters

initiate an even fasterand more powerful response should thesame antigen appear again


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Lymphatic Cells

Also called lymphoid cells. Located in both the lymphatic system and the

cardiovascular system.

Work together to elicit an immune response.

Types of lymphatic cells are:

macrophages

epithelial cells

dendritic cells

lymphocytes


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Types and Functions of Lymphocytes

T-lymphocytes(also called T-cells). B-lymphocytes(also called B-cells).

NK cells. Migratethrough the lymphatic tissues and

monitor them for the presence of antigens.

Identified according to the tissue or organwhere they mature: T-lymphocytes mature in the Thymus

B-lymphocytes mature in the Bone marrow


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T-lymphocytes Make up about 7085%of body lymphocytes.

Plasma membrane contains a coreceptorthat can recognize aparticular antigen.

There are several types of T-lymphocytes, each with a particularkind of coreceptor.

helper T-lymphocytes cytotoxic T-lymphocytes


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NK C ll


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NK Cells Also called large granular lymphocytes.

Make up the remaining small percentageof body lymphocytes.

NK cells tend to have CD16 receptors.

NK cells can kill a wide variety of infected cellsand somecancerous cells.

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