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Lymphoid organs
and
system
• lymphoid tissues (Primary lymphoid organs) Thymus,
B.M., (in embryonic course comprise Yolk sac, Liver and spleen)
• lymphoid tissues (Secondary lymphoid organs)
Lymph nodes, Liver Spleen, Lymphocytes, NK, MONO, MQ, DCs, NEUT, EOS,…..
• Immune response sites (Tertiary lymphoid organs)
Any where that immune system fight with organisms
Lymphoid OrgansLymphoid Organs
Th, CD3+, CD4+
Tc, CD3+, CD8+
B , CD19+, CD20+
NK, CD16+, CD56+
MQ, CD14+
DC, CD11c+
Production of naïve (in mice 1-3 months) lymphocyte is under equilibration with lymphocyte death with apoptosis (homeostasis)
Self- renewing
T Cells 80% of circulating lymphocytes Some of the types:
Cytotoxic T cells: attack foreign cells or body cells infected by viruses (“cell-mediated immunity”)
Regulatory T cells: Helper T cells and suppressor T cells (control activation and activity of B cells)
Memory T cells: produced by the division of activated T cells following exposure to a particular antigen (remain on reserve, to be reactivated following later exposure to the same antigen) Memory T cells (CD44 high) CD45RO whereas
Naive T cell express CD45RA receptor.
B Cells 10-15% of circulating lymphocytes Can differentiate into plasmocytes (plasma cells)
when stimulated by exposure to an antigen Plasma cells produce antibodies: soluble proteins
which react with antigens, also known as immunoglobulins (Ig’s)
“Humoral immunity”, or antibody-mediated immunity Memory B cells: produced by the division of
activated B cells following exposure to a particular antigen (remain on reserve, to be reactivated following later exposure to the same antigen)
NK Cells
5-10% of circulating lymphocytes Attack foreign cells, normal cels infected with
viruses, cancer cells that appear in normal tissues
Known as “immunologic surveillance”
What are T cells?
Migrate from marrow and develop in thymus Have antigen receptors on PM =
immunocompetent Mitosis produces clones
Clonal deletion destroys self-reactive clones
Good at destroying cells and stimulating B cells They do NOT secrete antibodies
as B cells do T cell types movie
DC
DC
T cells (helper and cytotoxic) “feel” cells Check for MHC (hotdog bun)
MHC = major histocompatibility complex
MHC-I on all cells MHC-II only on APCs HLA (human leukocyte antigen)
group = MHC
Dendritic cells known as professional APC
• Lymph nodes• Spleen• Thymus• Peyer’s patches• Tonsils• Red Bone Marrow• Appendix
Lymph Organs:Lymph Organs:
Part of the immune system that consists of 2 independent parts:
1. meandering network of lymphatic vessels
2. various lymphoid tissues and organs
Lymphatic system is located within loose connective tissue systems of the body
The Lymphatic The Lymphatic SystemSystem
Lymphatic System
Consists of three parts1. A network of lymphatic vessels (lymphatics)
2. Lymph - a fluid
3. Lymph nodes
Lymphatic Capillaries
Absent from teeth, bone marrow and the CNS (Brain lacks immune system generally)
Lacteals: specialized lymph capillaries present in intestinal mucosa Absorb digested fat and deliver fatty lymph (chyle)
to the blood
Lymphatic System One way system: to
the heart Return of collected
excess tissue fluid Return of leaked
protein “Lymph” is this fluid Edema results if
system blocked or surgically removed
Lymph capillaries Have one way minivalves allowing
excess fluid to enter but not leave Picks up bacteria and viruses as well as
proteins, electrolytes and fluid
(lymph nodes destroy most pathogens)
Dynamics of Capillary Exchange
Figure 20.2a
Cervical nodesEntrance of rightlymphatic duct into vein
Internal jugular vein
Entrance of thoracicduct into vein
Thoracic duct
Cisterna chyli
Lymphaticcollecting vessels
Axillary nodes
Aorta
Inguinal nodes
Regionallymph nodes:
(a) General distribution of lymphatic collecting vessels and regional lymph nodes.
Drained by the rightlymphatic ductDrained by thethoracic duct
arteriolearteriole
venulevenule
lymphatic capillarieslymphatic capillaries
blood capillaries
blood capillaries
lymphatic vessel
lymphatic vessel
Fig. 22.04
Systemic Circulation
HEV; High endothelia venule that present in Lymph node and Pier patches but not in spleen.
Formation of Lymph
interstitial fluid
blood capillary
lymphatic capillary
tissue cell
What does the lymphatic system do? Return interstitial fluid
Capillaries only reabsorb 15% Funneled into subclavian veins
Absorb and transport lipids from intestines
Generate and monitor immune responses
lymphatic system movie
Lymphatic System: Functions Returns interstitial fluid and leaked plasma
proteins back to the blood Once interstitial fluid enters lymphatics, it is called
lymph Together with lymphoid organs and tissues,
provide the structural basis of the immune system
Antigen concentration and focusing√
Lymphatic Capillaries
Similar to blood capillaries, except Very permeable (take up cell debris, pathogens,
and cancer cells) Endothelial cells overlap to form one-way
minivalves, and are anchored by collagen filaments, preventing collapse of capillaries
Form a 1-way system in which lymph fluid flows only toward the heart
Vessels are similar to capillaries, but very permeable.
They occur everywhere blood capillaries occur.
Lymphatic Lymphatic vesselsvessels
Lymph Lymph TransportTransport
• lacks pump for circulation• relies on activity of skeletal muscles and pulsation of nearby arteries for movement of fluid• 3L of lymph enters blood stream every 24 hrs• proteins easily enter lymphatic system• uptake of large particles such as cell debris, pathogens, and cancer cellslymph nodes where it is cleansed of debris and examined by cells of the immune system.
Lymph node anatomy
(FDC)
Cytokine determined anatomical distribution of immune cells in L.N. and CCR7 helps DC and Lym and CXCR5 for Ln-B to transfer to lymph nods. Cell migration through HEV carried out in Cortex area. LT-B is important in lymph node formation.
What is in the lymphatic system? Lymph nodes
Filters lymph fluid for antigens, bacteria, etc. B-lymphocytes made here Some T-lymphocytes and
macrophages congregate Afferent (more) and efferent
(less) vessels lymph fluid exits through hilum
Common site for cancer—Why? Hodgkin’s lymphoma: lymph
node malignancy Etiology unknown
Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma: all other cancers of lymphoid tissue Multiplication/metastasis of
lymphocytes 5th most common cancer
The Lymphatic system
Afferent lymphaticvessels
Efferent lymphaticvessels
CapsuleTrabeculae
Hilum
Cortex• Lymphoid follicle (B cell rich zone)
• Germinal center• Subcapsular sinus
Medulla:• Medullary cord• Medullary sinus
(a) Longitudinal view of the internal structure of a lymph node and associated lymphatics
lymphatic capillaries
blood capillaries
lymphatic vessels
lymphatic node
one-way valves
Figure 20.2a
Cervical nodesEntrance of rightlymphatic duct into vein
Internal jugular vein
Entrance of thoracicduct into vein
Thoracic duct
Cisterna chyli
Lymphaticcollecting vessels
Axillary nodes
Aorta
Inguinal nodes
Regionallymph nodes:
(a) General distribution of lymphatic collecting vessels and regional lymph nodes.
Drained by the rightlymphatic ductDrained by thethoracic duct
Fig. 22.03
After Antigen stimulation Flow rate to Lymph node increase more than 20 times.
Spleen
Largest lymphoid organ Served by splenic artery and vein, which enter and
exit at the hilus Functions
Site of lymphocyte proliferation and immune surveillance and response
Cleanses the blood of aged cells and platelets, foreign matter, bacteria, viruses and debris
Stores breakdown products of RBC e.g. iron
Erythrocyte production in fetus (normally ceases after birth)
Structure of the Spleen
Two distinct areas White pulp around central arteries Mostly lymphocytes on reticular fibers and
involved in immune functions Red pulp in venous sinuses and splenic cords
Rich in macrophages for disposal of worn-out RBCs and bloodborne pathogens
(b) Diagram of spleen histology
SplenicarterySplenicvein Hilum
(a) Diagram of the spleen, anterior view
White pulp; Adjacent to artery and contain PALS, Follicle and marginal zone
Red pulp; Adjucent to tiny venule and contain RBC, MQ, DC, Ln, and plasmacell.
Red pulp area contains MQ that deleted opsonized bacteria such as Meningococcal, Pneumonococci
ThymusThymusLocated: on top of heart• Secretes hormones thymosin and thymopoeitin• Causes T-lymphocytes to function against specific pathogens in the immune response (called immunocompetent) • Most active during youth; it in size during childhood, by old age, it's mostly been replaced by fibrous and fatty connective tissue
ThymusDiffers from other lymphoid organs in
important ways It functions strictly in T lymphocyte maturation It does not directly fight antigens
The stroma of the thymus consists of star-shaped epithelial cells (not reticular fibers)
These thymocytes provide the environment in which T lymphocytes become immunocompetent
Thymus
Thymic lobes contain an outer cortex and inner medulla
Cortex contains densely packed lymphocytes and scattered macrophages
Medulla contains fewer lymphocytes and thymic (Hassall’s) corpuscles involved in regulatory T cell development
Figure 20.7
Cortex
Medulla
Thymic (Hassall’s)corpuscle
Immune system in skin
Langerhans cells after antigen capture immigrate to derma area. IEL contain TCD8+ cells.
MALT Mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue,
including Peyer’s patches, tonsils, and the appendix
(digestive tract) Lymphoid nodules in the walls of the bronchi
(respiratory tract) Protects the digestive and respiratory
systems from foreign matter
Mucosal Immune system (Three compartment)
A B
C
In mice 50% and in human 10% of such T cells are γδCD8+
Most T cells in lamina properia are activated CD4+
Aggregates of Lymphoid Follicles
Peyer’s patches Clusters of lymphoid follicles In the wall of the distal portion of the small
intestine Similar structures are also found in the
appendixPeyer’s patches and the appendix
Destroy bacteria, preventing them from breaching the intestinal wall
Generate “memory” lymphocytes
TonsilsSimplest lymphoid organsForm a ring of lymphatic tissue around the
pharynx Palatine tonsils—at posterior end of the oral cavity Lingual tonsils—grouped at the base of the tongue Pharyngeal tonsil—in posterior wall of the
nasopharynx Tubal tonsils—surrounding the openings of the
auditory tubes into the pharynx
TonsilsTonsils
Prevent pathogens in respiratory tract and digestive tracts from penetrating mucous membrane lining. The nature of immune response in moth is differ and comprise high titer Antibody response and tolerance in T cell response.
Tonsils
Contain follicles with germinal centers Are not fully encapsulated Epithelial tissue overlying tonsil masses
invaginates, forming tonsillar crypts Crypts trap and destroy bacteria and
particulate matter
Figure 20.8
Tonsil
Tonsillar crypt
Germinal centersin lymphoid follicles
Pharyngeal tonsil
Palatine tonsilLingual tonsil
Lymphocyte recirculation:
Lymphocyte homing (for specific sub-population) is selective process for specific tissue not for else (Antigen dependent).
Migration of Naïve T cells is differ from effector and memory T cells .
Cell migration is under Adhesion molecule control (Three
molecular family, selectins, Integrins and super Igs) .
HEV; High endothelia venule that present in Lymph node and Pier patches but not in spleen
First and loose binding with Selectins and strong binding with Integrins.
Naïve T cell express L-selectin but Effector T cells more P and E selectin and CD44 and Expression of CCR-7 decreased in activated T cells.
Ln B express CXCR-5 for migration into Lymph nodes and after stimulation loss it and export from Follicle and migrate to T cell area and express integrins for migrations.
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