Ksenia Dolgaleva - Quantum Photonics of Light with Matter Extreme Photonics Summer School 2014 June 23-27 𝑷= 𝜒(1)∙𝑬+ 𝜒2:𝑬𝑬+ 𝜒3 ⋮𝑬𝑬𝑬+ … Total polarization:

Ksenia Dolgaleva

Interaction of Light with Matter

Extreme Photonics Summer School 2014 June 23-27



𝑷 = 𝜒 (1) ∙ 𝑬 + 𝜒 2 : 𝑬𝑬 + 𝜒 3 ⋮ 𝑬𝑬𝑬 + …

Total polarization:



𝑷 = 𝜒 (1) ∙ 𝑬 + 𝜒 2 : 𝑬𝑬 + 𝜒 3 ⋮ 𝑬𝑬𝑬 + …

Total polarization:

linear



𝑷 = 𝜒 (1) ∙ 𝑬 + 𝜒 2 : 𝑬𝑬 + 𝜒 3 ⋮ 𝑬𝑬𝑬 + …

Total polarization:

linear nonlinear

Nonlinear polarization scales with intensity.


The invention of lasers enabled

nonlinear optics

http://www.english-online.at/science/lasers/laser-powerful-beam-of-light.htm

Nonlinear Optical Phenomena


Can modify the spectrum of light

K. Dolgaleva, N. Lepeshkin, and R. W. Boyd, “Frequency

doubling” in Encyclopedia of Nonlinear Science, 2004.



Second-Harmonic Generation

𝑷 = 𝜒 (1) ∙ 𝑬 + 𝜒 2 : 𝑬𝑬 + 𝜒 3 ⋮ 𝑬𝑬𝑬 + …

𝜒 2 𝜔

𝜔 2𝜔




𝑷 = 𝜒 (1) ∙ 𝑬 + 𝜒 2 : 𝑬𝑬 + 𝜒 3 ⋮ 𝑬𝑬𝑬 + …

𝜒 2 𝜔

𝜔 2𝜔

𝜔 +𝜔 = 2𝜔

𝜔

𝜔

2𝜔

Energy conservation:




𝜔 +𝜔 = 2𝜔

𝑷 = 𝜒 (1) ∙ 𝑬 + 𝜒 2 : 𝑬𝑬 + 𝜒 3 ⋮ 𝑬𝑬𝑬 + …

𝜔

𝜔

2𝜔 𝜒 2

𝜔

𝜔 2𝜔

𝑘(𝜔) + 𝑘(𝜔) = 𝑘(2𝜔)


Momentum conservation:




𝑷 = 𝜒 (1) ∙ 𝑬 + 𝜒 2 : 𝑬𝑬 + 𝜒 3 ⋮ 𝑬𝑬𝑬 + …

𝜒 2 𝜔

𝜔 2𝜔

𝑘(𝜔) + 𝑘(𝜔) = 𝑘(2𝜔)

𝑛 𝜔 ≠ 𝑛 2𝜔


𝜔 +𝜔 = 2𝜔

𝜔

𝜔

2𝜔





𝑷 = 𝜒 (1) ∙ 𝑬 + 𝜒 2 : 𝑬𝑬 + 𝜒 3 ⋮ 𝑬𝑬𝑬 + …

𝜒 2 𝜔

𝜔 2𝜔

𝑘(𝜔) + 𝑘(𝜔) = 𝑘(2𝜔)

𝑛 𝜔 ≠ 𝑛 2𝜔


𝜔 +𝜔 = 2𝜔

𝜔

𝜔

2𝜔


Dispersion

For Efficient Nonlinear Interactions:


𝑷 = 𝜒 (1) ∙ 𝑬 + 𝜒 2 : 𝑬𝑬 + 𝜒 3 ⋮ 𝑬𝑬𝑬 + …

1. Material with strong nonlinearity

large



𝑷 = 𝜒 (1) ∙ 𝑬 + 𝜒 2 : 𝑬𝑬 + 𝜒 3 ⋮ 𝑬𝑬𝑬 + …


2. High intensity

http://www.english-online.at/science/lasers/laser-

powerful-beam-of-light.htm

large



𝑷 = 𝜒 (1) ∙ 𝑬 + 𝜒 2 : 𝑬𝑬 + 𝜒 3 ⋮ 𝑬𝑬𝑬 + …


2. High intensity



large

3. Phase matching



𝑷 = 𝜒 (1) ∙ 𝑬 + 𝜒 2 : 𝑬𝑬 + 𝜒 3 ⋮ 𝑬𝑬𝑬 + …


2. High intensity



large

3. Phase matching Photonic materials and devices

… and their application

1. Materials with Strong Nonlinearity

Nonlinear crystals

- KTP

- BBO

- LBO


Amorphous dielectrics - Doped silica glass - Chalcogenide glass

Semiconductors - Silicon - AlGaAs - InGaAsP

Organic - Nonlinear polymers - Fullerene C60 - Liquid crystals

1. Materials with Strong Nonlinearity

Nonlinear crystals

- KTP

- BBO

- LBO


Amorphous dielectrics - Doped silica glass - Chalcogenide glass

Semiconductors - Silicon - AlGaAs - InGaAsP

Organic - Nonlinear polymers - Fullerene C60 - Liquid crystals

Photonic

materials!

Nanocomposite Materials


𝜒13

𝜒23

Maxwell Garnett



𝜒13

𝜒23

𝜒13

𝜒23

Maxwell Garnett

Bruggeman



𝜒13

𝜒23

𝜒13

𝜒23

𝜒13

𝜒23

Maxwell Garnett

Bruggeman

Layered



𝜆

𝜒13

𝜒23

𝜒13

𝜒23

𝜒13

𝜒23

Maxwell Garnett

Bruggeman

Layered

Electrostatic regime



From electrostatics:

𝑬 𝜖1

𝜖2

𝜖1 > ϵ2



R. W. Boyd and J. E. Sipe,

JOSA B 11, 297 (1994).

J. E. Sipe and R. W. Boyd,

PRA 46, 1614 (1992).

Theoretically:



R. Nelson and R. W. Boyd, APL 74, 2417 (1999).

Experimentally:

2. High Intensity


http://www.english-online.at/science/lasers/laser-powerful-beam-of-light.htm

2. High Intensity


Guided-Wave Optics

βeff = 𝑛eff𝑘0 = 𝑛eff2𝜋

𝜆0

2. High Intensity


Guided-Wave Optics

Waveguides with 2D Confinement


Waveguides for Nonlinear Optics


AlGaAs Micron-Size Waveguides


3. Phase Matching


Dispersion Management

AlGaAs Nanowires


Wnw = 750 nm

Wnw = 300 nm

Dispersion Management


Material dispersion dominates

Waveguide dispersion dominates

AlGaAs Nanowires


Effective mode area Group velocity dispersion

Super-tight confinement! Dispersion management!

J. Meier, et al., Opt. Express 15, 12755 (2007).

Four-Wave Mixing


𝜔p +𝜔p = 𝜔s + 𝜔i

𝜔p 𝜔s

𝜔p 𝜔i

𝜔p

𝜔p

𝜔s

𝜔i

Four-Wave Mixing


𝜔p +𝜔p = 𝜔s + 𝜔i

𝜔p 𝜔s

𝜔p 𝜔i

𝜔p

𝜔p

𝜔s

𝜔i

Input spectrum Output spectrum

FWM in AlGaAs Nanowires


Input Output

Signal Idler

K. Dolgaleva, et al., manuscript in preparation

Application: Optical Communications


CMOS Technology


Information and Communication


• Need faster internet

• Need broader bandwidth

• Need faster computers

• Higher density of integration

• Smaller process size

• Bandwidth limitation

• Power dissipation problem

• Cooling problem

• Fundamental limit of transistor size

Needs:

Achievable through:

The problem is:

Optical vs. Electrical


Electric Wires Optical Fibres

Integrated Digital Electronics Integrated Optics

Optical Communication Networks


http://www.solidsystems.co.kr/products_bluecross1600.htm

Wavelength Conversion


Clients

To WDM Network

Transponder

Optical Wavelength Conversion


Input spectrum Output spectrum 𝜆s 𝜆p

𝜆s 𝜆p 𝜆i

Optical Wavelength Conversion


𝜆s 𝜆p

𝜆s 𝜆p 𝜆i

B. J. Eggleton, T. D.Vo, R. Pant, et al., Laser

Photonics Review 6, 97 (2012).

Time Division Multiplexing


time

TDM

Ch 1

time

time

time

1 1 0 1

1 1 1 0

1 0 1 0

Ch 2

Ch 3

1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 0

Optical Time Division Demultiplexing


TDM

𝜆s 𝜆p

𝜆s 𝜆p 𝜆i

FWM

Outcome

1 0 1 0

1 1 1 0

1 0 1 0

By means

of FWM

Conclusions


𝑷 = 𝜒 (1) ∙ 𝑬 + 𝜒 2 : 𝑬𝑬 + 𝜒 3 ⋮ 𝑬𝑬𝑬 + …


2. High intensity



large

3. Phase matching

Conclusions


𝑷 = 𝜒 (1) ∙ 𝑬 + 𝜒 2 : 𝑬𝑬 + 𝜒 3 ⋮ 𝑬𝑬𝑬 + …


large Nanocomposite optical materials

𝜆

Electrostatic regime

Conclusions


2. High intensity



3. Phase matching

Superior compactness + dispersion management

Conclusions


Applications of nonlinear photonic devices

𝜆s 𝜆p

𝜆s 𝜆p 𝜆i OTDM

1 0 1 0

Wavelength

conversion

Acknowledgements

Photonics North 2014 May 30, 14:30-14:45

CERC Team

OpticalWavelength Conversion


Documents

Ksenia Dolgaleva - Quantum Photonics of Light with Matter Extreme Photonics Summer School 2014 June 23-27 𝑷= 𝜒(1)∙𝑬+ 𝜒2:𝑬𝑬+ 𝜒3 ⋮𝑬𝑬𝑬+ … Total polarization: