Kön & Makt / KKön & Makt / Køn & Magt i øn & Magt i NordenNorden

””Kvinder i nordisk politik – en stadig Kvinder i nordisk politik – en stadig fremgangssaga?”fremgangssaga?”

Med de nationale rapporter fra Danmark Med de nationale rapporter fra Danmark og Sverigeog Sverige

Drude Dahlerup, Statsvetenskapliga Drude Dahlerup, Statsvetenskapliga Institutionen, Stockholms UniversitetInstitutionen, Stockholms Universitet

Nordisk Ministerråd, Reykjavik 18-19 Nordisk Ministerråd, Reykjavik 18-19 November 2009November 2009

Vår nordiska barnatroVår nordiska barnatro

1. Norden ligger bäst till i världen, 1. Norden ligger bäst till i världen, när det gäller när det gäller jämställdhet/ligestillingjämställdhet/ligestilling

2. Det går ständigt framåt med 2. Det går ständigt framåt med jämställdhetenjämställdheten

(Teigen & Skjeie: Rejse-metaforen – (Teigen & Skjeie: Rejse-metaforen – vi er på vej fremad!)vi er på vej fremad!)

Women’s Parliamentary Women’s Parliamentary Representation – Representation –

world averages 2009world averages 2009 (single or lower houses of parliament)(single or lower houses of parliament)

Americas: Americas: 22.4 %22.4 % Europe Europe 21.0 %21.0 % Asia: Asia: 18.5 18.5 %% Sub-Saharan Africa:Sub-Saharan Africa: 18.3 %18.3 % Pacific:Pacific: 13.0 % 13.0 % Arab countries:Arab countries: 9.7 % 9.7 % World average 18.7 %World average 18.7 % (Nordic countries: 41.8. European Parl. (Nordic countries: 41.8. European Parl.

35.135.1

World competitionWorld competition

For very long time the Nordic For very long time the Nordic countries and the Netherlands were countries and the Netherlands were alone at the top of the world rank alone at the top of the world rank order on women’s representationorder on women’s representation

That is no longer the case That is no longer the case

TOP 15 - Lower/single TOP 15 - Lower/single Houses 2009Houses 2009

1. Rwanda 1. Rwanda 56.3 (2008) 56.3 (2008) Legal Quotas Legal Quotas PRPR2. Sweden 2. Sweden 47.3 (2006) 47.3 (2006) Party Quotas Party Quotas PRPR3. South Africa3. South Africa 44.5 (2009)44.5 (2009) Party QuotasParty Quotas PRPR4. Cuba 4. Cuba 43.2 (2008)43.2 (2008) NA NA Plurality/majPlurality/maj5. Iceland5. Iceland 42.9 (2009)42.9 (2009) Party QuotasParty Quotas PRPR6. Finland6. Finland 42.0 (2007)42.0 (2007) No QuotasNo Quotas PRPR7. Argentina 7. Argentina 41.6 (2009)41.6 (2009) Legal Quotas Legal Quotas PRPR8. Norway8. Norway 39.6 (2009)39.6 (2009) Party Quotas Party Quotas PRPR9. Costa Rica 9. Costa Rica 38.6 ( 2006)38.6 ( 2006) Legal Quotas Legal Quotas PRPR10. Denmark 10. Denmark 37.4 (2007)37.4 (2007) No Quotas No Quotas PRPR11. Angola11. Angola37.3 (2008)37.3 (2008) Legal QuotasLegal Quotas PRPR12.Belgium12.Belgium 36.7 (2007)36.7 (2007) Legal QuotasLegal Quotas PRPR13.Netherlands 13.Netherlands 36.7 (2006) 36.7 (2006) Party QuotasParty Quotas PRPR14. Spain14. Spain 36.3 (2008)36.3 (2008) Legal QuotasLegal Quotas PRPR15. Mozambique 34.8 (2004)15. Mozambique 34.8 (2004) Party Quotas Party Quotas PRPRElection day figures. Party quotas: if at least one party represented Election day figures. Party quotas: if at least one party represented

in parl. uses voluntary quotasin parl. uses voluntary quotas

DanmarkDanmark

””Køn og magt i dansk politik og Køn og magt i dansk politik og centraladministration” centraladministration”

Forfatter: Christina Fiig, Aalborg Forfatter: Christina Fiig, Aalborg Universitet Universitet

Overblik over de politisk Overblik over de politisk valgtevalgte

- - kvindeandelen, %kvindeandelen, % 1993-4 1993-4 2005-092005-09

FolketingetFolketinget 34 34 3838 Amtsråd/regionsrådAmtsråd/regionsråd 31 31 3434 KommunerKommuner 28 28 27 (2005)27 (2005) RegeringenRegeringen 33 33 42 (2009)42 (2009) EU-parlamentetEU-parlamentet 44 44 46 (2009)46 (2009)

GlasloftetGlasloftet

En metafor for strukturelle En metafor for strukturelle barrierer eller strukturel barrierer eller strukturel diskriminationdiskrimination

Är kvinnorna problemet eller Är kvinnorna problemet eller institutionerna?institutionerna?

Kön och politisk makt i Kön och politisk makt i SverigeSverige

Författare: Christna Alnevall, Författare: Christna Alnevall,

Statsvetenskapliga Statsvetenskapliga Insitutionen, Stockholms Insitutionen, Stockholms

UniversitetUniversitet

SverigeSverige

Kvinnorepresentationens utveckling i Sveriges Riksdag, Kvinnorepresentationens utveckling i Sveriges Riksdag, 1921-20061921-2006

Källa: SCB (2008)Källa: SCB (2008)

Ledamöter i kommunfullmäktige, Ledamöter i kommunfullmäktige, de största partierna i hela landetde största partierna i hela landet

1991: 1 parti över 40% kvinnor1991: 1 parti över 40% kvinnor 1994 och 1998: 3 partier över 40% 1994 och 1998: 3 partier över 40%

kvinnorkvinnor 2002 och 2006: 5 partier över 40% 2002 och 2006: 5 partier över 40%

kvinnorkvinnor

Moderaterna och Kristdemokraterna Moderaterna och Kristdemokraterna ligger i senaste valet, 2006, under 40%ligger i senaste valet, 2006, under 40%

””Övriga partier” under 30%Övriga partier” under 30%

Könskvotering i politiken – Könskvotering i politiken – populärt och kontroversielltpopulärt och kontroversiellt Almost 50 countries have introduced Almost 50 countries have introduced

electoral gender quotas in their electoral gender quotas in their constitution or electoral law.constitution or electoral law.

In more than 50 other countries some In more than 50 other countries some political parties make use of voluntary political parties make use of voluntary party quotas for their electoral listparty quotas for their electoral list

A global overview:A global overview: Drude Dahlerup (ed): “Women, Quotas Drude Dahlerup (ed): “Women, Quotas

and Politics”. Routledge 2006.and Politics”. Routledge 2006. www.quotaproject.orgwww.quotaproject.org

Brugen af kvotering i Brugen af kvotering i Nordisk politikNordisk politik

DKDK FIFI ISIS NN SS

1980’erne:1980’erne:

Råd, styrelser m.vRåd, styrelser m.v JaJa JaJa JaJa JaJaRek.Rek.

1980-90’erne:1980-90’erne:

Frivillig partikvoteringFrivillig partikvotering (Nej)(Nej) NejNej JaJa JaJa JaJa

1990’erne:1990’erne:

Kommunal kvoteringKommunal kvotering NejNej JaJa NejNej JaJaNejNej

2000-tallet:2000-tallet:

AktieselskaberneAktieselskaberne NejNej NejNej NejNej JaJa NejNej

Why are electoral gender Why are electoral gender quotas so controversial, and quotas so controversial, and

yet so popular?yet so popular?

May be because quotas is a very May be because quotas is a very simple answer to a complex question! simple answer to a complex question!

And because quotas work – provided And because quotas work – provided the quota rules match the electoral the quota rules match the electoral system, include rank order rules, and system, include rank order rules, and sanctions for non-compliance sanctions for non-compliance

New strategies and toolsNew strategies and tools

What to do when the Nordic What to do when the Nordic incremental model has stopped incremental model has stopped working?working?

Worst case scenario: A continuous Worst case scenario: A continuous belief in a constant progress, that is belief in a constant progress, that is no longer taking place!no longer taking place!

Two discourses on womenTwo discourses on women’’s under-s under-representation in political institutions:representation in political institutions:

1. The incremental track discourse 1. The incremental track discourse –– Typical for the Nordic countries until Typical for the Nordic countries until

recentlyrecently

2. 2. The fastThe fast track discourse track discourse –– The Beijing Platform for ActionThe Beijing Platform for Action

Constructed as two ideal typesConstructed as two ideal types Drude Dahlerup & Lenita Freidenvall: Drude Dahlerup & Lenita Freidenvall: ””Quotas as a Quotas as a ’’fast trackfast track’’ to to

equal representation for women. Why Scandinavia is no longer equal representation for women. Why Scandinavia is no longer the modelthe model”” Int. Feminist Journal of Politics, vol. 7, no.1.,2005. Int. Feminist Journal of Politics, vol. 7, no.1.,2005.

The Incremental track discourseThe Incremental track discourse::

1. Problem-diagnosis1. Problem-diagnosis WomenWomen’’s lack of resources and old prejudices lack of resources and old prejudice

2. Goal2. Goal ‘‘More women in politicsMore women in politics’’

3. Strategy3. Strategy Increase womenIncrease women’’s resources and commitment s resources and commitment

4. General perception of the cause of history:4. General perception of the cause of history: Equal representation may take decades, but Equal representation may take decades, but

will eventually be achieved in due course as will eventually be achieved in due course as country develops.country develops.

The fast track discourse:The fast track discourse:

1. Problem-diagnosis1. Problem-diagnosis Exclusion and discriminationExclusion and discrimination

2. Goal2. Goal ‘‘Gender balance in politicsGender balance in politics’’

3. Strategy3. Strategy Affirmative actions, electoral gender quotasAffirmative actions, electoral gender quotas

4. General perception of the cause of history:4. General perception of the cause of history: WomenWomen’’s representation does not increase by s representation does not increase by

some historical necessity. Backlash may even some historical necessity. Backlash may even be possible.be possible.

Rank-order rules are Rank-order rules are necessarynecessary

(legislated and voluntary gender quotas)(legislated and voluntary gender quotas) 1. Zipper system – alternation 1. Zipper system – alternation

throughout the list (mostly Left and throughout the list (mostly Left and Green parties)Green parties)

2. The top two cannot be of the same sex 2. The top two cannot be of the same sex (Belgium – 50 % for whole list)(Belgium – 50 % for whole list)

3. 40:60 for every 5 posts on the list. If 3. 40:60 for every 5 posts on the list. If less than 5 ’eligible’ posts, as close to less than 5 ’eligible’ posts, as close to 40:60 as possible (Spain).40:60 as possible (Spain).

Sanctions for non-Sanctions for non-compliance:compliance:

(legal quota systems)(legal quota systems)

1. Rejection of the list (Spain, Slovenia, 1. Rejection of the list (Spain, Slovenia, France at the local level)France at the local level)

2. Places shall remain empty (Belgium)2. Places shall remain empty (Belgium)

3. Financial penalty (France at the 3. Financial penalty (France at the national level, Portugal)national level, Portugal)