AFRICA KNOWLEDGE CATALOG

2017

A COLLECTION OF OUR BEST

ANALYTICAL WORK ON

AFRICA IN THE PAST

FIVE YEARS

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01

04GENDER

INNOVATION

LAB (GIL)

OFFICE OF THE

AFRICA CHIEF

ECONOMIST

07AGRICULTURE

13ENERGY AND

EXTRACTIVES

10EDUCATION

16ENVIRONMENT

AND NATURAL

RESOURCES

19FINANCE AND

MARKETS

21GOVERNANCE

26MACROECONOMICS

AND FISCAL

MANAGEMENT

23HEALTH,

NUTRITION,

AND POPULATION

29POVERTY

32SOCIAL

DEVELOPMENT

35SOCIAL

PROTECTION

AND LABOR

41TRANSPORT

AND ICT

38TRADE AND

COMPETITIVENESS

44URBAN AND

DISASTER RISK

MANAGEMENT

47WATER

TABLE OF CONTENT

YES AFRICA CAN: SUCCESS STORIES FROM A DYNAMIC CONTINENTChuhan-Pole, Punam; Angwafo, Manka. 2011.

Over the past decade Sub-Saharan Africa saw a turnaround in

economic performance. After years of stagnation, gross

domestic product (GDP) grew from an annual average rate of

less than 2 percent in 1978-95 to nearly 6 percent over 2003-08.

Increased dynamism in Sub-Saharan Africa is evident across a

broad swath of countries. It has created optimism that Africa's

favorable development performance will be long lasting and

that it could dramatically transform countries in the region.

Along the way, the prevailing discourse on Africa's economic

development has shifted from whether the region will develop

to how the region is developing. After a review of the major

recent economic developments in Africa, this overview

describes the approach and methodology used in the study of

African successes.

YOUTH EMPLOYMENT IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICAFilmer, Deon; Fox, Louise. 2014.

Meeting the youth employment challenge, and understand-

ing the forces that created the challenge, can open potential

pathways toward a better life for young people and better

prospects for the countries where they live. Theis report

examines obstacles faced by households and firms in meeting

the youth employment challenge. It focuses primarily on

productivity, in agriculture, in nonfarm household enterpris-

es, and in the modern wage sector, because productivity is

the key to higher earnings as well as to more stable, less

vulnerable, livelihoods.

To respond to the policy makers' dilemma, the report

identifies specific areas where government intervention can

reduce those obstacles to productivity for households and

firms, leading to brighter employment prospects for youth,

their parents, and their own children.

OFFICE OF THE AFRICA CHIEF ECONOMISTAfter lackluster economic performance for decades, Sub-Saharan Africa has seen a visible turnaround that

began in the mid-1990s Africa stands to gain economically, socially, and substantially from channeling the energy of its

young labor force into more productive employment Methodologies for evaluating funding of road projects have been disjointed and unreliable Even the most optimistic estimates of poverty reduction imply that

more people lived in poverty in 2012 than in 1990 Addressing the quality of public spending and the

efficiency of resource use is perhaps even more important than addressing the level of spending Human capital should be

prioritized in many of Sub-Saharan Africa’s resource-rich countries because of the low starting point The

inability of millions of people living in poverty to benefit from natural resource wealth is a disappointment

African cities must develop scale economies, which are associated with successful urban economic development in

other regions The full potential of the demographic dividend can be realized in Sub-Saharan Africa with

proactive policies Involving complex interactions among many factors, vulnerability in drylands is rising,

jeopardizing the livelihood of millions.

01

POVERTY IN A RISING AFRICABeegle, Kathleen; Christiaensen, Luc; Dabalen, Andrew; Gaddis, Isis.

2016.

Two decades of unprecedented economic growth in Africa

should have brought substantial improvements in well-being.

Whether or not they did, remains unclear given the poor

quality of the data, the nature of the growth process

(especially the role of natural resources), conflicts that affect

part of the region, and high population growth.

Poverty in a Rising Africa documents the data challenges and

systematically reviews the evidence on poverty from

monetary and nonmonetary perspectives, as well as a focus

on dimensions of inequality. The report maps out the

availability and quality of the data needed to track monetary

poverty, reflects on the governance and political processes

that underpin the current situation with respect to data

production, and describes some approaches to addressing the

data gaps.

REAPING RICHER RETURNS: PUBLIC SPENDING PRIORITIES FOR AFRICAN AGRICULTURE PRODUCTIVITY GROWTHGoyal, Aparajita; Nash, John. 2016.

The rigorous analysis presented in this book provides options

for reform with a view to enhancing investment in the sector

and eventually development impact. The evidence show that

the efficient use of public funds has been instrumental in

laying the foundations for agricultural productivity growth

around the world, providing important lessons for African

policymakers and development partners. Investments in rural

public goods, combined with better policies and institutions

drive agricultural productivity growth. The dividends from

investments to strengthen markets, develop and disseminate

improved technologies and expand irrigation can be

enormous.

FROM MINES AND WELLS TO WELL-BUILT MINDS: TURNING SUB-SA-HARAN AFRICA’S NATURAL RESOURCE WEALTH INTO HUMAN CAPITALde la Brière, Bénédicte; Filmer, Deon; Ringold, Dena; Rohner,

Dominic; Samuda, Karelle; and Denisova, Anastasiya. 2017.

Sub-Saharan Africa’s natural resource-rich countries have poor

human development. Despite the current price downturn,

extractives will remain an important part of Sub-Saharan

Africa’s growth story - using resource rents wisely remains a

long-term challenge.

Governments must choose how to allocate resource rents

between spending, investing in human or physical capital, or

investing in global financial assets. This report shows how

these countries should tackle the governance challenges in

delivering services, invest in early child development, and use

the cash generated by resource rents to support citizen

investments in human capital.

HIGHWAYS TO SUCCESS OR BYWAYS TO WASTE : ESTIMATING THE ECO-NOMIC BENEFITS OF ROADS IN AFRICAAli, Rubaba; Barra, A. Federico; Berg, Claudia; Damania, Richard;

Nash, John; Russ, Jason. 2015.

Roughly $6.8 billion per year is spent in Sub-Saharan Africa on

paving roads, and the World Bank invests more on roads than

on education, health, and social services combined. This report

hopes to establish a new methodology for prioritizing funding

that can be applied to diverse scenarios, regions, and projects.

This book demonstrates how modern econometrics and

geospatial techniques can be combined to analyze the latest

available geo-referenced datasets at the smallest possible

scale to answer some of the most important questions in

development. Aimed at researchers from across the spectrum

of international development, this book seeks to be a reference

guide for all who seek new tools and insights into the many

issues, both technical and nontechnical, of this important field.

02

MINING IN AFRICA: ARE LOCAL COMMUNITIES BETTER OFF?Chuhan-Pole, Punam; Dabalen, Andrew L., and Land, Bryan

Christopher. 2017.

Interest is growing in going beyond the national or

aggregate impact to understand whether mining communi-

ties benefit from a resource boom and, if they do not, what

could explain this. The objective of this study is to gain a

better understanding of the socioeconomic impact of

resource extraction on local communities in Africa.

The study explores the effect of mining on the composition

of employment, wages, and access to infrastructure (water,

electricity), child health outcomes, and agricultural

production in communities where resource extraction takes

place. The study also examines the extent of resource

revenues received by governments in mining areas, and

assesses whether the size and composition of fiscal

spending on these communities are affected by mining.

AFRICA’S CITIES: OPENING DOORS TO THE WORLDSomik V. Lall. 2017.

Cities in Sub-Saharan Africa are experiencing rapid population

growth. Yet their economic growth has not kept pace. Why?

One factor might be low capital investment, due in part to

Africa’s relative poverty: Other regions have reached similar

stages of urbanization at higher per capita GDP. This study,

however, identifies a deeper reason: African cities are closed to

the world.

Compared with other developing cities, cities in Africa produce

few goods and services for trade on regional and international

markets. To grow economically as they are growing in size,

Africa’s cities must open their doors to the world. They need to

specialize in manufacturing, along with other regionally and

globally tradable goods and services.

AFRICA'S DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION: DIVIDEND OR DISASTER?Canning, David; Raja, Sangeeta; Yazbeck, Abdo S. 2015.

With the right economic and human development policies,

sustained economic growth in Africa can get a boost from a

“demographic dividend.” Declines in child mortality, followed

by declines in fertility, produce a “bulge” generation and a

large number of working-age people, giving a boost to the

economy.

This report lays out a range of policy actions that are needed

at the various phases of the demographic transition and uses

global and regional experiences to provide evidence on what

has worked and what has not. Countries have a menu of

options available to speed up the transition, empower and

educate women and girls, improve investment in the resulting

youth cohort, expand labor markets, and encourage savings.

CONFRONTING DROUGHT IN AFRICA’S DRYLANDS: OPPORTUNITIES FOR ENHANCING RESILIENCECervigni, Raffaello; Morris, Michael. 2016

This book focuses on what should be the focus of the next

generation of interventions aimed at enhancing the resilience

of dryland populations in the face of demographic, economic,

environmental, and climatic change. As competition for

resources intensifies, conflicts over land, water, and feed are

likely to multiply, reducing the ability of governments,

development agencies, and local communities to manage the

impacts of droughts and other shocks. In this context, building

resilience to droughts and other shocks is of paramount

importance.

Over the longer run, structural transformation of the economy

may generate opportunities for new livelihood activities that

are less vulnerable to the impacts of droughts and other shocks.

03

THE COST OF THE GENDER GAP IN AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIVITY IN MALAWI, TANZANIA AND UGANDAUN Women; UNDP; UNEP; World Bank Group. 2015.

Women comprise a large proportion of the agricultural labor

force in Sub-Saharan Africa, ranging from 30 to 80 percent

(FAO 2011). Yet women farmers are consistently found to be

less productive than male farmers. This report estimates the

monetary value of the gender gap in agricultural productivity

in Malawi, Tanzania, and Uganda. It provides a unique

quantification of the costs in terms of lost growth opportuni-

ties and an estimate of what societies, economies, and

communities would gain if the gender gap in agriculture is

addressed. Closing the gender gap in agricultural productivity

could potentially lift as many as 238,000 people out of poverty

in Malawi, 80,000 people in Tanzania, and 119,000 people in

Uganda.

LEVELLING THE FIELD: IMPROVING OPPORTUNITIES FOR WOMEN FARMERS IN AFRICAWorld Bank; ONE Campaign. 2014.

A key hindrance to agricultural development and broader

growth is a wide and pervasive gender gap in agricultural

productivity. Women comprise nearly half of the labor force in

Africa's agriculture sector, and more than half in several

countries, but on the whole they produce less per hectare

than men. Existing evidence from small-scale studies across

the continent documents the numerous disadvantages that

women face in accessing the same resources, training,

markets and opportunities as men. Tackling the barriers that

hold back the productivity of female farmers could both

enhance gender equality and usher in broader economic

growth.

GENDER INNOVATION LAB (GIL)The gender gap in agricultural productivity ranges from 4 to 25 percent, depending on the country and the crop

The African Union has declared 2014 to be the 'year of agriculture and food security' providing an opportunity to redress the inequalities within the sector A growing body of evidence highlight the importance of environmental factors in

shaping gender differences for competition A range of reasons is cited to explain gender differences in business performance in Africa. Within those, the sector of operations is consistently identified as a major issue. In

Benin, female-managed landholdings in treated villages are more likely to be left fallow - an important soil fertility investment Despite regulatory efforts designed to make it easier for firms to formalize, informality remains extremely high among firms in Sub-Saharan Africa The Economic Empowerment of Adolescent Girls and Young Women (EPAG) project in Liberia increased employment by 47 percent and earnings by 80

percent Occupational sector selection has been identified as an important determinant of returns for female entrepreneurs.

04

WOMEN'S EMPOWERMENT, SIBLING RIVALRY, AND COMPETITIVENESS: EVIDENCE FROM A LAB EXPERIMENT AND A RANDOMIZED CONTROL TRIAL IN UGANDABuehren, Niklas; Goldstein, Markus; Leonard, Kenneth; Montalvao,

Joao; Vasilaky, Kathryn. 2016.

This study looks at how a community event—adolescent

women's economic and social empowerment -- and a family

factor -- sibling sex composition—interact in shaping gender

differences in preferences for competition. To do so, a

lab-in-the-field experiment is conducted using competitive

games layered over the randomized rollout of a community

program that empowered adolescent girls in Uganda. In contrast

with the literature, the study finds no gender differences in

competitiveness among adolescents, on average. It also finds no

evidence of differences in competitiveness between girls in

treatment and control communities, on average.

BREAKING THE METAL CEILING: FEMALE ENTREPRENEURS WHO SUC-CEED IN MALE-DOMINATED SECTORSCampos, Francisco; Goldstein, Markus; McGorman, Laura; Munoz

Boudet, Ana Maria; Pimhidzai, Obert. 2015

This paper uses a mixed methods approach to assess how

women entrepreneurs in Uganda start (and strive) operating

firms in male-dominated sectors, and what hinders other

women from doing so. The study finds that women who cross

over into male-dominated sectors make as much as men, and

three times more than women who stay in female-dominated

sectors. The paper finds that there is a problem of information

about opportunities in male-dominated industries. The

analysis also concludes that psychosocial factors, particularly

the influence of male role models and exposure to the sector

from family and friends, are critical in helping women

circumvent or overcome the norms that undergird occupation-

al segregation.

FORMALIZING RURAL LAND RIGHTS IN WEST AFRICA: EARLY EVIDENCE FROM A RANDOMIZED IMPACT EVALUATION IN BENINGoldstein, Markus; Houngbedji, Kenneth; Kondylis, Florence;

O'Sullivan, Michael; Selod, Harris. 2015.

This paper presents early evidence from the first large-scale

randomized-controlled trial of a land formalization program.

The study examines the links between land demarcation and

investment in rural Benin in light of a model of agricultural

production under insecure tenure. The demarcation process

involved communities in the mapping and attribution of land

rights; cornerstones marked parcel boundaries and offered

lasting landmarks.

Consistent with the model, improved tenure security under

demarcation induces a shift toward long-term investment on

treated parcels.

SHORT-TERM IMPACTS OF FORMALIZATION ASSISTANCE AND A BANK INFORMATION SESSION ON BUSINESS REGISTRATION AND ACCESS TO FINANCE IN MALAWICampos, Francisco; Goldstein, Markus; McKenzie, David. 2015.

Despite regulatory efforts designed to make it easier for firms

to formalize, informality remains extremely high among firms

in Sub-Saharan Africa. This paper provides initial results from

an experiment in Malawi. The paper measures the short-term

impacts of formalization on financial access and usage.

Business registration alone has no impact for either men or

women on bank account usage, savings, or credit. However,

the combination of formalization assistance and the bank

information session results in significant impacts on having a

business bank account, financial practices, savings, and use of

complementary financial products.

05

THE IMPACT OF AN ADOLESCENT GIRLS EMPLOYMENT PROGRAM : THE EPAG PROJECT IN LIBERIAAdoho, Franck; Chakravarty, Shubha; Korkoyah, Dala T., Jr.;

Lundberg, Mattias; Tasneem, Afia. 2014.

This paper presents findings from the impact evaluation of

the Economic Empowerment of Adolescent Girls and Young

Women (EPAG) project in Liberia which aimed at increasing

the employment and income of 2,500 young Liberian women

by providing livelihood and life skills training and facilitating

their transition to productive work. Strong impacts are found

on the employment and earnings outcomes of program

participants, relative to a control group of non-participants.

The EPAG program increased employment by 47 percent and

earnings by 80 percent. In addition, the impact evaluation

documents positive effects on a variety of empowerment

measures, including access to money, self-confidence, and

anxiety about circumstances and the future.

EMPOWERING ADOLESCENT GIRLS: EVIDENCE FROM A RANDOMIZED CONTROL TRIAL IN UGANDABandiera, Oriana; Buehren, Niklas; Burgess, Robin; Goldstein,

Markus; Gulesci, Selim; Rasul, Imran; Sulaiman, Munshi. 2012.

Nearly 60 percent of Uganda's population is aged below twenty. This

generation faces health and economic challenges associated with

human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), early pregnancy, and

unemployment. Whether these challenges are due to a lack of

information and or vocational skills is however uncertain. A program

was conducted to provide: (i) vocational training to run small-scale

enterprises; and (ii) information on health and risky behaviors.

The program conducted, positively impacts behaviors on both

economic and health margins. The findings suggest combined

interventions might be more effective among adolescent girls than

single-pronged interventions aiming to improve labor market

outcomes solely through vocational training, or to change risky

behaviors solely through education programs.

FEMALE ENTREPRENEURS WHO SUCCEED IN MALE-DOMINATED SECTORS IN ETHIOPIAAlibhai, Salman; Buehren, Niklas; Papineni, Sreelakshmi. 2015.

The challenges Ethiopian women face in getting jobs and

earning income come from a range of sources. Women start

from a more difficult situation than men --without easy access

to finance, land, training, education and effective business

networks.

If sectors that are traditionally male-owned provide an

opportunity to earn higher returns then why do women

continue to work in lower return sectors? This paper examines

this question in a bid towards encouraging the productivity of

female businesses and closing the gender gap. Providing

support to women entrepreneurs to transition into more

profitable male-dominated sectors is a step in the right

direction to close the gender gap.

SISTERS OF SUCCESS: MEASURING THE IMPACT OF MENTORING AND GIRLS GROUPS IN SUPPORTING GIRLS' TRANSITION INTO ADOLESCENCE AND ADULTHOOD, IN LIBERIAWorld Bank. 2016.

This report's primary focus is describing the lives of these girls, prior

to the start of the Sisters of Success (SOS) program, with focuses on

schooling, sexuality, and self-esteem and self-efficacy. Additionally

it describe girls' households' composition and financial situations,

including parental involvement and support; girls' time use; girls'

income generating activities; histories of domestic and sexual

abuse; and girls' mentors and role models prior to the SOS

program. The extent to which the results of the study can

reasonably represent the results one would expect for other girls in

Greater Monrovia depends on how similar the girls and households

in our study are to a representative sample of girls in Greater

Monrovia. Analysis suggests that they are in fact quite similar.

06

GROWING AFRICA - UNLOCKING THE POTENTIAL OF AGRIBUSINESSByerlee, Derek; Garcia, Andres F.; Giertz, Asa; Palmade, Vincent;

Palmade, Vincent. 2013.

The report synthesizes the large body of work on agriculture

and agribusiness in Africa. It builds on a diagnosis of specific

value chains, and analyzes 170 agribusiness investments by

the Commonwealth Development Corporation (CDC) in Africa

and Southeast Asia to gain perspective on the elements of

success and failure. The report synthesizes perspectives from

the private sector through interviews with 23 leading

agribusiness investors and a number of other key informants

and offers practical policy advice based on the experience of

countries from within and outside Africa.

REAPING RICHER RETURNS: PUBLIC SPENDING PRIORITIES FOR AFRICAN AGRICULTURE PRODUCTIVITY GROWTHGoyal, Aparajita; Nash, John D.. 2016.

The rigorous analysis presented in this book provides options

for reform with a view to enhancing investment in the sector

and eventually development impact. The evidence show that

the efficient use of public funds has been instrumental in

laying the foundations for agricultural productivity growth

around the world, providing important lessons for African

policymakers and development partners. Investments in rural

public goods, combined with better policies and institutions

drive agricultural productivity growth. The dividends from

investments to strengthen markets, develop and disseminate

improved technologies and expand irrigation can be

enormous.

AGRICULTUREAgriculture and agribusiness should be at the top of the agenda for much of Africa. The return

to economic growth in Africa since the 1990s, burgeoning urbanization, and buoyant global commodity markets now provide

unprecedented market opportunities for Africa to develop a competitive agribusiness sector Agricultural spending in

Sub-Saharan Africa lags behind other developing regions on several metrics of volume. Addressing the quality of public spending and the efficiency of resource use is perhaps even more important than addressing the level of spending Women’s

productivity is lower than men’s, not because they are women, but because informal, smaller firms are inherently less productive,

and more women operate these types of enterprises. The real challenge in expanding opportunities and empowering women is not to help more women to become small-scale, informal entrepreneurs but to enable them to

shift to activities capable of delivering higher returns and employing others The livestock sector is of major importance to the drylands economy, its people, and their lands. Driven by population increases and income

growth within the region, as well as by expanding demand from global markets, demand for African livestock and livestock

products is expected to grow rapidly, but large majority of livestock keepers in dryland regions of SSA are classified as poor

African farmers and the leaders of their organizations are key players in terms of meeting demographic, economic, and environmental challenges, and bringing about essential changes on farms, in regions, and in the management of

agricultural industries.

07

LINKING WOMEN WITH AGRIBUSINESS IN ZAMBIA: CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY, CREATING SHARED VALUE, AND HUMAN RIGHTS APPROACHESWorld Bank. 2015. 2015.

Africa boasts the highest share of female ‘entrepreneurs,’ but

these women are disproportionately concentrated in the

ranks of the self-employed rather than among the

employers. Women’s productivity is lower than men’s, not

because they are women, but because informal, smaller

firms are inherently less productive, and more women

operate these types of enterprises. The real challenge in

expanding opportunities and empowering women is not to

help more women to become small-scale, informal

entrepreneurs but to enable them to shift to activities

capable of delivering higher returns and employing others

PROSPECTS FOR LIVESTOCK-BASED LIVELIHOODS IN AFRICA'S DRYLANDSde Haan, Cees. 2016.

This book examines the challenges and opportunities facing

the livestock sector and the people who depend on livestock in

the dryland regions of Sub-Saharan Africa.

In arid and semi-arid zones, a reasonable goal for 2030 is to

have land use, training, and microfinance systems established

that promote an appropriate balance between human and

livestock carrying capacities. In the higher rainfall zones of

the semi-arid areas, and in the sub-humid zones, a reasonable

goal for 2030 is to have intensified production systems

established, featuring mainly mixed livestock/arable farming

or agro-pastoral systems that are closely linked to nearby

grassland/pastoral systems and that consistently generate

marketable surpluses of differentiated red meat and livestock

products that can compete not only in the expanding

domestic market but also in selected regional markets.

CHALLENGES FOR AFRICAN AGRICULTUREDevèze, Jean-Claude. 2011.

The issue of feeding the planet has once again become crucial.

Sub-Saharan African farms need to produce more and better

crops, promote available human capital, and make these

efforts sustainable. African farmers and the leaders of their

organizations are key players in terms of meeting these three

challenges and bringing about these essential changes on

farms, in regions and in the way agricultural industries are

managed. This collective work will have met its objective if it

helps change the way we view the potential of Africa’s

smallholding farms and if all those needed to promote it are

given incentives to make long-term commitments.

AGRICULTURE AS A SECTOR OF OPPOR-TUNITY FOR YOUNG PEOPLE IN AFRICABrooks, Karen; Zorya, Sergiy; Gautam, Amy; Goyal, Aparajita. 2013.

This paper argues that Africans can harvest the “youth

dividend” by accelerating the transformative change in

agriculture that simultaneously raises productivity, reduces

real food prices, boosts rural incomes, and creates jobs.

Although farming is now often done by the elderly, the

profession’s requirements for energy, innovation, and physical

strength make it ideally suited for those in the 15-34 year-old

age range; that is, “the mature young.”

With much higher priority accorded to implementation of

well-designed public investments in agriculture, continued

progress on regulatory and policy reform, and a modest

overlay of attention to assure inclusion of young people in

Africa’s agricultural renaissance, the sector’s handsome youth

dividend can be collected and widely shared.

08

POLICY BRIEF: OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES FOR CLIMATE-SMART AGRICULTURE IN AFRICAWorld Bank. 2013.

Climate-smart agriculture includes proven practical

techniques-such as mulching, intercropping, conservation

agriculture, crop rotation, integrated crop-livestock

management, agroforestry, improved grazing, and

improved water management-but also innovative practices

such as better weather forecasting, early warning systems

and risk insurance. Climate-smart agriculture fully

incorporates attention to climate risk management and

offers some unique opportunities to tackle food security,

adaptation and mitigation objectives. African countries will

particularly benefit from climate-smart agriculture given

the central role of agriculture as a means to poverty

alleviation and the major negative impacts that climate

change is likely to have on the African continent.

ICTS FOR AGRICULTURE IN AFRICAZyl, Omri Van; Alexander, Trish; Graaf, Liezl De; Mukherjee, Kamal.

2014.

African agriculture is predominantly rain-fed, has low-yielding

production, and lacks access to critical information, market

facilitation, and financial intermediation services. The role that

ICT can play in addressing these challenges is increasing as

personal ICT devices such as mobile phones or tablet are

becoming more widely available.

ICT, when embedded in broader stakeholder systems, can

bring economic development and growth as it can help bridge

critical knowledge gaps. Mobile technology, on the other

hand, is increasingly being adopted as the technology of

choice for delivery of ICT services and solutions. The wider

adoption of ICT in agriculture is of strategic importance to five

main stakeholder groups: businesses; farmers; researchers;

government; and citizens.

AWAKENING AFRICA'S SLEEPING GIANT World Bank. 2009.

Africa's Guinea Savannah zone, which covers about 600

million hectares in Africa, of which about 400 million hectares

can be used for agriculture, and of which less than 10 percent

are cropped. As such, it is one of the largest underused

agricultural land reserves in the world.

This report is based on a careful examination of the factors

that contributed to the successes achieved in Brazil and

Thailand, as well as comparative analysis of evidence obtained

through detailed case studies of three African (Mozambique,

Nigeria, and Zambia) countries. It argues that opportunities

abound for farmers in Africa to regain international competi-

tiveness, especially in light of projected stronger demand in

world markets for agricultural commodities over the long

term.

BUILDING COMPETITIVENESS IN AFRI-CA'S AGRICULTURE: A GUIDE TO VALUE CHAIN CONCEPTS AND APPLICATIONS Webber, C. Martin; Labaste, Patrick. 2010.

Enhancing value chain competitiveness is increasingly

recognized as an effective approach to generating growth and

reducing the rural poverty prevalent in the Sub- Saharan Africa

(SSA).

This guide aims to offer practical advice and tools to business-

men, policy makers, representatives of farmer or trade

organizations, and others who are engaged in SSA agro-enter-

prise and agribusiness development. It is particularly designed

for those who want to know more about value chain based

approaches, and how to use them in ways that can contribute

to sound operational decisions and results for enterprise and

industry development, as well as for policy making with

respect to doing business, stimulating investment, and

enhancing trade in the context of African agriculture.

09

EDUCATION PUBLIC EXPENDITURE REVIEW IN ZAMBIAWorld Bank Group. 2016.

The Zambian education system is historically well endowed

with public resources and the government’s strong commit-

ment to education. Despite stable funding to the education

sector, the system continues to face challenges in improving

the efficiency and effectiveness of resource use. Targeting the

poorest and the neediest students is important for maximizing

the impact of public expenditure, especially for post-primary

education. The country will benefit from an expansion of the

skills development sector (Technical Education, Vocational and

Entrepreneurship Training). The GRZ’s orientation toward

higher education is highly enabling and conducive to

universities, but the higher education system as a whole

suffers from weak resource management and ineffectiveness in

promoting equity.

SKILL USE, SKILL DEFICITS, AND FIRM PERFORMANCE IN FORMAL SECTOR ENTERPRISES: EVIDENCE FROM THE TANZANIA ENTERPRISE SKILLS SURVEY, 2015Tan, Hong; Bashir, Sajitha; Tanaka, Nobuyuki. 2016.

Inadequacies in Tanzania's education and training systems

compromise the quality of workforce skills, giving rise to skill

shortages, and constraining the operations and growth of

formal sector firms in the country. This study addresses these

concerns using data from a unique Enterprise Skills Survey

that asked Tanzanian employers about the education,

training, and occupational mix of their workforce, the skill

gaps in cognitive, non-cognitive, and job-specific competen-

cies affecting their operations, and the strategies they are

using to overcome these skill gaps.

EDUCATIONZambia will benefit from an expansion of the skills development sector, Technical Education, Vocational and Entrepreneurship Training (TEVET) In analyzing firm performance in Tanzania and its relation to skill mix, the study

found no impact from secondary education and technical vocational education and training

qualifications, Education is associated with different kinds of employment opportunities; the share of the population with at least a primary education is significantly higher in the formal sector than the informal

sector Reducing child marriage and teenage pregnancy can significantly contribute to the fertility declines needed to

accelerate this demographic transition Sub-Saharan Africa still accounts for less than 1 percent of the world’s research output, while its share of global population is 12 percent. It is precisely the assets that are identified in the midst of extremely difficult situations, can add value in the longer term to

education communities and systems. The most important group of interventions will be those concerned with equipping existing and future teachers of mathematics with the knowledge and competences necessary to help learners

acquire deep understanding of mathematical concept Interactive Audio Instruction has been shown to

dramatically improve the quality of teaching and learning in a range of contexts across subject matter, age, gender and location.

Within the next decade, when this cohort becomes the core of the labor market, an estimated 40 million more youth will drop out of school and will face an uncertain future with limited work and life skills

10

IMPROVING SKILLS DEVELOPMENT IN THE INFORMAL SECTOR: STRATEGIES FOR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICAAdams, Arvil V.; Johansson de Silva, Sara; Razmara, Setareh. 2013.

This book looks at the experience of skills development in

five African countries, Ghana, Kenya, Nigeria, Rwanda, and

Tanzania, that together account for one-third of the nearly

900 million people living in Sub-Saharan Africa. The study

examines: (a) the employment characteristics of the

informal sector, (b) its size and impact on poverty, (c) the

profile of education and training in the informal and formal

sectors and the links with employment and earnings, and

(d) the skills development strategies of those working in the

informal sector. The empirical analysis of the five country

cases shows that the nonfarm informal sector is a signifi-

cant part of the economic landscape in these countries.

ADOLESCENT GIRLS IN MALAWI: EXECUTIVE SUMMARYWorld Bank Group. 2016.

The high prevalence of child marriage and teenage pregnancy

among Malawian girls greatly contributes to the high fertility

and population growth trends, and is also closely interrelated

with a range of economic and socio-cultural determinants

that perpetuate a vicious cycle for the poorest and most

vulnerable girls and have costly consequences for them and

for the nation as a whole. Reducing child marriage and

teenage pregnancy can significantly contribute to the fertility

declines needed to accelerate this demographic transition and

would lead to better life outcomes for adolescent girls and

better opportunities for the next generation.

SUB-SAHARAN AFRICAN SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, ENGINEERING, AND MATHEMATICS RESEARCH: A DECADE OF DEVELOPMENTBlom, Andreas; Lan, George; Adil, Mariam. 2016.

This book analyzes Africa's current performance in Science,

Technology, Engineering and Math (STEM) research, as well as

future trends. It looks at Africa's research performance over a

decade, what it means for the continent's development and

how it can benefit the growing number of young people who

leave university each year looking for jobs. The book focuses

on research output and citation impact, important indicators

of the strength of a region's research enterprise. These

indicators are correlated with the region's long-term

development and important drivers of economic success.

Moreover, research is a key ingredient for quality higher

education.

CRITICAL CASE INSIGHTS FROM MALI: STRENGTHS AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR EDUCATION REFORM IN THE MIDST OF CRISISKelcey,Jo Alix;Reyes,Joel E.. 2014.

This assessment introduces a resilience lens to identify both

the risks brought about or accentuated during the recent

political and security crisis in the country, and the community

and institutional assets that have helped displaced and host

communities cope with it. The author's stress how the

education system protects and fosters the assets of local school

actors, but resilience also suffuses the institutional level,

contributing to the policies, programs, and resources that

address the protection and educational development needs of

students.

11

MATHEMATICS EDUCATION IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA: STATUS, CHALLENGES, AND OPPORTUNITIESBethell, George. 2016.

Investment in education yields significant returns for

individuals, communities, and nations. Returns are

maximized when the education system promotes the

acquisition of critical cognitive skills - linguistic literacy,

mathematical literacy, and problem solving skills. In an

increasingly technological world, mathematical literacy is

emerging as the most important of the cognitive skills. The

study is in response to a growing recognition that countries

in SSA will need to boost performance in the Science

Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) subjects

if they are to realize their full potential in a competitive

global market increasingly shaped by the use of new

technologies.

EXPANDING ACCESS TO EARLY CHILD-HOOD DEVELOPMENT: USING INTERACTIVE AUDIO INSTRUCTIONWorld Bank Group. 2015.

Interactive Audio Instruction (IAI) is a distance learning

technology that can deliver low-cost, culturally appropriate

education via radio or mobile audio technology. It is a highly

effective tool to reach children who can be hard to reach

through conventional programs, including the rural poor and

children with disabilities. IAI can also be an effective form of

service delivery in unstable and conflict-affected regions. IAI

has been shown to dramatically improve the quality of

teaching and learning in a range of contexts across subject

matter, age, gender and location. This document provides

guidance for program designers and managers who may be

interested in using IAI for early childhood development

programming.

OUT-OF-SCHOOL YOUTH IN SUB-SAHA-RAN AFRICA: A POLICY PERSPECTIVEInoue, Keiko; di Gropello, Emanuela; Taylor, Yesim Sayin; Gresham,

James. 2015.

The economic and social prospects are daunting for the 89

million out-of-school youth who comprise nearly half of all

youth in Sub-Saharan Africa. This report provides a diagnostic

analysis of the state of out-of-school youth in Sub-Saharan

Africa, focusing on the 12- to 24-year-old cohort. This report

also examines the decision path youth take as they progress

through the education system and the factors that explain

youth's school and work choices. It finds that individual and

household characteristics, social norms, and characteristics of

the school system all matter in understanding why youth drop

out and remain out of school.

SERVICE DELIVERY INDICATORSWorld Bank Group.

The Service Delivery Indicators initiative is a bold new

Africa-wide initiative that tracks performance and quality of

service delivery in primary schools and at frontline health

facilities across countries and over time. This partnership

between the World Bank, the African Development Bank and

the African Economic Research Consortium brings together

development economists and sectoral specialists and aims to

reposition the dialogue on human development in Africa

within the context of effectiveness of public spending, and

accountability for service delivery.

The vision is that SDI will be a highly trusted data source in

Africa, anticipated by policymakers, NGOs and the media every

2-3 years, and be used to inform policy, track performance and

hold officials accountable.

12

FROM THE BOTTOM UP: HOW SMALL POWER PRODUCERS AND MINI-GRIDS CAN DELIVER ELECTRIFICATION AND RENEWABLE ENERGY IN AFRICATenenbaum, Bernard; Greacen, Chris; Siyambalapitiya, Tilak;

Knuckles, James. 2014.

Most Sub-Saharan African countries try to promote rural electrifica-

tion through both centralized and decentralized approaches. This

guide focuses on the decentralized approach, providing practical

guidance on how small power producers and mini-grid operators

can deliver both electrification and renewable energy in rural areas.

It describes four basic types of on- and off-grid small power

producers, as well as several hybrid combinations that are emerging

in Africa and elsewhere.

The guide highlights the ground-level regulatory and policy

questions that must be answered by electricity regulators, rural

energy agencies, and ministries to promote commercially sustain-

able investments by private operators and community organizations.

THE POWER OF THE MINE: A TRANSFORMATIVE OPPORTUNITY FOR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICABanerjee, Sudeshna Ghosh; Romo, Zayra; McMahon, Gary; Toledano,

Perrine; Robinson, Peter; Pérez Arroyo, Inés. 2015.

Africa needs power - to grow its economies and enhance the

welfare of its people. This report explores the potential and

challenges of using mining demand for power as anchor load

for national power system development and expansion of

electrification.

This report finds that mining demand can indeed be a

game-changer - an opportunity where policymakers and

international community can make a difference in tapping the

enormous mineral wealth of Africa for the benefit of so many

people. While South Africa will continue to be the dominant

presence in mining landscape, its importance will reduce and

other countries, primarily in Southern African region, will

emerge as important contributors of mining demand for power.

ENERGY AND EXTRACTIVESOnly 14 percent of rural households in Sub-Saharan Africa (excluding South Africa) have access to electricity (IEA 2012). As a first step to improving access, most governments in the region have developed

national electrification strategies. Power for all is still a long distance away while vast energy resources remain untapped. One

solution to harness these resources could be to tap into the concept of anchor load. Sub-Saharan Africa will need to

ramp-up its power generation capacity substantially. Increasing private investment is critical to help expand and improve electricity supply. Examination of the financial viability of power sectors in 39 countries in Sub-Saharan Africa shows

that only two countries have a financially viable power sector, and only 19 cover operating expenditures.

ACCES’ vision is to scale up clean cooking and fuel technologies through a consultative, integrated,

enterprise-based approach to regional development About $27 billion was spent on energy sources in 2014 in Africa and Asia

–Solar-powered portable lights and home kits offer a better service at lower cost. The United Nations

general announced 2012 and 2014-24 as the year and decade of sustainable energy for all (SE4All). Nearly half the

world's population and about 81 percent of Sub-Saharan African households rely on wood-based biomass energy (fuel wood and charcoal) for cooking. SSA electrification practitioners face difficulty in obtaining practical

and timely knowledge on how to overcome economic, technical, institutional, and political barriers to electrification in

their day-to-day work.

13

INDEPENDENT POWER PROJECTS IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA: LESSONS FROM FIVE KEY COUNTRIESEberhard, Anton; Gratwick, Katharine; Morella, Elvira; Antmann,

Pedro. 2016.

The objective of this study is to evaluate the experience of

independent power projects (IPPs) and identify lessons that

can help African countries attract more and better private

investment. At the core of this analysis is a reflection on

whether IPPs have in fact benefited Sub-Saharan Africa, and

how they might be improved. The analysis is based

primarily on in depth case studies, carried out in five

countries, including Kenya, Nigeria, South Africa, Tanzania

and Uganda, which not only have the most numerous but

also among the most extensive experience with IPPs.

MAKING POWER AFFORDABLE FOR AFRICA AND VIABLE FOR ITS UTILITIESKojima, Masami; Trimble, Chris. 2016.

If operational inefficiencies can be eliminated, power sectors

in 13 countries become financially viable. In the remaining

two-thirds of the countries, tariffs will likely have to be

increased even after attaining benchmark operational

efficiency.

Analysis of power tariffs in another 39 African countries shows

that about half of them have small first blocks with low

lifeline rates. Data from national household expenditure

surveys in 22 African countries show that the subsistence level

of grid electricity is affordable to the vast majority of the

population in many countries with low rates of access.

However, benefits of progressive tariffs are compromised by

the widespread practice of multiple connections, prompted by

high costs of grid connection.

SCALING UP ACCESS TO CLEAN COOKING TECHNOLOGIES AND FUELS IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICAWorld Bank Group. 2012.

The World Bank is launching the Africa Clean Cooking Energy

Solutions (ACCES) initiative to promote enterprise-based,

large-scale dissemination and adoption of clean cooking

solutions in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). By increasing access to

modern technologies and cleaner fuels, the initiative seeks to

alleviate the adverse health, environment, and socio-econom-

ic impacts of traditional cooking practices in SSA. This new

initiative builds on experiences and lessons learned from

donor, government, public and private investments in clean

cooking solutions and the World Bank’s own operations,

comprehensive analytical work, as well as, the Lighting Africa

off-grid lighting market-transformation program.

LIGHTING AFRICA MARKET TRENDS REPORT 2016Bloomberg New Energy Finance and Woeld Bank Group. 2016.

The 1.2 billion people living without access to the power grid

spend about $27 billion annually on lighting and

mobile-phone charging with kerosene, candles, battery

torches or other fossil-fuel powered stopgap technologies.

This report takes stock of what the emerging 0ff-grid solar

industry has achieved, looks at the opportunities and

challenges facing the sector and assesses the potential of

off-grid solar to help achieve universal electricity access.

Off-grid solar products and services markets are maturing

rapidly. The market is projected to reach 99 million house-

holds by 2020, a fourfold increase from 25 million today. The

future of the off-grid solar market is determined by the

complex interplay of a range of drivers, from the behavior of

companies and customers to finance, technology and

regulation.

14

GLOBAL TRACKING FRAMEWORK 2015: PROGRESS TOWARD SUSTAINABLE ENERGYElizondo Azuela,Gabriela;Foster,Vivien;Sinton,Jonathan Edwards;-

Banerjee,Sudeshna Ghosh;Bathia, Mikul;Bazilian,Morgan. 2015.

Some 102 countries have formally opted into the of

sustainable energy for all (SE4All) initiative, of which 83 are

developing economies, and numerous corporations and

agencies have pledged tens of billions of dollars in support.

Global tracking framework (GTF) provides further analysis of

the investment required to attain the SE4All objectives,

examines how much countries have accessed the technolo-

gy and knowledge needed to move toward sustainable

energy for all, and identifies the improvements needed in

data collection and capacity building for a more nuanced

and accurate picture of progress. The SE4All GTF is one of

four activities aimed at measuring and tracking progress in

sustainable energy under the SE4All initiative.

WOOD BASED BIOMASS ENERGY DEVEL-OPMENT IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICASander, Klas;Haider, Syed Waqar;Hyseni, Besnik. 2011.

While electricity and other energy sources are needed to

satisfy additional energy needs emerging with economic

development, a vast majority of Sub-Saharan African

consumers continue to use wood based biomass energy for

cooking.

Biomass burning in cook stoves emits black carbon (BC) as

part of visible smoke. In the case of biomass cooking, the

warming effects of BC and the cooling effects of organic

carbon that is also emitted during the burning appear to be

closely balanced. Black carbon contributes to regional

pollution which can alter climatic conditions and precipitation

patterns over a wide area. This paper advocates that any policy

reform should entail a combination of clear rules, transparent

enforcement, strong incentives and awareness-creation/ca-

pacity development.

ASSESSING LOW CARBON DEVELOPMENT IN NIGERIACervigni, Raffaello; Rogers, John Allen; Dvorak, Irina. 2013.

The goal of this low-carbon analysis is to define likely trends in

carbon emissions up to 2035, based on government sector

development plans, and to identify opportunities for

achieving equivalent development objectives with a reduced

carbon footprint.

The results of this analysis (the first of its kind in Nigeria)

should be considered as a first approximation of the potential

for low-carbon development in the Nigerian agriculture sector.

The study aims at providing policy makers with an

order-of-magnitude estimate of mitigation potential, and an

understanding of the value of dedicating further efforts

(including through specific projects) at pursuing low-carbon

development in agriculture, but is not meant to inform the

design of specific, project-level interventions.

INSTITUTIONAL APPROACHES TO ELECTRIFICATION: THE EXPERIENCE OF RURAL ENERGY AGENCIES/RURAL ENERGY FUNDS IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICAGolumbeanu, Raluca Georgiana. 2012.

The Africa Electrification Initiative (AEI) organizes workshops

and promotes online discussions workshops and promoting

online discussions and knowledge exchanges on topics

important for its members. This workshop set out to address a

number of relevant electrification topics previously identified

through in-depth discussions and ongoing knowledge

exchanges among a growing network of SSA practitioners. The

workshop's main focus was on ground-level implementation

of different institutional approaches to electrification, with

particular focus on the experiences of rural energy

agencies/rural energy funds (REAs/REFs) across SSA.

15

ACCELERATING CLIMATE-RESILIENT AND LOW-CARBON DEVELOPMENT: THE AFRICA CLIMATE BUSINESS PLANWorld Bank. 2015.

The objective of this transport component of the broader Africa

Climate Business Plan (ACBP) is to begin to mainstream climate

benefits into the World Bank's transport program for Sub-Saharan

Africa, the better to assist African countries in bringing their climate

change efforts to scale. It is a first step towards mainstreaming

responses to the climate challenge into transport programs in Africa,

and it represents the first time the Transport & ICT GP has produced a

work plan for its investment and technical assistance operations that

takes into account the content of countries' Nationally Determined

Contributions (NDCs) and attempts to align World Bank support to

the goals stated therein.

CONFRONTING DROUGHT IN AFRICA’S DRYLANDS: OPPORTUNITIES FOR ENHANCING RESILIENCECervigni, Raffaello; Morris, Michael. 2016.

This book focuses on what should be the focus of the next

generation of interventions aimed at enhancing the resilience

of dryland populations in the face of demographic, economic,

environmental, and climatic change. As competition for

resources intensifies, conflicts over land, water, and feed are

likely to multiply, reducing the ability of governments,

development agencies, and local communities to manage the

impacts of droughts and other shocks. In this context, building

resilience to droughts and other shocks is of paramount

importance. Over the longer run, structural transformation of

the economy may generate opportunities for new livelihood

activities that are less vulnerable to the impacts of droughts

and other shocks.

ENVIRONMENT AND NATURAL RESOURCESThe transport investments will help to improve the resilience of African transport infrastructure to climate

change and the carbon-efficiency of transport systems in Sub-Saharan Africa. Involving complex interactions among many

factors, vulnerability in drylands is rising, jeopardizing the livelihood of millions. Investments in spreading Sustainable Land Management practices in Sub-Saharan Africa have great scope and can provide

multiple benefits. Development of nature-based tourism as a long-term process and a landscape approach to

conservation can stimulate local economic development. The question is how to match economic change with smart measures and policy choices so that Congo Basin countries sustain and benefit from their extraordinary natural

assets over the long. Global marine fisheries are in crisis: 90 percent are fully fished and overfished

Aquaculture will continue to fill the growing supply-demand gap in the face of rapidly expanding global fish demand

Small-scale fishing communities are vulnerable to over exploitation of fish stocks owing to insecure access and use

rights to the fishery resources and limited alternative livelihood. The West African Coast accounts for 56% of the region’s GDP and hosts major cities, ports, agro-industries, fisheries, off-shore petroleum exploration and production.

16

SUSTAINABLE LAND MANAGEMENT IN PRACTICE: GUIDELINES AND BEST PRACTICES FOR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICALiniger, H.P., R. Mekdaschi Studer, C. Hauert and M. Gurtner. 2011.

The particular aim of these guidelines is to identify, analyze,

discuss and disseminate promising Sustainable Land Manage-

ment (SLM) practices - including both technologies and

approaches - in the light of the latest trends and new opportuni-

ties. The focus is, in particular, on those prac¬tices with rapid

payback and profitability and / or other factors that drive

adoption.

Sub-Saharan Africa is particularly vulnerable to threats of natural

resource degradation and poverty. Concerted efforts to deal with

land degradation through SLM must address water scarcity, soil

fertility, organic matter and biodiversity. SLM seeks to increase

production through both traditional and innovative systems, and

to improve resilience to the various environmental threats.

CONSERVATION AND DEVELOPMENT IN MOZAMBIQUE: LESSONS FROM THE TRANSFRONTIER CONSERVATION AREAS PROGRAM AND NEW PERSPEC-TIVES FOR THE MOZBIO PROGRAMWorld Bank. 2015.

This booklet presents the main achievements and lessons

learned during the 15 years of implementation of the

Transfrontier Conservation Areas (TFCA) Program in Mozam-

bique and how they led to the 2015 launch of the new MozBio

Program.

The major themes of the booklet capture the overall vision for

improving conservation and natural resource management

within the overriding objectives of poverty reduction and

shared prosperity. They draw on Mozambique’s experience and

on the World Bank’s know-how.

DEFORESTATION TRENDS IN THE CONGO BASIN: RECONCILING ECONOMIC GROWTH AND FOREST PROTECTIONMegevand, Carole. 2013.

Congo Basin countries are now at a crossroad – they are not

yet locked into a development path that will necessarily come

at high cost to forests. This book analyzes the current and

future pressures exerted by different sectors of the economy

on Congo Basin forests, and highlights policy options to limit

deforestation while pursuing inclusive, green growth.

Emerging environmental finance mechanisms, such as

reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation

(REDD+) under the climate change negotiations, may provide

additional resources to help countries protect their forests. But

there are already a number of “no-regret” actions that

countries can take to grow along a sustainable development

path.

REDD+ GHANA: ENGAGING PEOPLE IN SUSTAINABLE FOREST MANAGEMENT AND BRINGING COMMUNITY BENEFITSWorld Bank Group

Forests and related landscapes and ecosystems play a broad

role in Africa’s development, contributing to poverty allevia-

tion, shared prosperity, and inclusive green growth. Forests

serve as a diverse source of jobs and livelihoods. They provide a

range of goods and services that contribute directly to the

well-being of the rural poor and critical raw materials that

contribute to other sectors of the economy. At the same time,

forests are under extreme pressure because of demands for

food, fuel, and fiber which contribute to forest loss and

degradation and habitat fragmentation.

17

THE SUNKEN BILLIONS REVISITED: PROGRESS AND CHALLENGES IN GLOBAL MARINE FISHERIESWorld Bank. 2017.

This report updates previous studies that measured in

economic terms the extent of biological losses attributable

to overfishing globally. The new estimates assess these

"sunken billions" at $83 billion annually. The report further

shows that a clear path can lead to the recovery of these

considerable losses, including through significant reduction

in global fishing overcapacity. A breakdown between

regions is also included, showing that the effort needed to

achieve this reform will not be felt equally throughout the

world.

While the cost of such reform will likely be high, this urgent

call for action is reinforced by the impacts of climate change

on fish stocks and fisheries worldwide.

FISH TO 2030: PROSPECTS FOR FISHER-IES AND AQUACULTUREWorld Bank. 2013.

This report analyzes global prospects for fisheries and

aquaculture. The World Bank Group (WBG) Agriculture Action

Plan 2013-15 summarizes critical challenges facing the global

food and agriculture sector. An ever-increasing global

population necessitates adequate food and nutrition for the

growing population through increased production and

reduced waste. Production increase must occur in a context

where resources necessary for food production, such as land

and water, are even scarcer in a more crowded world, and thus

the sector needs to be far more efficient in utilizing productive

resources.

ECONOMIC, ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL EVALUATION OF AFRICAN SMALL-SCALE FISHERIESWorld Bank. 2015.

This report sets out to improve the understanding of the

characteristics and environmental, economic, and social

performances of small-scale fisheries in Africa. It applies a

common evaluation tool, called Fishery Performance

Indicators (FPIs), which evaluates the ecological, social, and

economic performances of a particular fishery.

The study uses the quantitative results from the FPIs to explore

commonalities and differences among and between the nine

African fisheries in six countries (Ghana, Kenya, Liberia,

Malawi, Senegal, and Sierra Leone) and to infer their relative

strengths and weaknesses. Overall, there are large perfor-

mance gaps in the recent African SSFs in terms of the output

performance. These fisheries have unhealthy fish stock,

high-risk volatility, weak market performance, and posthar-

vest performance.

LIVING ON THE EDGE: SAVING WEST AFRICA COASTAL ASSETSWorld Bank. 2015.

West Africa’s coastal areas host an abundance of natural

resources, on land and at sea, that provide vital ecosystem

services. The coastal areas are home to 31% of the region’s

population—which is growing at a rate of four percent

annually. The communities who have lived on West Africa’s

coastal areas for centuries are at the greatest risk of climate

change.

As sea levels rise, and severe weather events increase in

frequency due to climate change, the safety and wellbeing of

coastal communities is at peril, with poor and marginalized

populations proving most vulnerable. Without concrete

measures to mitigate and adapt to the effects of climate

change, West Africa’s development achievements, as well as

hopes for continued growth and poverty reduction, will be

severely compromised.

18

QUICK LESSON: FINANCING WOMEN ENTREPRENEURS IN ETHIOPIAStrobbe, Francesco; Alibhai, Salman. 2015.

Access to finance is continuously identified as the leading

constraint faced by women entrepreneurs, who are less likely

than men, to own assets and are more likely to suffer exclusion

based on unequal property rights or discriminatory regula-

tions, laws and customs. This amounts to a financing gap of

285 billion dollars.

A diverse range of economic research shows that addressing

this financing gap and investing in women-owned enterprises

is one of the highest return opportunities available in

emerging markets. As they grow, women-owned enterprises

enhance labor participation and boost broad-based economic

growth. In particular, due to higher female unemployment

rates and the fact that women are more likely to hire other

women, the growth of female-owned enterprises can be a key

driver in reducing high overall unemployment rates.

POLICY BRIEF: FROM LEARNING TO EARNINGAlibhai, Salman; Buehren, Niklas; Papineni, Sreelakshmi. 2016.

The preliminary results from this study confirm that a more

innovative (non-cognitive skills based) type of business

training can more effectively support women’s businesses.

Additionally, participants of the DOT entrepreneurship

training tend to be the lower performing businesses

(measured by business profits), so reaching the higher

performing businesses may require other training delivery

mechanisms such as on-site consulting or coaching. This

finding has particular relevance for those programs that are

targeting specific types of entrepreneurs. Further research

will rigorously examine the longer run impacts of the

program and will attempt to uncover the missing piece of the

puzzle of how entrepreneurs translate business training into

business success.

FINANCE AND MARKETSAn estimated 70 percent of women-owned SMEs in the formal sector in developing countries are unserved or underserved

by financial institutions. Despite their popularity, rigorous evidence on the impact of entrepreneurship training programs is thin. In developing countries, female entrepreneurs have low returns, but the few women who cross over into traditionally male-dominated sectors double their profits The role of micro and small enterprises will be crucial to reach growth targets for the industrial sector as outlined by Ethiopia’s five-year Growth

and Transformation Plan (GTP) The vision for financial sector development in São Tomé and Príncipe is that of a stable,

competitive and inclusive financial system that provides access to affordable quality financial services There

are measures the Nigerian Deposit Insurance Corporation could take immediately that would increase the resilience of the deposit insurance scheme and its contribution to the overall financial safety net

19

POLICY BRIEF: FEMALE ENTREPRE-NEURS WHO SUCCEED IN MALE DOMINATED SECTORS IN ETHIOPIAAlibhai, Salman; Buehren, Niklas; Papineni, Sreelakshmi. 2015.

The challenges Ethiopian women face in getting jobs and

earning income come from a range of sources. Women start

from a more difficult situation than men --without easy

access to finance, land, training, education and effective

business networks. The share of women in Ethiopia without

education is almost twice that of men, which in turn limits

women entrepreneurs' ability to grow their businesses.

Reducing gender inequalities in education and the labor

market could increase annual GDP growth in Ethiopia by

around 1.9 percentage points.

STUDY: SME FINANCE IN ETHIOPIA – ADDRESSING THE MISSING MIDDLE CHALLENGEWorld Bank. 2015.

This study starts with a brief analysis of which firms are the

main net job creators in Ethiopia and then focuses on the

financing constraints of Ethiopian Micro, Small and Medium

Enterprises (MSMEs) as one of the key obstacles to job creation

and growth.

The combination of both demand-side and supply-side

analysis provides a full picture of MSME finance practices in

Ethiopia by connecting information on firm experiences with

the reporting of financial institutions on their business

practices. While there was already anecdotal evidence that

small firms were lacking proper access to finance in Ethiopia,

the value added of this study is to provide accurate empirical

evidence of the existence of a missing middle phenomenon.

SAO TOME: FINANCIAL SECTOR DEVEL-OPMENT IMPLEMENTATION PLANWorld Bank. 2016.

The main objective of this report is to contribute to the

development of São Tomé and Príncipe’s financial sector and

provide its Government and private stakeholders with a clear

roadmap for reform in key policy areas, particularly regarding

efforts to strengthening financial sector soundness, enhance

financial inclusion, and upgrade existing financial infrastruc-

ture. The report includes a sequenced implementation plan

designed to enable the authorities to implement critical

financial sector reforms and interventions, designed to foster a

more efficient, sound and inclusive financial sector in São

Tomé and Príncipe based on a coherent policy framework.

NIGERIA: METHODOLOGICAL APPROACH FOR DEVELOPMENT OF A TARGET DEPOSIT INSURANCE FUND MODELWorld Bank Group. 2016.

Currently, the Nigerian Deposit Insurance Corporation (NDIC)

sets its reserve ratio based on a formula that may not properly

consider future risks as it is based partially on the level of

insured deposits in banks deemed to be in distress.

This paper presents a framework to assist the Nigerian Deposit

Insurance Corporation (NDIC) in determining the target

deposit insurance fund for Nigeria’s largest commercial and

merchant banks. The framework takes into consideration the

role that credit and liquidity risks play in bank failure as well as

recent changes to bank regulation and crisis management in

Nigeria.

20

AGAINST THE CURRENT: HOW TO SHAPE AN ENABLING ENVIRONMENT FOR SUSTAINABLE WATER SERVICE DELIV-ERY IN NIGERIAHima, Halimatou; Santibanez, Claudio. 2015.

Nigeria has enough surface and ground water to meet domestic

demand, but as of 2004 half of its urban population did not have

access to piped water. And for those who did have access, water taps

flowed only a few hours a day. Rapid urban population growth of 5.7

percent per year heightened the difficulties faced by State Water

Agencies (SWAs) in meeting the need for piped water and

expanding production capacity.

Nigeria’s water sector performance contrasts with that of smaller

countries in West Africa, such as Niger and Burkina Faso, which, with

fewer resources, have undergone major institutional reforms and

made significant progress in the urban water sector.

MAKING IT HAPPEN: SELECTED CASE STUDIES OF INSTITUTIONAL REFORMS IN SOUTH AFRICAAlam, Asad; Mokate, Renosi; Plangemann, Kathrin A.. 2016.

Since the end of Apartheid some innovative approaches have

been used to build more inclusive public institutions in South

Africa. These have helped to expand service delivery,

strengthen quality, and improve the lives of millions of South

Africans. Although much is known about the motivation and

nature of the policies and institutional changes that drove

this transformation, very little is known of the manner in

which they were executed. Through interviews with senior

policy makers, this book captures the “how to” of executing

these policies in a variety of areas.

GOVERNANCEIn a country with enough surface and ground water to meet actual demand, Nigerians have had to resort to alternative sources of water for domestic use South Africa has developed policies, management systems, delivery

mechanisms, and capacities that have had notable success in improving public service delivery Robust domestic

demand emanating from private consumption and government investment are the key drivers of Kenya’s economic growth Ethiopia aspires to be a middle income country by year 2025 and is making large investments in infrastructure as one of the key contributions to this aspiration. Informal trade is very important in supplying northern Mali and allowing regions in the north to benefit from prices lower than if supplies came from the

south of the country

21

KENYA - GOVERNANCE AND POLITICAL ECONOMY FOR RESULTS Larbi, George ;Kanyinga, Karuti ;Wangusi, Caroline ;Wanjala,

Benedict. 2014.

The study is based on recognition that governance and

institutions matter for development and that poor

governance with high levels of corruption tend to constrain

development effectiveness. The study argues that

governance remains a major impediment to fully unleash-

ing Kenya's development potential and assesses why Kenya

has only marginally improved its governance performance

in spite of implementing democratic reforms from the early

1990s after the return to multi-party democracy.

The study also examines how Kenya's changing governance

landscape, inspired by implementation of the 2010

constitution and introduction of devolution, could positively

impact on governance and thus on development effective-

ness.

KENYA ECONOMIC UPDATE, OCTOBER 2016: BEYOND RESILIENCE-INCREASING PRODUCTIVITY OF PUBLIC INVESTMENTSWorld Bank Group. 2016.

With economic growth rates sustained at above 5 percent,

Kenya has outperformed the regional average, for 8 consecu-

tive years. Nonetheless, there exist downside risks that can

dent future growth prospects. On the external front, these

include weaker than expected growth in the global economy,

volatility in global financial markets and a spike in oil prices.

On the domestic front, these include delays to fiscal consolida-

tion, adverse weather developments, and potential uncertain-

ties associated with the run-up to 2017 elections that could

lead to a wait-and-see attitude by investors, thereby

dampening short-term growth prospects.

ETHIOPIA - PROCUREMENT VALUE CHAIN ANALYSISChirwa, Simon B. Chenjerani. 2015.

The World Bank Ethiopia Country Office in collaboration with

the Government of Ethiopia commissioned this study on

Procurement Value Chain Analysis. The overall aim of the

analytical work was to improve the quality and efficiency of

procurement and contract administration in World Bank and

Government financed projects. This report is an outcome of

data collection from 137 actual procurement contracts;

analysis of secondary data sources; and qualitative personal

interviews with decision makers, procurement staffs,

development partners, contractors, suppliers, and consultants.

E-GOVERNMENT PROCUREMENT (E-GP) SYSTEMS World Bank Group. 2015.

The SIP Africa team is committed to helping our clients make

the most out of their transition to e-procurement. As part of

that effort, our approach to support implementation of

e-Procurement system encapsulates the following features:

Collaboration with the champions in the client countries

for designing e-procurement systems

Integration with other electronic systems like the

Integrated Financial Management System (IFMIS),

Vendors Registration System, etc.

Integration with Geo-Tagging system, which is a

web-based tool for tracking projects' physical progress

remotely,

Open Contracting methodologies

Visualization Interface for Stakeholders to track and

monitor procurement and contract performance

22

HEALTH, NUTRITION, AND POPULATIONAfter lackluster economic performance for decades, Sub-Saharan Africa has seen a visible turnaround that

began in the mid-1990s Africa stands to gain economically, socially, and substantially from channeling the energy of its

young labor force into more productive employment Methodologies for evaluating funding of road projects have been disjointed and unreliable Even the most optimistic estimates of poverty reduction imply that

more people lived in poverty in 2012 than in 1990 Addressing the quality of public spending and the

efficiency of resource use is perhaps even more important than addressing the level of spending Human capital should be

prioritized in many of Sub-Saharan Africa’s resource-rich countries because of the low starting point The

inability of millions of people living in poverty to benefit from natural resource wealth is a disappointment

African cities must develop scale economies, which are associated with successful urban economic development in

other regions The full potential of the demographic dividend can be realized in Sub-Saharan Africa with

proactive policies Involving complex interactions among many factors, vulnerability in drylands is rising,

jeopardizing the livelihood of millions.

ALGERIA-MALI TRADE: NORMALITY OF INFORMALITYBensassi, Sami; Brockmeyer, Anne; Pellerin, Mathieu; Raballand,

Gael. 2015.

This paper estimates the volume of informal trade between

Algeria and Mali and analyzes its determinants and

mechanisms, using a multi-pronged methodology. First, it

examines how subsidy policies and the legal framework

create incentives for informal trade across the Sahara.

Second, it provides evidence of the importance of informal

trade, drawing on satellite images and surveys with

informal traders in Mali and Algeria. It estimate that the

weekly turnover of informal trade fell from approximately

US$ 2 million in 2011 to US$ 0.74 million in 2014, but

continues to play a crucial role in the economies of northern

Mali and southern Algeria.

23

MADAGASCAR 2014 PUBLIC EXPENDITURE REVIEW: EDUCATION AND HEALTHGovernment of Madagascar; World Bank; UNICEF. 2015.

Madagascar’s education system exhibits severe weaknesses

that leave a large number of children without the basic skills

required to function in the labor market. The prevalence of

chronic malnutrition among children under five is one of the

highest in the world. Maternal mortality ratios also have

remained relatively high and stagnant over the last ten years

and the country.

Madagascar’s heath sector is not adequately funded and has a

very constrained budget envelope. The public health sector is

also largely externally financed with domestic financing very

low and unstable. In a context of stagnation and reversal of

progress across several key health outcome indicators,

additional public spending on expanding access and

utilization of quality health interventions is needed.

DIRECTIONS IN DEVELOPMENT: HUMAN DEVELOPMENTSaleh, Karima. 2013.

This book provides an important evidence-based review of the

current performance of Ghana's health system and options for

reform. As such, it provides an overall picture of the Ghana

health sector, how things were and how things have changed,

as well as a situational analysis of the performance of the

health delivery and health financing systems using the latest

available data. Finally, it discusses key reform issues and

options in the context of the country's likely fiscal space. An

important and valuable contribution of this book is its

examination of how Ghana is performing compared to its

neighboring countries and compared to other countries with

similar incomes and health spending, providing global

benchmarks for Ghana's health system performance.

AFRICA’S DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION. DIVIDEND OR DISASTERCanning, David; Raja, Sangeeta; Yazbeck, Abdo S.. 2015

This book lays out a range of policy actions that are needed at the

various phases of the demographic transition and uses global and

regional experiences to provide evidence on what has worked and

what has not. Countries have a menu of options available to speed

up the transition, improve investment in the resulting youth

cohort, expand labor markets, and encourage savings. This book

not only looks at lessons from East Asia, Latin America, and the

Middle East, but also at unique demographic characteristics in

Sub-Saharan Africa.

PERFORMANCE-BASED FINANCING TOOLKITFritsche, György Bèla; Soeters, Robert; Meessen, Bruno. 2014.

Currently there is a lack of knowledge among many health

reformers of how to implement performance-based financing

pilot projects, and scale them up intelligently. In a context of

tremendous demand for solid design and implementation

experience and given the rapid expansion of results-based

financing (RBF) programs, there is an urgent need to build

capacity in designing and implementing PBF programs. As yet

there has been little attempt to gather the learning from these

experiences together in one volume and, moreover, in a form

that serves as a guide to implementers. This toolkit answers

the most pressing issues related to the supply-side RBF

programs of which PBF forms part.

24

POPULATION AND DEVELOPMENT IN THE SAHEL: POLICY CHOICES TO CATALYZE A DEMOGRAPHIC DIVIDEND. HEALTH, NUTRITION AND POPULATION DISCUSSION PAPERShekar, Meera; Yazbeck, Abdo; Hasan, Rifat; Bakilana, Anne. 2016.

The speed with which a demographic transition takes place

has a critical impact on a population’s age structure and

future potential for economic productivity. The current rates

of change in the Sahelian sub region will make it unlikely

that countries will achieve an age structure that will create a

youth bulge of a healthy, well-nourished, and educated

cohort ready to enter a modern labor market to capture a

sizable demographic dividend. Once missed, this opportunity

for a demographic dividend will not return. This analysis uses

quantitative data triangulated with the qualitative findings

and policy analyses to identify the triggers necessary to

accelerate the demographic dividend in this sub region.

COSTED PLAN FOR SCALING UP NUTRI-TION: NIGERIA. HEALTH, NUTRITION AND POPULATION DISCUSSION PAPERWorld Bank. 2014.

This analysis takes an innovative approach to nutrition costing

by not only estimating the costs and benefits of nutrition-spe-

cific interventions, but also exploring costs for a selected

number of nutrition-sensitive interventions implemented

outside of the health sector (bio-fortification of cassava,

aflatoxin control, school-based deworming, and school-based

promotion of good hygiene).

Overall, the findings point to a candidate list of nutrition-sen-

sitive approaches that represent a cost-effective approach to

reducing child malnutrition in Nigeria. Moving forward, these

results are intended to help guide decision makers as they

plan future efforts to scale-up action against malnutrition in

Nigeria and develop nutrition financing plans that bring to

bear resources from the health, social protection, education,

and agriculture sectors.

UHC IN AFRICA: A FRAMEWORK FOR ACTIONWorld Bank. 2016.

Besides the moral argument that it is not acceptable that

some members of society should face death, disability, ill

health or impoverishment for reasons that could be addressed

at limited cost, UHC is a good investment. Prevention of

malnutrition and ill health is likely to have enormous benefits

in terms of longer and more productive lives, higher earnings,

and averted care costs. Effectively meeting demand for family

planning will accelerate the fertility transition, which in turn

will result in higher rates of economic growth and more rapid

poverty reduction. And strong health and disease surveillance

systems halt epidemics that take lives and disrupt economies.

REWARDING PROVIDER PERFORMANCE TO IMPROVE QUALITY AND COVERAGE OF MATERNAL AND CHILD HEALTH OUTCOMES: ZIMBABWE RESULTS- BASED FINANCING PILOT PROGRAMWorld Bank. 2016.

This report reviews the impact evaluation results of the RBF

pilot program that supports the Ministry of Health and Child

Care (MOHCC) in its efforts to increase the availability,

accessibility, and utilization of quality health care to improve

maternal, neonatal, and child health.

The Zimbabwe study is a contribution to the limited body of

global evidence on the effectiveness of RBF programs through

a rigorous evaluation using a quasi-experimental

difference-in-difference estimator applied within matched

pairs. As such, this study provides innovative insights on

effectiveness in improving health systems and health

outcomes.

25

BOTSWANA DEVELOPMENT POLICY REVIEW: AN AGENDA FOR COMPETITIVENESS AND DIVERSIFICATIONPartow, Zeinab. 2012

By many measures Botswana has been one of the most

successful countries in the developing world over the last 40 year.

The question facing the country leadership is whether this

commendable performance can be sustained into the next

generation.

Diamond earnings accruing to the state for subsequent

redistribution have peaked. Employment and wages in the public

sector have reached their natural limits as a share of Gross

Domestic Product (GDP); recycling revenues from mining into the

mechanisms to support social safety nets are also likely be

approaching their limits. The country confronts the challenge of

looking for new sources of growth outside of government.

STRUCTURAL TRANSFORMATION IN AFRICA: A HISTORICAL VIEWEnache, Maria; Ghani, Ejaz; O'Connell, Stephen. 2016.

Focusing on African economies, the paper presents a

country-by-country historical analysis of structural change

over the past four decades. Given the varied patterns and

trends in structural change across African countries, it is

continent-wide perspective. Some countries saw an early

transition of labor out of agriculture, with manufacturing

absorbing this labor in the decades prior to the 1990s, while

another group of countries saw a later transition out of

agriculture, where the services sector played a large role in

labor reallocations in the 1990s and 2000s. Finally, the paper

provides a country-by-country structural transformation

scorecard to assess patterns of structural change in jobs and

growth.

MACROECONOMICS AND FISCAL MANAGEMENTBotswana’s diamond earnings African countries across

the income distribution are uniformly increasing the share of labor in service sectors

limited, as Zambia’s debt levels have soared in recent years following repeat non-concessional borrowing South

export sector as an engine for faster, more inclusive, and job-intensive growth. Promoting faster

growth and poverty alleviation through competition is particularly important for South Africa A recognized

goal for public policy is to ensure at least the equality of opportunity for every individual The rate at which the

Mozambican currency depreciated outpaced that of most other African commodity exporters, including Nigeria and

Angola

26

MEMORANDUM: TERRA RANCA! A FRESH START, SUMMARY

It is time to make a fresh start and turn the page on anemic

growth and poverty. Cashew nuts are Guinea-Bissau s main

export, accounting for 85 to 90 percent of the country s total

exports. The balance of payments is dominated by cashew, on

the export side, and food and fuel, among imports. Shocks to

current account balance. In 2011, Guinea-Bissau ranked 20th

among the world‘s most aid dependent countries. Recently,

policy mistakes aggravated an already dire situation. However,

the 2014 cashew campaign was been better than the 2013

campaign, and the prospects for a pick-up in growth have

improved.

BEATING THE SLOWDOWN IN ZAMBIA: REDUCING FISCAL VULNERABILITIES FOR ECONOMIC RECOVERYSmith, Gregory; Davies, Fiona; Chinzara, Zivanemoyo. 2016.World Bank. 2015.

World Bank. 2014.

World Bank Group. 2016.Policy makers in commodity-exporting countries have faced

increasing challenges in the past two years, in the face of

reduced demand from China and uncertain economic recovery

in developed economies. Zambia is no exception. Falling

copper prices and a power crisis have contributed to an

economic slowdown.

the costs associated with its expansionary, subsidy-oriented

policy with monetary policy in a way that is mutually

of having the two pull in opposite directions, as is currently

the case. Finally, it makes recommendations to help shift the

SOUTH AFRICA ECONOMIC UPDATE: FOCUS ON EXPORT COMPETITIVENESS

Despite successes in some subsectors, South Africa will need to

greatly improve its export performance to meet these targets.

Restarting the export engine is critical to reinvigorating

reduce growth volatility. This report highlights opportunities for

growth, particularly with Sub-Saharan Africa being the largest

market for non-mineral exports. It also explores strategic directions

that can ignite export growth and help South Africa realize its goals

of creating jobs and reducing poverty and inequality.

SOUTH AFRICA ECONOMIC UPDATE, FEBRUARY 2016: PROMOTING FASTER GROWTH AND POVERTY ALLEVIATION THROUGH COMPETITION

The update presents a candid assessment of South Africa’s

economic prospects. With growth declining in per capita terms

the National Development Plan (NDP) goals are moving

further out of reach. South Africa urgently needs fundamental

reforms to kick start growth and promote job creation.

Advancing with reforms to improve the lives of South Africans

is particularly attractive, since they hold the potential to boost

growth and speed up poverty alleviation. Competition policy

demonstrates the power of bold reform to ease pressures in

times of a tight public purse.

27

SOUTH AFRICA ECONOMIC UPDATE: FOCUS ON INEQUALITY OF OPPORTUNITYIm, Fernando;Mahajan, Sandeep;Dennis, Allen;Tiwari, Sailesh;Suarez, World Bank. 2016.

Alejandro Hoyos;Mitra, Shabana;Ngwenya, Phindile;Narayan, Ambar.

2012.

This economic update assesses the challenges and near-term

prospects facing the South African economy. In particular, it looks

at the implications for South Africa of the resurgence of

to safe-haven assets, the continuing Euro zone crisis, and signs of

slowdown in some of the large emerging market economies.

It focuses on inequality of opportunity in South Africa. For the

analysis of the interlinked inequality of opportunities for children

and for access to employment. Many countries have used this

new approach to develop targeted policies to promote such

equality of opportunity and to monitor and evaluate the success

of public programs.

MOZAMBIQUE ECONOMIC UPDATE, DECEMBER 2016: FACING HARD CHOICES

This has been a testing year for Mozambique. An ongoing

downturn, brought about by low commodity prices, drought and

hidden debts in April 2016. The agenda for restoring economic

Key items on the agenda include setting a medium term framework

sector surveillance and the strengthening of crisis management

instruments is also a priority, particularly if further monetary

tightening is in the pipeline in the near term.

28

POVERTY IN A RISING AFRICABeegle, Kathleen; Christiaensen, Luc; Dabalen, Andrew; Gaddis, Isis.

2016.

Two decades of unprecedented economic growth in Africa

should have brought substantial improvements in well-being.

Whether or not they did, remains unclear given the poor

quality of the data, the nature of the growth process (especial-

ly the role of natural resources), conflicts that affect part of the

region, and high population growth.

Poverty in a Rising Africa documents the data challenges and

systematically reviews the evidence on poverty from monetary

and nonmonetary perspectives, as well as a focus on dimen-

sions of inequality. The report maps out the availability and

quality of the data needed to track monetary poverty, reflects

on the governance and political processes that underpin the

current situation with respect to data production, and

describes some approaches to addressing the data gaps.

DO AFRICAN CHILDREN HAVE AN EQUAL CHANCE?Dabalen, Andrew; Narayan, Ambar; Saavedra-Chanduvi, Jaime;

Suarez, Alejandro Hoyos; Abras, Ana; Tiwari, Sailesh. 2015.

This study explores the changing opportunities for children in

Africa. While the definition of opportunities can be subjective

and depend on the societal context, this report focuses on

efforts to build future human capital, directly (through

education and health investments) and indirectly (through

complementary infrastructure such as safe water, adequate

sanitation, electricity, and so on). It follows the practice of

earlier studies conducted for the Latin America and the

Caribbean (LAC) region (Barros et al. 2009, 2012) where

opportunities are basic goods and services that constitute

investments in children.

POVERTYEven the most optimistic estimates of poverty reduction imply that more people lived in poverty in 2012 than in 1990

An individual’s chance of success in life is deeply influenced by access to education, health services, safe water, and

adequate nutrition early in life Uganda’s progress in reducing poverty from 1993 to 2006 has continued, albeit

at a slightly slower pace By the start of this decade less than 30 percent of the Ethiopian population was counted as poor Tanzania’s basic needs poverty rate has declined from around 34 percent to 28.2 percent

between 2007 and 2012 Ghana has achieved dramatic gains in living standards, public health, and educational

attainment Between 2001 and 2011, Rwanda‘s economy grew at more than eight percent per year, earning the country a spot

on the list of the ten fastest-growing countries in the world Rwanda’s strong reduction in poverty suggests

tangible improvements in employment outcomes over this over the last decade Covering 4.1 percent of Africa’s land

mass and hosting 1.5 percent of its population, many of Mali’s development challenges have a spatial dimension The reduction of Nigeria’s poverty rate by 10 percentage points between 2011 and 2013 was not

commensurate with the rapid growth in of the country

29

UGANDA POVERTY ASSESSMENT 2016 - FARMS, CITIES AND GOOD FORTUNE: ASSESSING POVERTY REDUCTION IN UGANDA FROM 2006 TO 2013World Bank. 2016.

This report examines Uganda's progress in reducing poverty and

shows that high growth from 2006 to 2010 benefited poverty

reduction. The analysis undertaken in this report is only possible

because the Government of Uganda has invested in a high quality

series of household surveys to document progress in wellbeing

since 1993.

The Uganda Bureau of Statistics has conducted high-quality

household surveys that every three to four years that have

provided a comparable series of data on poverty and other

household characteristics for the last twenty years. Uganda is one

of the few countries in the region to have achieved this level of

comparable, frequent poverty monitoring over time. Without this,

it would not be possible to document the lessons Uganda provides.

ETHIOPIA POVERTY ASSESSMENT 2014World Bank Group. 2015.

Agricultural growth drove reductions in poverty, bolstered by

pro-poor spending on basic services, and effective rural safety

nets. However, although there is some evidence of manufac-

turing growth starting to reduce poverty in urban centers at

the end of the decade, structural change has been remarkably

absent from Ethiopia s story of progress.

This poverty assessment looks forward asking what will be

needed to end extreme poverty in Ethiopia. In addition to the

current successful recipe of agricultural growth and pro-poor

spending, the role of the non-farm rural sector, migration,

urban poverty reduction, and agricultural productivity gains

for women are considered.

TANZANIA MAINLAND POVERTY ASSESSMENT: A NEW PICTURE OF GROWTH FOR TANZANIA EMERGESWorld Bank Group. 2015.

Identifying the policy mechanisms that have helped to

increase the participation of the poor in the growth process

and to speed pro-poor growth is important for present and

future decision-making in Tanzania on how best to eradicate

poverty. Such task requires a rigorous analysis of the evolution

of poverty and of the linkages between poverty, inequality,

and economic growth. This report uses the availability of the

new Tanzanian Household Budget Survey (HBS) for 2011 and

2012, as well as the new rebased GDP figures released in

December 2014, as an opportunity to address these issues.

POVERTY REDUCTION IN GHANA: PROG-RESS AND CHALLENGESMolini,Vasco; Paci,Pierella. 2015.

Ghana achieved middle-income status in 2010, a decade

earlier than anticipated. This poverty assessment seeks to

shed light on Ghana’s milestone performance by profiling the

changes and identifying their main drivers. The last 25 years

have borne witness to perhaps the greatest advances in the

country’s history. For this reason, this study takes a

medium-term perspective to identify and understand more

closely the circumstances in which poverty has fallen so

quickly and steadily since the 1990s. The report profiles the

progress made during this period in reducing poverty and

increasing the consumption of households in the bottom 40

and identifies the main drivers of this success.

30

RWANDA POVERTY ASSESSMENTWorld Bank Group. 2015.

While poverty in Rwanda still is high, the trends over the

past decade have been firmly positive. In real terms, the

economy quadrupled between 1995 and 2013. This poverty

assessment focuses on the evolution of poverty and other

social indicators over the past decade (2000-1 and

2010-11).

Using data from a variety of sources, mainly the three

household living standards surveys (EICV) and the three

demographic and health surveys (DHS) conducted during

the past decade, the poverty assessment documents trends

in monetary and non-monetary dimensions of living

standards and examines the drivers of observed trends.

RWANDA JOBS AND EMPLOYMENT STUDYWorld Bank. 2015.

This jobs and employment study focuses on the recent

dynamics in Rwanda’s jobs’ landscape. Using data from a

variety of sources, mainly the three integrated households

living conditions surveys (EICV1, EICV2, and EICV3) and the

2011 establishment census, the report looks at what workers

in Rwanda are doing and what they are making, and how this

has changed over the past ten to fifteen years. Most of the

report focuses on the five years between 2006 and 2011,

although at times, the authors will also look at the evolution

since 2001. The report concludes with a number of ideas to

address Rwanda’s jobs challenge in the near future.

MALI - GEOGRAPHY OF POVERTYDoumbia-Gakou, Assa;Traore, M. Vinima;Kdiawara, Abdoul;-

Siaka;Hoogeveen,Johannes G.;Batana,Yele Maweki;Blankespoor,Bri-

an;Dessus,Sebastien C.;Diop,Cheikh Hamala;Fernandes,Judite;Len-

dorfer,Julia;Liu,Yishen;Panier,Kristin;Pellerin,Mathieu Francois

Joseph;Selod,Harris;Raballand,Gael J. R. F.;Traore,Souleymane. 2015.

This study discusses the impact of economic geography and

(low) population density on development outcomes in Mali

and explores how policies to reduce poverty can be made

more effective by taking these two factors into account. The

crisis in north Mali which started in 2012 and continues to

date has brought questions of economic geography to the

center of attention. To help answer such questions, and to

analyze how to reduce poverty in Mali as a whole, this study

uses different sources of information to analyze the diversity of

livelihood patterns, in access to services and in living

standards.

NIGERIA POVERTY WORK PROGRAM (2016)Bertoni,Eleonora;Clementi,Fabio;Molini,Vasco;Schettino,Fran-

cesco;Teraoka,Hitomi. 2016.

In Nigeria, the lack of responsiveness of poverty reduction to

growth can arguably be attributed to the performance of two

of the six geopolitical zones into which the country is often

divided: North East and North West. The large poverty

differential between the north and south of the country

reflects two different growth paths. This divide is caused by the

higher concentration of drivers of poverty reduction in the

south.

From the overall analysis, Nigeria emerges as a country

harnessed by tight constraints, but with great potential. The

conditions and growth perspectives of Nigeria have, however,

changed since the end of the period analyzed in the report.

31

FORCED DISPLACEMENT IN THE GREAT LAKES REGIONWorld Bank Group. 2015.

At the end of 2013, there were about 3.3 million people who

remained forcibly displaced within the Great Lakes Region (GLR) of

Africa. Of these, 82 percent were internally displaced persons (IDPs)

and 18 percent refugees; 64 percent were under 18 years old. This

report analyzes the extent, causes, and character of forced

displacement in the GLR.

The report offers a number of recommendations on how to bring a

longer term development response to the challenges of forced

displacement in the GLR. Turning those recommendations into

concrete action will require a comprehensive set of commitments

from a wide set of stakeholders. This report is intended as a starting

point for an inclusive dialogue on how to make that happen.

SEXUAL AND GENDER-BASED VIOLENCE IN THE KIVU PROVINCES OF THE DEMO-CRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO: INSIGHTS FROM FORMER COMBATANTSElbert, Thomas; Hinkel, Harald; Maedl, Anna; Hermenau, Katharin;

Hecker, Tobias; Schauer, Maggie; Riedke, Heike; Winkler, Nina;

Lancaster, Philip. 2013.

Ending the period of conflict, violence and insecurity in Eastern

DRC would contribute tremendously to addressing the high

levels of ongoing Sexual and Gender-Based Violence (SGBV).

This study has been conducted in partnership with the

Non-Governmental Organization (NGO) Vivo international, to

determine individual motivations, as well as strategic or tactical

aspects of sexual violence of different armed groups and their

leadership. SGBV is a complex problem requiring an integrated

and multi-sectoral response, even more so in a fragile

environment with ongoing conflict, such as in Eastern DRC.

SOCIAL DEVELOPMENTDevelopment agencies should become more involved in addressing displacement in the Great Lakes Region

Any effective response to Sexual and Gender-Based Violence must combine enforcing laws and

prosecuting perpetrators to break the cycle of impunity, while addressing the individual and societal wounds Citizen participation affords county governments an opportunity to empower citizens on their operations Most of the

displacement situations in the Horn of Africa have lasted for over 20 years and every country in the region has

been affected Refugees in Uganda are either self-settled or live in organized settlements that cover approximately 350

square miles of land set aside by the government of Uganda. More often than not, the urbanization process is poorly managed, resulting in inequitable, exclusionary and fragmented cities and increased risk of violence

32

PRACTICAL APPROACHES FOR COUNTY GOVERNMENTS TO FACILI-TATE PUBLIC PARTICIPATION IN THE PLANNING AND BUDGET PROCESSOmolo, Annette. 2015.

If done correctly, citizen participation can greatly improve county

government performance since it strengthens social equity

outcomes for disadvantaged groups, helps reduce government

inefficiencies and makes it more responsive to citizens’ needs and

preferences. This working paper presents practical approaches

for Kenyan counties to implement public participation in their

systems that encourage meaningful public engagement.

This paper outlines the key phases of the County Integrated

Development Plan (CIDP) process in which public participation

should be considered and proposes methods for effectively

engaging the citizens. Under the budget cycle the paper details

the envisaged process of public participation in the various

stages of formulation, analysis, execution and audit/reporting.

BUILDING PUBLIC PARTICIPATION IN KENYA'S DEVOLVED GOVERNMENT: OVERVIEW OF KEY CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR ENHANCING PARTICIPATION IN NEWLY DEVOLVED INSTITUTIONS AND SYSTEMSFinch, Christopher; Omolo, Annette. 2015.

The Constitution and new legal framework place a strong emphasis

on strengthening public participation, a core element in Kenya’s

strategy to accelerate growth and address long-standing

inequalities in economic opportunities, investment, and service

delivery in different parts of the country.

This Overview Note describes the context for devolution and

participation, reviews global experience, and summarizes the

findings from five Working Papers, each of which reviews

opportunities and challenges for strengthening public participation

in Kenya’s newly decentralized system. It provides a consolidated list

of recommendations emerging from all the working papers.

PUBLIC PARTICIPATION CENTRAL TO KENYA’S DEVOLUTIONWorld Bank Group. 2015.

Kenya’s devolution, adopted following the March 2013 general

elections, is expansive in scope and implementation timelines.

A significant portion of public finances and responsibility for

service delivery in health, agriculture, urban service and local

infrastructure was rapidly devolved to 47 new county

governments in less than a year, instead of over the planned

three-year transition period. This ambitious devolution shifts

some key decision-making from central to county govern-

ments, creating a window of opportunity for more ‘bottom-up’

engagement, backed by a Constitution and legal framework

that include provisions for government to share information,

consult the public and regularly gather citizen feedback.

FORCED DISPLACEMENT AND MIXED MIGRATION IN THE HORN OF AFRICAWorld Bank Group. 2015.

Despite its rich endowment in human, social, and natural

capital, the Horn of Africa (HOA) is plagued by a complex

history of weak governance, insecurity, increasing environ-

mental degradation, entrenched poverty, and a range of

persistent development challenges. Conflict remains endemic

in the region.

This study sought to analyze the forced displacement and

development nexus, explore the mixed migration phenome-

non, assess the impacts of refugees and migrants on hosting

areas and communities, and identify ongoing innovative

interventions. It proposes entry points and practical steps to

address the development dimensions of forced displacement

and mixed migration in the HOA, including regional

operations, institutional reforms, and policy changes.

33

AN ASSESSMENT OF UGANDA’S PRO-GRESSIVE APPROACH TO REFUGEE MANAGEMENTWorld Bank Group. 2016.

Many refugees, especially in the northern districts, are in

protracted displacement, and the Ugandan constitution

prohibits the naturalization of an offspring of a refugee,

even if he or she is born in Uganda and even if one parent is

Ugandan. The impact of legal and policy frameworks on the

refugee situation in Uganda are analyzed, as are the social

and economic impacts and the contribution of the current

policy framework on these outcomes for the refugees.

This study employs qualitative and quantitative research

methods and covers refugees in rural and urban sites in

Uganda. The primary focus is on the socioeconomic impact

of Uganda’s refugee law on the refugees themselves.

URBAN FRAGILITY AND VIOLENCE IN AFRICA A CROSS-COUNTRY ANALYSISWorld Bank. 2015.

Understanding the dynamic interplaying between urban

violence and fragility and a countries’ economic potential will

be key to boosting development in most African countries. A

multi-country study undertook a comparative research

process, which identifies common trends across Sub-Saharan

Africa.

In all the countries included, the analytical work focused on

understanding dynamics of crime and violence in selected

urban areas and existing institutional (formal and informal)

responses to crime and violence, so as to further the World Bank

understanding on how to best address urban fragility and foster

local resilience while putting the building blocks to define an

urban fragility agenda in the Sub-Saharan African region. This

report gives an overview of this multi-country study.

34

MORE, AND MORE PRODUCTIVE, JOBS FOR NIGERIA: A PROFILE OF WORK AND WORKERSWorld Bank. 2015.

This report provides an overview of jobs, workers, and

employment opportunities in Nigeria, using recent household

data. The diagnostics included in this report are intended to

describe the landscape of jobs in the country and provide broad

analysis as an input into the development of a jobs strategy for

Nigeria. This report presents an updated picture of jobs in

Nigeria and identifies opportunities for improving the quality of

jobs.

The diagnostics included in this report show that both new and

existing jobs, whether in agriculture or other sectors, will need

to be more productive to help the population move out of

low-earning employment and poverty.

HOUSEHOLD ENTERPRISES IN FRAGILE AND CONFLICT-AFFECTED STATES: RESULTS FROM A QUALITATIVE TOOL-KIT PILOTED IN LIBERIAWeedon, Emily; Heaner, Gwendolyn. 2016.

Volume 1 of this paper presents results from the application

of a novel qualitative toolkit in Liberia, with the objective to

improve the knowledge of the constraints to entry and

productivity among nonagricultural household enterprises. It

outlines lessons learned from the application of this research

and makes policy-relevant findings on how to improve

productivity in the sector in Liberia. In addition, the report

contains methodological lessons that can inform the

application of the toolkit in other contexts. Volume 2 of this

paper presents a global review of the literature on household

enterprises in fragile and conflict affected states and the

detailed methodology and tools for the research.

SOCIAL PROTECTION AND LABORIn Nigeria, the main sectors of economic growth are disconnected from the sectors that provide employment Jobs

matter for living standards, productivity, as well as social cohesion, particularly in fragile and conflict-affected areas There is a response emerging to the growing evidence that safety nets can successfully reduce poverty and vulnerability and promote inclusive growth If present trends continue, by 2030

dryland regions of East and West Africa will be home to an estimated 429 million people, up to 24 percent of

whom will be living in chronic poverty Decreasing fertility is not enough to reap a demographic dividend. Creating

good jobs and preparing youth for the labor market through sound social policies are equally important. On the whole, the

community-based CCT program led to improved outcomes in both health and education Public works interventions have considerable potential as productive safety nets in post-conflict settings Integrating youths into the labor market is a major challenge for developing nations, particularly in Africa Ethiopia’s model for

delivering basic services confirms that services improve when service providers are more accountable to citizens.

35

SOCIAL PROTECTION PROGRAMS FOR AFRICA’S DRYLANDSdel Ninno, Carlo; Coll-Black, Sarah; Fallavier, Pierre. 2016.

This book explores the role of social protection in promoting

the well-being and prosperity of people living in dryland

regions of Sub-Saharan Africa, with a specific focus on the

Sahel and the Horn of Africa.

Based on a review of recent experience, it argues that social

protection policies and programs have an important role in

promoting the resilience of the people residing in these areas.

Social protection programs, when well designed and carefully

implemented at scale, can reduce vulnerability to droughts

and other shocks and promote coping capacity. Social

protection programs will be needed in the drylands to provide

support to those unable to meet their basic needs.

FOREVER YOUNG? : SOCIAL POLICIES FOR A CHANGING POPULATION IN SOUTHERN AFRICABruni, Lucilla Maria; Rigolini, Jamele; Troiano, Sara. 2016.

This report studies how demographic change is likely to affect

demand for social services in Southern Africa and how today’s

policies can be shaped to reap potential benefits from

demographic dynamics and address the population’s evolving

needs.

The authors define the social sectors as education, health, and

social assistance and social policies as policies related to these

three sectors. The study illustrates how social policies designed

to fit with evolving demographic structures are likely to lead

to wealthier and more productive future generations,

fostering growth and equity. But the reverse also holds:

ill-tailored social policies can hold back countries’ develop-

ment and heighten intergenerational tensions.

COMMUNITY-BASED CONDITIONAL CASH TRANSFERS IN TANZANIA : RESULTS FROM A RANDOMIZED TRIALEvans, David K.; Hausladen, Stephanie; Kosec, Katrina; Reese,

Natasha. 2014.

Given the success of conditional cash transfer (CCT) programs

elsewhere, in 2010 the Government of Tanzania rolled out a pilot

CCT program in three districts. Its aim was to see if, using a model

relying on communities to target beneficiaries and deliver

payments, the program could improve outcomes for the poor the

way centrally-run CCT programs have in other contexts. The

program provided cash payments to poor households, but

conditioned payments on complying with certain health and

education requirements.

On the whole, the results suggest that households focused on

reducing risk and on improving their livelihoods rather than

principally on increasing consumption. There is also evidence that

the project had positive effects on community cohesion.

REDUCING POVERTY AND INVESTING IN PEOPLEMonchuk, Victoria. 2014.

This book finds that safety nets are on the rise in Africa and are

beginning to evolve from fragmented stand-alone programs

into integrated systems. Social protection programming has

started to change from largely emergency food aid programs

to regular, predictable safety nets including targeted cash

transfers and cash-for-work programs. Some countries are

working toward consolidating their programs into a national

system. The timely analysis of safety nets in Africa provides a

solid foundation for evidence-based policy dialogue and

programming. As a result of the growing body of evidence that

safety nets contribute to inclusive growth, African decision

makers are now putting safety nets high on their development

agendas.

36

PUBLIC WORKS AS A PRODUCTIVE SAFETY NET IN A POST-CONFLICT SETTINGRosas, Nina; Sabarwal, Shwetlena. 2016.

Using a community-level randomized control trial approach,

the paper finds that the public works program targeted at

youth in Sierra Leone successfully provided temporary

employment to youth characterized by low educational

attainment. Cash income among program participants

increased by nearly three times relative to the control

counterparts, and treatment households experienced a 29

percent rise in monthly income. There is also evidence of

significant re-optimization of household labor allocation and

expenditure in response to program participation. First, there

is an overall crowding-in of labor force participation by

household members beyond program participation. Second,

the extra income is spent partly to improve the quality of life

and partly to secure future earnings. The treated households

raised spending on food, medicines, and assets.

THE IMPACT OF PRIVATE SECTOR INTERNSHIP AND TRAINING ON URBAN YOUTH IN KENYAHonorati, Maddalena. 2015.

This study uses a randomized experiment to evaluate the

impacts of the training and internship program piloted in

Nairobi, Mombasa and Kisumu counties by the Kenya Private

Sector Alliance and the Government of Kenya with support

from the World Bank’s Kenya Youth Empowerment Project.

The results of the impact evaluation show that the program

has been successful in placing youths in paid jobs and has

contributed to an increase of 15 percent in current employ-

ment among male participants. The evaluation also found

that the program has had positive effects on wage earnings,

especially those of females and among older males, with

wages increasing by about KSH 5,000 for males and by

KSH 7,500 for females.

IMPROVING BASIC SERVICES FOR THE BOTTOM FORTY PERCENTKhan, Qaiser M.; Faguet, Jean-Paul; Gaukler, Christopher; Mekasha,

Wendmsyamregne. 2014.

Ethiopia, primarily manages the delivery of basic services at the

woreda (district) level. Those services are financed predominantly

through intergovernmental fiscal transfers (IGFTs) from the federal

to the regional and then the woreda administrations, although

some woredas raise a small amount of revenue to support local

services. Since 2006, development partners and the government

have co-financed block grants for decentralized services through

the Promoting Basic Services (PBS) Program. Aside from funding

the delivery of services, the program supports measures to

improve the quality of services and local governments’ capacity to

deliver them by strengthening accountability and citizen voice.

This study attempts to determine the extent to which spending at

the woreda level on basic services is associated with key policy

outputs and human outcomes.

37

TRADING AWAY FROM CONFLICT: USING TRADE TO INCREASE RESILIENCE IN FRAGILE STATESCali, Massimiliano. 2015.

Conflict weakens governance, undermines economic development

and threatens both national and regional stability. Trade shocks, in

particular, can have widely varying impacts on conflict. This report

sets out to empirically test these linkages between trade shocks and

conflict via cross-country and intra-country analysis. On the basis of

the analysis, it offers trade-related policy directions to reduce this risk

in fragile economies.

The results provide convincing evidence that trade and trade policy

have a large impact on the risk and intensity of conflict. Using the

existing evidence, as well as evidence generated in this report, it

discusses how the policies governing trade can reduce the

probability and intensity of conflicts.

MAKING FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT WORK FOR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICAFarole, Thomas; Winkler, Deborah. 2014.

Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) delivers a number of important

contributions. While substantial research has been undertaken

on the existence and direction of spillovers from FDI, many

questions remain. Moreover, there is a need to understand

better the dynamics of spillovers in certain contexts, including:

i) in low income countries, especially in Sub-Saharan Africa; ii)

outside of manufacturing sectors (especially resource-based

sectors); and, iii) in the context of Global Value Chains.

This book presents the results of a groundbreaking designed to

address these issues drawing on detailed field research in eight

countries over three sectors: agribusiness, apparel, and mining.

It presents a summary of the results of this analytical work and

discusses their implications for policymakers hoping to harness

the power of FDI for greater development outcomes.

TRADE AND COMPETITIVENESSTrade policies in fragile countries need to be compatible with the objective of supporting political stability It is

Foreign Direct Investment’s spillover potential that is perhaps its most valuable input to long-run growth and

development The expansion of innovative business models, such as mobile technology services, is indicative of the

continents growth potential Removing restrictive product market regulations in Kenya’s service

sectors would increase GDP growth by at least 0.39 percentage points Barriers affecting trade in services drive

many suppliers into informality or force them to engage in less productive transactions Competition policy can play a

key role in achieving African countries’ vision of a prosperous Africa, based on inclusive growth and sustainable development

Through regional trade, Africa’s farmers have the potential to meet much of the rising demand for food

Implementation of the new ECOWAS Common External Tariff will open new opportunities for Nigerian firms in the

regional market Are there potential high-growth entrepreneurs with the ability to grow their firms beyond this

workers or fewer? The effect of more competition on farm gate prices depends on the initial level of

competition in that country and crop

38

THE AFRICA COMPETITIVENESS REPORT 2015World Economic Forum; World Bank; African Development Bank;

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. 2015.

The Africa Competitiveness Report 2015 comes out at a

promising time for the continent. However, more than a

decade of consistently high growth rates have not yet

trickled down to significant parts of the population: nearly

one out of two Africans continue to live in extreme poverty,

and income inequality in the region remains among the

highest in the world. What is more, across sectors - from

agriculture to manufacturing and services - productivity

levels remain low. It will be necessary to raise productivity

across all sectors of the economy to achieve higher growth

and create quality employment, and turn this progress into

sustainable inclusive growth.

UNLOCKING GROWTH POTENTIAL IN KENYA: DISMANTLING REGULATORY OBSTACLES TO COMPETITIONWorld Bank Group. 2015

Competitive domestic markets are necessary to boost Kenya’s

competitiveness. The main focus of this report is the identifi-

cation of regulations that could restrict competition and

distort markets and business decisions, having a negative

effect on Kenya’s competitiveness and growth.

This report contains results from a review of the regulatory

framework in key areas identified using Organization for

Economic Co-operation and Development's (OECD) Product

Market Regulation (PMR) indicators, the World Bank Group’s

framework to identify anticompetitive regulations, and

interviews with stakeholders. This report is concerned only

with certain regulations that affect market competition in

select sectors and topical areas. The report stems from the

policy dialogue with various Kenyan institutions, supported by

the Kenya Investment Climate Program.

THE UNEXPLORED POTENTIAL OF TRADE IN SERVICES IN AFRICA : FROM HAIR STYLISTS AND TEACHERS TO ACCOUNTANTS AND DOCTORSDihel, Nora; Goswami, Arti Grover. 2016.

The book speaks volumes about the latent potential for trade

in services in Africa and the regulatory hurdles that providers

face in materializing such flows, and proposes concrete policy

action for integrating fragmented services markets in Africa.

The contributions to this volume seek to shed some light on

uncharted opportunities for services trade in Africa, and

invigorate and deepen the discussion about the role of

services in trade diversification and economic upgrading on

the continent. The focus is on less explored areas such as

informal trade in services and trade in more sophisticated but

equally neglected sectors such as professional services,

education and health services, and services related to mining

that are rarely associated with services trade in Africa.

BREAKING DOWN BARRIERS: UNLOCK-ING AFRICA'S POTENTIAL THROUGH VIGOROUS COMPETITION POLICYWorld Bank Group; African Competition Forum. 2016.

This report shows how competition policy can help African

countries boost inclusive and sustainable development. The

study reviews the implementation of competition frameworks

in Africa and examines competition issues that affect market

performance. It uses the WBG's Markets and Competition

Policy Assessment Tool to identify how competition rules and

their enforcement could be made more effective, and to

highlight economic and regulatory characteristics of cement,

fertilizers and telecoms markets that dampen competition and

increase the risk of anticompetitive business practices.

While the benefits of competition are clearly observable in

Africa, considerable effort is still required to ensure effective

implementation of competition laws and incorporation of

competition principles in government policies.

39

AFRICA CAN HELP FEED AFRICA: REMOVING BARRIERS TO REGIONAL TRADE IN FOOD STAPLESBrenton, Paul. 2012.

Africa's growing demand for food has been met increasingly

by imports from the global market. In addition, population

growth and changing demand patterns will double

demands over the next 10 years. This report shows that

reducing regulatory burdens on fertilizers and the

consequent increase in use of fertilizers will have substan-

tial impacts on returns to farmers, with consequent impacts

on poverty. The report highlights the range of barriers to

food trade in Africa along the entire value chain. Leaders

must also address the hard choices that will arise in dealing

with the political economy constraints that have until now

blocked the capacity of Africa to exploit its enormous

potential to feed Africans.

IMPLEMENTING THE ECOWAS COMMON EXTERNAL TARIFF: CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR NIGERIAvon Uexkull, Erik; Shui, Lulu. 2014.

This paper assesses the potential impact on Nigeria of

implementing the new Economic Community of West African

States (ECOWAS) Common External Tariff (CET), using the

World Bank's tariff reform impact simulation tool (TRIST). The

paper suggests that implementing the CET will have

significant and largely positive effects on Nigerian consumers

and producers.

This note is intended to enrich the debate by presenting

projections on the likely effects of CET implementation. To the

extent possible with the limited available data, it gives a

comprehensive overview of the effects to be expected on

government revenue, the welfare of consumers, and the

performance of Nigerian firms.

BENEFITS OF THE ECOWAS CET AND EPA WILL OUTWEIGH COSTS IN NIGERIA, BUT COMPETITIVENESS IS THE REAL ISSUECoste, Antoine; von Uexkull, Erik. 2015.

This note analyzes whether the benefits of Economic

Community of West African States (ECOWAS) Common

External Tariff (CET) and Economic Partnership Agreement

(EPA) will outweigh costs in Nigeria, but competitiveness is

the real issue. Overall, full implementation of the CET and EPA

in Nigeria would result in limited fiscal losses, marginal

welfare gains for consumers and higher profits for a majority

of manufacturing firms accounting for the majority of jobs in

this sector.

Combining trade policy reforms with an ambitious competi-

tiveness agenda that addresses the most binding constraints

and promotes regional trade appears as the best way to

maximize the benefits and minimize the potential cost of

these reforms.

IDENTIFYING AND SPURRING HIGH-GROWTH ENTREPRENEURSHIP: EXPERIMENTAL EVIDENCE FROM A BUSINESS PLAN COMPETITIONMcKenzie, David. 2015.

Among the firms that do hire additional workers, most hire

fewer than 10. Can public policy help alleviate the constraints

that prevent these entrepreneurs from growing their firms? A

large-scale national business plan competition in Nigeria is

used to help provide evidence on these two questions.

Surveys tracking applicants over three years show that

winning the business plan competition leads to greater firm

entry, higher survival of existing businesses, higher profits and

sales, and higher employment, including increases of over 20

percentage points in the likelihood of a firm having 10 or more

workers. These effects appear to occur largely through the

grants enabling firms to purchase more capital and hire more

labor.

40

ENHANCING THE CLIMATE RESILIENCE OF AFRICA’S INFRASTRUCTURE: THE ROADS AND BRIDGES SECTORCervigni, Raffaello; Losos, Andrew Michael; Neumann, James L.;

Chinowsky, Paul. 2016.

A new study helps planners determine the most cost-effective

and appropriate adaptation pathway under a variety of climate

scenarios. This report shows that it is already appropriate to

design road infrastructure for the higher temperatures that

climate change will bring. Not doing so may cause the need to

repair damages related to higher temperature.

The case for proactive adaptation in response to precipitation is

not as clear cut, and needs to be assessed case by case. In some

countries, it would be appropriate to start proactively adapting

the road system. In other countries, more detailed analysis is

needed to identify where, when and how to invest in resilience

most appropriately. Some roads in some areas may well already

benefit also from pro-active adaptation.

PROGRESS ON COMMERCIALIZED ROAD MANAGEMENT IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA Pinard, Michael Ian. 2012.

The study focuses on the organizational, technical, and

management issues associated with the restructuring, and

commercialization of Road Agencies in seven countries. It

aims to deepen the understanding of good practice in order

to provide Sub-Saharan Africa Transport Policy Program

(SSATP) partner countries with the guidance they need to set

up or restructure Road Authorities in Sub-Saharan Africa.

Ultimately, the main objective of reforming of road manage-

ment practices in road agencies is to improve the efficiency

and effectiveness of their operations in terms of improved

service delivery and, for road users, in terms of improved road

conditions. Evidence indicates that most of those agencies

striving to operate in a commercialized manner are seeing

more paved roads in good condition.

TRANSPORT AND ICTRoad infrastructure is particularly vulnerable to climate change with higher temperatures, increased precipitation,

and flooding pushing an already stressed road system to the limit There is good reason to believe that a more

commercialized approach to road management is at least a major contributory factor to good roads

Methodologies for evaluating which road projects to fund or not to fund have been disjointed and unreliable

Africa has been shown to have less transport infrastructure per square kilometer than any other world

region, and much of it designed to low standards It is essential to connect the East African Community’s farmers,

firms and miners to the regional and global markets The Rural Access Index (RAI) is proposed as an indicator to measure quality,

reliable, sustainable and resilient infrastructure African cities are facing many challenges and the

financial and institutional capacity of most national and city governments is not strong enough to cope with the rate of

urbanization More and more Africans are accessing the Internet, but online use in Sub-Saharan Africa still lags

far behind that in other parts of the world The rapid urban and metropolitan growth in Addis Ababa is

exacerbated by poor planning and land-use, inadequate infrastructure, and chronic housing shortage.

41

AFRICA'S TRANSPORT INFRASTRUC-TURE: MAINSTREAMING MAINTENANCE AND MANAGEMENTGwilliam, Ken. 2011.

These four technical monographs provide detailed results on

each of the major infrastructure sectors, information and

communication technologies (ICT), power, transport, and

water, as companions to the flagship report.

These technical volumes are intended as reference books on

each of the infrastructure sectors. They cover all aspects of the

AICD project relevant to each sector, including sector

performance, gaps in financing and efficiency, and estimates

of the need for additional spending on investment,

operations, and maintenance. Each volume also comes with a

detailed data appendix, providing easy access to all the

relevant infrastructure indicators at the country level, which is

a resource in and of itself.

AFRICA TRANSPORT POLICIES PERFOR-MANCE REVIEW: THE NEED FOR MORE ROBUST TRANSPORT POLICIESRunji, Justin. 2015.

This working paper summarizes the key findings of the African

Transport Policy Performance Review, carried out by SSATP in

selected Anglophone and Francophone countries in 2013. It

highlights the performance of transport policies focusing on

the main transportation modes, excluding maritime and

aviation, and is augmented by outcomes of related work

carried out mainly by SSATP and the World Bank.

The key objective is to convey the salient messages, and to

point out the need for more transformational and pragmatic

transport policy objectives and strategies, in an effort to

enhance the efficiency and competitiveness of the sector. The

paper addresses some fundamental policy issues, that affect

transport performance in Sub-Saharan African countries and is

intended for transport sector policy level decision-makers.

BUILDING A REFORM CONSENSUS FOR INTEGRATED CORRIDOR DEVELOPMENT IN THE EAST AFRICAN COMMUNITY: PILLAR TWO - THE ASSESSMENT OF WIDER ECONOMIC BENEFITS Iimi,Atsushi;Humphreys,Richard Martin;Des Longchamps

Deville,Henry;Mchomvu,Yonas Eliesikia;Melibaeva,Sevara;Mitiku,Tes-

famichael Nahusenay;Kamga Nenkam,Elikia M. V.;Sasia,Josphat

O.;Ahmed,Muhammad Zulfiqar. 2015.

This report explored a wide range of economic benefits from

transport infrastructure investment and quantified them to an

extent possible, using detailed spatial data and micro analyses

in the EAC region. Transport cost savings remain an important

benefit from transport investment but is only a fraction of the

whole benefits. A broader assessment tool needs to be applied

to identify and evaluate various economic benefits from a

large-scale infrastructure project.

HIGHWAYS TO SUCCESS OR BYWAYS TO WASTE: ESTIMATING THE ECONOM-IC BENEFITS OF ROADS IN AFRICAAli, Rubaba; Barra, A. Federico; Berg, Claudia; Damania, Richard;

Nash, John; Russ, Jason. 2015.

Roughly $6.8 billion per year is spent in Sub-Saharan Africa on

paving roads, and the World Bank invests more on roads than

on education, health, and social services combined. This report

hopes to establish a new methodology for prioritizing funding

that can be applied to diverse scenarios, regions, and projects.

This book demonstrates how modern econometrics and

geospatial techniques can be combined to analyze the latest

available geo-referenced datasets at the smallest possible

scale to answer some of the most important questions in

development. Aimed at researchers from across the spectrum

of international development, this book seeks to be a reference

guide for all who seek new tools and insights into the many

issues, both technical and nontechnical, of this important field.

42

MEASURING RURAL ACCESS USING NEW TECHNOLOGIESWorld Bank Group. 2016.

The Rural Access index (RAI) measures the proportion of

people who have access to an all-season road within an

approximate walking distance of 2 kilometers. It is

important to update the RAI in a timely manner and use it

in actual operations. Unfortunately, the previous methodol-

ogy has several disadvantages.

A methodology to measure rural access, which is sustain-

able, consistent, simple, and operationally relevant has

been developed. The proposed methodology is not new,

but it takes advantage of spatial techniques and data

collected using innovative technologies. In recent years,

several new technologies and data sets have been

developed. The proposed method uses some of them,

although not all.

POLICIES FOR SUSTAINABLE ACCESSIBILITY AND MOBILITY IN URBAN AREAS OF AFRICAStucki, Martin. 2015.

There is an urgency to act now to respond to the challenge of

mobility and accessibility in urban areas in Africa. Drawing on

the lessons from international experience this report proposes a

set of policy recommendations, structured using the Enable –

Avoid – Shift – Improve (EASI) conceptual framework.

Implementing these policy principles will require overcoming

barriers to change. The key for success is to demonstrate to

policy- and decision-makers the catalytic impact of improve-

ments of the transport system, and to help them realize that

these improvements are not only urgent, but also within their

control.

African cities need support to successfully address their urban

mobility challenges and the first form of support needed is

dialogue and coordination amongst policy- and decision-makers.

AFRICA'S ICT INFRASTRUCTURE: BUILD-ING ON THE MOBILE REVOLUTIONWilliams, Mark D. J.; Mayer, Rebecca; Minges, Michael. 2011.

Information and communication technologies (ICTs) have

been a remarkable success in Africa. Across the continent, the

availability and quality of service have gone up and the cost

has gone down. Many countries now regard broadband

Internet as central to their long-term economic development

strategies, but in Africa, the Internet is still in its infancy. In

most countries, access is limited and slow. Where broadband is

available, it is typically very expensive - far beyond the

financial means of the majority of Africans.

Ensuring that networks are capable of delivering broadband

Internet access at affordable prices is the next major challenge

on the horizon for policy makers. This book is about that

challenge and others.

ADDIS ABABA URBAN AND METROPOLITAN TRANSPORT AND LAND USE LINKAGES STRATEGY REVIEWWorld Bank. 2014.

A key challenge for housing in the Addis Ababa metropolitan

area, and, indeed, of planning in general, is that lack of

coordination with transportation. Over the past seven years,

Addis Ababa has been making a concerted effort to improve the

urban transport situation, largely through large investments in

new infrastructure.

The urban development and transport challenges facing Addis

Ababa are manageable, but require a holistic and strategic

approach, diligence, consistency and professionalism to begin

to get a handle on the challenges of rapid urbanization and

motorization. This approach necessarily involves a mixture of

institutional change and strengthening, new ways of perceiving

and approaching well known problems, and an honest

reassessment of the priorities that have and continue to govern

resource allocation.

43

STOCKTAKING OF THE HOUSING SECTOR IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA : CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIESWorld Bank Group. 2015.

In Sub-Saharan Africa, urbanization is not accompanied by the

level of per-capita economic growth or housing investment

that is observed elsewhere in global trends. Housing stocks,

along with investment and employment in related construc-

tion and finance industries, constitute a major component of

national economic wealth.

The key challenge for African cities has been the comparatively

low growth in per‐capita income, which limits the resources

that households have to consume or invest in housing. At the

same time across the region, the formal channels through

which quality housing is produced and financed face major

constraints that limit access to a large share of urban house-

holds.

DRC URBANIZATION REVIEWWorld Bank. 2016.

Over the next 15 years, growth in the DRC’s urban populations

will propel new demand for infrastructure, for housing and

other physical structures, and for amenities. DRC has one of

Africa’s largest populations and is poised to reap the

dividends of a youth bulge and low dependency ratios. It has

a dynamic portfolio of cities, led by Kinshasa, one of the

largest megacities in the continent, and an array of secondary

cities. The recent commodity price bust could constitute an

opportunity for the country to diversity its economy and

invest in the manufacturing sector.

Now is an opportune time for policy makers to invest in cities

that can lead the country’s structural transformation and

greater integration with African and global markets.

URBAN AND DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENTSub-Saharan Africa is experiencing rapid urbanization as well as a growing slum population. Democratic Republic of

Congo’s cities must become more livable for their residents by offering services, amenities, and housing for poor and

middle class residents With an urban population at 50 percent, Côte d’Ivoire’s economy is underperforming urbanization Ethiopia’s urban population share is one of the lowest in the world, well below the

Sub-Saharan Africa average of 37 percent Urbanization has been an important factor in Ghana’s successful efforts to reduce poverty Kenya’s ambitious experiment in devolution comes at an important period in the

economic and urban transformation Malawi’s economy is undergoing a positive structural change, but

structural transformation in Malawi is not driven by urbanization Consumption-based cities have arisen because of Nigeria’s oil wealth, but have not increased economic productivity or urban employment, or

reduced poverty One of the most urgent issues affecting cities and Districts in Uganda are the high

unemployment and informal employment levels, and lack of jobs in tradable sectors

44

COTE D’IVOIRE URBANIZATION REVIEW : DIVERSIFIED URBANIZATIONWorld Bank. 2015.

Well-managed urbanization can accelerate Cote d’Ivoire’s

ascendance to middle incomes. Such a large gap in gross

national income (GNI) per capita means that the underlin-

ing economic drivers of urbanization are not being fully

harnessed in Cote d’Ivoire.

Drawing on the findings of the World Development Report

2009 applied to the Ivorian context, the authors identify three

types of cities in the country: global connector cities generat-

ing urbanization economies needed for innovation, increasing

return to scale activities, and global competitiveness; regional

connector cities generating localization economies needed for

efficient regional trade and transport; and domestic connector

cities generating internal scale economies needed to unleash

the agricultural potential of regions.

ETHIOPIA URBANIZATION REVIEW : URBAN INSTITUTIONS FOR A MID-DLE-INCOME ETHIOPIAWorld Bank Group. 2015.

The urban population in Ethiopia is increasing rapidly. If

managed proactively, urban population growth presents a

huge opportunity to shift the structure and location of

economic activity from rural agriculture to the larger and more

diversified urban industrial and service sectors.

The central challenge for the Ethiopian Government is to make

sure that cities are attractive places in which to work and live,

while fostering smart urbanization. Making urbanization a

national priority will accelerate Ethiopia’s progress towards

reaching middle-income status. The government has already

taken steps to make evidence-based, informed decisions for

well-managed urban growth, and this report aims to

contribute to those efforts.

RISING THROUGH CITIES IN GHANA : GHANA URBANIZATION REVIEW OVER-VIEW REPORTWorld Bank Group. 2015.

Rapid urbanization in Ghana over the past three decades has

coincided with rapid GDP growth. This has helped to create

jobs, increase human capital, decrease poverty, and expand

opportunities and improve living conditions for millions of

Ghanaians. Ghana’s urban transformation has been momen-

tous, but it is not unique: a similar process has characterized

other countries at similar levels of development.

Ghana’s key challenge now is to ensure that urbanization

continues to complement growth through improvements in

productivity and inclusion, rather than detracting from these

goals. Many rising problems are related to efficiency and

inclusion: these include slums, lack of basic services,

underdeveloped manufacturing, and insufficient transport

infrastructure.

KENYA URBANIZATION REVIEWWorld Bank. 2016.

This review takes a deep look at Kenya’s urbanization process.

It provides initial policy options in several key areas including

housing and basic services, land use and transport, planning,

subnational finance, and local economic development. These

are the areas identified for more in-depth study during initial

stakeholder consultations and as key priorities in consultations

with government experts. It is hoped that this report will

serve to raise understanding of the important opportunity that

urbanization presents for the country, informing policy makers

and interested parties alike and expanding dialogue on Kenya’s

urbanization.

45

MALAWI URBANIZATION REVIEW : LEVERAGING URBANIZATION FOR NATIONAL GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENTWorld Bank. 2016.

Malawi is urbanizing at a moderate rate and has a good chance

of proactively managing the urbanization process. Opportuni-

ties may arise from a positive structural change that Malawi’s

economy is undergoing, whereby the driver of growth and job

creation moves from agriculture to non-agricultural sectors.

Faster urbanization, with strong linkages with rural areas, can

contribute further to deepening such structural change.

To unlock the potential of urbanization as a catalyst for

long-term economic development, it is necessary to strength-

en the capacity of urban local governments to generate

revenues and meet the key infrastructure and service needs in

urban areas, which remain challenging even at the current rate

of urbanization.

FROM OIL TO CITIES : NIGERIA'S NEXT TRANSFORMATIONWorld Bank. 2016.

The Nigeria Urbanization Review serves the critical and timely

purpose of understanding the challenges and opportunities of

urbanization in Nigeria. The country's rapid urban population

growth and expansion is examined in relation to the account

of its recent urban economic growth in order to seek for ways

to finance urban development, particularly the provision of

urban public goods and services. The objective of this

analytical program is to provide diagnostic tools to inform

policy dialogue and investment priorities on urbanization. This

report serves the critical and timely purpose of focusing

attention on the challenges and opportunities of urbanization

in Nigeria.

THE ROLE OF LOCAL GOVERNMENTS IN PROMOTING LOCAL ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN UGANDAWorld Bank Group. 2016.

While Uganda has a long history of decentralized service

delivery, and has instituted Local Economic Development

(LED) as an additional mandate for local governments (LGs),

there has been less progress in operationalizing the concept

and practically implementing it across LGs in Uganda. There is

considerable confusion among LG staff as to what this entails

on a day to day basis and there has been limited progress in

implementation.

This study focused on assessing three localities both in terms

of their local economic potentials and enabling environment

for business, as well as in terms of the institutional and policy

context for promoting LED. The study identified promising

economic sectors in the three localities, as well as the main

constraints that those sectors currently face.

46

IMPROVING THE PERFORMANCE OF ELECTRICITY AND WATER AND SANITATION UTILITIES IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICAVan Den Berg,Caroline;Antmann,Pedro;Heymans,Christiaan;Danilen-

ko,Alexander V.;Andres,Luis Alberto;Shukla,Sameer;Goksu,Amanda

McMahon;Kingdom,William D.;Damania,Richard;Bakalian,Alexander

E.;Kamkwalala,Jonathan S.;Bahuguna,Aroha;Wit,Joeri Frederik

de;Cubas,Diana. 2016.

This paper is a synthesis of the findings of reports that look at the

drivers of performance in energy and water utilities in Sub-Saharan

Africa. The reports fill a gap in the literature of the utilities'

performance in Sub-Saharan Africa and expand on the determi-

nants for performance, identify the traditional and nontraditional

mechanisms for reaching the poor, and highlight the critical

elements for turning bad-performing utilities around. While the

three background reports provide a significant step ahead (as they

serve mainly as a mirror for performance assessment at the country

and utility level), the reports also aimed at providing direction in the

region for sector-wide improvement.

PROVIDING WATER TO POOR PEOPLE IN AFRICAN CITIES: LESSONS FROM UTILITY REFORMSWorld Bank. 2016.

Africa’s urban population is expected to triple by 2050, but

the proportion of people with improved water supply has

barely grown since 1990. But it is possible for rapidly growing

African cities to provide poor people with near-universal

access to reliable, affordable water, even amid water resource

endowments, limited economic development and inauspi-

cious governance. Political economy factors can be mustered

to enable professional management, achieve tariffs

recovering costs, collect revenue, make services affordable

and deploy innovative technology. Skillful political

management can use catalytic events like a cholera outbreak

or political change to spark change and forge alliances with

reform momentum.

WATERExpanding water and electricity coverage is a priority and can be achieved by making utilities more

efficient and targeting investments better The proportion of Africa’s urban population with improved water supply has barely grown since 1990 Can prepaid systems help improve water services to poor people in African cities

and towns, or does it deny them access to water? In Nigeria, 57 million people continue to live without access to improved water, while 130 million people use unimproved sanitation facilities or practice open defecation The incidence

of stunting (43%) is comparable to Sahelian countries in spite of the DRC’s much richer natural resources that include almost a

quarter of Africa’s internal renewable water resources and a favorable climate DRC has almost a quarter of Africa’s internal renewable water resources yet the incidence of stunting is comparable to that of Sahelian countries

National and local governments in the Niger River Basin are not equipped to respond to ongoing climate-related events, much less escalated future events. Global warming risks combined with the current geopolitical crisis have prompted the of a Lake Chad Development and Climate Resilience Action Plan

47

NIGERIA WATER, SANITATION, AND HYGIENE POVERTY DIAGNOSTIC Andrés, L. , P. Mantovani, V. Molini, M. Duret. 2017.

This report offers an overview of the state of Water, Sanitation,

and Hygiene Poverty (WASH) services in the Nigeria. It draws

from a number of national data sources, desk reviews, and

original research to analyze service delivery in the country,

and assess the sector’s performance.

It offers an overview of poverty in Nigeria, considers the

relationship between poverty and WASH, explores

demographic patterns influencing access to WASH, examines

the relationship between WASH and child health outcomes,

evaluates the performance of water utilities, conducts a public

expenditure review of the WASH sector, identifies institutional

bottlenecks, and offers insights on how to make the sector

more efficient and sustainable.

WATER RICH, ACCESS POOR: A DIAG-NOSTIC OF WATER, HYGIENE, SANITA-TION (WASH) AND POVERTY IN THE DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO Hirn, Maximilian; Rodella, Aude-Sophie. 2017.

The Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) is among the five poorest

countries in the world. Access to improved water, sanitation and

hygiene (WASH) services remains extraordinarily limited. Poor

WASH services is a leading contributor to multi-dimensional

poverty and poor health/ nutritional outcomes in the DRC.

This report provides an in-depth analysis of WASH, poverty and its

linkages to health/ nutrition using a wide range of household surveys,

including primary data shedding light on improved access with a

water quality lens. It also reviews the existing institutional structure

of the water and sanitation sectors in the DRC in order to shed light on

the causes of the major policy challenge of poor and unequally

distributed service outcomes and to outline potential solutions.

STRENGTHENING INVESTMENT PLAN-NING TO BUILD CLIMATE RESILIENCE IN THE NIGER BASINWorld Bank. 2016.

Climate change imposes stark challenges for the food-insecure

Sahel and particularly for the Niger Basin's already highly

vulnerable population of 112 million. Six of the nine basin countries

are among the World's least developed, with high poverty and

weak social and economic safety nets. Water is a fundamental

pathway through which climate change is impacting people and

environment, making water-related resilience-building interven-

tions a top priority.

Since the basin countries share surface and groundwater, a

coordinated approach presents significant opportunities to more

effectively build resilience and avoid maladaptation. Recognizing

this, the Niger Basin countries, led by the Niger Basin Authority

(NBA) and supported by the CIWA program, the World Bank, and

African Development Bank, joined together in 2015 to develop a

Climate Resilience Investment Plan.

THE LIMITS AND POSSIBILITIES OF PREPAID WATER IN URBAN AFRICA: LESSONS FROM THE FIELDHeymans,Christiaan;Eales,Kathy;Franceys,Richard W. A.. 2014.

The need for the assessment emerged from prepaid meters

increasingly being utilized by water and sanitation utilities

in developing countries, including World Bank clients. The

technologies adopted have expanded over this period, but

there has been a lack of consolidated data and analysis that

capture the service delivery, operational efficiency, and

access to services aspects of such systems across utilities

and regions systematically.

The study concludes that prepayment can make a

difference, but that prepaid water is not a miracle cure and

it cannot substitute for ineffective overall management,

credit vending close to customers, easy to use at flexible

hours, reliability and continuous communication with

customers.

48

LAKE CHAD DEVELOPMENT AND CLIMATE RESILIENCE ACTION PLAN (VOL. 2)Mekonnen,Dawit Tadesse. 2016.

The Lake Chad Climate resilience action plan outlines the

concept that there is a need to turn Lake Chad into a rural

hub for regional development in parallel to the restoration

of peace and security. It intends to contribute significantly

to food security, employment, and the social inclusion of

youth by improving, in a sustainable way, the living

conditions of populations settled on the Lake’s banks and

islands as well as the resilience of a system characterized by

a strong demographic growth, high hydrological variability,

and climate uncertainty.

The Plan includes enhancing the capacity of the Lake Chad

Basin Commission (LCBC) in terms of data collection,

sharing of information, and analyses useful to governance

of the basin’s shared natural resources.

SAHEL IRRIGATION INITIATIVE: A JOINT INITIATIVE SUPPORTED BY A SHARED VISIONSahel Irrigation Initiative: A joint initiative supported by a shared

vision © World Bank. 2017.

The goal of this Initiative is to support Member States and stakehold-

ers involved in irrigated agriculture to increase the area under

agricultural water management up to one million hectares while

ensuring the viability, performance, and environmental sustainability

of existing and future irrigation systems and their associated

agricultural development.

Based on the Sahel countries’ long experience in water management,

various irrigation solutions adapted to the Sahelian context can be

identified, set up, and funded as part of an enhanced institutional

framework. These solutions need to be designed following three

major principles: recognition of the diversity of irrigation systems,

producer-oriented integrated approach and stakeholders’ involve-

ment based on a clear delineation of their responsibilities.

49