Klh Rabies

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Rabiesis a zoonotic disease

The disease infects domestic and wild animals,

and is spread to people through close contact

with infected saliva via bites or scratches.

symptoms

The incubation period is typically 1

3 months,may vary from 1 year.

The initial symptoms :

fever and often pain

or an unusual or unexplained tingling, pricking or

burning sensation (paraesthesia) at the wound site.

the virus spreads through the central nervous system,

progressive, fatal inflammation of the brain and spinal cord develops.


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1: ATTACMENT (receptors and virion interation).

2: Penetration (virus entry).3:Uncoating (envelope removal).

4. Transcription (synthesis of mRNAs).

5. Translation (Synthesis of structural proteins).

6. Processing (G-protein gycosylation).

7. Replication (production of genomic RNA from intermediate strand.8. Assembly. 9: Budding (complete virions).

CYCLE OF INFECTION

&

REPLICATION VIRUS


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Diagnosis

No tests - diagnose

rabies infection in humans

before the onset of clinical disease,

unless the rabies-specific signs ofhydrophobia or aerophobia are present,

the clinical diagnosis may be difficult.

Human rabies can be confirmedintra-vitam and post mortem

viral antigens or nucleic acids in infected tissues

(brain, skin, urine or saliva).


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Transmission

Deep bite or scratch by an infected animal.1. Dogs are the main host and transmitter of rabies.

2. Bats are the source of most human rabies deaths in

America and Canada.

3.Foxes, raccoons, skunks, jackals, mongooses andBUT OTHER wild carnivore hostspecies are very rare.

Transmission can also occur

usually saliva comes into direct contact

with human mucosa or fresh skin wounds.

- Human-to-human transmission .

Rarely, rabies by inhalation

of virus-containing aerosol or via transplantation of an infected organ.

Ingestion ofraw meat or other tissues from animals infectedwith

rabies is not a source of human infection.


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Post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP)

1.local treatment of the wound, initiated as soon as possible

2.potent and effective rabies vaccine that meets WHO

recommendations;

3. rabies immunoglobulin, if indicated.


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Category I

touching or feeding animals,

licks on intact skin

Category II

nibbling of uncovered skin,minor scratches or

abrasions without bleeding

Category III

single or multiple bitesor scratches, licks on broken skin;

contamination of

mucous membrane with

saliva from licks,

contacts with bats.

Categories of contact

with suspect rabiesPost-exposure prophylaxis

None

Immediate vaccination andlocal treatment of the wound

Immediate vaccination andadministration of

rabies immunoglobulin;

local treatment of the wound


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Who is most at risk?Dog rabies potentially threatens

1.rural areas where human vaccines and immunoglobulin are not readily.

2.Poor people are at a higher risk,

3.children aged under 15. the majority are male.

4.Travellers with extensive outdoor exposure in rural,

5.areas medical care may be limited should be considered at risk .

6.Children living in or visiting rabies-affected areas are at

particular risk.


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Eliminating rabies in dogs

Rabies is a vaccine-preventable disease.

The most cost-effective strategy for preventing rabies in people (dogs

vaccination).

Preventive immunization in people

Safe, effective vaccines

used for pre-exposure immunization.This is recommendedfor :

1.travellers spending a lot of time outdoors, e

2.high-risk occupations laboratory

with live rabies virus and other lyssaviruses,direct contact with bats, carnivores, and other mammals in

rabies-affected areas.

3.children at higher risk (tend to play with animals),

4.living in or visiting high risk areas.

Prevention


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Rabies Treatmentno cure and death is almost certain,

1.Supportive care treatment

2.Post-exposure treatment

one dose of rabies immune globulin and

five doses of the rabies vaccine over a 28-day period.

rabies immune globulin and the first dose of the vaccine

Normally, additional doses of rabies vaccine

follow on days 3, 7, 14, and 28 after the first vaccination

Older rabies vaccines required painful,daily injections in the abdomen (stomach) for up to three weeks,

and could produce severe side effects.

Current vaccines are relatively painless in arm,

(like a flu or tetanus vaccine) as soon as possible after exposure.


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Preventive immunization


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GEOGRAPHY RABIES


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Documents

Klh Rabies