KINGS GENERAL SYSTEMS FRAMEWORK THEORY James Madison University
NSG 463 Ashley Simon
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IMOGENE KING, RN, MSN, EDD, FAAN Born: January 30, 1923 in West
Point, Iowa The youngest of three children Died: December 24, 2007
in Saint Petersburg two days after suffering from a stroke.
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IMOGENE KINGS EDUCATION 1945-Completed her diploma in nursing
education at St. Johns Hospital in St. Louis, Missouri
1948-Received her BS in Nursing from St. Louis University
1957-Obtained her MS in Nursing from St. Louis University
1961-Obtained her Doctorate in Education(Ed.D.) from Teachers
College in Columbia University, N.Y. 1971- Published Toward a
theory of nursing: general concepts of human behavior 1980-Honoary
Ph. D from Southern Illinois University Postdoctoral study in
research design, statistics and computer
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KINGS EXPERIENCE Practiced as an office nurse, staff nurse,
school nurse, nurse educator, and nurse administrator Administrator
at Ohio State University Educator at St. Johns Hospital School of
Nursing, Loyola University, and the University of South Florida
Adult Medical-Surgical Nursing Practitioner Assistant chief of the
Research Grants Branch, Division of Nursing, Department of Health,
Education and Welfare Professor emeritus at the University of South
Florida
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IMOGENE KING CONTD Formulated her theory while she was an
associate professor at Loyola University in Chicago A search for
literature in nursing and other behavioral science fields,
discussion with colleagues, attendance at numerous conference,
inductive and deductive reasoning, and some critical thinking about
the information gathered, lead me to formulate my own theoretical
framework. During this time nursing was emerging as a profession
and some sought to challenge the existing role of nurses.
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JOURNEY TOWARDS THE THEORY According to King humans have three
fundamental needs Information on health that can be accessed and
utilized Care that aims to prevent illness Care in times of need or
illness In 1981 King refined her concepts into a nursing theory
that consisted of: 1. An open system framework as the basis of goal
attainment 2. Nursing as a major system within the health care
system 3. Nursing process emphasis on interpersonal processes Used
a systems approach in the development of her Dynamic Interacting
Systems Framework and in her subsequent goal attainment
theory.
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JOURNEY CONTD Interacting Systems Framework included three
systems: Personal System-the individual Interpersonal System
-individuals interacting with one another And Social system-groups
of people in a community or society sharing common goals, interests
and values. King studied the systems as a whole rather than as
isolated parts
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SYSTEMS FRAMEWORK The three systems included: Personal system
concepts includes: coping, spirituality, perception, self, body
image, growth and development Interpersonal system concepts
includes: interaction, communication, transaction, role, stress and
coping Social system concepts includes: organization, authority,
power, status, and decision making In order to identify problems
and establish goals, the nurse and patient has to perceive one
another, act and react, interact, and transact.
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THEORY OF GOAL ATTAINMENT Describes the importance of the
participation of all individuals in decision making as well as
choices, alternatives, and outcomes of nursing care. It pertains to
the importance of interaction, perception, communication,
transaction, self, role, stress, growth and development, time, and
personal space. Reflects Kings belief that the practice of nursing
is differentiated from other healthcare professions by what nurses
do with and what they do for individuals The nurse and
patient/client communicates information in order to set goals
mutually and then acts to attain those goals.
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SEVEN HYPOTHESIS IN GOAL ATTAINMENT 1.Perceptual congruence in
nurse-patient interactions increases mutual goal settings
2.Communication increases mutual goal setting between nurses and
patients which leads to satisfaction 3.Satisfaction in nurses as
well as patients increases goal attainment 4.Goal attainment
decreases stress and anxiety in nursing situations 5.Goal
attainment increases patient learning and coping in nursing
situations 6.Role conflict experienced by nurses, patients, or both
decreases transactions in nurse-patient interactions 7.Congruence
in role expectations and role performance increases transactions in
nurse-patient interactions.
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PUTTING THE THEORY TO USE King believed that if nursing
students are taught the theory of goal attainment and it is used in
nursing practice, then goal attainment can be measured and the
effectiveness of nursing care can be demonstrated. This theory
focuses on all aspects of nursing process: assessment, planning,
implementation, and evaluation. King believed that a nurse must
assess in order to set mutual goals, plan to provide alternative
means to achieve goals, and evaluate to determine if the goal was
reached.
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PUTTING THE THEORY TO USE CONTD It is useful in nursing
practice to create individualized plans of care while encouraging
active participation from clients in decision making One current
way in practice of doing this is Bedside report-this allows for the
patient to interact and know their plan of care during the stay at
the hospital. This theory has also been used fro curriculum design
in nursing programs and used as frameworks for books. It provides a
systematic means of viewing nursing as a profession, organizing a
body of knowledge for nursing, and clarifying nursing as a
discipline.
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THEORY ANALYSIS Not a perfect theory but easily understood
Clear and conceptual defined from research literature at the time
of development Some has critiqued the theory to have limited
application to nursing especially in patients who are unable to
competently interact with the nurse. KINGS RESPONSE TO CRITIQUE 70%
of communication is non-verbal It is impossible for a theory to
address every person, event, and situation
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SUMMARY King presented an open systems framework from which she
derived a theory of goal attainment. The framework consists of 3
systems including personal, interpersonal, and social. The major
concepts of the theory are interaction, communication, transaction,
role, stress, growth and development, space and time. This theory
is useful, testable, and applicable to nursing practice, although
it is not a perfect theory.
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KINGS THEORY APPLIED IN CURRENT PRACTICE In current practice
the use of this theory relies on participation of both the nurse
and the patient for effectiveness It can be used in most any
practice Reviewing the patients plan of care and providing the
patient with information as well as education each day Providing
the patient with options for their plan of care Keeping the patient
in the loop during their process of care Making decisions with the
patient rather than for the patient Bedside report is a good start
to this theory.
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REFERENCES 1. Texas Womans University (2014). Nursing Theorist.
Retrieved from
http://libguides.twu.edu/content.php?pid=387632&sid=3179434
http://libguides.twu.edu/content.php?pid=387632&sid=3179434 2.
George, J.B. (Ed.) (2008). Nursing theories: the base for
professional nursing practice. Upper Saddle River, N.J.:Prentice
Hall. 3- Retrieved from:
http://www.nurses.info/nursing_theory_person_king_imogene.htm 4.
Nursing theories. (2008). Retrieved October 2, 2014 from
http://www.currentnursing.com/nursing_theory.
http://www.currentnursing.com/nursing_theory 5. Blais, K. &
Hayes, J. (2011). Professional nursing practice: concepts and
perspectives. Boston: Pearson.