Khat Vong Ngan Doi - Tuyen Tap NTG

Nguyn Thanh Giang

KHT

VNG

NGN

I

2000

Mt Loi Hng Cht Xm

B Coi R

. Thao Lm .

(Trch mc Cu Chuyn Lm Khoa Hc, bo Nhn Dn 23/11/1989)

T

rong hot ng ca cc nh khoa hc, khng th thiu vic vit bo, vit sch, vit ti liu, vit gio trnh.... Cng c th coi l hot ng trao i thng tin, hot ng truyn b khoa hc nhm gp phn pht huy ng lc khoa hc trong i sng x hi. iu ny cn thit bit bao trong thi i "bng n" thng tin v thng tin tr thnh ti nguyn v gi ca loi ngi.

Cng c th coi y l mt loi hng cht xm rt c gi tr khi m khoa hc k thut tr thnh lc lng sn xut trc tip thi i chng ta, nhng trn thc t ang b coi rt r rng nc ta. Trong nhiu hi ngh khoa hc v nhiu cuc hi tho, nhiu nh khoa hc phn nn: "Nhng a con tinh thn" ca mnh phi thai nghn, trn tr hng chc nm tri mi sinh c, nhng khng c nh xut bn no u thnh ra vn phi xp x. C nhiu trng hp, tc gi phi t b tin ra in sch v t tiu th ly. C nhng bc th gi n Bo Nhn Dn, yu cu chuyn mc khoa hc ca bo ln ting v vn ny. Bc th ca ph tin s Nguyn Thanh Giang vit:

"Ti mi in c cun T Trng Tri t, nhng tnh hnh rt bi t. Tc gi phi b tin ra in hon ton. Nay em gi Tng cng ty pht hnh sch bn h. H khng h xem sch mnh vit hay d ra sao, cha bun nhn vi l do cha c kho. H cng tm s thng l sch khoa hc, k thut bn kh lm. Du c thu ca tc gi mt phn ba tin bn sch, cng khng li bng lm cc th khc. Bi vy, tc gi nh phi em i gi bn tng dm by chc cun mt. Khng ch vt v, gian kh, m cay cc, ti h n gin nc mt. Nhun bt th dt khot khng c ri, m cn c nguy c t b l hng my ch".

Cng vi bc th, tc gi gi n ta son cun sch kh dy dn, gm 200 trang (do Nh xut bn i hc v Gio dc Chuyn nghip n hnh) c tt c su chng, vi nhiu mc c sc thu ht chc chn em li cho nhng bn c khng chuyn su v lnh vc ny nhng hiu bit mi m v t trng tri t v mt s thin th khc cng nhng ng dng thit thc v l th ca lnh vc nghin cu t trng.

Song s phn ca cun sch T Trng Tri t cng ging nh nhiu cun sch khoa hc, k thut khc c in ra hoc cn l tp bn tho ang nm ch nhiu nh xut bn, thm ch cn phi nm li trn gi sch ca tc gi t nhiu nm nay. Chng u c s phn hm hiu nh nhau, trc ht v khng em li li nhun cho nh xut bn v ngi pht hnh.

Nu chng no loi sch khoa hc k thut cn phi cnh tranh "bnh ng" vi nhng loi sch khu gi tr t m, p ng nhu cu gii tr tm thng, hoc chiu theo th hiu thiu lnh mnh, th chng loi sch khoa hc k thut cn b coi r.

Thit ngh, cn c chnh sch tr gi hoc b l mc phi chng cho cc nh xut bn loi sch khoa hc k thut. y l bin php cn thit nhm khai thc ti nguyn thng tin v tr li ng gi tr cho loi hng ha cht xm cn c coi trng thi i chng ta.

Thao Lm

i Mi V Tng Cng

Cng Tc Dn Vn Ca ng,

Tht S Pht Huy Quyn Lm Ch Ca Nhn Dn

Dn c Bit, c Bn,

c Lm, c Kim Tra

Cng Vic Ca ng

. Nguyn Thanh Giang .

(Trch mc Gp Kin Vi ng, bo Nhn Dn 16/02/1990)

M

t trong nhng iu rt ng ghi nhn khi c cng Hi ngh ln th tm BCH/T ng l bn cng ny vch ra nhim v ln hng u ca cng tc dn vn trong nhng nm ti bao gm vic

"t chc cuc vn ng nhn dn gp kin vo bn d tho cng lnh qu ln ch ngha x hi Vit Nam v bn d tho chin lc kinh t-x hi di hn ca nc ta".

Phi chng ng mun to ra kh th Din Hng quy m ton quc? y tht s l mt ch trng rt ng. N xut pht t yu cu thc t khch quan v ht sc cn thit.

Thnh khn tm mi bin php c th s dng c hiu qu nht mi hnh thc ca nn dn ch trc tip, ca vic qun chng nhn dn trc tip tham gia son tho, thng qua v thc hin cc ch trng ln, cc ngh quyt quan trng l vic lm ca mt ng chn chnh. Mt ng nh th s ra c nhim v a vo hot ng tt c cc cng c bo m cho mi cng dn u c kh nng thc t nh hng mt cch tch cc ti vic tho ra cc quyt nh chi phi vn mnh ca c dn tc. Trong hon cnh hin nay, khng th xem vic qun l l s mnh, l c quyn ca ring mt s ngi no. Ch x hi ch ngha ch c th pht trin c kt qu khi ng vin c hng triu ngi tham gia i sng chnh tr.

Dn s c bn vic ca ng, cng ng pht huy tr tu, tm ra phng n ti u ph hp vi c im kinh t-x hi ca t nc, a nc ta tr thnh giu mnh, nhn dn ta c t do, m no, hnh phc.

Bn cho ra c nhng kin, nhng t tng ln tt khng n gin. Bi vy, cng tc dn vn trong phm tr ny i hi phi c tnh chin u cao. Khng th trng ch nhng kin ch m ph ha. Cn khuyn khch tt c cc kin c pht biu mnh bo, thng thn, cho d nghe cn rt l tai. Cn xa b bt i nhng "vng cm", nhng iu "hy", nhng ci m ta c cho rng l nguyn tc ri.

Ch ngha x hi ang trong cuc khng hong trm trng. Tnh hnh th gii ang bin chuyn ht sc phc tp vi tc nhanh nhiu quy m khc nhau. Tnh hnh i hi ng phi ht sc nhy cm vi thi cuc, vi nhp p ca cuc sng, lun lun hot ng trong ng o qun chng. Hn bao gi ht, thc t cuc sng ang kim nghim gay gt kh nng lnh o, kh nng tp hp qun chng ca ng, thng qua vic i mi trong nhn thc, trong ch trng v trong hnh ng.

Mun bn th phi c bit. Dn hn yu ng hn, gn gi ng hn, khi thy cng ca mt hi ngh ln ca ng c ng cng khai trn bo v km theo l bi x lun c ci tn rt tha thit:

"V s nghip i mi t nc, tng cng mi quan h mu tht gia ng vi nhn dn, hy ng gp tht nhiu kin cho ng".

Li khn cu ny a ra khng thi im no khc m ngay sau mt ci Tt kh sung tc mt ci Tt m n mt k gi phng Ty cng nhn c qua du hiu thnh vng ca t nc ny. Ci Tt c c nh ba nm thc hin ngh quyt i hi ln th VI ca ng.

Ti khng ngh v th thut chn thi im nhm tm kim nhng li tn tng, nhng kin xui chiu chung chung. Ti tin rng ng ang tht s cn cu th.

Phi vy ch. Bi v, mc d ng l Ngh quyt VI em li cho t nc mt b mt bt u khi sc tr li, ph phng nhn nhp hn ln, hng ha mu v by la lit, lng thc tha n mc bng nhin Vit Nam ng c vo hng th ba trn th gii v xut khu go. Tuy nhin, phi chng x hi c ci g kh l nhn nho, phi chng hng ha tng nh tha ch v sc mua ca dn kh thp, phi chng nhng c s quy m ang li tn, v nht l, lc lng tr thc cn thit bo m cho nhng tin b khoa hc-k thut ca nn kinh t-x hi ang b tan r rt au lng...

Chc l ng bit, ng khng ch quan. Chnh v vy mi c cng ny.

Thi chn thnh nh vy khng phi bao gi cng c n ng mc cn thit ca n. Cn nh sau chin thng 1975. Lc y uy tn ng cc k chi li, vn nc ht sc tt p. Tuy nhin, u hnh nh c s t mn hm hnh, mun thn thnh ha ng mnh, mun t ng trn nhn dn. Phi chi bi hc "ly nhn dn lm gc i hi VI c nhn mnh ngay t hi y, nhng tinh thn ca i hi VI c thm nhun ngay t thi y.

Mong v tin rng vn m rng tnh cng khai s ngy cng tr thnh nguyn tc i vi chng ta v ng s c nhiu bin php tt tnh cng khai tr thnh mt ch hot ng u n khng ch trung ng m c cc a phng, cc b, cc ngnh; c nhng ni m lu nay ngi ta c b n ha, thm nghim ha qu mc cn c. Bi v, nu khng c tnh cng khai th khng th c ch dn ch, khng th c s sng to chnh tr ca qun chng v s tham gia ca h vo qun l, vo s kim tra, gim st nhng g ang lm trong x hi, trong cc b ny, c quan ca ng v Nh nc.

Qun chng rt mng khi thy i hi VI ci khu lnh "nhn thng vo s tht, ni r s tht" vang ln vi sc rung ng rt su xa. Nhng ti sao, hnh nh n c v nh li lng du dn, hoc t ra, khng cn c nhc n vi s thi thc na.

ng vi s cng khai th s d b bi mc nhng khuyt im, nhng thiu st, d b li dng khuy o. Qun chng c ph phn cng khai, c nh gi cng khai, c i hi cng khai th nht nh s cng khai u tranh quyt lit bo v nhng g xng ng ca ng.

Bn cng Hi ngh tm vit:

"Nhng thnh tu ginh c l cng lao to ln ca cng nhn, nng dn, tr thc, lc lng v trang v ca mi tng lp nhn dn...".

v quy trch nhim nhng khuyt im tn ti

"c nguyn nhn ch yu l do ng chm i mi v tng cng cng tc vn ng nhn dn p ng yu cu ca tnh hnh mi".

Cch xc nh ng n nh th khng hn tng l thng l. C mt thi ngi ta mun quy cng lao ch yu ca thng li cch mng cho s lnh o ca ng.

Mt s mnh thng c nu ln nh chn l s nghip cch mng l do qun chng lm nn; ng ch tht s c sc mnh khi bit da vo dn, ha vo trong dn. Th m, do chin tranh ko di buc ta phi gi qu lu quyn ch huy tp trung, t c ch quan liu tn ti dai dng. Hu ht cc hot ng phc tp a dng ca x hi u b "nh nc ha, i din cc t chc trong h thng chnh tr th dn dn quan liu ha, ngi tip xc v i thoi trc cng chng. Ch ngha quan liu tr thnh ph bin v l nguyn nhn ca s thot ly thc t v qun chng. N to nn s thiu gn b cht ch gia ng, Nh nc v nhn dn. Khe nt ny ngy cng ln cn do nhng c quyn c li c s dng mt cch hin nhin v ph bin. ng vin th c hng c quyn c li hn qun chng, cn b cp trn th c nhiu bng lc hn cn b cp di. Tnh trng tn ti qu lu di, thng xuyn v ngy cng pht trin theo chiu hng xu. n ni, ng tr thnh nh mt ng cp bn trn x hi.

Lu nay ta ch cho rng nguyn nhn ca tnh trng ht sc khng bnh thng l do s tha ha, bin cht ca c nhn ng vin. Sao khng nghim tc nhn nhn ng n hn c vo nhng ch trng, chnh sch ca ng?

Cng c v pht trin mi lin h gia ng vi qun chng ph hp vi yu cu v kh nng ca giai on cch mng mi s tht s to ra ngun ng lc mi v cng to ln. Bi v, trong qun chng cn cha ng nhng ti nng, sc mnh n tng cha c khai thc ng mc.

Trong giai on mi phi c nhiu hnh thc linh hot tp hp qun chng. Qun chng bao gm nhng nhm x hi v nhng con ngi c nhng li ch v nhu cu chnh ng khc nhau, cho nn mun tp hp c h, ng phi thu hiu v tm cch tha mn ti a trong iu kin cho php.

Bn cng nu

"ng ng h v tch cc gip nhn dn t tp hp trong cc t chc x hi hot ng p ng cc nhu cu ngh nghip v s thch a dng ca nhn dn theo hng ch nc, li nh v theo ng php lut. ng v nh nc tn trng tnh c lp v mt t chc, pht huy tnh ch ng, sng to ca cc t chc x hi ca nhn dn...".

Nh vy l thu o. Thit ngh, khng cn t thm vn

"ng tch cc hng dn v gip cc on th chnh tr-x hi i mi t chc, ni dung v phong cch hot ng...".

Quan h gia t chc ng v cc t chc x hi khc, gia ng vin v ngi ngoi ng phi l quan h dn ch bnh ng, tn trng ln nhau, cng chu trch nhim. Cn trnh thi quen bao bin, sn sng mun lm thay.

*

N

hn dn trng mong v hy vng Hi ngh ln th tm BCH/T ng s hon thin hn bn cng ny v cng tc dn vn ca ng s tht s c i mi v tng cng nhm pht huy cao quyn dn ch v kh th cch mng ca nhn dn ta.

Mt Bui Ti Niu-Oc

. Nguyn Thanh Giang .

(Trch mc Ghi Chp, bo Nhn Dn 0/1990)

M

t hm, tnh c ti gp mt chu trai mi tui, con mt Vit kiu, Niu-Oc (New York). Chu ni ting Vit khng c si v chng khng mun dng ting m .

Ti hi chu qu u. Chu bo Ca-li-pho-nia. "Chu ngi nc no?", ti li hi. Chu bo l ngi M. Ti hi chu c bit nc Vit Nam u khng. Chu bo khng bit.

Ti nn mt ting th di, nc mt c mun tro ra.

Ti hm y, ti ngi tr chuyn vi mt nhm ngi Vit Nam M. H u trong tui 30 n 40 v u ri T quc sau 1975. H n vi ti do nhiu nguyn nhn: t m, tnh c, nh gy s....

thay i ci khng kh t nht c phn hi cng thng, ngi ch nh phi gii thch rng ti l ngi c ban t chc Hi ngh a cht Quc t ln th 28 mi sang trnh by mt cng trnh nghin cu v a vt l. Tuy H Ni mi qua, nhng ti ch lm khoa hc.

Cu chuyn dn d ci m hn, nhng ri cui cng, ti cng khng gi c bnh tnh. Ti na a na tht ni:

- L ra cc cu phi bit n "Vit cng". Nh h m cc cu chy sang y kim c cuc sng vt cht sung tc. Trong khi , h cng tt c nhng ngi li ang nai lng xy dng mt t nc x xc sau bao nhiu tn ph. Cc cu c th gin, c th ght, c th th on, c th khng va lng vi nhiu nhiu th, bi nhiu l do, nhng ng nn mnh b mt i ci quyn c t ho v c gn b vi mt dn tc, mt t nc, nh n xng ng v ri y nht nh s cn l mt trong nhng nim ngng vng ca th gii.

Khi tin ti ra v, ngi ch nh phn bua:

- Mong anh ng ru lng v bui tr chuyn ti nay. Anh c thy nhiu ngi khng ni g khng? H cng chng em s l tri k, tri m ca cc anh.

Nhng tri k, tri m ca chng ta khng him nhng nhiu ni, nhiu lc, c bit l hin nay, h nh sng thc th. H phi ln lt trong c cc hot ng c lin h vi qu hng cho d khng dnh dng n "cng sn"....

Sut thi gian hi ngh Oa-sinh-tn (Washington D.C.), ti thng n nh mt Vit Kiu cch ch hp non mt gi xe in ngm.

ng c 77 tui nhng vn i lm. Bui sng, c thng ri nh lc by gi v khng v trc su gi ti. C sng kh thanh bch cho nn lng hu hon ton bo m mi sinh hot, nhng c bo c i lm va khuy ni bun xa x, va c tin gi v gip b con, h hng. C cha tm c cch no khc hn gn lng mnh vi qu hng. C thng dn vt l ngi v dng i vi T quc. Ch t ngy tr chuyn nhng phi n qu hai ln c ngm ngi nhc li my cu th inh Hng:

"Ti quen h hng trn ng.

Nay mi hay mnh khng c hng.

Thy gic hn qu, qu chng thy.

Bc mu my trng khut ngn phng".

Chng ta hin c hn hai triu ngi nh th sng ri rc khp ni trn mt a cu. H ri t nc vo nhng thi gian khc nhau, v nhng l do khc nhau v hin nhiu la tui vi nhiu tm trng khc nhau; nhiu thi chnh tr vi nhiu mong mun khc nhau.

Trong cc cng ng ngi Vit y ang c tt c nhng vn ca x hi loi ngi. C nhn i thun ha v bo tn ganh ght. C tng thn tng i v cnh tranh quyt lit trong ni b cng ng v vi cc cng ng khc. C giu sang hnh phc ang mm ci vi ngi ny, v ngho hn ti cc ang sit cht vo s phn ngi kia. C "cuc vui y thng, trn ci sut m" ca bn tr v ni c n, ho ht ca ngi gi. C nhng em nh ang sa dn vo vng ly ti li, v c mm mng ca nhng ngh s lng danh hay nh khoa hc li lc. C ci cht ca ngi dng cm no dm ng ra gii thch v nhng iu thin ca chng ta, v c ci sng ca nhng nn nhang nghi ngt trong nhiu nh th t va lp.

Tuy nhin, do thiu thng tin, do nh kin hay th lnh m m chng ta hiu v bit rt t v nhng ng bo y ca ta. Phi chng, chng ta ch mi ch n 30 vn tr thc v nhn vin nghip v trong hn hai triu ngi ny; n vi chc cng ty c quan h lm n, bun bn hoc khong vi trm triu -la m Vit Kiu gi v cho thn nhn hng nm? Phi chng cn c nhng k, c chp khi ai tht ln: N vt bin, n trn chy, th m by gi n v li gi n l Vit kiu v n tip nh thng khch.

Phi chng, khi ngh n iu tt, iu xu, ci li v ci hi, nhiu ngi cn ht sc thin cn?

Vi nm ti, s cng ty v chuyn gia Vit Nam sng nc ngoi c quan h lm n vi ta s tng nhanh. iu c l l tt nhin. Nhng cn nhiu iu khc tt nhin phi quan tm hn, l: Cc c gi kia s mt, s em nh ra i trn qu ngi s nhiu thm. V, n lc cc cu con trai nh cu b ti gp Niu-Oc tr thnh chuyn gia hp tc vi ta th chng ta s phi tip n, tr chuyn, lm vic vi cu ht nh vi chuyn gia nc ngoi ?

Khng th nh vy c. Sau trng k u tranh cc k gay go, gian kh, thng li s b coi l hn ch nu ginh li c ton vn lnh th m li mt i mt b phn nhn dn.

Xu hng giao lu quc t pht trin v ngy cng m rng. Ngy nay, th gii c chng hng chc triu ngi ang lm n sinh sng khng t quc mnh. H em theo c gia nh v lao ng c trong lnh vc tr c ln chn tay. Con s c xu hng tng nhanh, c bit l nhng nm gn y. Th trng sc lao ng th gii ny hnh thnh mt cch tt nhin v khch quan do s phn b sc lao ng ton cu khng ng u, nhp pht trin kinh t chnh lch gia cc nc, mc tng dn s ca cc khu vc dn c khc nhau...

Nhng ngi Vit Nam b nc ra i s em li bao nhiu phc, bao nhiu ha cho dn tc. iu ny cha c tho lun k v cng cha nn khng nh mt cch hm h. Ch bit: Khng phc no khng c kh nng bin thnh ha, khng ci ha no khng mm ny sinh ra ci phc. Ch bit, ngy nay nu mn cm mt cht, th m m ta khng th khng nghe tri tim Vit Nam cn p u tn bn kia Thi Bnh Dng, v trong nhng cn gi ang thi trn tt c cc kinh tuyn a cu u c hi th m ca ngi Vit Nam. Ngy nay, khi ngh v Vit Nam, chng ta khng c ch ngh n 54 dn tc ang sng trn di t ch S ng Nam m phi bao gm c nhiu cng ng ngi Vit Nam ang sng khp y, ngoi lnh th. H l mu ca mu chng ta, l tht ca tht chng ta.

Tht vy, vn "ng bo ta nc ngoi" phi c ghi nhn l mt c im mi ca T quc, ca cch mng Vit Nam. N cha h xut hin trong cc giai on lch s trc y. y l vn va pht sinh t sau 1975 v n s cn pht trin lu di, phc tp. Bi vy, n phi c quan tm ng mc, nh mt trong nhng vn quc sch v ng cn t vo y mt nhim v chin lc.

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T

rong cng tc dn vn i vi i tng ny, ng cn t song song cc nhim v tp hp, huy ng, khai thc vi xy dng, bi dng chm lo. y l a bn tt ng th hin y tnh nhn o cao c ca mnh.

Hn Lc No Ht, ng Cn C Cng Lnh Xy Dng

t Nc Giu Mnh,

Nhn Dn m No

. Nguyn Thanh Giang .

(Trch mc Gp Kin Vo Cc D Tho Vn Kin i Hi VII,

bo Nhn Dn 05/01/1991)

C

hng ta phi xy dng t nc theo m hnh no bo m tin ti phn vinh, hnh phc? y l cu hi ang t y trch nhim nng n ln vai khng ch cc nh lnh o, nhng ngi lm chnh tr m cho c ton ng, ton dn.

Trc ht, c th khng nh rng ch ngha t bn khng phi l mc tiu ca chng ta, cng khng phi l l tng ca chng ta. Ch ngha t bn vi qu kh vy y mu, tuy my thp k gn y t iu tit bng cch chuyn sang hnh thi kinh t th trng c s dung ha cc li ch x hi, ng thi li dng c thnh tu mi ca khoa hc v cng ngh tng nhanh sn xut v nng sut lao ng, a mt s nc i vo giai on pht trin mi nn kinh t-x hi, song, bn thn n khng th gii quyt c nhng vn x hi do n gy ra: bt cng, t nn x hi, ph hoi mi trng sinh thi, khng hong li sng, e da chin tranh... Ngay gia Oa-sinh-tn (Washington D.C.) trng l v hin i, ti tng n lnh khi thy nhng ngi ngho p ni-lng nm ng di ma cc vn hoa gn Nh trng.

Ch ngha x hi m ta tng theo ui mang nhng tiu ch cc k p l tin ti mt x hi t do, cng bng, hnh phc. V mt kinh t, chuyn s hu t liu sn xut v tay nhn dn; v mt chnh tr, xy dng mt chnh quyn tht s ca nhn dn (ch khng phi ch nhn danh nhn dn). Tuy nhin, s bin dng ngy cng nhiu trong lch s ca ch ngha x hi hin thc, nhng tht bi trong kinh t v s chia r kh r gia ch ngha x hi v dn ch x hi... gy khng t nghi ng chnh ng trn phm vi ton th gii. Vit Nam, chng ta tuyn b i ln ch ngha x hi t bao nhiu thp k ri, i tn thnh nc Cng ha X hi Ch ngha Vit Nam t sau 1975. Song nhn li vn thy: nc ta i ln ch ngha x hi t im xut pht rt thp, n nay vn trong s cc quc gia ngho nht th gii...; sn xut tng chm v khng n nh; ti nguyn, thit b, lao ng v ti nng mi c s dng mc thp; i sng nhn dn thiu thn; np sng vn ha, tinh thn v o c km lnh mnh; trt t an ton x hi khng c bo m, nn tham nhng v nhiu t nn x hi khc pht trin, cng bng x hi b vi phm.

S non km n bt lc ca chng ta, nhng sai lm nghim trng ca chng ta lm cho ci tn gi ch ngha x hi khng cn chim lnh lng ngi n phn su thm.

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H

n bao gi ht, ng cn c cng lnh mi. Mt cng lnh kt hp c mt cch hu c tm vc v i ca nhng mc tiu, nhng hy vng v hoi bo ca mi ngi vi kh nng ca tnh hnh hin ti, mt cng lnh vch ra c nhng chng trnh hnh ng c tnh cht thc t, c cn nhc ton din v hp l-gch.

ng qu bn tm v sa vo vic duy danh nh ngha. ng vi gn ghp mt cch khin cng: pht trin kinh t hng ha l vn c tnh quy lut ca nn kinh t x hi ch ngha. Trong nn kinh t hng ha, phi chp nhn cnh tranh, phi chp nhn s thua l v o thi yu km, phi chp nhn c s phn phi theo t bn. Vy th, lm sao c th bo m nguyn tc ca ch ngha x hi l phn phi theo lao ng; lm sao bo m c l tng lng mn v mt o c ca ch ngha x hi l mi tng lp x hi u c sng on kt, an ton, ngay c ngi yu km cng khng b o thi m c gip vn ln; mi ngi u c th trng cy vo s cu mang ca Nh nc c vic lm, khng b tht nghip... Nhiu ngi s rt c l khi nhn xt rng bn d tho cng lnh cn nhiu ch mu thun, nu gi l Cng lnh xy dng ch ngha x hi trong thi k qu . Ti ngh sa i em trnh i hi VII mt vn kin mang tn: Cng Lnh Ca ng Cng Sn Vit Nam Trong Giai on Mi.

Kinh nghim lch s di cnh tnh chng ta, lm cho chng ta phi nhn thc tht s su sc rng khng th i theo mt mu hnh no. Bi vy, cng lnh phi cn c vo hon cnh c th ca t nc mnh trong bi cnh th gii hin nay vch ra ng li ring, hoch nh c nhng chnh sch thch hp, nhng bin php tin hnh cch mng khoa hc nhm xy dng mt x hi nhn o, dn ch, cng bng.

Vic xc nh chnh xc mu thun c bn ca x hi ta trong thi k ny bng mt mnh l ht sc kh v cha hn cn lm. Cch mng th gii ang trong cn xo trn d di, cng cuc i mi ca chng ta c pht ng t i hi VI va "bung ra nhiu tin mi. Cc tim lc, cc ch th u cha nh hnh. Nn chng, ch cn xc nh mu thun ch yu l mu thun gia yu cu n nh nn kinh t-x hi tin ti cng nghip ha, hin i ha t nc, vi c ch kinh t, h thng chnh tr cha ph hp, v vi ch ngha quan liu v tnh t pht v chnh ph trong i sng kinh t x hi?

Mc Hai, Chng III, c l cn a ln hng u mc tiu ca chnh sch x hi v cc chng trnh pht trin kinh t-x hi l to mi trng, iu kin cho mi ngi lao ng c vic lm, nht l cho thanh nin.

Vic t nhim v

"chnh sch x hi phi th hin tinh thn trch nhim v bit n i vi cc gia nh lit s, thng binh bnh binh, gia nh c cng vi cch mng, cn b lo thnh, cn b v hu ln trn..."

mi nghe ra rt c ngha c tnh, nhng khng hp l ch, ta mun vn ti ci ngn m khng c bit quan tm n ci gc ca vn chnh sch ny. C vic lm mi c i sng, mi ni c n quyn lm ch, quyn bnh ng, quyn c bo v.... Phi nhn thng vo s tht m tha nhn rng tnh trng thiu cng n vic lm nc ta hin nay cn t hi hn nn tht nghip cc nc phng Ty rt nhiu. Ngi li nhc khng tm c vic nh, ngi sn sng lao ng rt cn c cng khng c vic. Ngi hn km b thi loi cam, ngi thng minh, ti nng tht s cng b b ri. Cm ci yu au vy, tr trung mnh khe cng th. Con s khng ch mt hai triu m ln hn. Cng bng m ni, vn vic lm cho ngi lao ng khng ch ni cm trong x hi ta, m l vn mun thu ca hu ht cc chnh ph trn th gii. Song s rt khng tha ng, nu khng xem y l nhim v hng u, va nng bng, va lu di i vi chnh sch x hi ca ta. C gii quyt c mc tiu ny mi to iu kin bo m thc hin cc chnh sch x hi khc.

Ta hin c hn hai triu ngi Vit Nam sinh sng nc ngoi vi khong 300 nghn tr thc v nhn vin. y cha ng mt tim nng kinh t v cht xm ng k. Song, nu ch ch n

"chnh sch khuyn khch s cng hin ca ng bo i vi s nghip xy dng qu hng t nc"

th tc l cha th hin c tnh cht do dn v v dn ca chnh quyn ta.

Vn ng bo ta nc ngoi l mt c im mi ca T quc, ca cch mng Vit Nam. N cha h xut hin thnh mt vn ln trong cc giai on lch s trc. Vn ny va pht sinh t sau nm 1975 v s cn pht trin lu di, phc tp. Bi vy, n phi c quan tm nh mt quc sch. Trong cc chnh sch x hi vi i tng ny, cn t song song cc nhim v tp hp, huy ng, khai thc vi xy dng, bi dng, chm sc. T y, ng bo ta nc ngoi khng ch s c ng gp vo s nghip xy dng m cn bo v T quc.

Th gii ngy nay cn c xem xt trong tnh chnh th ca n vi c im ni bt l s ph thuc ln nhau. Hu nh khng tn ti quan nim v mt th gii lng cc vi vic tuyt i ha s i lp gia hai h thng x hi ch ngha v t bn ch ngha. Trn thc t, khng nht thit hai h thng ny phi i u v loi b nhau m trong khi song song tn ti vn c th trao i nhau, thm ch cng tc vi nhau trong qu trnh tm kim nhng m hnh pht trin kinh t v x hi. Chnh sch t bit lp bao gi cng phi tr gi t ngay c i vi cc nc ln. Khng ai c th ng vng trong tnh trng c lp.

Trong Chng II, mt trong cc nguyn tc c bn xy dng x hi c nu l

"thc hin chnh sch i ngoi ha bnh, hu ngh vi tt c cc dn tc".

Mc Chnh Sch i Ngoi trong Chng IV cng c m u:

"Mc tiu ca chnh sch i ngoi ca ng v Nh nc ta l to iu kin quc t thun li cho s nghip xy dng v bo v T quc, gp phn vo s nghip ha bnh, c lp dn tc, dn ch v tin b x hi ca nhn dn th gii".

Cng lnh cn qun trit t tng ny.

Mc Ba Chng IV l ra nn a phn c tnh cht tuyn b chung ln trn:

"Vit Nam sn sng thit lp v m rng quan h hu ngh, hp tc vi tt c cc nc, khng phn bit ch chnh tr - x hi khc nhau, trn c s nm nguyn tc cng tn ti ha bnh".

y l chnh sch chung s c duy tr v tn ti lu di. Cc i sch ring vi tng nc, tng cng ng ch l b phn, c th s bin i kh nhanh trong xu th pht trin ca th gii ngy nay....

Vic xp ba vn vo Chng IV vi tiu "Quc phng, an ninh v chnh sch i ngoi" rt kh chp nhn.

Trc ht, n gieo cm gic rng chng ta lun lun t vn quan h quc t trong phm tr cnh gic v i ph. Lnh vc i ngoi cn nu thnh mt trong nhng phn chnh thuc ng li chung v chnh sch i ngoi phi c c th ha tng phn qun trit trong tt c cc chnh sch kinh t, x hi, khoa hc v gio dc. ng li i ngoi cn vch tin cho cc chnh sch to ra h thng m khng ch trong kinh t m c trong vn ha-x hi, c bit l trong khoa hc-k thut. ng h cc hnh thc giao tip ca con ngi trn quy m ton th gii l bin php quan trng c tnh quyt nh y nhanh tin b khoa hc-k thut.

Ch trng ny c th hin qua cc mnh :

"m rng, a dng ha v nng cao hiu qu hp tc quc t v khoa hc v cng ngh. Khuyn khch cc quan h trc tip ca cc c s, cc hip hi v c nhn vi bn ngoi".

Trn bnh din rng hn, cc chnh sch i ngoi s gip dn tc ta ha nhp nhanh chng hn vo cng ng th gii, thm nhp c nhng nt chung ca tn ti con ngi, nhng c im chung ca bn tnh con ngi, nhng nhu cu chung ca i sng nhn loi.

*

M

t thi k mi c m ra t i hi VI. Cng lnh ca ng v Chin lc n nh v pht trin kinh t-x hi ca nc ta n nm 2000 s c thng qua ti i hi VII, sau khi b sung, sa i, nu tht s l tp hp tinh hoa ca tr tu v tm huyt ton ng, ton dn, th chc chn s gp phn a t nc tin nhanh ti vng mnh, phn vinh, nhn dn m no, hnh phc.

Phi Chng ng Lc

Cch Mng Ca Khoa Hc -

K Thut Cha c

Xc nh ng Tm?

. Nguyn Thanh Giang .

(Trch mc Gp Kin Vo Cc D Tho Vn Kin i Hi VII,

bo Nhn Dn 3/3/1991)

D

tho Cng lnh xy dng x hi ch ngha (XHCN) trong thi k qu mnh dn vch ra nhng sai lm v ch o chin lc, v xc nh ng li c th trong mt s lnh vc quan trng nh: nng vi trong ci to XHCN, y mnh xy dng cng nghip nng trong khi cha c cc tin cn thit, chm i mi c ch qun l kinh t.... Tuy nhin, theo ti cn mt vn rt quan trng na cha thy c kim im. l nhng khuyt im trong ch o chin lc nhm thc hin cuc cch mng khoa hc k thut (CMKHKT) m nhiu vn kin ln trc y tng nu:

"ng li xy dng ch ngha x hi (CNXH) nc ta l tin hnh ng thi ba cuc cch mng, trong CMKHKT l then cht".

V cha c s kim im su sc v lnh vc ny, cho nn ti cm thy hnh nh trong cc vn kin d tho, v tr cch mng ca khoa hc k thut (KHKT) cha c xc nh ng tm ca n.

Trong su nguyn tc c bn cn nm vng tin vng chc ln CNXH nu ln trong cng lnh, khng thy nguyn tc no rng buc r rng i vi cuc CMKHKT. Mc 1, Chng II, sau khi tha nhn s dng nhng thnh tu mi ca khoa hc v cng ngh, nhiu nc t bn tng nhanh sn xut v nng sut lao ng, i vo mt giai on pht trin mi ca lc lng sn xut. Cuc CMKHKT hin i mt mt to iu kin cho ch ngha t bn c nhng bc pht trin mi, th ngay sau li vit:

"Mt khc, chnh n li khng ngng khot su mu thun c bn vn c gia tnh cht x hi ha ngy cng tng ca lc lng sn xut vi ch chim hu t nhn t bn ch ngha v cc t liu sn xut. N cn lm cho mu thun gia cc trung tm t bn ln, cc tp on t bn c quyn, cc cng ty siu quc gia ngy cng su sc".

S tht th y l mt thc t. Tuy nhin, cch trnh by nh vy d lm cho ngi ta cm nhn mt cch m h v s nh gi ca chng ta i vi tc ng ca KHKT vo cu trc kinh t-x hi. V chng, trc yu cu ngn gn, sc tch ca mt bn cng lnh, th on vit ny c cn nn nguyn khng, bi v, ngay sau , c on:

"Cuc CMKHKT hin i ang din ra mnh m, cun ht tt c cc nc vi nhng mc khc nhau. S xut hin mt nn cng ngh mi c tc dng to ln i vi s pht trin cc lc lng sn xut x hi...".

iu lm chng ti lu tm hn na l ti sao sau khi nu ln nhng nhn nh tng i di v nhng tc ng to ln ca CMKHKT i vi cc nc trn th gii, i vi ch t bn, th li khng thy c i dng phn tch v nhng nh hng, nhng i sch tng ng ca cuc cch mng nc ta v vn .

Trong Chng trnh 3, vn Khoa hc v Gio dc c xp xung di cng (mc th 4) vi cu m u xc nh:

"Khoa hc v gio dc gi vai tr then cht trong s nghip cng nghip ha".

Cha bn n chc nng v mc tiu no l chnh m khoa hc v k thut phi thc hin trong s nghip cng nghip ha, hin i ha hay x hi ha sn xut, nhng so vi trc y ta xc nh CMKHKT l then cht trong ba cuc cch mng ln, th nay c th c ngi s hiu rng KHKT b "h cp" khi ch cn gi vai tr then cht trong s nghip cng nghip ha.

bn Chin lc n nh v pht trin kinh t-x hi ca nc ta n nm 2000, trong c phn th Hai (phn Quan im v mc tiu pht trin ), khng thy ch no v tr cch mng ca KHKT c nu ln nh l mt ch th. phn th T ca vn kin ny ( Cc chnh sch v gii php ln), chnh sch khoa hc v cng ngh cng ch c nu thnh mt mc nh (mc V vn ha, gio dc, khoa hc, ti nguyn v mi trng ), sau cc chnh sch th trng, chnh sch bo him x hi, chnh sch gio dc v o to...

Chng ti thc tm khng h ngh rng khoa hc-k thut c sc mnh vn nng, v cng khng cho rng khoa hc l bin php duy nht gii quyt mi vn x hi. Chng ti cng khng ng tnh vi t tng "k tr" cho rng th gii ngy nay cn phi c tr v bi cc nh khoa hc, ch khng phi cc nh chnh tr.

Trong mt kin ngh c nhn gi mt s c quan lnh o ng v Nh nc vo dp tin hnh i hi VI, ti tng vit:

"Khng nn nhn mnh mt cch cc oan ch trng a cn b KHKT gii (thm ch gii nht) sang lm cn b lnh o, cn b qun l.... Cn lm cho mi ngi hiu rng lnh o, qun l, ch o cng l mt ngh nh nhiu ngh khc. Thc t cho thy rng c nhng ngi ch lm KHKT gii, m khng lm lnh o, lm qun l c, v ngc li. Mi ngi c s trng, s on ring, c thin chc ring".

Song, nc ta, c iu rt kh tm cho cc nh khoa hc l c phi c "xoay" cho mnh mt ci chc, ci tc no ! Bi v, khng th th chng nhng s khng c trng vng, s b thit thi v kinh t, m cn kh c iu kin tin ln trn con ng khoa hc. Khng chc, khng quyn, th my khi c giao lm ch nhim ti cp Nh nc, cp ngnh, my khi c mi tham gia hi ng khoa hc, ngay c khi mnh l chuyn gia vo loi gii thuc cc ti y, cc hi ng khoa hc y.

Ti s khng tip tc gii by tm t v nu ln nhng kin ngh ca gii khoa hc v nhiu iu bt hp l trong vic thc hin cc chnh sch i vi khoa hc-k thut ni chung v i vi ngi lm khoa hc ni ring.

iu bn khon day dt thc s ca chng ti vn l khi phi ng trc nhng cu hi: V sao khoa hc-k thut nc ta cha th no bc vo gung my ca cuc cch mng KHKT hin i? V sao ta vn khng thc hin c nhim v bc bch nu trong i hi ng ln th VI l phi lm cho khoa hc-k thut tht s tr thnh mt ng lc to ln y nhanh qu trnh pht trin kinh t-x hi ca t nc? Ai, c quan no, tng lp no phi chu trch nhim v tnh trng ? Khng nghim tc nhn nhn, khng khn trng gii quyt, th khng nhng khng th lm c mt phn iu ni, m tnh hnh s cn xu i rt nhiu. Hy nhn vo s phn hm hiu ca nhng ti liu khoa hc trn cc gi sch, hy ng lng xt au trc tnh trng tan r ca lc lng KHKT, hy hnh dung mt cch gh s s trng vng hoang tn ca nhiu c s KHKT sau dm ba nm na!

CNXH ang trong cn khng hong nghim trng trn quy m th gii. Trong nhiu nguyn nhn dn n iu t hi y, c nguyn nhn quan trng l: n cha gn mnh thc s vi CMKHKT. Ch ngha t bn (CNTB) cng tng khng hong trin min. Khng phi v cn c v cng xin ng giu ct khi nh li c lc ta tng thy dng nh CNTB ang trong cn giy cht. Bi v, qu tht, cc nc t bn tng phi tri qua mt thi tan hoang vo th k 19, mt giai on nh n khng khip ca nhng nm 30, nhng ri lon ti bi vo cc thp k 60 v 70 ca th k ny. Nhng chnh nh n li dng c nhng tin b k thut, bit t iu tit ng ha c thnh tu ca cc cuc cch mng khoa hc-k thut, cho nn to ra c bc pht trin quan trng, vi mt hnh thi mi r rt. iu ny th, theo ti, chnh Mc cng khng ng ti. Mc l ngi u tin xc nh kh nng pht trin x hi trong tim nng to ln ca tin b KHKT, nhng do cha thy c thc t chuyn bin ca khoa hc thnh lc lng sn xut v x hi trc tip, cho nn ng khng tin on c rng CMKHKT tng lai li c th tr thnh ngun lc mi gip TBCN pht trin.

Mt trong nhng iu tm c nht ca ti khi c cc vn kin d tho k ny l thy ci t cht ca dn tc mnh c xc nh rt ng n:

"Nhn dn ta cn c lao ng, thng minh, sng to. Ngun lc ln nht, qu bu nht ca chng ta l tim lc con ngi Vit Nam, trong c tim lc tr tu".

Tht vy, ti ht sc cng phn khi ai dm bng b rng ngi Vit Nam mnh ch gii nh chc v bun lu! Bn hnh lang mt hi ngh quc t, ti gn nh vng vo mt mt ngi nc ngoi khi anh ta mun khen ti nh l mt trng hp c bit khng c ci mu chin tranh nh ng bo ca ti ni chung.

Ti sung sng ghi nhn cc yu t thng minh v tim lc tr tu trong on nhn nh trn. V im ny, ta hon ton khng lo rng mnh ang huyn hoc dn tc mnh. Chnh bo ch M tng kt:

"Hc sinh Vit Nam ch chim 7% trong tng s hc sinh ca 11 trng trung hc thnh ph, nhng 23% s hc sinh u t l ngi Vit Nam". V:

"Ch s thng minh ca tr em Vit Nam thuc loi cao nht".

Vy th, ta c nn xem y l mt li th ht sc ng k trong cng cuc xy dng t nc khng? Hon ton khng phi l gia lc ta ang b xp vo mt trong nhng nc ngho nht th gii, th nhiu chnh khch tin on v s xut hin, trong mt tng lai gn, "con rng th nm chu . Kinh nghim lch s th gii v trong nc u cho thy: c nhng ch trng sai lm nng n lm tr tr t nc hng th k, nhng cng c nhng gii php ln ng n lm bt dy bc nhy vt diu k.

Th gii tri qua ba cuc CMKHKT v nay ang trong cuc cch mng th t vi cc lnh vc ch yu l tin hc, in t, vt liu mi v cng ngh sinh hc. T y, trn hnh tinh ny, ang xut hin mt phng thc sn xut mi, tin tin v hng hu hn nhiu so vi phng thc sn xut cng nghip trc y, trong tr tu v nhng nguyn l sng to chim v tr hng u.

Tt nhin, trong cn khng hong trin min v kinh t, trc ht, ta phi lo chn ng n li n nh x hi. Nhng, ng thi vi vic bn bc v cc vn th trng c iu tit, vn hng ha ha sc lao ng, vn b qua giai on pht trin t bn ch ngha..., thit tng cng cn bn xem chng ta c kh nng b qua nhng cuc CMKHKT no, v lm th no tin hnh cuc CMKHKT thch ng vi tnh hnh ca ta.

*

S

ao li ch c chin lc n nh v pht trin kinh t-x hi? Nn chng cn hnh thnh chin lc xy dng v pht trin t nc, trong c chin lc pht trin khoa hc v k thut .

Chm Lo i Sng Nhn Dn

. Nguyn Thanh Giang .

(Trch mc Gp Kin Vo D Tho Bo Co Ti i Hi ng BThnh Ph Ln Th XI/Vng 2, bo H Ni Mi, 04/11/1991)

M

t trong nhng kt qu bc u quan trng, c nu trong d tho bo co chnh tr ti i hi ng b thnh ph ln th XI (vng 2) phn "nh gi tng qut qu trnh thc hin i mi", l:

"...i sng vt cht v tinh thn ca mt b phn nhn dn c ci thin...".

Chng ti cho rng nhn nh ny ng vi thc t.

Tuy nhin, chnh v vy ny sinh vn cn xem xt l ti sao sau c qu trnh thc hin ngh quyt i hi ng b thnh ph ln th X, chng ta li ch ci thin i sng vt cht v tinh thn cho mt b phn nhn dn? iu quan trng hn na l b phn nhn dn ny thuc ch th no? Gm nhng thnh phn g? Cu hi n gin nhng c l cn c tho lun nghim tc t y rt ra c ci sai, ci ng trong ch trng, trong bin php ch o thc tin ca chng ta. D mun hay khng, mt thc t ni bt nh vy, cng s c xem l biu hin lp trng ca ng b.

Ring c nhn, ti cho rng, kt qu nu trn va l thnh tch nhng cng va cht cha trong nhiu yu t rt khng lnh mnh. Hai nguyn nhn chnh gy nn thc trng trn l do:

"hnh vi tham nhng trong mt b phn cn b c chc, c quyn, nm ti sn, vt t, hng ha, rt nghim trng"... v

"cc trng hp kinh doanh tri php lut, trn thu, lu thu, lm hng gi, hng dm, la o, bun bn, 'bung ra' nhiu hn sn xut... c chiu hng pht trin".

Ti ng vi d tho:

"Nhn chung mc sng vt cht ca nhn dn th cn thp. ng quan tm l mt b phn khng nh dn c thnh ph v nng thn sng rt kh khn, thm ch di nhu cu ti thiu",

nhng ti cha ng vi on vit tip sau :

"nht l nhng ngi sng ch yu da vo tin lng v tr cp x hi".

Ti cho rng, hin nay, ng quan tm nht li l vn ca nhng ngi khng c cng n vic lm. Vn ny ng l mt trong nhng iu rt nhc nhi ca x hi ta, l ni day dt ca hng triu ngi lao ng, ca hng vn gia nh. Thi nhn nhn i vi vn ny phi c xem l thc o o c cch mng; kh nng gii quyt vn ny phi c xem l th thch ch yu i vi tng cn b v vi c ng b. Cn dng cm nhn thng vo s tht v mnh dn ni thng ra vi tt c tinh thn trch nhim rng chng ta ang ng trc mi e da ca vic tht nghip trm trng. y vy m trong d tho vn cha trn tr ht mi kha cnh truy cu cho c mi nguyn nhn gy tnh hnh ny, ri t vch ra cc bin php c th, ng mc cn thit cho yu cu gii quyt n. Cn kim tra nghim tc mc ng n ca vic thc hin ch trng gim bin ch ti nhiu c quan, x nghip. Cn xt li tinh thn o l ca mt s n v sn xut, kinh doanh m y gim c v mt b phn cn b c thu nhp qu cao, trong khi xung quanh h l nhng ngi b y vo tnh trng tht nghip mt cch v trch nhim.

D nhin, vn vic lm th l mt kh khn ln khng th i hi gii quyt ngay trong thi gian ngn. Tuy nhin, nn chng l phi t ch tiu phn u c th, tin ti chm dt tht nghip i vi nhng ngi c sc khe, c tay ngh, c nhit tnh lao ng; c bit l khng th cho nhng lc lng c ti nng, c tm huyt cn b t ngoi gung my hot ng ca x hi.

*

nh gi tng qut tnh hnh thc hin i mi ln ny, d tho nu ln hng u mt cch phn khi:

"Trong bi cnh phc tp ca tnh hnh quc t v trong nc, tnh hnh chnh tr ca th n nh".

Chng ti trng mong rng khi kim im thc hin ngh quyt i hi ng b thnh ph ln th XI th v tr hng u phi c dnh cho kt qu gii quyt vn vic lm v i sng ca nhn dn th ni chung (ch khng phi ch ca mt b phn nhn dn). C nh vy chng ta mi th hin y c ngha v thing ling do dn v v dn ca ng b.

Nguyn Thanh Giang

(Lin on Vt l - a cht)

Tho Lun V D Tho

Sa i Hin Php Vit Nam

1980

Cng Ha X Hi Ch Ngha Vit Nam

c lp - T do - Hnh phc

H Ni, ngy 8 thng 01 nm 1992.

Knh gi: Ban son tho sa i Hin Php.

T

i l mt tr thc ngoi ng, li vn ch lm khoa hc t nhin, khng hiu bit g v hin php hc. Tuy nhin, sau khi c k bn d tho sa i hin php 1980, ti thy c mt s kin mun c pht biu, mong c ban son tho Hin php tham kho.

Sau y l mt s kin c th ca ti:

1. Li ni u cn c vit li theo mt trong hai phng n:

Hoc l ni dung phn ny ch nn gm cc : lch s hnh thnh, pht trin ca hin php Vit Nam; l do sa i; v khi qut c im ca bn hin php ny.

Nu mun c cu ni dung li ni u nh vit trong d tho cng b th b cc ca phn vit v c im ca t nc, ca dn tc, nn vit sc tch hn, khi qut hn, v phn minh hn. Khng nn ch u tin cho giai on lch s t 1930 tr li y.

Khng nn tn ti nhng cu khng c cht ch lm. V d, sau mt on vit lin mch v lch s t nc, cu

"Sau khi hon thnh cch mng dn tc, dn ch, nhn dn ta bo v vng chc giang sn, b ci,..."

c th lm ti vong linh cha ng chng ta. Bi v, khng phi ch cc th h chng ta ngy nay mi lm c vic .

2. Hin php l sn phm vn ha ca mt quc gia nhng li l ti sn chung ca nn vn ha chung trong cng ng nhn loi, bi vy rt khng nn dng th t xng "ta" hoc "chng ta" nh:

"n nay nc ta c ba bn hin php...".

"T nm 1986, nhn dn ta tin hnh cng cuc i mi ton din...".

v.v...

Ai cng bit rng khng phi ch c ngi trong nc m nhiu ngi nc ngoi, hoc lm nghin cu khoa hc-x hi, hoc c yu cu tm hiu trin khai cc quan h vi ta, cng c hin php Vit Nam. Tht vy, cc iu 25 (Chng II), iu 80 v 81 (Chng VI) v ngay c iu 1 (Chng I) u ch yu dnh cho ngi nc ngoi khi tham kho hin php ca chng ta.

3. Trn c s nhn thc rng c chnh quyn trung ng v chnh quyn a phng trong c cu nh nc thng nht, nhng khng c nh nc v nhn dn trung ng vi nh nc v nhn dn a phng, ti ngh rng nc ta ch c hai loi hoc hai cp thnh ph: thnh ph thuc nh nc (hoc thnh ph quc gia) v thnh ph thuc tnh, khng c thnh ph trc thuc trung ng. C chng, ch y ban hnh chnh ca thnh ph thuc nh nc mi trc thuc trung ng.

V vy, ngh sa iu 115 l:

"Cc n v hnh chnh ca nc CHXHCN Vit Nam c phn nh nh sau: nc gm cc tnh v thnh ph thuc nh nc, tnh gm cc huyn, thnh ph thuc tnh v th x v.v..."

Vic kin ngh i tt c t "chia thnh" trong iu 115 thnh "gm cc" khng ch nhm p ng yu cu cht ch ca ngn t, m cn nhm bo m vn chnh tr quan trng ca vic th hin nghim tc tinh thn v ch thng nht ca nhn dn ta, ca t nc ta.

4. thng nht v mt kt cu ch ngha cch gi tn cc chng, Chng I nn t l "Tn nc - Ch chnh tr". Cng vy, tn ca Chng IV s ngn gn hn: "Bo v t quc", khng cn thm cm t XHCN.

i vi ngi dn ca bt k nc no, t quc cng u v cng thing ling. Kinh nghim lch s cho thy ch bo v t quc ca nhn dn ta l bt di bt dch. T quc qua bao nhiu triu i, song d vn nc thnh suy, nhn dn ta vn mt lng gn gi vn ton giang sn t nc.

V chng, cn chng l phi phng tnh hung khi hi khi c tn c hi hoc k ngy bin no bo rng ch c t quc XHCN mi ng c bo v thi. V s tht l chng ta cha h c CNXH. Cho n nay ta cng mi ch ang chng u ca thi k qu . XHCN ch thc dt khot l mc tiu p m nc ta v c nhn loi i ti. Ti tin rng nhn dn ta u hiu mun c CNXH th trc ht phi bo v t quc .

5. Khng nn lm dng cm t XHCN. Vic a nim

"Cng dn c ngha v tn trng v bo v ti sn XHCN"

lm cho iu 76 va khng xc nh va mu thun vi mt s iu khc. Th no l ti sn XHCN? i vi cc di sn vn ha, di tch lch s, cc ti sn ca cc thnh phn kinh t khc th sao?

iu 13 ch cn ghi "T quc Vit Nam l thing ling l bt kh xm phm" l . Khng cn thm cm t XHCN vo sau t quc Vit Nam.

Trong cn chao o cc k d di ny, nu chng ta cn mun thc s kin nh ci l tng XHCN ch thc tt p th ta cng phi t ra im tnh v c bn lnh. Khng nn ln gn bng ngn t. iu ct yu l phi bng cc ch trng, chnh sch, bin php c th ng n.

Trnh bt khu hiu v s thch thc bng tuyn b. ng lm cho b bn bnh thng cng thy kh chu m k th th cng lng ln chng ph ta.

6. Vn h thng t php thuc c quan quyn lc no v ch thm phn bu hay b nhim l rt quan trng, bi vy khng nn lng nh iu 129:

"Ch b nhim v nhim k ca thm phn, ch bu v nhim k ca hi thm nhn dn ta n nhn dn cc cp do lut nh".

bo m tnh c lp tng i cho quyn t php, cn c Hi ng t php ti cao. Hi ng ny c ra nhng thm phn xt x v cng t vin. Cng cn i Vin Kim St Nhn Dn hin nay thnh Vin Cng T c chc nng kim sot cc hot ng ca cc c quan hnh php v c quyn khi t, co trng v khng ngh.

D vn mun duy tr ch trung ng tp quyn th ta vn phi ht sc c gng t chc nh nc sao cho nguyn tc quyn lc ngn tr quyn lc c bo m. Thc t l hin nay tnh trng quan liu v tham nhng trong b my nh nc ta cn t hi hn nhng nm trc v hn rt nhiu nc trn th gii. Nn Ma-phia cng hnh thnh rng ri v c nguy c pht trin gh gm. Cc cp chnh quyn c xu hng hot ng v chnh quyn hn l v nhn dn. Nu cc nh lnh o khng tnh to nhn thng vo s tht mt cch khch quan, hoc v qu say sa t ho vi thnh tch hoc qu nhn mnh n yu cu n nh chnh tr m khng t chc vic kim tra v kim sot mt cch nghim tc, xu xoa cho nhau, b mc qun chng, th kh nng phn ha (khng phi ch v kinh t m c v x hi, chnh tr) s din ra rt mnh m. Khng th khng cnh gic phng nguy c suy yu trng cu v thm ch dn n tan r.

7. Nn b hai ch "nht thit" trong cu

"ngoi th tng cc thnh vin khc ca chnh ph khng nht thit phi l i biu quc hi" (iu 107).

Mun c s phn bit tng i r gia quyn lp php v hnh php th i biu quc hi khng nn kim nhim nhng chc v lnh o trong h thng hnh php v t php.

V chng t kha ti, i biu quc hi cn hot ng thc s, nn phi dnh thi gi tha ng cho cng vic ca quc hi, khng cn thi gian v tm tr lm vic ca chnh ph.

8. Vn ng bo ta nh c nc ngoi phi c xem l mt trong nhng vn ln ca quc gia, ca dn tc. Cn t vo y nhng nhim v chin lc v a vo phm tr ca nhng quc sch.

ng bo ta ra i t nm 1975 v li ang ra i t khi ng u tan r v Lin X sp . Bi vy, vn ny v ang pht sinh v pht trin rt mi l. Mun hn ch s xut hin ca cc lc lng chng i, ng thi tranh th sc ng gp to ln ca nhng cng ng ngi Vit Nam ny, cn quan tm thc s n h vi tm lng u i ca mu m rut tht. Cn t ra rng chng ta vn xem cng ng nhng ngi Vit Nam nc ngoi l mt b phn ca nhn dn Vit Nam.

ngh tch iu 5 Chng 1 thnh hai iu. Mt trong hai iu s c ghi l:

"Nh nc Vit Nam l nh nc thng nht ca cc dn tc cng chung sng trn t nc Vit Nam. Nh nc thc hin chnh sch bnh ng, on kt tng tr gia cc dn tc. Nh nc to iu kin ngi Vit Nam nh c nc ngoi gi quan h vi gia nh, qu hng, c gi quc tch Vit Nam v c tr v ti nh c trn t nc Vit Nam khi c nguyn vng".

9. iu 16, khng nn vit

"Mc ch chnh sch kinh t ca nh nc l p ng ngy cng tt hn nhu cu vt cht v tinh thn ca nhn dn...",

m nn sa thnh

"Chnh sch kinh t ca nh nc nhm p ng...".

10. on cui iu 53, khng nn vit

"Nh nc ban hnh ch bo h lao ng, chnh sch lao ng i vi ph n, tr em",

m vit

"Nh nc c ch bo h lao ng, c bit l i vi lao ng ph n v tr em".

11. B bt t "pht huy" trong on

"Cc dn tc c quyn dng ting ni ch vit, gi gn bn sc dn tc v pht huy nhng phong tc tp qun" (iu 5).

12. Nn b hoc t ra sa i li iu 8 v y ch l mt khu lnh, khng c yu t quy nh php l. Trong thc t, nu c nhng php quy di lut bo m thc hin nghim tc cc iu 72, iu 127 v iu 3, th tc l s t c mong mun ca iu 8.

13. B iu 42 Chng 3 v y l mt ch trng ch khng phi mt iu lut. V li, mt chng nh Chng 3, gm ti bn vn ln: vn ha, gio dc, khoa hc, cng ngh m ch gm 13 iu. Ti sao du lch ch l mt trong cc hnh thc hot ng ca vn ha-th thao li cn phi dnh ring c mt iu cho n?

14. iu 15, khng nn vit

"Nh nc pht trin nn kinh k hng ha nhiu thnh phn...",

m sa thnh

"Nn kinh t ca nc Vit Nam l nn kinh t hng ha nhiu thnh phn theo c ch th trng...".

Trong iu 15 cng cn nn b "tn ti lu di" on

"C cu kinh t nhiu thnh phn tn ti lu di...".

Do bn thn hin php l b lut c bn c hiu lc php l cao nht ca nh nc, ch quc hi c quan quyn lc nh nc cao nht mi c quyn sa i hin php. Mi iu khon c quy nh y u phi c hiu l s tn ti lu di, t ra cng khong thi gian vi bn hin php ny. Du vi mun lm yn lng cc nh u t v kinh doanh th vic a thm cm t "tn ti lu di" cng ch lm cho on ny thiu cht ch, bi v l mt ngoi l th c th hiu rng tnh cht bn vng ca iu ny s km cc iu khc.

15. iu 1 nn vit li l:

"Nc Vit Nam l mt nc c lp, thng nht, c ch quyn ton vn lnh th, bao gm t lin, cc hi o, vng bin v vng tri".

Vic thay i th t gia vng bin v vng tri l bo m l-gch t duy t gn n xa v th t mc quan trng ca cc phn lnh th.

Anh Giang Thn Mn

(Trch th ca b Mai Th By)

H Ni, ngy 8 thng 7 nm 1992.

Knh gi: Anh Giang, ch v cc chu,

Anh Giang thn mn,

....

Ti theo ri bo thy anh khng c ra ng c k ny, ti v 1 s bn thn ca ti ht sc fn vn. Trong vic ny, ti thy cm ln 1 mu thun:

1/ Bo i on Kt th ng tin ca anh nghe rt hp dn v ku, ai cng fi hy vng.

2/ Trong bo H Ni Mi th ng tin anh khng c ra ng c.

...Nu ng nh anh nhn nh th l 1 iu ng tic, cn rt kinh nghim chung, khng nn tn ti mt l3 (*) vic nh vy, gy bao s nghi ng cho ngi khc v cng lt li 1 ngi ti - c.

Anh Giang thn mn, l cng dn tham gia cng tc cch mng gn 40 nm, chc anh cng nh ti, thy t nc ta cn di di kh cc, ngi dn lng thin cn b o p, kh s l do nhng nghch l nh th ny.

Thi anh , ng fn vn m bun lm g. Khng fi i biu cao cp cho dn i na th anh vn l ngi c dn mn m v thng cm. Ti ni chuyn ny vi bn ti l /c V Qun Phng 1 nh th, 1 bc s c MTTQ gii thiu Anh y cng t v bn khon nh ti.

Anh Giang thn mn, l lch gia nh c ngi sng M th tiu t lu ti min Nam, v cc tnh min Nam khng gia nh no m khng c ngi thn ang sng nc ngoi. Nhng ngi thn ca h t lu di danh ngha "Vit kiu" lm nhng vic ht sc ch nc li dn, ng gp cng sc ca mnh vo vic xy dng t nc. Tt c Vit kiu khng l ton Vit gian c sao? Nu khng ti sao li hoch he thn nhn h v c mc cm, nh kin vi ngi ta?

Tuy hiu th nhng tha anh ch: ng li chnh sch ca ng, nh nc ta l ng n, song ngi thc hin n, tht ng tic ni ny hoc ni khc, lc ny hoc lc khc vn cn mang 1 b c hp hi, thin cn, ch lm ngho t nc v mai mt, thui cht trnh con ngi m thi.

Hiu nh vy anh cng t an i c mnh, khng fi mnh anh m 1 s anh em tr thc vn cn suy ngh v t nc, con ngi ca ta.

Ti thn i knh chc anh ch, cc chu l2 (**) sng hnh fc.

Thn mn!

(k tn)

Mai Th By (***)

Ch thch ring ca ngi nh my:

(*) khng hiu r ngha vit tt ca ch l3.

(**) c l ch l2 vit tt cho ch lun lun?

(***) xin c min ghi a ch ngi gi.

VIETNAM

Election Strategy

No threat to communist party rule in July polls

. By Murray Hiebert in Hanoi .

(Far Eastern Economic Review, 9 July, 1992)

V

ietnamese voters expect few surprises when they go the polls on 19 July to elect a new 395-seat National Assembly from among 602 candidates, though in a move reportedly contested by the army the number of military representatives in the assembly is to be reduced to 7% of the total against 19% in the current body.

And while new legislation passed by the outgoing assembly in April allowed independent candidates to run, those who applied have all been disqualified from contesting the election.

At least 32 people nationwide, including seven in Hanoi, 11 in Ho Chi Minh City and one in the northern port city of Haiphong, are known to have applied to run as independent candidates. None of them, however, managed to qualify under the strigent regulations set down by the legislation.

Under the new election law, any one over 21 years can stand for election, "except for the insane or those who have been disfranchised by the law." But in order to be eligible to contest a seat, an independent candidate must get the approval of voters in his neighbourhood, place of work and from the Vietnam Fatherland Front a quasi-governmental mass organisation that includes labour, youth, women's and religious groups which is managing the elections.

Vietnamese observers say this complex approval procedure gives the ruling communist party many different ways of blocking a candidate who might give the contry's leaders a hard time. Although the National Assembly has in the past been mostly a rubber stamp for party and government decisions, it has become an increasingly important platform in recent years for delegates to criticise unpopular policies and incompetent or corrupt officials.

Of the seven independent candidates who applied in Hanoi, six was rejected by the Fatherland Front because their application were incomplete or were submitted after the mid-May deadline, says Pham Van Ngoc, deputy chairman of the front's Hanoi chapter.

The one delegate whose documents were in order Nguyen Thanh Giang, a prominent geophysicist who works for the government's Geological Survey Department was rejected by his co-workers, Ngoc contends.

Giang says he received a 96% vote of confidence at a meeting in his neighbourhood, but got only 30% in his office. Although he has 300 colleagues in the survey department, only 16 mostly representatives of the party organisation, labour union and youth association were invited to a meeting to evaluate his candidacy.

Many Vietnamese believe the decision against Giang was rigged. "If the party doesn't accept a candidate, it can find 1,000 ways to make his life miserable," one intellectual observed. "The formal play of democracy in Vietnam is still quite limited."

Eleven independent candidates applied to run in Ho Chi Minh City, but five withdrew because they found they had "some problems with their health and a lack of time," the official Saigon Giai Phong daily reported.

One was forced to withdraw because he was living abroad and the other five were disqualified because they "received only a few votes of confidence from their constituents," the paper said.

A school teacher in District 1, a largely commercial area of the city, was disqualified because a group of 29 voters picked to attend a meeting to discuss his candidacy decided that he "still has certain limitations," another report in the paper said.

In the end, Hanoi will have 32 cadidates competing for 20 seats. Seven, including party chief Do Muoi, were appointed by central party or government organisations, while the orthers were appointed by ministries, local party organisations and other official bodies, Ngoc says. All but five or six of the candidates are party members. Ho Chi Minh City will have 36 candidates vying for 28 seats.

Although the government has begun putting up billboards around the country calling on people to vote, the election has so far prompted little popular enthusiasm. Some people in Hanoi, for example, claim they will not vote unless the government rolls back its March decision to double the price of electricity, a demand made by many National Assembly members during their last session.

In the end, however, most analysts believe Hanoi will again get out of the vote. The government claims 99% of the voters in Hanoi and 94% in Ho Chi Minh City cast their ballots during the 1987 elections.

Ngoc says the official list of candidates will not be announced until 20 days before election day. After that the Fatherland Front will organise local meetings when many of the candidates can meet voters, who will be allowed to air their problems and tell the prospective legislators what they expect of them.

One of the first tasks of the new National Assembly, scheduled to hold its first meeting in September, will be to elect a new president and a new premier. Under the country's new constitution passed in April, up to one third of the delegates will works full time in overseeing government operations and drafting new legislation. In the past, the assembly met only about four weeks each year.

The new constitution abolished the former collective Council of State and replaced it with a single president. The new head of state will serve as commander of the armed forces, head of the newly established Council on National Defence and Security, and nominate candidates for premier to the National Assembly and chief justice of the Supreme People's Court.

Le Duc Anh, a former defence minister who plays a powerful role in setting the country's security and foreign policies for the ruling politburo, is widely expected to be elected president.

The new constitution also abolished the cumbersome Council of Ministers and replaced it with a cabinet headed by a premier, who will have greater independence in running the government. Vo Van Kiet, currently chairman of the Council of Ministers, is believed to be the top contender for the post of premier. Kiet is expected to replace many of the government's current ministers, many of whom are old and have few qualifications for their jobs, after the elections.

Tin Vit Nam

Sch Lc Bu C

Quyn lc ng khng h b e da trong cuc bu c vo thng By

. Murray Hiebert vit t H Ni .

(Lc dch t bo Vin ng Kinh T ngy 9/7/1992)

C

tri Vit Nam s chng thy iu g ng ngc nhin khi h i bu ngy 19 thng By ti y chn 397 gh i biu quc hi trong s 602 ng c vin. Tuy vy, c tin l cnh qun i phn i mnh khi bit s gh ca h b ct gim t 19% tng s gh xung ch cn 7%.

Mc d quc hi kha trc thng qua o lut cho php cc ng vin c lp ra tranh c, mi n xin ng c ca cc ng vin ny u b bc b.

C c thy 32 ng vin c lp trn ton quc, trong c by ng vin ti H Ni, 11 ti thnh ph HCM, v mt ti ph cng Hi Phng. Khng mt ai hi nhng iu kin kht khe do b lut mi quy nh.

Theo lut bu c mi, bt c ai trn 21 tui u c quyn ra ng c, "tr nhng k in khng hay b php lut trut quyn cng dn". Nhng hi iu kin, mi ng vin c lp phi c s ng thun ca c tri trong khu vc n v bu c ca h, trong c quan lm vic ca h, v s chp thun ca Mt Trn T Quc (MTTQ), mt t chc qun chng ngoi vi ca ch , bao gm cng on lao ng, hi thanh nin, hi ph n v tn gio. Mt Trn T Quc l c quan ng ra t chc cuc bu c.

Cc quan st vin v tnh hnh Vit Nam cho bit th tc rc ri ny ch nhm to thm cho ng cng sn ang cm quyn nhiu phng cch ngn chn nhng ng vin c lp c xc sut tr thnh im nhc nhi cho ng. Mc d trong qu kh, quc hi ch l c quan con du mc (lm cng vic hp thc ha) nhng ngh quyt ca ng v nh nc CSVN, nhng trong my nm gn y, n cng lc cng tr thnh mt din n quan trng ph bnh nhng chnh sch yu km ca nh nc v cc quan chc tham , bt ti.

Phm Vn Ngc, ph ch tch y ban Mt Trn T Quc ti H Ni cho bit trong s 7 ngi np n ng c c lp ti y, c su ngi b MTTQ loi b v n xin cn thiu st hoc np tr hn vo gia thng Nm.

Ch c mt ng vin hi giy t hnh chnh l ng Nguyn Thanh Giang, mt nh a vt l ni ting ang lm vic cho Cc a Cht nh nc. ng Ngc nu l do ng Giang b loi do bi ng nghip ca ng b phiu khng tn thnh.

ng Giang trnh by rng ng t 96% s phiu thun trong khu vc, nhng ch c 30% ti c quan. Mc d c quan ni ng lm vic c n 300 cn b cng nhn vin, nhng ch c mi su (16) ngi, hu ht l i din chi b ng, cng on v on thanh nin l c mi ti d cuc hp thm nh n ng c ca ng.

Nhiu ngi Vit Nam tin l c un khc ng sau quyt nh bc n ng c ca ng Giang. Mt nh tr thc nhn nh rng: "Nu ng khng chp nhn mt ng vin no, h c c ngn cch khin ngi kh sng. Tr chi dn ch Vit Nam cn qu u tr".

Bo Si Gn Gii Phng (SGGP) ca ng ng tin l trong s 11 ng vin c lp np n ti thnh ph HCM, nm ngi sau rt n v l do "trc trc sc khe v thiu th gi".

T bo vit tip, mt ng vin b buc phi rt n v ng s tng sng nc ngoi. Nm ngi khc b bc n v h "ch c mt vi phiu ng thun trong khu vc".

Mt bn tin khc, cng trn t SGGP, cho bit mt gio vin thuc qun Mt, l qun kh mnh v thng nghip, b bc n v 29 c tri c chn ti bui hp bnh bu phn rng ng vin ny "cn mt s khuyt im nht nh".

Ngc cho bit l rt cuc, th H Ni vn c 32 ng vin ra tranh 20 gh. By ng vin, trong c u ng Mi, c trung ng ng hoc cc c quan nh nc ch nh. Cc ng vin khc c ch nh bi cc b, cc ng y a phng v cc on th khc. Ngoi tr nm hay su ngi, tt c s cn li u l ng vin. Thnh ph HCM c 36 ng vin ra tranh 28 gh.

Mc d nh cm quyn cho cng biu ng khp nc ku gi dn chng i bu, chng my ai tha thit n cuc bu bn ny. C ngi H Ni dm tuyn b h s khng i bu nu nh cm quyn khng rt li quyt nh tng gp i gi in hi thng Ba. Trong ln hp cui ca quc hi kha trc, nhiu i biu cng nu kin ngh tng t.

Tuy vy, cc nh phn tch thi cuc tin rng, ri ra, H Ni cng s ko ngi n phng phiu. Nh cm quyn tuyn b l 99% nhn dn H Ni v 94% nhn dn Si Gn i bu nm 1987.

Ngc cn cho bit thm l danh sch ng vin s c gi kn v ch cng b 20 hm trc ngy bu c. Sau khi cng b, MTTQ s t chc cc cuc hp a phng khi cc ng c vin c th gp g v lng nghe nhng khiu ni hay nguyn vng ca c tri.

Mt trong nhng cng tc ca quc hi kha ti, hp vo thng Chn, l chn ch tch nc v th tng mi. Theo hin php va mi tu chnh hi thng T, th ch ti a l 1/3 tng s i biu s dnh trn th gi kim tra cng vic iu hnh ca nh nc v lm d tho cc lut mi. Trong qu kh, quc hi ch hp khong i chng 4 tun mi nm.

Hin php mi bi b Hi ng Nh nc, v thay vo bng c nht mt chc v ch tch nc. Tn ch tch nc s gi vai tr t lnh qun i, ch tr hi ng quc phng-an ninh, bt trc quc hi cc ng vin th tng v thm phn cho Vin kim st nhn dn ti cao.

Ngi ta tin l L c Anh, cu b trng quc phng v ang nm quyn lc quyt nh cc chnh sch an ninh v i ngoi ca B chnh tr, s tr thnh ch tch nc.

Hin php mi cng thay th hi ng b trng rm r bng mt ni cc di quyn th tng v giao cho th tng nhiu quyn hn c lp hn trc iu hnh chnh ph. ng V Vn Kit, ng kim ch tch hi ng b trng, l ngi c nhiu trin vng nht tr thnh th tng. C l ng Kit s thay i mt lot b trng sau cuc bu c, hoc v h gi ci, hoc v h thiu trnh m nhn cng vic.

Hanoi

Dans la movance d'une timid ouverture

Les Vietnamiens se rendent

aux urnes pour un scrutin

un peu plus libre

. Richard Werly .

(Etranger,Genve, 19 Juillet 1992)

Malgr l'ouverture apparente tolre par la nouvelle loi lectorale, la composition du futur Parlement resemblera fort au prcdant, avec toutefois un pouvoir accru.

P

hysicien employ au Dpartement de gologie Hanoi, Nguyen Thanh Giang ne sera finalement pas candidat nux lections lgislatives prvues dimanche au Vitnam. Dcid se prsenter comme "indpendant" ainsi que l'autorise la nouvelle Constitution adopte en avril dernier ce professeur rput a finalement du renoncer en raison de l'hostilit des "dlgus" syndicaux de son administration, dont l'approbation est indispensable pour figurer sur les listes lectorales.

D'autres, volontaires comme lui pour se prsenter en dehors des listes "officieles", on t barrs pour des raisons diffrentes: "rticence" des habitants du quatier, tat de sant dfaillant ou refus pur et simple du "Front de la Patrie" (l'organisation de masse du rgime) d'approuver leur candidature... De tell sorte que seuls deux "indpendants" sur la trentaine de postulants figureront, dimanche, aux cts des 599 candidats "gouvernementaux" aux 395 siges de la nouvelle Assemble nationale vitnamienne.

Autant dire que ce scrutin, annonc par de grandes banderoles rouges dans les rues, ne devrait done gure rserver de surprises: 99% des candidats taient en effet dj membres de la lgislature prcdent forte, elle, de 495 siges et si 20 d'entre eux seulement possdent leur cartes du Pati communiste au pouvoir (PCV), tout les autres ont t nomms par le Gouvernement ou les organisations de masse. Preuve que malgr "l'ouverture" apparente tolre par la nouvelle loi lectorale, la composition de la future Assemble ressemblera fort celle de la Chambre des dputs sortante. Mme si cette fois, une certaine dcrispation est nammoins notable.

Dcrispation

Dcripation dans la presse d'abord: bien que toujours soumis un rude contrle, les principaux quotidiens de Hanoi et de Ho Chi Minh Ville (l'ex-Saigon) ont ainsi mutipli, ces dernires semaines, les articles mettant en cause la corruption et l'inefficacit de certains lus. Or ces rvlations ont largement t reprises en cho par les responsables et les notables locaux, invits dans toutes les circonscriptions des runions critiques (o l'assistance fut nanmoins trie sur le volet) avec leurs candidats...

Dcrispation dans la rue aussi: car mme s'ils restent trs prudents dans leurs critiques vis--vis du rgime, les futurs lecteurs ne se privent plus de faire des remarques. "Tout le monde ici sait que celui l est incomptent", commente un instituteur en dsignant du doigt un nom crit l'encre, sur l'une des nombreuses listes affiches dans un local de l'avenue Hai Ba Trung Hanoi. Et pris de cocher un seul nom parmi trois ou quatre rivaux, les votants comptent bien profiter des leur relative mais indite libert des choix.

Pas question de rver cependant: "Ces lections sont plus libres qu'auparavant mais le couvercle reste ferm", ironise, en anglais, une empoye d'un magasin d'Etat, tant il est clair que le leadership du Parti communiste et celui de son scrtaire gnral, Do Muoi, ne sera pas remis en cause. Mais bien des observateurs esprent en revanche beaucoup de la nouvelle Assemble nationale, dote de pouvoirs accrus et charge, ds septembre de nommer un nouveaux chef de l'Etat et de choisir un Premier ministre. "Contrairement la prcdente, cette assemble disposera d'une plus grande marge de manoeuvre et d'une relle capacit de critiques confirme un observateur. Et de nombreux ministres, trop vieux ou incomptents devront probablement abandonner leurs postes aprs les lections...".

Richard Werly

De notre envoy spcial Hanoi

Tin H Ni

Trong Chiu Hng Ci M Gii Hn

Ngi Vit Nam Tham D

Mt Cuc Tuyn C

Tng i Thong Hn

. Richard Werly .

(Lc dch t bo Etranger, Thy S, ngy 19/7/1992)

Mc du c mt s ci m biu kin trong lut bu c, thnh phn quc hi s khng khc trc l bao, nhng quyn hn c c phn no gia tng.

S

au cng, mt cn b ca Cc a Cht l nh a vt l Nguyn Thanh Giang b rt tn khi danh sch ng c vin Quc Hi Lp Php. ng Giang quyt nh ng c vi t cch "c lp" nh lut bu c cho php, tuy nhin, trc s phn bc ca "i din nghip on" trong c quan ca ng, ng phi rt lui.

Mt s ngi khc cng mun ng c ngoi danh sch "ng c vin chnh thc" cng b ngn cn v nhng l do khc nhau. Ngi th b s "phn i" ca c dn trong khu vc, ngi th b ch l thiu sc khe, v cng c trng hp b t chi khng nu l do bi "Mt Trn T Quc" (mt t chc qun chng do ch lp ra).

Bi vy, ch c hai "ng c vin c lp", trong s gn 30 ngi mun ng c vi t cch ny c chp nhn, tranh c cng 599 "ng c vin nh nc" vo 395 gh ti quc hi.

Kt qu cuc bu c c trnh trng loan bo nhng khng gy ngc nhin cho ai, v 99% l nhng cu i biu t nhim k trc, tuy nhin cng c i iu ng ghi nhn.

Nhng iu ng ghi nhn

u tin l trn cc bo, mc du vn b kim sot cht ch, xut hin ti c H Ni ln Thnh Ph HCM nhiu bi cng kch mt s dn biu v tham nhng hay bt lc. Nhng iu ch trch ny c lp li trong cc bui hp a phng, vi mt thnh phn tham d vin chn lc, gia ng vin v c ta.

Ngoi ph ngi ta cng nhn thy mt hin tng tng t, mc du qun chng cn rt d dt nhn nh v ch , nhng c tri cng mnh dn hn trong cc ph bnh. Mt ngi ch vo mt tn c nim yt v nhn xt rng: "Mi ngi ti y ai cng bit tay ny chng ra g". Ti phng u phiu, trong khung cnh t do tng i v hn ch, h bu cho mt tn trong s ba hay bn ng vin.

iu khng th m h c, l tuy "cuc bu c c t do hn trc, nhng di mt ci vung y cht", mun g th vn phi l ng lnh o v ng Mi vn phi l Tng B Th.

Tuy nhin mi ngi vn ch i quc hi mi ny, vi quyn hn c gia tng, quc hi s tuyn la mt v ch tch nh nc v mt v th tng vo thng 9 sp ti ny.

Theo nhn xt ca mt quan st vin, khc vi quc hi tin nhim, k ny quc hi s tham d nhiu hn vo vic nc v c quyn ph bnh nhiu hn.

Nhiu b trng, hoc qu gi hay bt lc s phi ri chc v sau k tuyn c ny.

Richard Werly

Th Gi

Ban Chp Hnh Trung ng

ng Cng Sn Vit Nam

H Ni, ngy 20 thng 11 nm 1993.

Knh gi:

Ban Chp Hnh Trung ng ng Cng Sn Vit Nam

S

p ti cc ng ch s tin hnh Hi Ngh i Biu ton quc. D ch l phin hp gia k, nhng do nhng i hi rt bc xc ca x hi, nn ng bo trng ch Hi ngh ny s phi to mt bc i mi quan trng v cn thit na nh i Hi VI tng ghi c trong lch s ng Cng Sn Vit Nam (CSVN).

Vi s trng ch , ti xin mnh dn trnh by my kin cc ng ch tham kho:

*

I. nh Gi Tnh Hnh X Hi Vit Nam Hin Nay:

Qu trnh i mi va qua cho php chng ta gt hi nhng thnh tu ng khch l v mt kinh t. Do bc u hnh thnh c nn kinh t nhiu thnh phn, vn ng theo c ch th trng, i sng kinh t nc ta bt u khi sc, to c mc tng trng kinh t tng i nhanh, c s nhy vt trong kim ngch xut khu cng vi nhng tin b kim ch lm pht v nhng trin vng v tn dng, vin tr v u t nc ngoi.

T ch phi xp hng mua mt m rau n ch c th mua tht, c m khng cn tem phiu; t ch phi ng k mi c cho mua phn phi mt chic chu ra mt n ch c th t do xy nh, m qun... ai cng thy r rng c i mi v mt kinh t.

Tuy nhin, i sng x hi ni chung khng c tt p. X hi tn ti khng da trn s cng khai v trung thc nn lng tin b hy hoi gh gm. S ngy to, di tr lan trn t hot ng thng mi sang hot ng khoa hc v gio dc, t c quan hnh php n c quan t php....

Khng bit c hon ton sai hay khng khi ai bi quan cho rng thc trng x hi ta ngy nay cha cht nhiu yu t xu xa ca cc x hi t bn m ta tng ln n?

So vi cc nc t bn, nn tht nghip ta khng nhng vt xa v s lng v t l, m cn ht sc ng phn nn v c cu tht nghip. Khng ch c ngi li bing, km ci, m c thanh nin trai trng, nhng ngi cn c, thng minh v rt ham lao ng, nhng ti nng thc s, nhng tr tu rt ng tn trng v.v... cng b tht nghip (1). Ngi lao ng, k c chn tay v tr c, b r rng n mc cc ng ch c mc nhin sa thi khng cn tuyn b, khng cn bo m nhng quyn li ti thiu m nh nc t bn thng buc phi dnh cho ngi tht nghip.

Nhng ch s v nn mi dm, x ke ma ty, cp ca git ngi, t t, bt b giam cm tri php lut, tr em tht hc v suy dinh dng... u tht ng s.

Bun lu, tham nhng thnh quc nn ngy cng pht trin m cha thy c kh nng kim sot. Ngi lao ng b bc lt, h hip m khng tm c s che ch ca lut php, khng c s bo tr ca chnh sch x hi v.v....

Dng nh chng ta ch mi to c mt lp vng kinh t nhp nhong trong khi i b phn nhn dn vn b ngp ln trong mt mi trng nhim nng.

Tnh hnh trn i hi mt s ch trng chnh sch ln phi c xem xt, bn bc vi tinh thn nghim tc v thi thc s cu th.

II. V S Phn Chia Giai Cp V Phn Tng X Hi:

Ngh quyt i hi VII v cng lnh nm 1991 vn tip tc khng nh ng CSVN l i tin phong ca giai cp cng nhn; ch trng pht trin giai cp cng nhn v s lng v cht lng xng ng l giai cp tin phong; xy dng giai cp nng dn v mi mt xng ng l mt lc lng c bn trong khi lin minh cng nng....

S thc, trong nhiu nm qua, c cu x hi nc ta bin i rt phc tp, nhng ta vn phi kin nh khin cng bng nhng mnh lnh hnh chnh, hoc c nn vo khun mu c sn ca mt c cu x hi giai cp vi nhng nhn thc n gin v ch ngha x hi (CNXH).

Nu theo v th nht ca nh ngha nh kin v giai cp:

(giai cp l nhng tp on to ln ca nhng ngi khc nhau v a v ca h trong mt h thng sn xut x hi nht nh, khc nhau v quan h ca h i vi nhng t liu sn xut, v vai tr ca h trong t chc lao ng x hi, v nh vy khc nhau v cch thc hng th v v phn ca ci x hi m h c php hng),

th ta by gi cng nhn v nng dn khng cn l giai cp na. Do lm n thua l, do bin ng khc nghit ca nn kinh t th trng cha nh hnh, nhiu x nghip k c t doanh ln quc doanh phi ng ca hoc d sng d cht, nhiu cng nhn b sa thi, bin thnh lao ng bn c hoc lu manh ha. Mt s, nh c trnh tay ngh v k nng, hoc nh gp may, c lm nhng x nghip lin doanh c thu nhp cao hn hn. Ni chung, h khng cn gn b vi a v v quyn li ca "giai cp mnh".

Nng dn ngy nay cng tn ti nhiu thnh phn kinh t khc nhau, c ch s hu v phng thc hng th khc nhau: hp tc x, tp on sn xut, sn xut c th, sn xut t cp t tc....

Trong khi , theo v th hai ca nh ngha giai cp:

(giai cp l nhng tp on ngi m tp on no c th chim ot lao ng ca tp on khc, do ch nhng tp on c a v khc nhau trong mt ch kinh t x hi nht nh),

th x hi ta ang hnh thnh hai giai tng (straite mt hnh thi manh nha ca giai cp) chnh. R rng ang c s manh nha mt giai cp t sn mi ch yu da vo cc hot ng bun lu v tham nhng. Giai tng ny bao gm cc quan chc c quyn lc trong b my ng v Nh nc mi cp, mi ngnh (ch yu hi quan, thu v, ngn hng, ngoi giao, hng khng) cu kt cht ch vi bn gian thng, lu manh v vi b l b h c mi. Sau hn su nm tung honh cc khu mua bn hng ha, vn chuyn hng ha, trn thu v v hiu ha cc c quan php lut, tng lp ny ang pht trin v giu c ln rt nhanh. Mt ti liu trong thng k cho bit vn lu hnh trong bun lu ln ti 24 triu la M. Vy l Vit Nam ang din ra mt qu trnh tch ly t bn nguyn thy rt tn khc. Phi chng nh th c ngha nc ta ang i vo ch ngha t bn hoang di?

Qu trnh tch ly t bn nguyn thy tng xy ra nhiu nc trn th gii v ngay trong lch s nc ta. Tuy nhin, qui trnh tch ly t bn cc nc v Vit Nam trc y, ch yu da vo tin trnh u t sn xut, t y to nn t bn, thng qua bc lt gi tr lao ng thng d. Trong khi , qui trnh tch ly t bn nguyn thy ca tng lp t sn mi Vit Nam hin nay ch yu thng qua quyn lc v nhng th on gian manh cp ot ti sn ca nhn dn.

Giai cp t sn ny s chi phi i sng chnh tr v s thng tr nhn dn ta. iu ng ni l nu nh giai cp t sn cc nc v nc ta trc y cn c cht ti nng v t chc sn xut, kinh doanh, th tng lp t sn mi ny ch c "ti" n cp, mc ngoc. Chng s tn bo hn t sn phng Ty rt nhiu. Tht l mt tai ha cho dn tc ta, hin ti cng nh tng lai!

Ngay by gi, tng lp t sn mi ang lng on gh gm nn kinh t v gp phn tch cc ph hoi nn vn ha dn tc ta.

Do khng th kin tr lm t sn dn tc, h chy ua tr thnh t sn mi bn. H khng th ch mua bn lng vng ti sn tp th cho nhau m cn bn c ti sn quc gia cho nc ngoi. H o bi ba bi cc vng qung m. H cht ph tan hoang cc vng cy xanh. H sn sng nhp t hng ngoi vo chn ln v bp cht tiu th cng v cng ngh trong nc. Tin ca ph du m h kim c mt cch qu d dng kch thch h th ca n chi lm lan truyn mt li sng trc tng, v nhn bn, phi vn ha trong x hi.

Trong khi , nhng ai ang b y xung tng lp ngho kh?

Khng phi ch c nhng ngi li bing, v ngh nghip. Tr tru thay l y li bao gm nhng tr thc ti nng b v hiu ha, nhng cu chin binh tng ri xng mu, nhng ngi lao ng chn chnh khng chc quyn hoc khng ng, khng cam chu lm cc tr ma gio....

S phn ha giu ngho trong x hi ta l khng trnh khi v nh chp nhn. ng v Nh nc ch nn c c ch kim sot v tit ch n. Nhng, phn ha giu ngho to nn do bt cng v li cng gp sc to nn bt cng th khng th dung th.

ng tic l mt s cn b ta rao ging mp m rng tham nhng l hin tng ph bin trn th gii, bt cng l khng th trnh khi. H ni:

"Chng ta phi li mt bc v s cng bng to bc nhy cho s pht trin. C pht trin mi c iu kin gii quyt cng bng x hi".

Th ra ch khi no giu ln ri, th mi thc hin cng bng x hi, mi sng c o l c? Th m nhn dn ta th tng bt cm x na ht mui cn i. Th m H ch tch th tng ni

"khng s thiu, ch s khng cng bng".

Tham nhng th u cng c nhng c l khng u trn lan, tai hi v bn thu nh Vit Nam. Tham nhng Vit Nam khng ch l sn phm tiu cc ca kinh t th trng m ch yu l do di sn ca t nn c quyn c li.

Phn ha giu ngho v cng bng x hi l hai phm tr khc nhau. Hai phm tr ny c phn chng ln nhau nhng c nguyn nhn tn ti v c ch vn ng rt khc nhau.

Ngay by gi phi ra sc u tranh chng li mt cch c hiu qu nhng biu hin bt cng trong x hi v phi c bin php iu tit tng i hp l s phn ha giu ngho trong cc tng lp dn c.

*

III. n nh Chnh Tr Hay n nh X Hi?

Ngh quyt i Hi VI nu:

"Nhim v bao trm, mc tiu tng qut trong nhng nm cn li ca chng ng u tin l n nh mi mt tnh hnh kinh t x hi...".

i Hi VII xc nh mc tiu tng qut v phng chm ch o trong nm nay l:

"n nh v pht trin kinh t x hi, tng cng n nh chnh tr...".

Chnh tr v kinh t l hai hnh thi biu hin ca tn ti x hi. Kinh t l nn tng qui nh kt cu ca cc mi quan h qua li gia cc giai tng x hi. Chnh tr l s tham gia vo cc cng vic ca nh nc, vic qui nh nhng hnh thc, nhim v, ni dung hot ng ca nh nc. Nhng t tng chnh tr v nhng th ch tng ng vi chng l kin trc thng tng bn trn c s h tng kinh t. Mun cho chnh tr c th tr thnh lc lng ci to th n phi phn nh mt cch ng n nhng nhu cu pht trin ca i sng vt cht ca x hi.

Quan h chnh tr kinh t l quan h hu c, bi th khng th no tch ri chng m khng gy mt n nh. Tht vy, khng th hnh dung tnh ng n ca ch trng tch ri hai b phn hu c ca mt thc th x hi ra ri mt mt y mnh pht trin kinh t, mt mt tng cng n nh chnh tr.

Th xt vi c cu vi m nh trong mt nguyn t. Nu qui c thng tng l cc vng electron, h tng kinh t l cc proton trong ht nhn. Lm mt i trng thi vn ng tng ng ca ht nhn th cc electron hoc s nhy bc hn lon trn cc qu o hoc s bt ra ngoi nguyn t.

Trong c cu v m nh h thng hnh tinh ca chng ta cng vy. Gi thit tri t l h tng kinh t, bu kh quyn l thng tng chnh tr. Nu bng dng y cho tri t chuyn ng nhanh ln v ghm bu khng kh li th do h qu thuyt tng i, cung phong s ni ln d di, ph tan tnh nhng g tn ti trn mt a cu.

Trong c cu x hi con ngi cng th. Ci to, i mi kinh t i hi phi ci to, i mi chnh tr tng ng th mi gi c n nh x hi. Ch tng cng n nh chnh tr, tt s dn n ph v n nh x hi.

Trong x hi c giai cp, mi c s kinh t nht thit i hi mt cu trc chnh tr thch ng. M rng kinh t th trng tc l kt cu li cc quan h gia cc giai tng x hi th khng th no khng m rng nhng sinh hot chnh tr ph hp vi cch kt cu cc giai tng kinh t mi.

Ghm gi chnh tr n nh m ch th cho kinh t pht trin cn dn n mt th kinh t ch ngha.

Trong ng vn lun lun tn ti bnh u tr.

Trc y u tr t khuynh xui ngi ta ging cao khu hiu

"Mo cm, qu c vi tm lng cng sn".

Ngy nay u tr hu khuynh li gic ngi ta h tong ln:

"ng vin phi bit lm giu".

Ti ngh rng ng vin c th gm ngi giu, ngi ngho, nhng ch yu h phi l nhng ngi c bn lnh l nh chnh tr, nh t tng, nh vn ha, nh khoa hc kinh t, nh khoa hc cng ngh....

ng v Nh nc cn to iu kin cho bt c ai mu ai mun v n v c kh nng lm giu u c th lm giu. Nhng, dt khot "lm giu" khng th l mc tiu ng khch l nht cho mi ngi, c bit l i vi ng vin.

Chnh kinh t ch ngha ang gp sc li lm tha ha x hi Vit Nam mt cch gh gm. N thc y s ny sinh cc phn gi tr vn ha vi li sng vt cht thp hn.

ng Tng Gim c UNESCO, nhn thp k th gii pht trin vn ha vit:

"H nc no t t cho mnh mc tiu pht trin kinh t m tch ri khi mi trng vn ha th nht nh s xy ra nhng mt cn i nghim trng, c v mt kinh t ln vn ha, v tim nng sng to ca t nc s b suy yu i rt nhiu".

Kh tm bit bao nhiu khi cc em nh ca ta ngy nay cn phi thay nhau hc theo ca vo c gi tra trong nhng lp ti tm, m thp m gi bc c th la t pha, trong khi ngi ta ra sc u t xy ht khch sn sang trng ny n khu vui chi gii tr khc. Gio dc khng xung cp sao c khi n ch c u t vi la/ ngi/nm, trong khi ch cc nc ng Nam thi, mc u t cng phi ti 100-200 la.

Khoa hc th khng nhng ch xung cp m cn li tn. Mt trong nhng nim t ho t i m chng ta gy dng c trong thi gian qua l o to c mt i ng cn b khoa hc k thut kh ng th nay tan tc ht. Nu trc y cc nh khoa hc mun tin thn phi lch vo ng quan l, th nay, mun nui thn h phi "bit lm giu".

Lc y do s r rng ca cc cp lnh o v lc ht ca "mi lm giu nng nc" buc cc nh khoa hc xp sch, b s nghip i bun. Nu ai cn mun " vi la hng cho vn kip" th ch c th tn ti bng hai cch. Hoc phi van ni bn cht xm r mt cho cc ng ch t bn mi, hoc phi xoay s ng k cho c mt ti, mt chng trnh nghin cu no . ti c c c chp thun hay khng, khng ph thuc vo tnh thit thc ca n v nng lc ca nh khoa hc, m ph thuc vo hai yu t: Th nht, anh c phi l ngi c quyn lc hoc dnh dng n quyn lc khng; Th hai, anh c bit nnh nt, chu lun ci hoc mc ngoc, lo lt cho cc cp qun l khng?

Trong khi c th da vo t cht thng minh hng thng ng ca dn tc Vit Nam xy dng trc tip x hi hu cng nghip thng qua nn cng ngh tr tu (intelligent technology), t nn vn minh nng nghip m m, b qua nn vn minh cng nghip no ng, tin thng ti nn vn minh tr tu trong sng, th trc mt chng ta ang xut hin mt khong trng v khoa hc v gio dc tht ng s.

n nh x hi l vic nn lm, cn lm v c th lm c. Ch trng n nh x hi tc l mun xy dng mt chnh quyn v nhn dn. Ch trng n nh chnh tr tc l mun xy dng mt chnh quyn v chnh quyn. iu khng nn lm v s khng lm c.

Xin nu mt v d. V mun tng cng n nh chnh tr, khi ci tin ch tin lng, ngi ta ch trng u tin b i, cng an bng mc lng gn gp i (1,8 ln) tt c cc loi cn cn b khc. (L ra ch ny ch nn dnh cho cc chin s Trng Sa, cc hi o v vng bin gii).

Th l bng dng mt s quan bnh thng c nhn lng cao hn mt chuyn vin k cu. Nhiu trong s cc chuyn vin ny tng l b i lu nm trong "thi k xng mu" ch khng phi ch l lnh thi bnh nh my s quan kia. Cc chin binh ny tng xng pha nhiu trn mc, d ch mi v hu cch y my thng cng khng c hng ch u tin hu hnh .

Th l ri lon x hi xy ra, t nht l lnh vc tm l.

Mt v d khc. cng bc n nh chnh tr bng ngn t hnh thc, ngi ta buc phi ngy to ta mt lot thut ng v l:

Kinh t Th trng X hi Ch ngha, ti sn XHCN, t quc XHCN....

Mun xy dng ch ngha x hi th khng th cho kinh t th trng pht trin. Buc lng phi bc vo kinh t th trng th tm thi cha ni n XHCN.

D mun nh hng ln XHCN th by gi cng lm ta cng ch mi chng u ca thi k qu . Th th lm g c c ti sn XHCN. Chc chn khng ai nh ngha ni ti sn XHCN l g. Trong nm thnh phn kinh t, ti sn ca thnh phn no l ti sn XHCN? "Bo v t quc XHCN" c ghi thnh tiu ln ca Chng V Hin Php nc ta. Th nhng t quc ta cha phi l XHCN th nhn dn Vit Nam c ngha v phi bo v khng? (Vn ny ti tng gp kin chnh thc khi tho lun Hin Php) (1).

bo m tnh khoa hc, s nghim tc v thi thc s cu th, ti ngh nn i tn nc ta l nc VIT NAM, thay cho tn nc Cng Ha X Hi Ch Ngha Vit Nam. Gn thm cm t Cng Ha X Hi Ch Ngha vo hai ch Vit Nam ch lm h thn lng tri nhng ai vn tn trng thc tin v lm nn lng mi ngi.

D c l ni rng i na th trng rng cng khng th mo xng l rng.

Tiu ch XHCN ngy nay khng cn huyn hoc c ai. Bi v:

XHCN nguyn bn lm sp Lin X, ng u.

XHCN ngoan c lm cho Cuba, Bc Triu Tin iu ng.

XHCN lai ghp lm cho Angiri ln bi, Min in b vy bn v nhn quyn.

thiopia, Libia, Mzambc... mi mon men theo XHCN lm cnh ngho i.

Hy tr li ci tn VIT NAM tinh khi cho t nc ny.

Ch cn c cn c, lng dng cm, tr tu trc vit ca con ngi Vit Nam lm nhn dn th gii yu mn v khm phc; ch cn thin nhin giu c, ti p, nhng ph n m ang, duyn dng lm chng ta t ho vi hai ting Vit Nam.

*

IV. Dn Ch Pht Trin:

Ngi ta c th ph phn Bc H v khuyt im ny, sai lm kia, nhng ch u tranh cho t do, dn ch v cng bng ca nh cch mng Nguyn i Quc th mi mi c nhn loi biu dng v c tn vinh trong lng ti. Tuyn ngn v nhn quyn v cng dn quyn ca cch mng Php 1789 c trch dn ngay trong dng u Tuyn Ngn c Lp ca nc ta:

"Ngi ta sinh ra t do v bnh ng v quyn li, v phi lun lun c t do v bnh ng v quy n li".

T y, trn u mi trang giy, bn di dng ch "Vit Nam Dn Ch Cng Ha", bao gi chng ta cng vit "c Lp T Do Hnh Phc". Chng ta lun lun suy tn t do trc hnh phc bi v chng ta hiu rng khng th c hnh phc khi thiu t do, v, c t do l c mt phn hnh phc ri.

Kht vng truyn thng ny ca nhn dn Vit Nam rt ph hp vi tinh thn cao quyn chnh tr, dn s v quyn t do c nhn trong Tuyn B Nhn Quyn Vin (Vienna) 1993.

Ti hi ngh nhn quyn ny, i biu Vit Nam rt c l khi xc nh:

"Nhn quyn khng ty thuc vo s pht trin kinh t x hi v khng tch ri vi s pht trin ca kinh t vn ha. Nhn quyn l mt nim ton din".

Trong khi , tht ngc nhin l mt s ngi li mun ph ha cho mt lun iu lc lng:

"i vi bt k mt nc ang pht trin no, vn pht trin kinh t l quyn con ngi quan trng nht".

Phi chng v h mun n nh chnh tr bng ci th ch ngha kinh t thp hn?

Khng phi ngy nay th gii mi nhn mnh v quyn chnh tr, dn s v cao quyn t do c nhn. Chnh Cc-Mc quan nim:

"S pht trin t do ca mi ngi l iu kin cho s pht trin t do ca mi ngi".

Thc t cho thy, khng c t do chnh tr, khng c dn ch th t nc khng th pht trin xt v tng th cng nh ring kinh t. S sp c bn ton h thng XHCN c nguyn nhn l t s tr tr ca nn kinh t m ngun gc su xa ca kinh t tr tr l ti c ch c ti, mt dn ch ca h thng chnh tr XHCN.

Ai cng thy rng, vo u th k ny, ch ngha t bn bc l rt nhiu khuyt tt trong n. Tuy nhin, nh tinh thn dn ch m n t iu tit c khng nhng "giy mi khng cht" m cn pht trin khng ngng. Trong khi , phe XHCN tng c tui thanh xun quyn r nhng do duy tr qu lu ch ch huy tp trung c on ca ng nn x hi ngy cng tr tr, suy thoi.

Vin l dn ch tp trung, ngi ta buc mi ng vin phi ni theo Ban chp hnh Trung ng (BCH/T) v ton b BCH/T phi ni theo vi ngi trong B chnh tr. Ngi ta khng ch n l ha t tng ng vin, m ton x hi.

D l t ph bnh hay ph bnh th qun chng v ng vin ni chung ch c quanh qun vi n v mnh, vi a phng mnh; ng chm n cp trn l phi un li trm ln. C nhng iu m ton x hi u b uy hip kinh khng n mc khng ai c ngh, c bn bc n. Bi v, ch cn ng chm n mt cht th d bt c tr tu no, thin no, nu khng b th tiu th cng b y i sut i. Trc y l vn chuyn chnh v sn, vn vai tr lnh o ca giai cp cng nhn, by gi l vn a nguyn a ng v.v....

Ti sao li c mt nn dn ch h khc nh vy?

Cn g ti bun cho con ngi hn khi ch ngh theo ci u ca ngi khc, ch c ni bng ging ni ca ngi khc!

T ca quyn c on v chnh tr v t tng xui ngi ta qui kt thnh k th tt c nhng ai khc mnh v sn sng dng bo lc trit h nhng g khng ging mnh.

ng hn c th trnh c nhiu sai lm tai hi trong vic vch ng li, ch trng, chnh sch nu ni rng dn ch cc quan im, cc chnh kin u c pht biu v la chn nghim tc.

Mun dn ch phi c k cng. Dn ch x hi ch c th bo m trn c s lut php nghim minh. Tic rng sut thi k lch s di va qua, chng ta ch nhn mnh ng li giai cp, chnh quyn v sn... v quan nim nh nc php quyn ch l mt yu cu th hin bn cht xu xa ca nh nc t sn. Ti cn nh, vo khong nhng nm 60, C.B. c vit mt bi trn bo Nhn Dn ch trch M khng c dn ch. chng minh, tc gi t co M cng ngy cng ban hnh nhiu o lut. Tnh n lc y, M c hn ba vn iu lut!

Ngy nay, tuy ni n nh nc php quyn, nhng Hin php 1992 ca ta vn qui nh thng nht ba quyn lp php, hnh php v t php. Mun thc lng xy dng mt chnh quyn do dn v v dn th phi t php quyn l ch chung ca nhn dn, khng mang tnh giai cp v khng da trn c s kinh t. D l ng hay nh nc cng phi tun theo hin php v php lut. Phi bo m s c lp, t do ca cc c quan cng quyn trong mi quan h vi nhau trong khi thc thi quyn lc ring c giao. Khng c t chc quyn lc no trong ba quyn c ln t t chc quyn lc no. C th l, khng ai c th lm dng quyn lc th phi phn lp ba quyn.

Lm sao m xy dng c nh nc php quyn, lm g c chuyn bnh ng trc php lut khi ngh quyt 3 ca BCH/T kha VII ch th:

"Vic cng b v ph phn cc v vic tiu cc trn cc phng tin truyn thng i chng cn c s cn nhc v hng gii quyt v tc dng gio dc, trnh ch li dng xuyn tc bi nh ng v Nh nc".

(Th sao ngi M khng s ng ca h, tng thng ca h b ch bi nh khi bo ch c rm beng v Watergate, Irangate, v chuyn ng Clinton ct tc...?).

Chng nhng th, ngh quyt cn qui nh

"i vi nhng v n ln c nh hng chnh tr rng, c lin quan n quc phng, an ninh, i ngoi, hoc lin quan n cn b thuc din cp y qun l, cp y cn c kin v t tng ch o xt x...".

Thc t l chng ta vn c mun ly chuyn chnh v sn thay cho php quyn. M, chuyn chnh v sn th tng gy bao nhiu thm ha trong lch s. Li dng chuyn chnh v sn, Stalin, Pnpt mc sc git hi ng bo mnh m khng cn xt x, bt chp o l. C trong tay ci "ba chuyn chnh v sn" th mt k tiu nhn cng d dng to c n him nh bi mt ng tng chin thng in Bin Ph.

X hi Vit Nam hin nay vn tip tc b nhiu bnh dch nguy hi honh hnh: nn d, nn iu hnh x hi bng nhng th lc ngm (Mt bc th tay c th giao c ti sn ln ca quc gia cho mt k bn tri khng vn t. Mt c in thoi c th xa hay gim n cho mt ti phm ln. Cng mt ngi vi cng nhng s vic, nu c cp trn bt n xanh th s c phong anh hng, nu n th c th b vo t). Nn Ma-phia Vit Nam ngy nay cha n mc ly k nh "Bch Tuc" (mt phim truyn x hi en), nhng li rt ph bin, rt nhy nha v khng km phn nguy him.

Cng nh nn Ma-phia, nn tham nhng v bun lu khng nhng khng th ngn chn, m s cng ngy cng pht trin qui m ln hn chng no cha c dn ch thc s, chng no ng vn cha tha nhn tnh cng khai ca x hi, chng no bo ch cn b "lnh o" nghim ngt.

Thc t va qua cho thy v c bn th ch mi ngn chn c dn thng i bun lu, v ni chung, ch cn b cp thp tham nhng b trng tr.

R rng dn ch khng ch l i hi ca qun chng. Dn ch khng ch l mc tiu m l chnh l bin php cn thit chnh quyn ngn chn cc "bnh dch" nguy hi ang honh hnh v ang dn x hi n nhng nguy c khng hong rt trm trng. C dn ch mi pht trin c v chng ta mi c c may thc hin nhng tiu ch vch ra t ngy u cch mng.

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V. Nhn Li ng Li i Ngoi Ca Ta:

T i Hi VI, chng ta ra yu cu nhn thng vo s tht v bt u dng cm ni r mt phn s tht. Nh , chng ta dm nu

"ng phm sai lm ch quan duy ch, vi phm qui lut khch quan; nng vi trong ci to XHCN, xa b nn kinh t nhiu thnh phn; c lc y mnh qu mc vic xy dng cng nghip nng; duy tr qu lu c ch qun l kinh t tp trung quan liu bao cp; c nhiu ch trng sai trong vic ci cch gi c, tin t, tin lng. Cng tc t tng v t chc cn b phm nhiu khuyt im nghim trng". (2)

Biu hin mi tuy tng c qun chng v ng vin hoan nghnh. Tuy nhin, phi thy rng qu trnh t nhn thc ny din ra chm v mc thnh khn t kim im cn y d dt. Nht nh l cc vn "nh hng XHCN cho nn kinh t th trng", vn "nm vng chuyn chnh v sn" v.v... vn c cn l nghip chng i vi cc nh chnh tr c l lun ln thc hnh nc ta.

Cha k rng, cng tt c nhng vn li th cng ch mi ch chng ta ang t vn t nhn thc ch yu l v ng li i ni.

Th cn ng li i ngoi th sao?

Lm sao hiu ni do u m hn 40 nm qua chng ta li phi ng u vi qu nhiu lc lng th ch trn th gii nh vy?

Chng ta khng nhng phi nh nhau vi ci m chng ta gi l "k th khng i tri chung" m c vi nhng ngi m mi hm qua chng ta xc nh "tnh hu ngh i i bn vng".

Chng ta va ln n M rng ch v mun bo v ng minh ca h min Nam m em bom n trt xung t nc ny, th chng ta li ko qun sang Cmpuchia tiu dit Pn-pt ri ng qun li y.

Trong lch s hin i ca nhn loi, Vit Nam l hin tng c o nht c l l ch chng ta phi chin u chng li hu ht cc cng quc trn th gii.

Chc chn khng phi v thin nhin ca ta qu giu p. Cng khng phi v nhn loi mun li nn giao tt c s mnh lch s nng n cho ta.

S d chng ta c qu nhiu k th ch v chng ta nhn th gii qua mt lng knh i ch.

Nn chuyn chnh v sn v ng li giai cp thm su vo cc th h chng ta n ni chnh ti mi v sau ny vn cn ghi trong k c li ca Juliut Fuxic: "Nhn loi hi, hy cnh gic".

Mi su nm sau khi "t nc vnh vin sch bng qun xm lc", chng ta t vn xy dng mt bn cng lnh mi cho ng CSVN. Sau 10 ln vit i sa li, trong bn d tho c cng b ly kin qun chng, tn ca Chng IV vn cn c ghi bng hng ch m:

"Quc phng, An ninh v Chnh sch i ngoi".

Khi , ti l ngi u tin cng khai phn i vic ghp vn quc phng, an ninh vi chnh sch i ngoi (1). Rt may kin c tip thu. bn cng lnh vit li ln cui, chnh sch i ngoi c tch thnh mc ring.

Song, k l l n "D tho bo co chnh tr ti Hi ngh i biu ton quc gia nhim k kha VII", ngi ta li gn i ngoi vi an ninh quc phng. (Tn ca Mc III trong phn "Tnh hnh thc hin Ngh quyt i hi VII" l "quc phng-an ninh, i ngoi". Tn ca Mc III trong phn "phng hng, nhim v ch yu trong thi gian ti" l "bo m quc phng an ninh, m rng quan h i ngoi").

Nhng nhn nh v th gii ghi trong m u ca bn bo co ny cng tht en ti:

"T sau i hi VII tnh hnh th gii tip tc din bin rt phc tp, gy nhiu bt li cho s nghip cch mng ca nhn dn ta.... Cc th lc th nghch trong v ngoi nc nhn c hi ro rit tng cng hot ng `din bin ha bnh' e da ch quyn c lp ca nhn dn ta. M tip tc bao vy cm vn i vi nc ta".

V sao m th gii c lun lun l i tng cnh gic ca ta nh th? u phi thin h c c, ch c ta trong thi?

R rng l t lu ta th hin mt nhn quan khng trong sng, mt th gii quan khng ng n.

Do cc oan, ng li i ngoi ca ta lc th t khuynh lc hu khuynh.

Phi chi chng ta thc hin c chnh sch i ngoi ha hiu v ha hp vi tt c dn tc trn th gii nh George Washington. Cch y 200 nm, v tng thng M u tin ni:

"Mt quc gia nu bung th mnh cho mt tnh cm th nghch c chp hay mt tinh thn hu ngh thi qu i vi mt quc gia khc th trong chng mc nht nh s tr thnh k n l N l ca chnh tnh cm th nghch c chp hay ca chnh tnh hu ngh thi qu . V, mt trong hai trng hp u c th a t nc i chch khi li ch v ngha v ca mnh".

Trong bn gp cho Cng lnh 1991, ti kin ngh cn nhn mnh:

"Vit Nam sn sng thit lp v m rng quan h hu ngh, hp tc vi tt c cc nc, khng phn bit ch chnh tr, x hi... Trong tnh hnh bin i v pht trin rt nhanh ca th gii ngy nay nn thn trng khi nu cc i sch ring vi tng nc, tng cng ng".

Tuy nhin, i hi VII vn khng nh

"trc sau nh mt, tng cng on kt v hp tc vi Lin X".

Th m, n d tho bo chnh tr thng 10/1993, trong khi xc nh nhiu ch trng u tin hng u vi Lo, Trung Quc, Cmpuchia v.v..., th "Lin X mi" khng cn c nhc nh g na!

Lin X tng chung lng u ct, nhng cm x o vi ta trong sut nhiu nm qua. Do chm m trong sai lm qu lu m li rt cng knh, nng n nn khi chuyn mnh, t nc ny c th phi vt v v t ra m ch hn ta. iu l ng nhin. Hon cnh khc nhau, t duy i mi khc nhau nn phng thc tin hnh cch mng cng khc nhau. Du th no i na, nh t do dn ch c ni rng tht s, tin chc rng nhn dn Lin bang Nga s la chn c ng ngi lnh o v con ng phi i cho mnh. Chnh s mt n nh tm thi trc mt s to th n nh pht trin vng chc cho t nc ny trong tng lai khng xa.

Trong xu th th gii chuyn t i u sang i thoi, ln vn trc mt chng ta vn l ci bng ma "din bin ha bnh".

Lm sao xc nh c tnh cht phn ng ca "din bin ha bnh" vi mt tinh thn khch quan v chn thc!

Ngi dn Vit Nam s mt g, s c g nguy him khi b "din bin ha bnh" ?

Phi chng chnh chng ta ang t "din bin ha bnh"?

Chng ta khng ch lun nhn mnh cao cnh gic vi nc ngoi m c vi ngi Vit Nam sinh sng ngoi lnh th. Ging cao khu hiu p tan chin dch chuyn la v qu hng, chng ta khc t mi giao lu vn ha, vn ngh, t tng; ngn cm mi kin bn bc v chnh tr, x hi ca ng bo ta nc ngoi.

V sao li phi k th gay gt vi chnh ng bo mnh nh vy?

Nht nh dng mu Vit Nam vn cn chy trong vi ti huyt qun, lng tm Vit Nam vn cn c thp sng trong tinh thn i a s nhng ngi ng chng, ng tc ca chng ta ang lu lc xa t quc.

Nht nh chng ta khng ch cn kh nng ng gp v kinh t, ti chnh; khng ch ng trn trng khi lng kin thc khoa hc, cng ngh tin tin m c nhng nhn thc hin i v trit hc, x hi hc, kinh t-chnh tr... ca kiu bo ta ang sng hu khp cc nc trn th gii. (1)

Ti khng bit lm th no c th ni va khim tn, nghe va sc tht ln gay gt yu cu cch mng bc thit v th gii quan, v ng li i ngoi ca ng.

Th gii nh mt tm gng m ta soi vo. Hy mm ci vi n ta nhn c chnh n ci t trong .

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V

ic trnh by cc kin v cc vn x hi ln qua mt cn b khoa hc k thut nh chng ti c th c thiu st. Du sao, ti vn mong c cc ng ch lu tm xem xt v to iu kin cc kin trn c trao i rng ri, nhm ngn chn nhng phn ng c nhn ca quyn, t bo m nhng phn ng n c tip nhn vi thi trn trng cn dnh cho nhng li tm huyt.

Nguyn Thanh Giang

Chuyn Vin a Vt L

Cc a Cht Vit Nam

Ch Thch ca tc gi:

(1) Xin tham kho thm cc bi vit ca cng tc gi:

"Hn lc no ht, ng cn c cng lnh xy dng t nc giu mnh, nhn dn no m", bo Nhn Dn ngy 5-1-1991.

"Dn c bit, c bn, c lm, c kim tra cng vic ca ng", bo Nhn Dn ngy 16-2-1990.

"Mt bui Niu-Oc", bo Nhn Dn 1-4-1990.

"Vi kin ng gp vo d tho sa hin php 1980", bo Khoa hc v T quc, thng 3-1992.

"Vn ng bo ta nc ngoi", bo i on Kt, thng 2-1992.

"Th gi B Chnh Tr ng CSVN ngy 12-12-1986".

(2) Cng lnh xy dng t nc trong thi k qu ln CNXH.

Thp Chung Nn Nhang

Cho Tn Thm Kch Qu Kh

. Nguyn Thanh Giang .

R

bt S. Mc Namara tng ton hc ha t duy quc phng ca mnh thng qua mt hnh tng c th l rt ng n

"Ti tin l quan h gia chi ph qun s v an ninh c dng mt parabon, trong , an ninh c tng cng khi chi ph qun s tng cho ti mt im m sau ng cong dng li, thm ch c th i xung". (1)

ng cng c mt nhn quan chnh tr p khi ng lu rng

"Khong cch nguy him hin c gia cc nc giu ngho ang ngy cng rng ra, v s ngho kh trong cc quc gia lm ny sinh cng thng v chnh tr, v x hi, v thng bng ln thnh nhng xung t gia cc quc gia". (1)

Nh qun l kinh doanh tt nghip cao hc trng i hc