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შუშანა ფუტკარაძეფონეტიკური პროცესები იმერხეულშიSHUSHANA PUTKARADZEPHONETIC PROCESSES IN THE IMERKHEVIAN DIALECT
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qarTveluri memkvidreoba (akaki wereTlis saxelmwifo
universitetis qarTveluri dialeqtologiis samecniero-kvleviTi
institutis perioduli samecniero Jurnali) tomi XII, gv., 322-345
SuSana futkaraZe
fonetikuri procesebi imerxeulSi
imerxeuli kilo qarTuli enis dedamdinaris erTi Zlieri Senakadia.
igi imerxeveli qarTvelebis metyvelebaa. imerxevi, istoriuli saqarTvelos
uZvelesi miwa, tao-klarjeTis erT-erTi mxarea, samxreT saqarTvelos
Semadgeneli nawili. saistorio wyaroebis mixedviT (leonti mroveli,
vaxuSi bagrationi), Zveli welTaRricxvis mesame saukuneSi klarjeTi
(imerxeviTurT) Sedioda farnavaz mefis mier Camoyalibebul oZrxis
saerisTvoSi, warmoadgenda meeqvse samxedro-administraciul olqs,
romelsac ganagebda erisTavi. klarjeTi meore saukuneSi (Zv. w. aR.)
iberiis samefos SemadgenlobaSia. Zlieri saerisTao iyo vaxtang
gorgasalis epoqaSic, rodesac aigo artanujis cixe. merve saukunis
dasasruls (ax. w. aR.) klarjeTSi yalibdeba Zlieri samTavro, romelic
gadaiqca saqarTvelos gaerTianebis medroSed (vaxuSti batoniSvili, 1973,
gv. 657; iv. javaxiSvili, 1983, gv. 95; eqvT. TayaiSvili, 1991, gv. 211). me-16
saukunis meore naxevridan ki klarjeTi (imerxeviTurT) osmaleTis imperiis
sazRvrebSi moeqca; amJamad TurqeTis respublikis farglebSia. kerZod,
imerxevi warmoadgens arTvinis vilaeTis SavSeTis raionis erT lamaz
mxares - mdinare fafarTis xeobas.
imerxeveli qarTvelebi orenovanni arian; maTi oficialuri,
saxelmwifo ena Turqulia, saojaxo ena ki - qarTuli. imerxevelTa
qarTuli, 450 wlis manZilze dedaenis kontrols moklebuli, Turqul
enobriv garemocvaSi moqceuli, enis ganviTarebis Sinagani kanonebis
moqmedebis Sesabamisad ganviTarda da damoukidebel kilod Camoyalibda.
Turquli enis yoveldRiuri gavlenis miuxedavad, man SeinarCuna Tavisi
fonetikuri sistema, gramatikuli wyoba da ZiriTadi leqsikuri fondi.
imerxeul kiloSi erTxel kidev gancxadda qarTuli enis siZliere,
gamZleoba da ukvdaveba.
imerxeulSi mimdinare fonetikuri procesebi gansakuTrebuli
TaviseburebebiT ar gamoirCeva; qarTuli enis dialeqtebSi ganviTarebuli
fonetikuri movlenebis analogiuria. gvxvdeba bgeraTa dakargvis,
reduqciis, bgeraTa ganviTarebis, substituciis, asimilaciis, disimilaciis,
bgeraTa dayruebis, metaTezisis, dezafrikatizaciis... SemTxvevebi.
bgeraTa dakargva. a) TanxmovanTa dakargva:
bgeraTa dakargva imerxeulSi arcTu ise SesamCnevia. anlautSi
bgeraTdakargva sityvaSi TanxmovanTSejgufebis gamartivebisaken
midrekilebiT aris axsnili (T. uTurgaiZe, 1976, gv. 123). marTlac,
imerxevelTa metyvelebaSi ZiriTadad aseT poziciaSi ikargeba Tanxmovnebi,
oRond ara mxolod sityvis dasawyisSi. Tanxmovnebis Sejgufebisas dakargva
xdeba sityvaSi mosalodnel yvela poziciaSi. umetesad ikargeba
Tanxmovnebi - v, m, n, r, l, s.
ikargeba m: Bri Tavebi mtkiva (mBris→Bri); Tvarian RameSi Cans; wvane
qudebi aburvian; gaRma Ta Cans; klavis sisxo zenjiri aqvan; gvlaT kudebi
aqvan (mrgvalad→gvlaT); kdaric viyve, avdgebio; Wadi gatexa...
ikargeba r: ravai bzanob? (brZanob → bzanob); vin zdis baBalas?
sidam bzandebi? erT gogoze Tvali damCa; ukan motialdeba...
iSviaTad ikargeba l: saCeCelze darCeba kvirti matyli (kvirtli →
kvirti); ase etyoden saxSi (saxlSi → saxSi)...
ikargeba Tanxmovani n sityvaSi mainc: Tormeti maic iqneba...
Tanxmovani v xSirad ikargeba sityvaSi sxvadasxva adgilas: qali qrivi
(qvrivi) yofila; mimxdara (mimx) avadevlobasa; iq jinWel (jinWveli) aria?
Seni baboi maSin (maSvin) mokda (mokvda); kaci Wkvaze moida (movida);
iqidamac amoida (amovida)...
aqvs zmnaSi fuZiseuli v subieqtis mesame piris niSanTan erTad
ikargeba: qva gvaq gamoWrili; ra aq BelSi; saTqmeli bevri maq; guli gaq
didi... v Tanxmovani gauCinarebulia ova, ove kompleqsebSic: windebi
davqsEeT (davqsoveT → davqsoeT → davqsueT → davqsEeT); xidam
gadmEarda (gadmovarda → gadmoarda → gadmuarda → gadmEarda. v-s
dakargva, ganmsgavseba-difTongizacia).
s Tanxmovnis dakargva qarTuli kiloebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli
movlenaa. imerxeulSic xSirad gvxvdeba micemiTi brunvis niSnisa da
naTesaobiTis niSnis TanxmovniTi elementis s-s dakargva:
a) micemiTi brunva: qiriSeb gavwevT; ewer ar duugebT queSa;
erTmaneT saqmeSi vargivarT; qilakaSi yuel Caawyob; nabag dahswvav...
iusufaTan (iusufasTan) xom ar migiqcevian? baBalaTan wevda...
b) naTesaobiTi brunva: karCxli wyali TeTri dis; nafurnevi
zomodam atiani duzia; esa livana yalea; hududi (hududis - sazRvris)
barobai damwyreuli varT; arTvini soflobaSi ase yofila; jinali
~a~la iqiT darCa; laxni (laxnis - mxlis) Sorva gavakeTe... zogjer
naTesaobiTi brunvis niSani mTlianad ikargeba: aqedam Ceiars karisaT
(karisaTis) Rele; saxl aq musafir (musafiris - stumris) oda...
imerxeulSi gvxvdeba s bgeris h-d dasustebisa da dakargvis erTeuli
SemTxvevebi. es movlena umTavresad SeiniSneba micemiTSi mdgar zogierT
saxelTan, (umetesad drois zmnizedad qceul sityvebTan da CvenebiT
nacvalsaxelebTan: amboben, iqa dRehac (dResac) Tovlso; imahac (imasac)
dRe dalevia; es meqTubebi (werilebi) dRehac aq (aqvs) Senaxuli; Ramehac
(Ramesac) gavaTenebdiT nadSi; gurjijahac (qarTulsac) vlaparakobT da
TurqCahac (Turqulsac)... juma dRe (juma dRes - paraskev dRes)
davTesavT yanas; sul yuel (yovel) dRe (dRes) gadavxedavT aWaris
soflebsa; gaCenil Rame (Rames) amaze jildaoben... analogiuri magaliTebi
SeniSnulia qarTlur-kaxur dialeqtebsa da zemoaWarul kilokavSi (gr.
imnaiSvili, 1976, gv. 143; ar. martirosovi, gr. imnaiSvili, 1956, gv. 57; S.
niJaraZe, 1961, gv. 109; arn. Ciqobava, 1937, gv. 66; arn. Ciqobava, 1925, gv. 65).
s TiTqmis yovelTvis dakargulia sw bgeraTkompleqsian sityvebSi:
wore gzaze ver guuvlia; wore saqme ar qonda; cxenze wored Sejdoma
ver uwavlia; istambol bevri viwavle; qilakas duuwore da Caasxi ze
(rZe); duuwora da esrola daTvsa...
subieqtis mesame piris niSani aris zmnasTan yovelTvis dakargulia:
qomoi qarafa aqeT ari; imisi sityva dafasebuli ari...
qarTuli enis zogierTi kilos msgavsad, imerxeulSic araiSviaTad
ikargeba Tanxmovani d kiTxviT zmnizedaSi sad: sa gaqvan saxlebi? sa
mixvalT ase gvian?...
b) xmovanTa dakargva.
zogierT zmnur formaSi SeiZleba daikargos saarviso qcevis niSani a:
zogi leski (leqsi) momgonda, zogic damviwyda; SuaBevi momgonda am
naTqEamze; beuri zueli naTqEami damviwyda; istambolSi bevrjel
momgondeba soflis gamBmari puri...
vid- zmnuri fuZidan TiTqmis yovelTvis ikargeba xmovani i: dilaze
yvela~ movdeT aqa; cxeni mivda RelesTan; wevda-wamovda duniaSi...
iSviaTad SeiZleba Segvxvdes zmnswiniseuli xmovnebis dakargvis
SemTxvevebic: Siar-Camiar (Seiar-Camoiar), ar moxEal CEensa...
gvxvdeba -av da -am TemisniSniseuli a xmovnis dakargvis magaliTebic:
amiTa Tivas zidven; Calas zvinze asxmen; kapilaiT wyalsa smen; magso~
(magisTana) RarWsa (biWsa) sa naxven; TirfniT molsa Tibven; endroSi
Salsa SeRebven... a xmovnis dakargva aRniSnul zmnebSi xdeba awmyosa da
myofadis mwkrivebis mravlobiTi ricxvis mesame pirSi, roca zmnis fuZes
erTvis pirisa da ricxvis gamomxatveli niSani -en.
reduqcia.
qarTul enaSi reduqciis gamomwvevi mizezebi, misi kanonzomierebani
kargad aris Seswavlili; garkveulia, rom cocxal kiloebSi reduqcia
ufro cxovelia aRmosavlur jgufSi, xolo dasavlurSi ufro metad aris
Sesustebuli (arn. Ciqobava, 1942; a. SaniZe, 1957; v. Tofuria, 1946).
imerxeuli am mxriv axlos dgas aRmosavlur qarTul enobriv samyarosTan.
es imis mauwyebelia, rom imerxeulSi moqmed dinamikur maxvils jer kidev
Seswevs Zala xmovnis sinkopirebisa.
reduqciis nimuSebi: wasulan nekris mosaWrelze; xamuri (comi)
izilvis mawniT; iadigrisa (iadigari - samaxsovro sagani) gaCuqveba ar
iqneba; viciT xaSris lobio; katri kvariviT iwvis; vakeTefT qaTmi
BorciTac; sofelSi qoTneb Bmaroben; xormebi sabzelSi CavyareT (xoromi
- xormis. xoromi - Tivis Sekvra); kakli furcelsa Caafenen Sigan;
`maWarula" sxlis jiSia; nenei damJdara bostni Sigan; Warxli klaviT
(foTlebiT) Sorva (wvniani saWmeli) keTdeba; sofelSi wylebi meiyEana;
svirevnidam moxEal? (svirevani - soflis saxelia); diobniske (diobani -
soflis saxelia) Ceiars es Rele; iSxnis qilisa (taZari) maSin saRlami
(mrTeli) iyo; yurznis lerwebia qvaze amoWrili; godris mqsovneli aRar
darCa soflierSi (soflebSi)...
xmovanfuZian saxelebs naTesaobiTsa da moqmedebiTSi fuZiseuli a da
e xmovnebi umetesad ekvecebaT: zis (rZis) Tavsa naRebi qvia; Cemi naTqEami
genjebma (axalgazrdebma) xis powkze (patara totze) wamokides; zmis (Zmis)
saxlSi RmerTma ar miabrunos qali! Txisuris (Txisura - Txis balani)
sawuravebi moqsEes qalebma; BmiT tirili uBdeboda rzalsa (rZalsa); Tis
(mTis) gza tyeSi geiarda; gzis wveri davhkargeT; Relis wyali vsEiT...
aseTi rigis saxelebi iSviaTad SeiZleba Segvxvdes reduqciis gareSe:
karCxalis qofria (qofri - xidi) esa; avazanis erTi Terefi (mxare)
daxurvilia; Warxali foTeliT javes (mJaves - mwnils) CavdebT; zanklebi
TxisuraiT moqsovnilia; arunaiT miwasa vBnavT; TuTis WaWaiT zmarsa
(Zmarsa) gaakeTeben; es qilisa (taZari) somexebma daangries... am
SemTxvevaSi imerxeuli warmogvidgens saSuali qarTulis msgavs suraTs (i.
qavTaraZe, 1964, gv. 152-255).
zogjer reducirebulia Turqulis gziT Semosuli sityvebic:
gveSinoda rusi askrisa (asker - jariskaci); sihri guukeTes qalsa (arab.
sihir - jado); cotai omri hqonia (Turq. Omur - sicocxle); iqiT uCrumi
tyea (Turq. ucurum - bneli, gauvali); Tirfnis (Turq. tirpan - celi) Bma
gvesmoda; yabRi (kabak - mkvaxi, gogra) guli unda moBrako...
zogierTi ucxouri sityva ki ukumSveli saxiTac gamoiyeneba: saxlis
ukan axori (Turq. ahur - boseli) iyo; balaxsa TirfaniT movTib...
Turquli sityva -araba (manqana) gvxvdeba Sekvecilica da Seukvecelic:
arabaiT axual BoBlev; CEensa amoiden didi arabiT...
bgeris ganviTareba.
qarTuli kiloebis msgavsad, imerxeulSic sityvaTa fuZeSi ZiriTadad
Cndeba sonori Tanxmovnebi, rogoricaa: m, n, r, l; bagismieri b da
kbilbagismieri v.
labialuri m bgera, rogorc cnobilia, umTavresad viTardeba
wyvilbagismier xSulTa da afrikatTa win, iSviaTad ukanaenismier xSulTa
da spirantTa Tavkidurad, zogjer ki sibilantTa mezoblobaSi: gomfaki
(qofaki) ZaRlebi gaCinden amaTiefSi (am midamoebSi); deiRumpa (daiRupa)
zavali (sacodavi); dambilebulia miwa (darbilebulia. r ikareba, m
gaCenilia); mcxvari dava (dadis) im Taze CEeni; memcxvare qvyvavda erTi;
mwvalobs avadevli (avadmyofi); nenei yolamfer gvawavlida...
n iSviaTad Cndeba sityvis bolos. umTavresad Tavs iCens zmnizedebsa
da damxmare sityvebSi: isven gamaacBo Bmiadi; iqvenai daayuda arabai;
kidven oumsia wyliTa iqauroba; igzeven (iqve. iq+ze+ve+n→igzeven)
gaaSeSa; axlaven douzaxeT RarWebsa (dauZaxeT biWebsa); memren waasxa Taze
(mTaze); axla saRan (sadRa) ari qalamani? sacxan wavel, iq wamyva; Bari
kidven daaba; seri romen gedeibina, gulma dimiwyo kankali... iSviaTad
erTvis arsebiT saxelsac: Caval ase gargniTven... msgavsi magaliTebi
Cauweria niko marsac: Citi romen geiCuCunebs, Sewkepili gEaq Tofebi (n. mari, 1911, gv. 48).
bagismieri b viTardeba labialur sonant m bgerasTan mezoblobaSi: im
fariTa kambeSi eiyvana (`eiyvana" niSnavs `iyida"). Sdr.: saba - gameSi;
sofelSi varT gambravlebuli...
wyvilbagismieri v umTavresad viTardeba sityvebSi xmovansa da
Tanxmovans Soris: saCuqvari ra yavan?; dodofalze Cuqveba viciT; nenei
sacodvavaT darCa; erTad vWvamoT saWmeli... vin-i SeiZleba gaCndes
rigobiT ricxviT saxelSi - "meore", romelic fonetikuri cvlilebebis
Sedegad warmoCndeba mivere fuZiT: mivere welwadSi kidven moiT
(modiT); miverejel aRar mkiTxo (meore→miore→miere→mivere:
disimilacia, asimilacia, bgeris CarTa)...
r sonanti umTavresad ganviTarebuli Cans winanunismieri xSuli
bgerebis - Z, w, c-s mezoblad: am RarWma (biWma) gamamiRo gul-RvirZli;
urcxo xalxTan miyvira; kodiT simindsa darwyavs (gamozomavs raodenobas.
Sdr.: sawyao). r Tanxmovani SeiZleba ganviTardes, agreTve, v bgeris
momdevnod: Couyria Sigan sxvrili Wadi.
laterali nunismieri narnara Tanxmovani l-c iSviaTad SeiZleba
gaCndes sityvis fuZeSi: Tivis asaweveli bigalic gEaq (Sdr. biga);
Wyintli simindi gEiyEars; qaRaldiviT TeTri Subli mianTalebs
winedama; aqa Tvelze male gaTovldeba; Teli dRea Tovls (Tovs)...
SeiZleba ganviTardes ukanaenismieri g, k Taxmovnebi: garganic qEeS
amouCria dedabersa (Sdr., saba - argani); kukuneTi Rame iyo; kukuneTaSi
ragEar (rogor) miageniT gza? kikilEebi (Rilkiloebi) doukeTa gomlegsa
(perangsa)... Wknavi (Sdr., Wnavi) kukuli gayirmizdeba TEelze (rTvelze)...
iSviaTad SeiniSneba xmovanTa ganviTarebis SemTxvevebi. rogorc
cnobilia, `qarTuli ena ar ekuTvnis im enaTa jgufs, romelTac
euxerxulebaT sityvaTa Tanxmovnuri dawyeba, an eZnelebaT
TanxmovanTSejgufebis warmoTqma. amitom xmovan bgeraTa ganviTareba Zalian
iSviaTad warmoCndeba qarTulSi da TaviseburebebiT gamoirCeva (i.
qavTaraZe, 1964, gv. 192). imerxeulSic dasturdeba xmovanTa CarTvis
erTeuli SemTxvevebi: gza midis tibeTisaken (tbeTi sofelia SavSeTSi.
tbeTi→tibeTi); nenei tibeTuri myavs; tibiBev (tibixevi adgilis
saxelia imerxevSi) vetyviT (veZaxiT) amasa; Boboyurai (xboyura - sokos
saxelia) buzgi (buZgis) zirebSi (ZirebSi) dawowoldeba (wamoimarTeba,
miwidan laRad amova); CEili Bobo zrugiT eiyEana Taze; Cidilas (Crdila
- Cidila. rae ikargeba, in-i Cndeba) yofila erTi ziareTi (salocavi
adgili); Tvare gamoCinda (gamoCnda) am saRam (am saRamos)... oriode
sityvaSi in-i ganviTarebulia sityvis dasawyisSi (anlautSi), mag.: SuSas
(Wiqas) CEena istiqan (rus. “2=*=… - staqani→istiqani) vetyviT (veZaxiT,
vuwodebT); mEarTvi mosafirsa (stumarsa) iskami! (skami→iskami); xanumi
daJdeba iskamze...
xmovanTa ganviTarebis tendencia SeiniSneba Turqulis gziT Semosul
sityvebSic. davadastureT am movlenis erTeuli SemTxvevebi: izeni momec
waslaze (arab. isni - nebarTva, Tanxmoba. izni - izeni); Seikerven qalebi
nairnair urubas (ital. ã%"= - kaba; Turq. ãuba - kaba; imerx. uruba - tansacmeli. asevea zemoaWarul kilokavSiac)...
zemoaWarulSi dadasturebuli msgavsi magaliTebi ganixileba rogorc
srulxmovnoba (m. xubua, 1932, gv. 7; S. niJaraZe, 1975, gv. 113), rasac ar
iziarebs mkvlevari n. gurgeniZe: `xmovanTa ganviTareba Turquli
metyvelebis gavleniT unda iyos gamowveuli... aWarul metyvelebaSi Tavs
iCens xmovanTa ganviTareba sityvis Tavkidur poziciaSic. e. i. viTardeba
proTetuli xmovani. proTetul xmovanTa ganviTareba ki, rogorc
cnobilia, didad aris damaxasiaTebeli Turquli enisaTvis, sadac sityvis
dasawyisSi TanxmovanTa kompleqsebi ar gvxvdeba da sxva enebidan nasesxeb
sityvebSi sityvis TavSi TanxmovanTa gasayarad Cndeba viwro i xmovani...
aWarulSi sityvaTa tendencias gasrulxmovnianebisaken vawerT aWarul
metyvelebaze Turquli enis gavlenas" (n. gurgeniZe, 1976, gv. 151-152). es Tvalsazrisi udavod gasaTvaliswinebelia da damaxasiaTebelic imerxeuli
qarTulisaTvis, romelic am kuTxiT saintereso suraTs qmnis da
specialur Seswavlas saWiroebs.
substitucia.
rogorc specialur literaturaSia aRniSnuli, `yovel enaSi xSiria
iseTi fonetikuri movlenebi, romlebic warmoadgenen bgeris Secvlas
calkeul sityvaSi an mxolod ramdenime sityvaSi yovelgvari fonetikuri
ganpirobebulobis gareSe... esaa bgeris erTbaSi, `SemTxveviTi", sporaduli
cvlileba sityvaSi. erTaderTi `kanonzomiereba", romelsac adgili aqvs
aseT bgeraTcvlaSi, mdgomareobs imaSi, rom erTmaneTis Secvla SeuZliaT
mxolod iseT bgerebs, romlebic waagvanan erTmaneTs akustikurad. bgeraTa
aseT Senacvlebas veZaxiT bgeraTsubstitucias anu bgeraTCanacvlebas" (g. axvlediani, 1949, gv. 225). aseT SemTxvevaSi Canacvleba xdeba
fiziologiurad monaTesave da akustikurad msgavsi bgerebisa. didi
qarTveli enaTmecnieri akaki SaniZe am movlenas Senacvlebas uwodebs (a.
SaniZe, 1973, gv. 22).
imerxeulSi dasturdeba m, n Tanxmovnebis urTierTmonacvleoba.
marTalia, es Tanxmovnebi artikulaciis mixedviT erTmaneTisTvis
maxlobelni ar arian, magram homogenuri bgerebia da am SemTxvevaSi es
Tavisebureba aris ganmsazRvreli garkveul poziciaSi maTi
urTierTmonacvleobisaTvis (i. qavTaraZe, 1964, gv. 211).
magaliTebi imerxeulidan: avantyofobas ar unda Cabarde
(avadmyofoba-avantyofoba); gamTiadixan avdgebodiT; deiWira Citi imamac
(imanac); evden Taze (mTaze) SuanTobaT (SuamTobaT - saSuamTobod)...
gvxvdeba bagismieri bgerebis monacvleobis magaliTebic. m-b: bravalTi
Rele da aRbuRas Rele Seiyreba (mravalTis Rele→bravalTis Rele
mdinarea imerxevSi); Belebi brude (mrude) qonda emrulas; bze (mze)
moida, inaTla...
v-s SeiZleba Caenacvlos bagismieri labialuri b. amgvari monacvleoba
kanonzomier bgeraTSesatyvisobas qmnis zanurSi. Tanamedrove qarTuli
dialeqtebidan ki umTavresad gavrcelebulia ingilourSi (i. qavTaraZe,
1964, gv. 208). imerxeulSi dasturdeba erTeuli SemTxvevebi, mag., v→b:
damabiwyda zveli (Zveli) naTqEamebi...
qarTul dialeqtebSi sakmaod gavrcelebulia labialur sonant man-
isa da spirant v-s saurTierTo monacvleobis SemTxvevebi. sakvlev
regionSi v-s umetesad enacvleba m: zemoT ari sofeli Bemwrili
(Bevwvrili); sufraze saWmeli samse iyo (savse); zembili (CanTa) oumsia
alTuniT; miwro gzaSi gemeiaros; maskvlavi var, gavqrebio... v→m
Senacvleba, rogorc miiCneven enaTmecnierebi, gamowveuli Cans vin-is
bilabialuri bunebiT (gr. imnaiSvili, 1977, gv. 157).
v-s nacvlad n: Barebi Secvinden axorSi; TuTa Camocvinda...
substituciis Sedegad unda iyos miRebuli sityva `zinWari"
(jinWari//WinWari). j/z (Z) monacvleoba dadasturebulia qarTuli enis
ganStoebebsa da kiloebSi (Sdr. imeruli jmerxli, aWaruli Zmerxli,
Wanuri zermexi, megruli zormexi, svanuri zHmex (iv. qavTaraZe, 1964, gv.
237). sofel manatbis metyvelebaSi (zemoimerxevSi) gamoiyeneba sityva
zinWari. mag., saxlis ukan zinWari amosuliyo; RmerTma Sen nasaxlevze
zinWari ameiyvanos! (wyevlaa); gamosulSi (gazafxulze) zinWri fxliT
Sorvas gavakeTebT... es sityva qarTuli enis siRrmeSi gvaxedebs xolme da j
Tanxmovnis warmoSobis fesvebze migviTiTebs. imerxeuli, rogorc
arqaizmebiT mdidari kilo, am mxriv bevr saintereso cnobas inaxavs, rac
specialuri kvlevis sagnad unda vaqcioT momavalSi.
yuradRebas imsaxurebs, agreTve, winaenismier J, j Tanxmovnebis
saurTierTo monacvleobis SemTxvevebic. rogorc cnobilia, `am
monacvleobas saerTo safuZveli aqvs qarTuli enis dialeqtebSi. Tumca
unda aRiniSnos isic, rom msgavsi movlenebi sxva enebSicaa (mag., iranuli
jgufis enebi) da aqedan (sxvadasxva enidan) zogi sityva aris Semosuli
qarTulSi. saSual qarTulSi gvaqvs: TeTrJola→TerJola→Terjola;
laJvardi→lajvardi; Jangi→jangi; kojori→koJori (iv. qavTaraZe, 1964,
218-219). J-s j-iT Senacvleba umTavresad mimdinareobs afrikatizaciis
safuZvelze. J→j: jave do megvitanes sufraze (mJave→jave); jolsa ar
Camaadenen, daaryeven qilimebze (Joli (TuTa) - joli); mag balaxi jaunaia
(mJaunaa); arc javea da arc tkbili; ze (rZe) sicxeSi male damjavdeba;
qalebi Sepaija (SepatiJa) saxlSi... zogierTi mkvlevari aseTi procesis
safuZvels xedavs im bgeriTs garemoSi, romelSiac es procesi mimdinareobs
(i. qobalava, 1958, gv. 71-72).
afrikatizaciis safuZvelze xdeba, agreTve, t→W TanxmovanTa
substituciac: virsa WvirTi ar moWarbdeba (tvirTi→WvirTi)...
imerxeulSic, sxva kiloebis msgavsad, gvxvdeba jd/Jd kompleqsTa
monacvleoba: kevrze daaJda RarWi (biWi); Cemi zma inegolSi (qalaqia
bursis vilaieTSi) Jdas (jdas→Jdas am SemTxvevaSi gamoiyeneba `cxovrobs"
zmnis mniSvnelobiT); dedabersa Jdomi Wirda (`Jdomi" daavadebaa, `kutis" nacvlad gamoiyeneba imerxeulSi); damJdaric saqmes akeTebda eniT;
miiyvanes da duuJdumles (dausves) im RarWsa (biWsa) baBala (qaliSvili);
duuJdumlebian (dausvamT) dodofali skivrze... aseTi monacvleoba j
afrikatis daSlis, dezafrikatizaciis safuZvelze mimdinareobs.
iSviaTad erTmaneTs SeiZleba Seenacvlos ukanaenismieri xSuli bgerebi
W→j: misi arxataSi ajaridam iyo; ajaradam eS~as (samrewvelo saqonels)
gadmeitanden... aseTi monacvleoba ganpirobebuli unda iyos Turquli enis
gavleniT (TurqulSi ar aris e.w. kavkasiuri mkveTrebi: k, p, t, y, w,
W).
msgavsi monacvleoba ucxo enebidan Semosul sityvebSi
dadasturebulia saSual qarTulSic. enaTmecnieri iv. qavTaraZe werda:
,,qarTuli SiSina... afrikatis Secvla Sesaferisi rigis mJReriT SeiniSneba
araqarTuli enobrivi koleqtivis warmomadgenelTa metyvelebaSi, sadac igi
saTanado bgeris uqonlobis sakompensacio saSualebaa, magram TavisTavad
mainc saintereso. msgavsi faqtebia italieli misioneris mier Caweril
qarTul zRaparSi... agreTve, evlia Celebis mier Caweril teqstebSi.
yvelaferi es Sedegia im kanonzomierebisa, ramac safuZveli misca ,,aWara" aRqmuliyo ,,`ä›=!=" saxiT (i. qavTaraZe, 1964, gv. 216).
didi qarTveli enaTmecnieri g. axvlediani werda: `Cven vasxvavebT
orgvar bgeraTsubstitucias: erTia Canacvleba ucxouri enidan nasesxeb
sityvaSi, meore - Canacvleba mSobliuri enis sityvaSi... Canacvleba ucxour
sityvebSi zedmiwevniT kanonzomieria, man gamonaklisi ar icis" (g.
axvlediani, 1966, gv. 181-182). amgvari substituciis magaliTebi Warbad
gvxvdeba imerxeulSi. kerZod:
a) Turqulis gziT Semosul sityva-ZirebSi F, P Tanxmovnebs enacvleba
qarTuli f Tanxmovani: meSinia zaRlis (ZaRlis), mikbens falan (Turq.
falan - mgonia); gorgaziebi (`gorgaZeebi" soflis saxelia) fegi gaxden
(arab. fek - gawyveta, dacarieleba); sikdili fena gonjia (Turq. fena - Zalian cudi, Zalian boroti); im fieTze moqvces Bari (Turq. Fiyet – fasi, Rirebuleba); faCavraSi gaaxvia patara RarWi (Turq. Paçavra – Zvelmani,
nafleTi); yumaSi (abreSumis qsovili) CEensa faalia (spars. paha – fasi, Rirebuleba. Turq. pahali - Zvirad Rirebuli); erTi faqeTi Cai ver
momitana (Turq. paket - Sekvra); imaTi winai dedei (babua) fafazi yofila
(Turq. papaz - mRvdeli); sofelSi fundukis baxCa gEaq (Turq. findik - Txili); es wyali fafarTis funRaridam modindeba (Turq. pinar - wyaro); manatbas furTuna qnila (Turq. firtina – qarbuqi)...
b) Turqul sityvebSi G bgeras enacvleba qarTuli Ran-i: Raliba
guSin meitanes (Turq. galiba – albaT, rogorc Cans ); Rezabidam
Sigvibralos RmerTma (Turq. gazab – wvaleba, gaWirveba); Reni insani
jenneTSi (samoTxeSi) wava (Turq. gen – xelgaSlili, uxvi); ena RibeTs
maacilve! (arab. giybet – Woraoba, avsityvaoba)... g) Turqulidan Semosul sityvebSi K (q) Tanxmovans Caenacvleba
qarTuli y: esa livana yalea (arab. Kale - cixe); aqac daakeTes yaTebi (Turq. Kat – sarTuli, risame fena); dayaTa qalma yumaSebi (dayaTa – fena-fenad daawyo); uruba (tansacmeli) dayaTuli uwyvia (dayaTuli -
fenebad dawyobili); sufra zeda yaTSi digvidges (zeda yaTSi – zeda
sarTulSi); yarayoli mouklavs erTi (Turq. Karakol - policieli); swori
(jansaRi, saRi) yarfuzi momec! (Turq. Karpuz - sazamTro); erTi lukma
baRvma gaartya yafaze (Turq. Kafa - Tavi); is kaci yasten mokla (Turq.
Kasten – ganzraxviT, gamomwvevad); yasten amboben amasa; yavanozSi mawoni CakveTa (yavanoz – minis qila)...
d) imerxeulSi Turqulidan Semosul sityvebSi H Tanxmovans
Caenacvleba qarTuli x: xoja xaTm kiTxulobs (arab. hatim – yuranis
wakiTxva Tavidan bolomde); es qilise (eklesia) xaraba gamxdara (arab.
harab - nangrevi); xarmani kalos qvia (spars. harman - kalo); karis
zRrublze xaCi yofila gamoWrili (Turq. haç - jvari); xeberi mices
axrabebsa (arab. ahraba – naTesavi, arab. haber – ambavi, cnoba); beTmezi (baqmazi) xoniT Cavasxi qilakaSi (Turq. huni - Zabri)...
e) Turqul K (q Tanxmovans) imerxevelTa qarTul metyvelebaSi
Turquli enidan Semosul sityvebSi zogjer Caenacvleba qarTuli mkveTri
Tanxmovani. e.i. fSvinvieri Tanxmovnis gamkveTreba xdeba: erT kacsa
kampuri qonda zruqSi (zurgSi); kampuroba imaT jinsSi (genSi) aqvan
(Turq. Kambur - kuzi); kanseri gonji marazia (Kanser - kibo); kar~ola viyideviT (karyola - sawoli); isa kitmiri kacia (kitmir - Zunwi); erTi
kurnazi qali yofila (kurnaz – boroti, jadoqari); kravaTi muubams da misi Tavi kaci gonia (kravat – halstuxi, yelsaxvevi)...
v) Turquli T (T Tanxmovani) imerxevelTa qarTulSi damkvidrebul
Turqulis gziT Semosul sityvebSi ismis rogorc mkveTri t Tanxmovani:
tabani nu gigiSlia! (Turq. taban – fexis guli, terfi, lanCa); windas
tabani gamEaqsEes qalebma; tabanCa welze qonda gamokiduli (Turq.
tabança – pistoleti; revolveri); tyeSi tavSani beEria (Turq. tavŞan - kurdReli); taTli saWmeli maidamai (maincdamainc) ar miyEars (Turq.
tatli – tkbili, gemrieli); nenemisi (dedamisi) tamahqari qali iyo (arab.
spars. tamahkar – Zunwi, xarbi, gaumaZRari); tansioni maq maRali (Turq.
tansiyon – sisxlis wneva); yEelsa bevri tuzi unda waayaro da karqa
Seinaxvis (Turq. tuz - marili)...
z) imerxevelTa qarTulSi zogjer gamkveTrebulia Turqulis mJReri
D Tanxmovanic ki: nazvis (naZvis) taliT SevkonavT nekersa (Turq. dal - toti); zamTarSi saqonelsa nedl talebsa CouyriT bagaSi, cacxvisas,
Telisas, wyavisas... taldaSi dajeq, bze daqwEavs! (Turq. dalda – farduli,
safari); nenes zmasa `taias" vetyviT (Turq. dayi – dedis Zma, biZa); is kaci taraRajze Camokides (Turq. daraðaci - saxrCobela); ezoSi tvaria
gakeTebuli (sp. duvar – qvis kedeli, yore, saxlis saZirkveli, balavari);
muTvaRis (samzareulos) tvarebi Camosile (Camowminde) karqa!; zaaTi
(Zvelad) dodofali tvaRsa deixurevda (Turq. duvak – saqorwino
Tavsaxuravi, fata); Sublze namusis tamari gawyuetili qonda (Turq.
damar - ZarRvi)...
aseTi bgeraTcvlilebis Sesaxeb saenaTmecniero literaturaSi azrTa
sxvadasxvaobaa. akad. s. jiqia aRniSnavda, rom ,,mocemuli bgeraTgadasvla
Sedegi unda iyos qarTvelebis warmoTqmaSi Turquli mJRerebisa da
fSvinvierebis qarTulSi mkveTrad aRqmisaken saerTo midrekilebiT (s.
jiqia, 1958, gv. 203). xSul bgeraTa mJReri an fSvinvieri rigis
gamkveTrebas vxvdebiT, agreTve, zanurSic.
Turqulis gziT Semosul erTi rigis sityvaTa fuZeebSi bgeraTa
Senacvlebas prof. S. niJaraZe ganixilavda rogorc disimilaciur
gamJRerebas. n. gurgeniZis azriT, es sityvebi qarTulSi (aWarul-
gurulSi) Semosulia Turquli enis im dialeqtebidan, romlebzedac
metyveleben saqarTvelosTan mezoblad mdebare teritoriebze mosaxleni
da saukuneTa ganmavlobaSi Sexebis wertilebi hqondaT qarTul enobriv
garemosTan da axdendnen masze zegavlenas, rogoricaa yarsis, erzurumis,
rizes, trapizonis... dialeqtebi (n. gurgeniZe, gv. 144). Turquli enis am
dialeqtebSi ki, saliteraturo TurqulTan SedarebiT, dasaxelebul
sityva-Zirebs fonetikuri cvlileba ganucdia. swored am dasavlur
Turquli dialeqtebidan Semosula mosazRvre qarTul dialeqtebSi
(aWarul-gurulSi, imerxeulSi, nigalurSi, taourSi) aRniSnuli rigis
saxecvlili sityvebi da damkvidrebula. cxadia, dasavlur Turqul
dialeqtebSi aRniSnuli saxecvlileba aris qarTul enobriv
samyarosTan siaxlovis Sedegi, imis meCvenebeli, rom qarTuli
enobrivi garemoc saukuneTa ganmavlobaSi axdenda gavlenas
mezobel Turqul enaze. amasTanave, gasaTvaliswinebelia is
garemoebac, rom Turquli enis dasavlur dialeqtebze mosaubre
mosaxleobis didi nawili aris ZirZveli qarTveli, romelTa
metyvelebis saartikulacio bazisi qarTuli enis fonetikuri
bunebiTaa gansazRvruli. ZirZveli Turqebi, sufTa TurquliT
mosaubreni, swored amis gamo advilad gamoicnoben xolme mosaubris
sadaurobas. rogorc ki mosaubris metyvelebaSi gamoCndeba sityvebi – yale, axraba, funduki, yasten, Raliba da misTanani, damkvirvebeli
maSinve amoicnobs mosaubris warmomavlobas da daaskvnis, rom igi aris
saqarTvelos mosazRvre raionebidan. maSasadame, qarTuli da Turquli
enebis urTierTzegavlenis magaliTebi advilad warmoCndeba xolme am ori
qveynis politikuri sazRvris gaswvriv mdebare regionebSi. qarTul-
Turquli enobrivi kontaqtebi saintereso lingvistur suraTs qmnis ara
marto fonetikis sferoSi, aramed gramatikis yovel dargSi – morfologiaSi, sintaqsSi, leqsikaSi. dasanania, rom es kontaqtebi dRemde
saTanadod ar aris Seswavlili. es sakiTxi damatebiT specialur kvlevas
saWiroebs. winaswari monacemebiT naTelia, rom saukuneTa manZilze ara
marto gabatonebuli Turquli ena axdenda gavlenas mis daqvemdebarebaSi
myof qarTul enaze, aramed qarTuli enac zemoqmedebda xolme mosazRvre
Turqul enobriv garemoze da qarTuli enis bunebis Sesabamisi elementebi
Sehqonda xolme mis enobriv struqturaSi.
saanalizo masalaSi xmovanTa Senacvlebis SemTxvevebi naklebad
dasturdeba. SeniSnulia ramdenime magaliTi: tyimali bevria tyeSi; gaRma
ferdSi tyimali konwol-konwol hkidia; bazarSi zveroba (Zviroba) ari
zaluan (Zalian); amdoni vilaparake, geyofa! meg (mag)kaci axalmozde
(axalgazrda) ar ari; arabebi (manqanebi) cuded dadian...
calke yuradRebas moiTxovs marcvlovani da umarcvlo
variantebis monacvleoba; Sdr.: mege zuelaT (Zvelad) arTvinis mufTi
iyo; xEToebi mamca; manatbaSi kosolize SEidi kvamlia (komlia); SEidi
gobegis iqiT naTesoba (naTesaoba) aRar maikiTxvis...
iSviaTia iseTi magaliTebi, roca ue→Ee→//ve→o: mawoni qoTanSi
SedRoba (SedRueba→SedRoba. substituciis safuZvelia xmovanTa
disimilacia- difTongizacia). ve → o: yanis qomodam wyali gamodis; qomoT Waleebi gEaq;
qomuenTi ori kvamlia; wevdeT qomoT... yolani (yvelani) iyvnen;
yolimferi (yvelaferi) iqneba; gEeqneba yolamferi (yvelaferi)... qomoT
zmnisarTis analogiiT unda gvqondes miRebuli zomoT: zomoT zegani
iyo... msgavsi magaliTebi SeniSnuli aqvs niko marsac (n. mari, 1911, gv. 64). Ea→va→o: mkiTxa: - ragor xarT neneiTo? (dediTurTo) (ra gEar→ra
gvar→ragor); ragor akeTeben saxlsa?... SeiZleba o xmovans Seenacvlos ve
kompleqsi: ar metyveba (metyoba) garedama; mkdaric viyve, avdgebio... bgeraTa damsgavseba (asimilacia).
asimilacia moudis xmovnebsac da Tanxmovnebsac. TanxmovanTa sruli
asimilaciis magaliTebi imerxeulSi SedarebiT iSviaTad gvxvdeba. sS →
SS: SaSvideSi ari kldeze mohorebi (beWdebi), nawerebi (saSvide →
SaSvide’!- adgilis saxelia zemo imerxevSi, agarasTan axlos); saxlsa
SaSeSuri (saSeSuri - saSeSe) aq winedam; es SoSa fafarT (mTis saxelia
`fafarTi") ava (Sose → SoSe → SoSa); gzabawaridam SoSSi (SoseSi)
CamEeliT, SoSi gzaze...
TanxmovanTa nawilobrivi regresuli asimilaciis magaliTebia:
daTvi Taflsa SaSWams; daTvebi SaSWamen jumarda Barsa; baBalasa pirsa
uSinjavs; yvelas vincxai daSCa iqiTa... rogorc cnobilia, asimilaciis
Sedegad s Tanxmovnis S-d gadaqceva damaxasiaTebeli iyo Zveli
saliteraturo qarTulisaTvis. marTalia, axal qarTulSi es tradicia
aRar gagrZelda, magram am tipis asimilaciuri bgeraTcvlilebani
qarTulma kiloebma Semoinaxa dRemde. am mxriv imerxeuli danarCeni
qarTuli dialeqtebis gzas mihyveba da dRevandel cocxal metyvelebaSi
inaxavs am formebs.
wyvilbagismieri mJReri b Tanxmovani momdevno yru TanxmovnebTan
mezoblobaSi yruvdeba da asimilaciis Sedegad gvaZlevs fSvinier f
Tanxmovans. mag., kldeefSi amodis qondari; weval naTesavefTan;
erTmanefSi (erTmanebSi. erTmaneTi imerxeulSi erTmaneb-iTaa Secvlili)
Cahyrian lobiosa da mxalsa; davaruefT bostansa; samareSi kdarsa
muuWirefs miwa; insani (adamiani) fiqrofs amasa; fuli ar iyo jifeSi...
mkveTrebTan mezoblobaSi b Tanxmovani asimilaciis Sedegad gadaiqceva p
Tanxmovnad: gEaq ptyelai lobio (brtyelai → btyelai → ptyelai)...
mJReri g Tanxmovani mkveTrebTan (t, k, p, y, W, w), c fSvinvierTan da
napralovan x bgerasTan mezoblobaSi kargavs mJReradobas da iqceva yru
fSvinvier q Tanxmovnad: ra qtkiva dRes? RarWebma (bavSvebma, biWebma) ar
Samoqkran qva?! raRa CEen qvpovnilofs es marazi (daavadeba)? maSin
moqcildeba Savi eSmaki; cxEari moqces, ra iqneba?! ar moqvwons
huqumaTis (mTavrobis, xelisuflebis) saqmiebi; Txa saklavaT qvWiria axla;
dacurebuli xe ar moqvxTa CEen...
garkveul poziciaSi asimilatoruli Tvisebisaa velaruli xSuli
Tanxmovani y. igi imsgavsebs winamaval g mJRer Tanxmovans da aqcevs yru
fSvivier q bgerad: wvrili baRvebi qyavs? moqvye feBdafeB; arvin ar qyavs
Sen? erTi berwi qaTami qyvavs; miwaze sxEa ra moqyavan? saWmeli anjax
(Zlivs) qvyofnilofs (gvyofnis)...
Tanxmovani y asimilatorad gvevlineba, agreTve, sityvaSi `avadmyofi",
romelic rTuli fonetikuri cvlilebebis Sedegad iqceva sityvad
`avatyofi" (avadmyofi → avamdyofi → avamtyofi → avantyofi →
avatyofi. metaTezisi, nawilobrivi asimilacia, substitucia, n Tanxmovnis
dakargva). imerxeulSi iSviaTad Segvxvdeba xolme "avantyofi" da
,,avatyofi"; umravles SemTxvevaSi am sityvis nacvlad iyeneben sityvas -
,,avadeuli": avantyofi nenei male mokda; avatyofi hasTahaneSi
(saavadmyofoSi) daawvines... analogiuri viTarebaa bevr qarTul kiloSic
(v. Tofuria, 1930, gv.30).
dasturdeba TanxmovanTa progresuli asimilaciis erTeuli
SemTxvevebi: rizes Cai fafrikaSi arian wasuli samuSaoT; rodisxa
gamTeldeba es Beli?! kaci dakarqula tyeSi; wyali unda iyos nenTbili;
WiboSanma xe gaTala (Woposani → WiboSani. W afrikatma gakveulwilad
daimsgavsa sisina s Tanxmovani da aqcia SiSina S bgerad)...
saanalizo masalaSi gvxvdeba sityva `CiSkari" (← WiSkari ← Wiskari
← bWiskari), romelic progresuli asimilaciisa da sibstituciis
Sedegadaa miRebuli. W Tanxmovnis C SiSina fSvinvieriT Canacvleba Sedegi
unda iyos Turqulis gavlenisa; Turquls ar moepoveba W mkveTri bgera.
mag.: bostanze CiSkari goukeTebia; CiSkari Ria dimirCa... progresuli
asimilaciis SemTxvevaa agreTve magaliTSi, roca winaenismieri mJReri d
napralovan yru x TanxmovanTan mezoblobaSi asimilaciis ZaliT gadaiqceva
T yru fSvinvierad. mag.: me imaze karqa mivxTebi (mivxvdebi → mivxdebi →
mivxTebi); imisi naTqEami yurSumiviT momxTa gulze (momxvda → momxda →
momxTa...).
TanxmovanTa progresuli asimilaciis Sedegadaa, agreTve, miRebuli
ganusazRvrelobiTi nacvalsaxelebi: racxa, vincxa (racaRa → racRa →
racxa; vincaRa → vincRa → vincxa): CarSi (bazarSi) racxiebi evReT
(viyideT); vincxas ujeref da me ara?!..
imerxeulSi dasturdeba sityva `amazRam", romelic miRebuli Cans
amasRam-isagan nawilobrivi regresuli asimilaciis Sedegad. R Tanxmovani
mJReradobis mixedviT imsgavsebs s-s da aqcevs mJRer z Tanxmovnad: amazRam
aq darCiT; amazRam SenTan movdivar (amasRam → amazRam)...
rogorc Cans, imerxeulSi Warbobs TanxmovanTa nawilobrivi
regresuli asimilacia. jer kidev 1919 wels i. yifSiZe qarTul-megrul
enobriv movlenebze dakvirvebiT askvnida, rom ,,qarTulsa da megrulSi
Tumca yvela saxis asimilacia da disimilacia gvxvdeba, magram upiratesi
da damaxasiaTebelni arian: regresuli asimilacia da progresuli
disimilacia" (i. yifSiZe, 1919-1920, gv. 8). Semdgomi wlebis gamokvlevebma
cxadyo, rom Tanamedrove qarTuli enis dialeqtebSi sakmao SemTxvevebia
TanxmovanTa da xmovanTa progresuli asimilaciisa, oRond progresuli
asimilacia Tanabrad araa gavrcelebuli aRmosavlur da dasavlur
kiloebSi (b. foCxua, 1939, gv. 187; k. kublaSvili, 1959, gv. 266).
xmovanTa asimilacia xSirad gvxvdeba zmnur fuZeebSi. zmniswiniseul
xmovnebTan (a, e, i, o), qcevisa (a, i, u) da gvaris (i, e) niSanTa
Sexvedrisas warmoiqmneba safuZveli xmovanTa asimilaciisa. g. axvlediani
amasTan dakavSirebiT aRniSnavda, rom qarTulSi ufro Zlieraa
gavrcelebuli preverbiseuli a fonemis – iseve rogorc yvela sxva
preverbiseuli xmovnis – saxecvlileba, vidre fuZiseulisa, metadre
dasavlur kiloebSi (g. axvlediani, 1949, gv. 284).
gvxvdeba rogorc sruli, ise nawilobrivi asimilaciis SemTxvevebi.
asimilatoruli ZaliT gamoirCeva xmovani u (qcevis niSani), romelic
imsgavsebs zmniswiniseul xmovnebs srulad an nawilobriv.
sruli asimilacia: vards foTeli guuyria; gemi duubman; bori
(sayviri) duukra; nazuqi guugzavna; Bari uRlidam uuSva; muukafavT
nekersa (moukafavT); amanac SuuTvala emrulas; uusxams (ausxams -
auyvania) kacebi igzemdi (iqamde); muuSena saxlsa ~anidam (gverdidan)
axori (miuSena); saqorwiloT Suukeres sabnebi...
magram imerxeulSi aseT poziciaSi Warbobs nawilobrivi asimilacia:
au→ou: Tavi goutexia; qua gouqnevia daTvisTvin; oukidia
viriTvin bardani; gougzavnia savaWroT; godoutanian skivrebi iqiT...
eu→ou: Soutanes saWmeli; Souxvies Tvalebi qalsa; Soukeres
kabebi...
preverbiseuli a da o xmovnebi fuZiseul e xmovanTan mezoblobaSi
saxes icvlis sruli asimilaciis Sedegad.
ae→ee: feri weesva pirze: kurdRel geevlo gzaSi; wyalsa saxlis
qomoTai Terefi deengria; mosuli kaci demekiTxa; qalsa geecina...
oe→ee: gzaSi meetexa feBi; SeriTi (maqmani) kabis boloze meekereba;
xozikai meekroba urubaze (tansacmelze); Tiva meetanes (moetanaT)
adriana; kalo meerwya (moerwyo) nenesa; imasa garedam meeSvelnen;
meerideniT Tqvenac; gameegzavna baRvi (bavSvi)... msgavsi viTarebaa
javaxurSiac (gr. beriZe, 1988, gv. 26).
sruli asimilacia xdeba maSinac, roca zmniswiniseul o xmovans
saarviso qcevis a niSanTan Sexvedrisas asimilacia moudis.
oa→aa: babam maabruna arabai; wamaayena feBze; SeSa iqedam maaqvan;
Tevzi amaagdo wylidam; windasa maabmen windiyelsa; zuzus (ZuZus)
maawvebda kravsa; gamaazro (gamoaZro) dedaberma gargani; gamaarCieT kai
cxEari; Camaagdo xidam; gamaagzavna meqTubebi (werilebi); gamaaklda
milleTSi (xalxSi)... sruli asimilacia gvaqvs msgavs poziciaSi Se-
zmniswinTanac: Saasvene Beli; Saatana Beli welSi; Saatexa Warxalsa
tanebi; SaaWra welze dana...
msgavsi cvlileba gvaqvs distanciuri asimilaciis SemTxvevaSiac:
magarunieb (mogarunieb - mogatareb) aqevrobasa; askrobas mavarCen
(movarCen -davasruleb, davamTavreb); puri mamarTvan patina (patara);
yiaSi mamadga suli; amagakeria CaBvi; wamagaRebies puri; gadmagaRebia
tomridam fqvili...
zmniswiniseuli a da o xmovnebi fuZiseul (formantiseul) i
xmovanTan mezoblobaSi icvlebian. asimilatoris Zala aqvs fuZiseul i
xmovans. asimilacia aseT poziciaSi aris regresuli, nawilobrivi,
kontaqturica da distanciuric:
ai→ei: soflierSi saqme ar deileva; kacma deizina (daiZina) igze
(iqve); sicxeSi deikarqvis wyali; kdarsa geitaneben mezeluRze
(sasaflaoze); `karaqic" gegvigonia imerBevSi; degizvelebian
(dagiZvelebiaT) es saxli; tantrabidam degvizaxa (dagviZaxa); me raze ar
wemiyvaneT baTum?; gemiyvanes RelegaRma; Cegviyvanes baTomSi;
degvibares sudTan; gegvikoWes Belebi...
oi→ei: yana guSin meiBna1; kotroba (simindis Semosvlis dro)
megiyvanian (mogiyvaniaT); RmerTma Beli megiwyos; guSin megitana meqTubi
(werili); es wyena gulSi gameikoWa aWarelma; iman amemiyvana gziqEeSidam;
kabaze memikera SeriTi (maqmani); nenem megiqsEa eg winda; imaT
wamegiyvanes arabiT; saxlSi Samemitana SeSa; zirSi (ZirSi) Camegiyares
TuTa; ra amegikiTxa qiTabSi?; babam megikiTxa...
fuZiseuli (formantiseuli) i sxva SemTxvevebSic imsgavsebs
zmniswiniseul a da o xmovnebs, aqcevs e xmovnad, asimilatori i ki
ikargeba fuZidan: devmale gaRma Sav tyeSi (davimale→devimale→devmale);
evden gzaSi (avidnen→ evidnen→evden); devnaxeT axrabebi (naTesavebi);
gevgoneT Tbilisis gurjija (qarTuli); ver wevkiTxeT qiTabi (wigni);
babai Camevyvane baTum; SeSa amevReT marBilidam; mevpare
(movipare→mevipare→mevpare) Seni naTqEami...
gansakuTrebuli yuradRebis Rirsia zmnuri forma ,,mevda", romelic
imerxevis sofel TeTrakeTSi davadastureT ramdenime magaliTSi. rogorc
cnobilia, aWarulis specifikur movlenad iTvleba ,,vida" zmnasTan
dakavSirebuli bgeraTcvlileba. kerZod, -vid zmnis Ziriseuli xmovani i
gavlenas axdens zmniswiniseul mxolod a xmovanze da nawilobriv imsgavsebs
mas. mag.: wavida→wevida→wevda; gavida→gevida→gevda;
Cavida→Cevida→Cevda. aWarulSi vid- zmnasTan mo- zmniswiniseuli T
Tanxmovani ucvleli rCeba, magram Ziriseuli i – asimilatori xmovani ki
ukvalod ikargeba (movida→movda).
qarTuli enis dasavlur dialeqtebSi ki zmna `movida" gvxvdeba
`mevida" formiT, sadac Ziriseuli i xmovani zmniswiniseul o xmovanze
axdens gavlenas da nawilobriv imsgavsebs mas, aqcevs e xmovnad. rogorc
Cans, imerxeulSi, dasavluri dialeqtebis msgavsad, vid- zmnis Ziriseuli
xmovani i nawilobriv imsgavsebs zmniswiniweul o xmovans da, amasTanave,
zemoaWarulis msgavsad, fuZiseuli asimilatori i xmovani ukvalod
ikargeba: movida→mevida→mevda. sofel TeTrakeTSi davadastureT
magaliTebi: mevda aqordeonji (akordeonze damkvreli); mevden
salaparakoT; amazRam mevdeT TqvenTan?... msgavsi cvlileba xdeba mxolod
pirvel da mesame piris formebTan.
aseTive Zalisaa iar fuZiseuli i xmovanic. igi imsgavsebs
zmniswiniseul o xmovans da nawilobrivi asimilaciiT aqcevs e xmovnad.
asimilatori i ki fuZidan ikargeba: baTumi unda mevaro
(moviaro→meviaro→mevaro); babam istanbuli meara
(moiara→meiara→meara)...
aWarulis msgavsad, imerxeulSic gvxvdeba zmniswiniseul a da e
xmovnebsa da qcevis i niSans Soris regresuli sruli asimilacia, roca
xmovnebs Soris moTavsebulia obieqturi pirveli da meore piris
prefiqsebi:
ai→ii: Tvalebi dimifacquna; faciav, me Sen diginaxe; BelSi vaSli
diminaxa; ori ~eTimi (oboli) dimirCa; ar dimijera nenem; saxli
gimikeTa; yalemis (fanqris) wveri wigiTala; kalaTaSi kEercxi Cigidva;
umudi (imedi) gidigviwures; gigigona gamCenelma RmerTma; kibeze
imiyvana; kaloske wimiyvanes; Relis iqiT gidimiyEanes.
ei→ii: mag saqmeSi me ar SimirioT; wuRebi Sigikeres; WiSkari
Simikida Robeze... imerxeulisa da aWarulis garda, msgavsi formebi
dadasturebulia qvemoimerulis samtrediul TqmaSic (k. kublaSvili, 1985,
gv. 224).
aWarulTan SedarebiT, imerxeulSi aseTi formebi SedarebiT naklebad
gvxvdeba. imerxeuli msgavs poziciaSi umetesad nawilobrivi asimilaciis
formebs amjobinebs, rogoricaa: gegvigonia, wemiyvanes, degvibares,
wamegviyvanes, emitania, gemitania; demijera, deginaxe, gemikeTa, demiwera,
Cemilaga...
xmovanTa sruli asimilacia saxelebSi TiTqmis ar xdeba. Segvxvda
erTeuli magaliTebi: Cveni mozobeli baTum wasuliyo; zvelaT (Zvelad)
patarzalsa dodofals etyodnen (eZaxodnen)...
a xmovanze daboloebuli saxelebi eb-ian mravlobiTSi zogjer
ukvecelni rCebian, e-ze daboloebuli fuZeebis analogiiT; es ki niadags
qmnis regresuli sruli asimilaciisaTvis:
ae→ee: zog eneebSi sami xarfic (asoc) ari erTi Bmis CasaweraT
(enaebi→eneebi); zueli (Zveli) jubeebi acvian tanze (jubaebi→jubeebi);
pursa gudeebSi Cahyriden (gudaebi→gudeebi); qveebi mogoravs
(qvaebi→qveebi)...
imerxevSi balaxis saxeli `TelexarSi" miRebuli unda iyos
sityvisagan `TelaxarSi" progresuli, sruli, distanciuri asimilaciiT.
cxadia, rTuli sityvis pirveli nawilia `Tela": xali (mxali) beEria
CEensa: famfarai, Rimai, TelexarSi…
amrigad, imerxeulSi asimilacia Tanxmovnebsa da xmovnebSi ZiriTadad
aris regresuli mimarTulebisa, rogorc es damaxasiaTebelia Tanamedrove
qarTulisaTvis; Zvel qarTulSi ki, rogorc cnobilia, progresuli
asimilaciac imdenadve iyo gavrcelebuli, rogorc regresuli
(g. axvlediani, 1949, gv. 194). imerxeulSi xmovanTa da TanxmovanTa
progresuli asimilaciis erTeuli (iSviaTi) SemTxvevebi dasturdeba
mxolod.
disimilacia anu bgeraTganmsgavseba bgeraTcvlilebis erT-erTi
mniSvnelovani saxea. am SemTxvevaSi ori erTgvari an erTmaneTis msgavsi
bgeridan sityvaSi erT-erTi icvleba sxva bgerad, xdeba ganmsgavseba,
gadasxvafereba. amiT matulobs gansxvaveba maT Soris, ris Sedegad
SesaZloa daikargos Secvlili bgera (g. axvlediani, 1966, gv. 165)
imerxeulSi disimilacia moudis rogorc Tanxmovnebs, ise xmovnebs;
umetesad ki Warbobs TanxmovanTa (sonor bgeraTa) disimilacia, kerZod:
l-l → r-l: guli nakruli nu darCebian (nakluri→
nakluli→nakruli); wreuls kaklebi mozra (moyina); wreElai (am
weliwadSi) sicxiebi iyo...
r-r → r-l: TiTo-oroli alTuni amodis miwidam; askerSi orjel
wavel; ramdenjel megikiTxe; beurjel Coutania ReleSi...
regresuli distanciuri disimilaciis Sedegadaa miRebuli
geografiuli saxeli - gurnaTeli (gulnaTeli→gurnaTeli l-l → l-r):
gurnaTeli sofelia CEensa (imerBevSi)...
sityvaSi revolveri (←revorveri) xdeba rTuli fonetikuri
procesi, ikargeba mTeli marcvali (vol), darCenil fuZeSi jer xdeba
xmovanTa regresuli disimilacia (ee→ie) da r_r sonorTa progresuli
disimilacia: rivelsa waaxteba; riveli douties
(revolveri→reveri→riveri→riveli)...
m-m → m-n: gza, arTvinSi minavali, misi gakeTebulia; menTeEri unda
gaBde? (memTeuri→memTeEri→memTevri→menTevri); wreElai menTevrobas
gvijeba (gvikeTebs)...
gvxvdeba yru-mkveTrTa disimilaciuri gamJRerebis nimuSebi:
kp → kb: kalo unda deitkebnos; miwa datkebnes feBiT...
Wp → Wb: WiboSanma (Woposani → WiboSani) xe gaTala...
SeiZleba Segvxvdes yru-fSvinvierTa disimilaciuri gaJRerebis
magaliTebic.
Tf → Tb: sxalTablai saxelis sxali gEaq sofelSi (sxalTafla→
sxalTabla)...
imerxeulSi Turqulis gziT Semosul sityvebSic dasturdeba
TanxmovanTa rogorc progresuli, ise regresuli disimilaciis
SemTxvevebi:
r-r → r-l: Teqrel ukan unda gaangrio (arab. tekrar – ganmeorebiT, kvlav)...
l-l → m-l: CEena erTi simsila varTa (arab. silsile – genealogia,
modgma)...
amrigad, saanalizo masalaze dakvirveba cxadyofs, rom imerxeulSi
gvxvdeba TanxmovanTa rogorc progresuli, ise regresuli
distanciuri disimilacia.
xmovanTa disimilacia progresulicaa da regresulic,
kontaqturica da distanciuric.
xmovanTa progresuli distanciuri disimilaciis magaliTebia:
o-o → o-e: Warxali foTeliT saWmels gavakeTebT; wyavi foTels
wamlaT vixmarT; iseni foTelai (cvalebadi xasiaTis mqone) qalebi arian...
a-a → a-i: anai (deda) ilaparikebda beErsa; marcxena Terefze
(mxares). maWixelia (maWaxeli – maWixeli); im seris gadaRma maWixelis
soflebia...
i-i → i-e: zvelaT (Zvelad) gurji iyven iseni (←isini); iseni
inegolSi Jdaran (saxloben)...
xmovanTa progresuli disimilacia monawileobs mimarTebiTi
zedsarTavi saxelebis - aqeEri, iqeEri - warmoqmnaSi. aq, iq adgilis
zmnizedebs erTvis bolosarTi -eur da warmoiqmneba mimarTebiTi
(sadaurobis aRmniSvneli) zedsarTavebi: aqeEri (aqevri), iqeEri (iqevri).
-eur bolosarTiT aRniSnuli mimarTebiTi zedsarTavebi mxolod tao-
klarjul dialeqtebSia nawarmoebi. qarTul saliteraturo enasa da
dialeqtTa umravlesobaSi dasaxelebuli mimarTebiTi zedsarTavebi
nawarmoebia -ur bolosarTiT (Sdr. aqauri, iqauri, aqouri, iqouri,
aqavri, iqevri).
eu→eE→ev: aqeEri naTqEamebi ~adigraT (samaxsovrod) darCeba;
iqeEri qalebi aqeT ar eTxEeboden; aqeEri-iqeEri CEena vityviT martivi
(mxolod); aqevri me~va (xili) gemrielia; iqevri siRmerebi douwavlian...
zogierTi soflis metyvelebaSi ismis aqevli, iqevli: aqevl buRdas (puris
marcvals) Biwvi ar eqneba; iqevli wyarEebi momgondeba...
rTuli fonetikuri cvlilebis Sedegadaa miRebuli sityva miere
(meore): miere dRes Cameiara; meiyvana miere dRes erTi Bari (meore → meere → miere - asimilacia, disimilacia).
xmovanTa regresuli disimilaciis magaliTebia:
ea→ia: biskuitsa Cais Siatan; uRelSi SivabemdiT Barsa; dabeJili
insani (adamiani) Siaxvio unda nedl tyavSi; qilakaSi mawon Siayeneben; ar
Siargo Wama; giama kai simRerebi?; Siargo unda mariobaze wasla; Siatexa
tanebi cacxvsa...
regresuli disimilaciis magaliTebi gvxvdeba umTavresad zmnur
fuZeebSi, Tumca iSviaTad warmoCndeba xolme saxelebSic:
o-o → i-o: WiboSanma xe gaTala (Woposani→Wibosani→WiboSani)...
a-a → i-a: istiqani, SuSa, bardaRi a~ni (erTnairi) sityvebia
(istiqani ← rus. ñòàêàí). zogierT magaliTSi regresuli disimilacia viTardeba sruli
asimilaciis safuZvelze. aseTi SemTxvevebi dadasturda rogorc zmnur
fuZeebSi, ise saxelebSic, kerZod:
oe→ee→ie: gamieqana Barma Cemke; ReleSi Camietana xiebi; zrugSi
wamiekida guda; Tiva amietana qoridam (sabZlidan); adre mieTiba
Walebi...
ae→ ee→ ie: gogoze Tvali dierCina; mosuqeba dietyo tanze; bagaSi
Ciegdo Bbo; zroxa wiegdo win; Tiva ietana marBiliT; ReleSi Cietana
REarsa...
msgavsi fonetikuri cvlileba warmoCndeba xolme a xmovniT
daboloebuli, zogjer ukveceli, fuZeebis mravlobiT ricxvSiac:
ae→ee→ie: raso~ (rogori) zaRlia (ZaRlia), qiebi (rqaebi→
rqeebi→rqiebi→qiebi) aqvo (aqvso); diebis (daebis→deebis→diebis)
saxelebi ver geixsena; zmiebi yuelai moukda
(Zmaebi→Zmeebi→Zmiebi→zmiebi); Tiebi (mTaebi→mTeebi→mTiebi→Tiebi)
maRalia imerBev; gziebi ar digilia RmerTma! (gzaebi→gzeebi→gziebi).
regresuli disimilacia viTardeba e-ze daboloebuli saxelebis
mravlobiTi ricxvis formebSic.
ee→ie: fena siciviebi deiwyo; aqa qurdikiziebi Jdaran (saxloben);
xiebi (xeebi→xiebi) daacurves saTarSi; mosamiebi axalmozde (axalgazrda)
iqnebian (mosameebi→mosamiebi - mocekvaveebi); skivrSi sxvaso~ (sxvanairi)
ramiebic (rameebic) iyo; wrevlai sicxiebi iyo; TqEensa xevraziebi
arian?...
iSviaTad, xmovanfuZianebis analogiiT, msgavsi fonetikuri procesi
viTardeba TanxmovanfuZian saxelTa fuZeebSic, kerZod: mariamobas zliebi
(rZlebi) avlen Taze (rZleebi→Zliebi); wyliebi (wyleebi→wyliebi)
daSreba sicxiefSi; sxliebi (msxleebi→sxliebi) Camozavebula
(Camocvenila) WalaSi; bliebi (bleebi→bliebi) jer ar damwifula...
msgavsi cvlileba SeniSnulia aWarulsa da mesxur-javaxurSic
(g. beriZe, 1988, gv. 33; S. niJaraZe, 1975, gv. 93; S. ZiZiguri, 1970, gv. 140);
imerxeulSi dadasturebuli aqvs n. marsac (n. mari, 1911, gv. 50).
zemoaWarulSi analogiuri magaliTebis ganxilvisas ie kompleqsSi i
xmovans infiqsad miiCnevda mkvlevari m. xubua (m. xubua, 1932, gv. 13).
xmovanTa regresuli disimilaciis analogiuri formebis Sesaxeb
saenaTmecniero literaturaSi aRniSnulia, rom fonetikuri procesis
mimdinareobis am safexurze (ee→ie) dgas umetesoba im dialeqturi
erTeulebisa, romelTac igi axasiaTebT, xolo difTongizaciamde (ie→~e)
miuRwevia martooden aWaruls (S. ZiZiguri, 1970, gv. 141).
xmovanTa regresuli disimilaciis safuZvelze mo- zmniswinian zmnur
fuZeebSi saarviso qcevis niSani a ganimsgavsebs zmniswiniseul o xmovans,
aviwroebs mas da aqcevs E-d.
oa→ua→Ea: qoTniT Sorvas (wvnian saWmels) mEaduReben; ~abanC (ucnob kacsa buk (buki - pirisaxe) mEarideben; yanidam simindi riT
mEaqvan (moaqvT)? imas advilai mEatyEileben; zemodam damwvar erbosa
mEasxmen... mo- zmniswiniani zmnebis subieqtis pirvel pirSi piris niSani
ikargeba:
ova→oa→ua→Ea: TuTasa mEaryevT; dosa gadmEasxamT kroWSi;
gobmawonas cecxlze mEaTbobT; dafqvil kakalsa zemodam mEayriT;
mEawyeviT saqme zviri (Zviri); zEilai (Zlivs) gamEaqsEe windasa tabani...
zogjer msgavsi cvlilebisas fuZiseuli vin-ic ki ikargeba: qarSi
saxuravidam saqolavi gadmEardeba; kldidam viri gadmEardnila; axla
amEa nergi...
aseTive cvlileba gvaqvs -ov bolosarTian zmnaTa fuZeebSic, oRond
disimilacias iwvevs sxva daniSnulebis e da a xmovnebi:
huqumaTSi (mTavrobaSi) viTxEeT (viTxoveT→ viTxoeT→ viTxueT→
viTxEeT) imisi gadmosla; sad ipEeT (ipoveT) dakarquli Txa?; saqonelma
mozEes balaxi (moZoves); or weliwad awEa (awova) zuzu (ZuZu); nenem
gEaTxEa (gvaTxova) yuri...
msgavsi procesi SeiniSneba -ov bolosarTian warmoqmnil saxelebSic:
iqiT saqonlis sazEari (saZovari → sazuari → sazEari); esa tyuilai
sawEaria (sawovari → sawuari → sawEari)... saenaTmecniero
literaturaSi aRniSnulia, rom aseT poziciaSi o-s daviwroebaSi v ar
monawileobs; v-s dakargva disimilaciis procesamde unda xdebodes (v.
Tofuria, 1925, gv. 138).
regresuli disimilaciis Sedegad xdeba agreTve o-ze daboloebuli
saxelebis eb-iani mravlobiTi ricxvis formebSi fuZiseuli o xmovnis
daviwroeba:
oe → ue → Ee: mosafiri (stumari) beEri devdoda (dadioda)
CEensa im drEefSi (droebSi); wyarEebi ar gvaklia aqa; oqrEebi dagabes
gulze; ezEebi davgaveT; kalEebze gavlewavT pursa...
zogjer aseT poziciaSi u xmovani ise viwrovdeba, rom v-d iqceva:
oe → ue → Ee → ve: gogvebi wyaroze vnaxe; kalvebi davgaveT;
BarvebSi (xaroebSi) CavyareT... aseve xdeba u-ze daboloebuli saxelis – ZuZu-s mravlobiTi ricxvis formaSic: zuzvebSi (ZuZuebSi) ar
Suuxedavs...
msgavsi cvlileba SeiniSneba zogierTi warmoqmnili saxelis fuZeSic:
imerBev raxan (rodis) deiwyeba kalvoba (kalooba→ kaluoba→ kalEoba→
kalvoba)...
msgavsi viTarebaa qarTuli dialeqtebis erT nawilSi
(ar. martirosovi, gr. imnaiSvili, 1956, gv. 162-169; gr. imnaiSvili, 1974, gv.
163; gr. imnaiSvili, 1966, gv. 49-51; S. niJaraZe, 1975, gv. 103). gr. imnaiSvili
aseTi saxis cvlilebas axasiaTebs rogorc disimilaciuri xasiaTis
substitucias (gr. imnaiSvili, 1975, gv. 33).
bgeraTa dayrueba. sityvis absolutur boloSi bgeris dayruebis
tendencia qarTuli warmoTqmis erT-erTi damaxasiaTebeli Tvisebaa
Zvelidanve (m. ZiZiSvili, 1960, gv. 70). imerxeulSic xSirad SeiniSneba.
rogorc cnobilia, qarTulSi disimilaciuri gamJRerebis gverdiT
moqmedebs mJRerTa da mkveTrTa dayruebis procesic. amave dros
gasaTvaliswinebelia is faqti, rom `qarTuli enis mJRerebi Taviseburi,
naxevrad mJRerebia" (g. axvlediani, 1949, gv. 353-354). mJReris susti
artikulacia da mJRerobis dabalxarisxianoba aris imis mizezi, rom igi
SeiZleba dayruvdes (i. qavTaraZe, 1964, gv. 336).
imerxeulSi gansakuTrebiT xSiria mJReri ban da don Tanxmovnebis
dayrueba sityvis boloSi: wignef vkiTxulobdi; am seqvze (taxtze) ragEar
svenof?; me ver momatyvilef; gonjobas nuRar gemikeTef; Borcsa
digimarilef, digidef Tablaze; windef momiqsEefs baBala; SoSe gzef
(gzebs) gedeibens... raT vaqnev imi saqmes! qali zimeT (mZimed) darCa (mZimed
darCa – dafexmZimda, daorsulda); TiBas yalibebaT daWrian; sxlis tanebi
maRlaT ari; is kacebi yaCaRaT devdoden; kurcxali momdis RvaraTa;
SeSas davbeRlavT lamazaT; maTi babai wareT avaT ari...
zmnur formebSi mravlobiTi ricxvis gamomxatvel -T niSanTan
uSualo mezoblobaSi TemisniSniseuli b TiTqmis yovelTvis kargavs
mJReradobas, yruvdeba: sakerebelsa saRlam (saR, axal) windaze quslis
~erze (adgilze) davakerefT; javes (mJaves) iqSi (iq, SigniT) CavdefT;
Baviwsa naRbiT gavakeTefT; imasa cecxlze mEaTbofT; TuTis zmarSi
puris qerqebsa davalbofT; baqlavasa furunSi gamEacxofT...
saenaTmecniero literaturidan cnobilia, rom qarTulSi bgeraTa
mJReradoba sxvadasxva xasiaTisaa. amitom zogierTi bgera SeiZleba
dayruvdes sxvadasxva poziciaSi – sityvis TavSi, SuaSi, boloSi
(g. axvlediani, 1949, gv. 355). magaliTad, sityvaSi `kargi" g yruvdeba,
iqceva q-d: Wadi karqi iqneba naRebTan; imaTTvin karqs ambofs...
g. axvlediani werda: `g gayruebula am sityvaSi yru Tanxmovnis win.
es SeiZleboda momxdariyo, mag., micemiTSi (kargs→karqs; kargTan→karqTan;
kargSi→karqSi) an yru TanxmovniT dawyebuli sityvis win (karg
saqmes→karq saqmes). amis Semdeg q ganzogadebula (g. axvlediani, 1966, gv.
182). arsebobs gansxvavebuli Sexedulebac (m. ZiZiSvili, 1960, gv. 72). m.
ZiZiSvils aseTi cvlileba miaCnda disimilaciuri dayruebis nimuSad,
rac gaiziara enaTmecnierma iv. qavTaraZem (i. qavTaraZe, 1964, gv. 340).
bgeraTa dayrueba xdeba Turqulis gziT Semosul sityvebSic. Segvxvda
don-is dayruebis magaliTi: inegolSi Tuqani gavxsen (arab. dükkan); TuqanSi viyideviT....
yruvdeba b-c: faxiri (Turq. bakir - spilenZi) bevri ar ari
TurqieSi; faxiris gugumebiT wyali moqvqonda; faxrajaSi vxarSevdiT
lobios (Turq. bakraç – spilenZis tolCa); faxrajidam ameiRes saWmeli...
dezafrikatizacia.
dezafrikatizacia gulisxmobs afrikatis daSlas. afrikati kargavs
xSulobis elements da iqceva spirantad. imerxeulSi aris w afrikatis
dezafrikatizaciis (daSlis) magaliTebi. es procesi mimdinareobs iseT
sityva-ZirebSi, sadac w afrikati mosdevs s Tanxmovans. am SemTxvevaSi
sw→st; afrikati iSleba. aseTi sityvis ZirSi Tavs iyris sts -
TanxmovanTa jgufi. afrikatiseuli s Tanxmovani ikargeba: mevestariT am
drosac; babao, doxtursa mimastaro, uTxra Svilma; rodis meestroba
qaTmis Sewva?; SoSe gzaSi Coustres mosafirsa; maxanTi (maxanSi, amasobaSi)
gamastro kacma... sw kompleqsis dezafrikatizacia specialur
literaturaSi axsnilia qarTulisaTvis uCveulo sts TanxmovanTa
kompleqsis gamartivebiT.
aris erTeuli magaliTebi, sadac w afrikatis daSlis Sedegad fuZeSi
darCenilia s spiranti, mkveTri t Tanxmovani ki dakargulia. mag.: cercvi
Tavis qeCboSi damskrivebula (damwkrivebula); jari gzaSi damskrivebuli
iyo...
c afrikatis daSlis Sedegad unda gvqondes miRebuli sityva
`Tisartyela": Tisartyela wEimas modevs; Tisartyela SEidferia;
Tisartyelas gadavhyveT hududze (sazRvarze) da gadmovdeT aWaras...
imerxeulSi, aWarulis msgavsad, gvxvdeba cd kompleqsis zd
kompleqsiT Secvlis SemTxvevebi. es xdeba rTuli fonetikuri cvlilebebis
safuZvelze. kerZod: cd→Zd→zd: regresuli, kontaqturi, nawilobrivi
asimilaciiT sisina afrikati c gadaiqceva Z-d. Semdeg ki xdeba Z afrikatis
spirantizacia, dezafrikatizacia, ris Sedegadac miviRebT z mJRer
spirants. mag.: samozdaxuTi wlisa mevyare; es sofeli samozdaaTi
kvamlia; maSina ozdaxuTi wlisa viqnebodi...
metaTezisi.
metaTezisi sityvaSi bgeraTa istoriuli wyobis cvlilebas, bgeraTa
adgilis Secvlas gulisxmobs. bgeraTa gadasma ZiriTadad sonor
Tanxmovnebs axasiaTebs. TanxmovanTa sonoroba garkveulad xels uwyobs am
process (g. axvlediani, 1949, gv. 360; h. fogti, 1961, gv. 16).
imerxeulSi bgeraTa gadasmis procesi sxva qarTul dialeqtebSi
dadasturebuli SemTxvevebis analogiuria da, amasTanave, arcTu ise
gavrcelebuli; iSviaTad gvxvdeba xolme. sityvaSi adgils icvlian sonori
bgerebi – l, m, r: gorebidam Rurbeli eikrifa; Savi Rurbeli iyo caze;
dasamobSi (sofelia imerxevSi) Rurbela yurzeni icoda; xaCi (jvari)
zRrublze iyo amoWrili; karis zRrublze gadaweles kaci (zRurblze);
fena Rmerian (kargad mRerian) axalmozdebi; zEeli (Zveli) siRmerebidam
es dagvrComia martivi; CEen sofelSi germieli qliavebi icis; CEensa
darComiliyaviT, germielaT vilaparakebdiT amezRam
(gemrieli�germeli). zemoaWarulSi metaTezisiT Secvlil am sityvaSi
dakargulia fuZiseuli i xmovani: germieli→germeli); tyeSi izdeba wabli,
cxremla (cxemla, Sdr. rcxila); gemi duumbian (daubamT) zRvis qenerSi
(napirSi); cxeni WalaSi myavs dambuli (dabmuli); zrugiT moqonda
WvirTi; huqumaTma (mTavrobam) zrugSi agvazro tyavi...
saurTierTo metaTezisis magaliTebi: Seni axraba (naTesavi)
gaTvarielebs oTxTvaliTa-Tqo, uTxari imaTa; avalT maRal serze da
vaTvarielebT aWaras; Bertali ver goukeTebia (xeltari→xertali);
Bertalma Beli damgala...
imerxeulSi aqcesiur xs kompleqsSi adgils icvlis s Tanxmovani da
progresuli metaTezisiT gvaqvs sx kompleqsi: gavsxeniT zedai karebi;
sofelSi gasxnili mqonda Tuqani; kai iqna, gasxnes sarfis kari;
sasxnelai (gamocana) beEri vicodiT patitvanebma; imaTa bevri sasxnelai
aver asxnes...
metaTezisiT sityva `leqsi" warmoCndeba uCveulo formiT – leski. amasTanave, q→k, xdeba substitucia: viris patronsa erTi leski
gamouTqEes; CamEaleskioTo mevluda RaRanizesao, TqEes ifBrevlelebma;
erTi leski amovweroT maRal xalRi zegnidama; leskefSi darCeba Cemi
saxeli...
amrigad, saukuneTa manZilze dedaenis kalTas CamoSorebul imerxeul
kiloSi qarTuli enis ganviTarebis Sinagani kanonebis moqmedebis
Sesabamisad ganxorcielebula fonetikuri procesebi. amitomac
imerxevelTa qarTulSi dResac cocxali fonetikuri cvlilebani zogad-
qarTuli bunebisaa; kerZod, qarTuli enis dialeqtebSi arsebuli
fonetikuri movlenebis analogiuria. gvxvdeba bgeraTa dakargvisa da
gaCenis, substituciis, reduqciis, asimilaciisa da disimilaciis, bgeraTa
dayruebis, metaTezisis, dezafrikatizaciis... nimuSebi. gamovlenilia
sakuTriv imerxeulisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli specifikuri fonetikuri
saxecvli-lebanic.
fonetikur procesebze dakvirvebam cxadyo, rom saukuneTa manZilze
ara marto gabatonebuli Turquli ena axdenda garkveul gavlenas mis
daqvemdebarebaSi myof imerxevelTa qarTulis fonetikur sistemaze, aramed
garkveulwilad qarTuli enac zemoqmedebda xolme imerxevelTa saxelmwifo
enaze (imerxevelTa Turqulze) da qarTuli enis bunebis Sesabamisi
elementebi Sehqonda Turqulis enobriv struqturaSi. es kargad Cans
Turquli enis arTvinuli dialeqtis kilokavebSi, saxeldobr ki, SavSeTis
TurqulSi (imerxevelTa TurqulSi), rac SeniSnuli aqvT Turq
enaTmecnierebsac (Turg. Acar, 1991). qarTul-Turquli enobrivi kontaqtebi saintereso lingvistur
suraTs qmnis TurqeT-saqarTvelos saxelmwifo sazRvris mimdebare
regionebSi. am mxriv imerxeuli qarTuli sanimuSoa, romlis aRniSnuli
TvalsazrisiT Seswavla samomavlo amocanad gvesaxeba.
damowmebuli literatura
g. axvlediani, 1949 - g. axvlediani, zogadi fonetikis safuZvlebi, Tb.,
1949.
g. axvlediani, 1966 - g. axvlediani, zogadi fonetikis Sesavali, Tb.,
1966.
gr. beriZe, 1988 - gr. beriZe, qarTuli enis javaxuri kilo, Tb., 1988.
n. gurgeniZe, 1973 - n. gurgeniZe, aRmosavluri warmoSobis leqsikuri
elementebi aWarulsa da gurulSi, Tb., 1973.
n. gurgeniZe, 1976 - n. gurgeniZe, nasesxebi saxelebis fuZeTagan zmnis
warmoqmna mesxur dialeqtSi: macne, enisa da literaturis seria, #2, Tb.,
1976.
v. Tofuria, 1925 - v. Tofuria, qarTluri, arili, tf., 1925.
v. Tofuria, 1930 - v. Tofuria, fonetikuri dakvirvebani qarTvelur
enebSi: II. bgeriT movlenaTa Tanamimdevroba: tum, 10, Tb., 1930.
v. Tofuria, 1946 - v. Tofuria, reduqciisaTvis qarTvelur enebSi:
ike, I, Tb., 1946.
gr. imnaiSvili, 1966 - gr. imnaiSvili, qarTuli enis ingilouri
dialeqtis Taviseburebani, Tb., 1966.
gr. imnaiSvili, 1974 - gr. imnaiSvili, qarTluri dialeqti, I, Tb.,
1974.
k. kublaSvili, 1959 - k. kublaSvili, ZiriTadi fonetikuri procesebi
qarTuli enis dasavlur kiloebSi: quTaisis saxelmwifo pedinstitutis
Sromebi, t. 19 , quTaisi, 1959.
k. kublaSvili, 1985 - k. kublaSvili, qarTuli enis qvemoimeruli
dialeqti, Tb., 1985.
n. mari, 1911 - Í. Ìàðð, Äíåâíèê ïîåçäêè â Øàâøåòèþ è Êëàðäæåòèþ, ñì. Òåêñòû è ðàçûñêàíèÿ ïî àðìÿíî-ãðóçèíñêîé ôèëîëîãèè, êí. 7, Ñ-Ïåòåðáóðã, 1911.
ar. martirosovi, gr. imnaiSvili, 1956 - ar. martirosovi, gr.
imnaiSvili, qarTuli enis kaxuri dialeqti, Tb., 1956.
S. niJaraZe, 1961 - S. niJaraZe, qarTuli enis zemoaWaruli dialeqti,
baTumi, 1961.
S. niJaraZe, 1964 - S. niJaraZe, qarTuli enis istoriisaTvis, I, Tb.,
1964.
T. uTurgaiZe, 1976 - T. uTurgaiZe, qarTuli enis fonematuri
struqtura, Tb., 1976.
h. fogti, 1961 - h. fogti, qarTuli enis fonematuri struqtura, Tb.,
1961.
b. foCxua, 1939 - TanxmovanTa progresuli asimilacia dasavlur
kiloebSi: Tsu Sromebi, t. 10, Tb., 1939.
t. futkaraZe, 1998 - t. futkaraZe, Tanamedrove qarTuli enis
xmovanTa sistema, sadoqtoro disertacia, Tb., 1998.
t. futkaraZe, 1986 - saxelis formawarmoebis Taviseburebani qarTuli
enis samxreT-dasavlur dialeqtebSi, sakandidato disertacia, Tb., 1986.
i. qavTaraZe, 1964 - i. qavTaraZe, qarTuli enis istoriisaTvis, I, Tb.,
1964.
i. qobalava, 1958 - i. qobalava, afrikatizaciisa da
dezafrikatizaciis procesebi iberiul-kavkasiur enebSi: ike, t. 9-10, Tb.,
1958.
i. yifSiZe, 1919-1920 - i. yifSiZe, asimilaciisa da disimilaciis wesi
qarTulsa da megrulSi: tum, I, tf., 1991-1920.
a. SaniZe, 1957 - a. SaniZe, weliwadis etimologiisaTvis: qarTuli enis
struqturisa da istoriis sakiTxebi, I, Tb., 1957.
a. SaniZe, 1973 - a. SaniZe, qarTuli enis gramatikis safuZvlebi, I, Tb.,
1973.
arn. Ciqobava, 1925 - arn. Ciqobava, gare-kaxeTi dialeqtologiurad:
arili, tf., 1925. arn. Ciqobava, 1937 - arn. Ciqobava, s bgeris dasusteba qiziyurSi:
enimkis moambe, t. I, Tb., 1937.
arn. Ciqobava, 1942 - arn. Ciqobava, maxvilis sakiTxisaTvis Zvel
qarTulSi: smam, t. III, #2, #3, Tb., 1942.
m. ZiZiSvili, 1960 - m. ZiZiSvili, fonetikuri procesebi Zvel
qarTulSi, Tb., 1960.
S. ZiZiguri, 1970 - S. ZiZiguri, qarTuli dialeqtologiuri Ziebani,
Tb., 1970.
m. xubua, 1932 - m. xubua, zemoaWarulis enobrivi mimoxilva, baTumi,
1932.
s. jiqia, 1958 - s. jiqia, me-18 saukuneSi Sedgenili Turquli saswavlo
wigni: enaTmecnierebis institutis Sromebi, t. I, Tb., 1958.
ACAR TURGUT, Influence of Georgians Language on ARTVIN dialects, ix., baTumisa da samsunis universitetebis erToblivi konferenciis mosawvevi
baraTi da muSaobis gegma, baTumi, 1991 weli.
SHUSHANA PUTKARADZE
PHONETIC PROCESSES IN THE IMERKHEVIAN DIALECT
Being separated from the literary language for centuries the Imerkhevian dialect of
the Georgian language appears to have undergone the phonetic changes according to the common innate laws of the mother tongue. Live phonetic changes of the modern day Imerkhevian reveal common Kartvelian nature. Namely, phonetic changes are analogous to those sound transformations occurring to other Georgian dialects. These are: typical sound loss and emergence, substitution, reduction, assimilation and dissimilation, voiced consonant shift into voiceless ones, metathesis, loss of fricativeness, and other examples. In addition to these there are specific phonetic alternations characteristic to the Imerkhevian dialect proper.
The observation on phonetic changes made it clear that not only the Imerkhevian Georgian had undergone the Turkish language influence but also the Turkish of
Imerkhevians imported Georgian language elements. The latter influence is most vividly traced in Artvin dialects of the Turkish language, particularly in Shavshetian, which is attested by Turkish linguists as well.
Georgian and Turkish language contacts provides interesting picture in the adjacent regions of the state borders. In this respect Imerkhevian Georgian can serve an example that deserves further comprehensive investigation.
