romis samarTali (safuZvlebi) pirebi romis samarTalSi · vinaidan... mas kanoniT memkvidreoba ekuTvnis~. iuliane, digestebi, wigni I, tituli V 12. `vinc muclad aris, igi zustad isevea

romis samarTali(safuZvlebi)

pirebi romis

samarTalSi

2012 DAVIT BOSTOGHANASHVILI 1

romis samarTali (safuZvlebi)pirebi romis samarTalSi

romis samarTali erTmaneTisganganasxvavebda calkeul pirTa dakorporaciis anu gaerTianebisuflebebs, Tumca iuridiuli piriscneba romSi Camoyalibebuli aryofila.

romis samarTlis mixedviT samoqalaqouflebebi Tandayolili ki ar aris, aramed saxelmwifoSi SeZenilia.



romis samarTali fizikuri piris(persona) sam statuss ganasxvavebda:

• status libertatis _ Tavisuflebis statusi;

• status civitatis _ moqalaqeobis statusi;

• status familae _ saojaxo statusi.



Tavisuflebis statusis mixedviTganasxvavebdnen _ Tavisuflebsa daaraTavisuflebs (monebs);

moqalaqeobis statusis mixedviT _ romaelebsa (romis moqalaqeebs) daararomaelebs (qveSevrdomebs _ laTinebs, pregrinebs);

saojaxo statusis mixedviT ki _ ojaxissruluflebian ufross (persona sui iuris) dasxvisi xelisuflebis qveS (persona alienaiurus) myofebs.



`vinaidan, romis moqalaqeTagan zogi ojaxis mamaa, zogi_ ojaxis vaJiSvili, zogi ojaxis deda da zogic _ ojaxis qaliSvili, ojaxis mamebs warmoadgenen isini, romlebic `Tavisi xelisuflebisani~ arian da araaqvs mniSvneloba srulwlovanni arian isini Tu ara. amis msgavsad, ojaxis dedebi, ojaxis vaJiSvilebi daojaxis qaliSvilebi arian sxvisi xelisuflebis qveS. vinaidan is, vinc Cemi colisgan Cndeba, Cemsxelisuflebas eqvemdebareba. aseve, is, vinc Cemi Zisganda misi colisgan Cndeba, e.i. Cemi SviliSvili, vaJicada qalic, Cems xelisuflebas eqvemdebareba, aseveSviliSvilis Svilebi, vaJebi da qalebi da a.S.~ ulpiane, digestebi, wigni I, tituli VI, 4.



statusSi cvlilebas kapitusebi (capitisdeminutio) ewodeboda:

• capitis deminutio maxima _ maqsimaluricvlileba statusSi (TavisuflebisstatusSi cvlileba);

• capitis deminutio media _ nawilobrivi(saSualo) cvlileba statusSi(moqalaqeobis statusSi cvlileba);

• capitis deminutio minima _ minimaluricvlileba statusSi (saojaxo statusSicvlileba).



romis moqalaqeobis SeZenis gzebi:• dabadebiT (kanonieri qorwinebidan)

• gaazatebiT

• ucxoelisTvis moqalaqeobis CuqebiT(naturalizaciiT)

romis moqalaqeobis dakargvis gzebi:• gardacvalebiT

• tyved Cavardnis SemTxvevaSi

• mZime sasjelis SefardebiT, gandevniT



romauli toga warmoadgenda romaeli mamakacis zeda samosels; is Tavisuflebis simbolod iTvleboda da ucxoelebsa da monebs misitarebis ufleba ar qondaT.

senatoristoga

romaelTaCacmuloba



kerZo samarTalSi romis moqalaqeTauflebrivi mdgomareoba mocavda or ZiriTad elements:

1) kanonieri qorwinebis ufleba (ius

conubii) da

2) komerciis, anu qonebis SeZenisa dagasxvisebis ufleba (ius commercii)



uflebaunarianoba (caput) ewodeba adamianisunars iqonios uflebebi.

uflebaunarianoba Tavisufal adamiansdabadebisTanave uCndeba; dabadebuladCaiTvleboda piri mas Semdeg rac dedissxeuls gamoeyofoda da cocxalidaibadeboda; Tundac orsuloba Svid Tvezemetxans ar gagrZelebuliyo.

uflebaunarianoba jer kidev daubadebel, dedis mucelSi myof, nayofsac gaaCnda.



ùaRresad swavluli kacis _ hipokrates _ avtoritetis gamo meSvide Tves dabadebuli ukvesrul nayofad miiCneva~. pavlusi, digestebi, wigni I, tituli V, 12.

ìs vinc muclad aris, TiTqmis mTeli samoqalaqosamarTliT [ukve] dabadebulad ganixileba, vinaidan... mas kanoniT memkvidreoba ekuTvnis~.iuliane, digestebi, wigni I, tituli V, 12.

`vinc muclad aris, igi zustad isevea daculi, rogorc ukve dabadebuli, rodesac saqme Tavadnayofis sargebels exeba...~ pavlusi, digestebi, wigni I, tituli V, 12.



qmedunarianoba TanamedroveTvalsazrisiT ganixileba, rogorcpiris unari Tavisi moqmedebiTSeiZinos uflebebi da ikisrosvaldebulebebi.

qmedunarianoba ZiriTadaddamokidebuli iyo piris asaksa daSeracxadobaze.



qmedunarianoba, romis samarTlis mixedviT, Semdegasakobriv jgufebs ganasxvavebda:

• 7 wlamde asakis pirebi _ araqmedunarianni (infantes);

• 7-14 wlamde pirebi (qalebi 12 wlamde) aRniSnuliasakis pirebi raimes SesaZenad qmedunarianad, magramvaldebulebebis asaRebad, qonebis gasasxviseblad, anderZiT memkvidreobis gansakargavad qmeduunarodmiiCneoda.

• 14(12)-25 wlamde pirebi sruli qmedunarianobis mqonedmiiCneodnen, Tumca mamis xelisuflebaSi myofi pirismier dadebuli garigeba SesaZlebeli iyo mamissasarCelo moTxovnis safuZvelze (gamoucdelobisgamo) baTilad CaTvliliyo.



qmedunarianobis ganxorcielebis erT-erTiaucilebeli moTxovna, piris Seracxadobaiyo; aqedan gamomdinare suliT avadmyofebida Wkuasustebi araqmedunarianadiTvlebodnen, aseT adamians mzrunvelsuniSnavdnen.

qmedunarianobis SezRudvis safuZveladiTvleboda, Tu piri gamflangveli, anususti nebisyofis iyo, vinaidan TavisiqceviTa da xasiaTiT safrTxes uqmnidagarigebis Sesrulebas.



qalebi, mamakacebTan SedarebiT SezRuduliqmedunarianobis mqoned miiCneodnen:

`Cveni samarTlis mravali dadgenilebiTqalis mdgomareoba uaresia vidremamakacisa~. papiane, digestebi, wigni I, tituli V, 9.

qmedunarianobis SezRudvis kidev erTipiroba piris usircxvilod an upatiosnod aRiareba warmoadgenda.



XII tabulis kanonebiT Tu garigebis mowme uarsityoda am faqtis Sesaxeb Cvenebis micemaze, uRirsmowmed cxaddeboda.

aseTi piri garigebis dadebisas mowmed veRar miiRebdamonawileobas da verc TviTon moiwvevda sxvas; aqedan gamomdinare igi faqtiurad kargavda ius

commercii-s.

klasikur epoqaSi is pirebi, romlebic TavisiznedacemulobiT sazogadoebis pativiscemaskargavdnen, saxelgatexilebad (pativayrilebad, infamia) cxaddebodnen. isini izRudebodnen rogorcsajaro samarTliT (kargavdnen xmis uflebas), isekerZo samarTlis sferoSi.



araromaelTa samarTlebrivi mdgomareoba

Zvel romSi ucxoeli mtrad (hostis) iyogamocxadebuli da misi mokvla an datyveveba(monad gadaqceva) daSvebuli iyo. droTaganmavlobaSi ucxoelTa garkveuli kategoriebisuflebaunarianobis aRiareba moxda.

laTinebi _ laTinebad Tavdapirvelad iwodebodnenlaciumis mcxovreblebi romelTac gaaCndaTromaelebTan ius civile-Ti garigebebis dadebisufleba (ius commercii) da kanonieri qorwinebisufleba (ius conubii); laTinebis es fena (latini prisci) Zv. w. I saukuneSi gaqra.



laTinTa meore fenas kolonebis laTinebi (latini coloniarii) warmoadgendnen. ase iwodebodnen romis koloniebis, provinciebisa Tu olqebis mcxovreblebi; isinigauTanabrdnen romis moqalaqeebs uflebebSi, Tumcakanonieri qorwinebis ufleba ar gaaCndaT.

peregrinebi _ am kategoriaSi Sediodnen romisprovinciebis mcxovreblebi, romelTac arc moqalaqisda arc laTinTa uflebebi ar gaaCndaT; asevedasjili da romidan gandevnili moqalaqeebi; isiniucxoelebad da uufleboebad ganixilebodnen. maTTansamarTlebrivi urTierTobebi ius gentium-iTregulirdeboda.



monebis samarTlebrivi mdgomareobamona ar warmoadgenda samarTlis subieqts; igi

samarTlis obieqtad miiCneoda, radgan nivTTan iyogaTanabrebuli.

`monoba aris xalxTa samarTlis dawesebuleba, romliTac erTi piri bunebis sawinaaRmdegod meorepiris batonobas emorCileba~. florentinusi, digestebi, wigni I, tituli V, 4.

`xolo monas es saxeli (servus) iqidan ewoda, romimperatoris brZanebiT tyveebs hyidian da, Cveulebriv maT sicocxles unarCuneben (servare) daar klaven.~ instituciebi, wigni I, titili III,4.



àmrigad, monebi [TavianTi] batonis xelisuflebis qveSarian. amasTan, es xelisufleba xalxTa samarTalsekuTvnis, vinaidan Cven SegviZlia SevniSnoT, rom batons yvela xalxSi [Tavisi] monis `sikvdilisa da sicocxlisufleba~ gaaCnia, da, rasac mona SeiZens, mas misi batoniiZens.

magram dRes romis qveSevrdomTagan aravis aqvs ufleba, romgadaWarbebuli [sisastikiT] da kanoniT cnobili mizezisgareSe sastikad moeqces Tavis monebs. vinaidanRvTaebrivi antoniusis konstituciis Tanaxmad is, vincTavis monas umizezod moklavs, aranakleb isjeba, vidreis, vinc sxvisi mona mokla. da monaTmflobelTa zedmetisisastike isjeba imave princefsis konstituciiT.~

gaiusi, digestebi, wigni I, tituli VI, 1.



monobis damyarebis gzebi

• dabadebiT monoba _ Tundac mama Tavisufali

moqalaqe yofiliyo, Tu deda mona iyo, Svili monad iTvleboda, xolo, Tu deda Tavisufali moqalaqe iyo, misi Svili Tavisufali moqalaqe xdeboda, Tundacmama mona yofiliyo.

• tyved Cavardna (samxedro tyveoba)

• monad gayidva (Zvel epoqaSi)

• monad dasja _ Tu pirs sikvdiliT dasja

Seecvala monobiT, aseve valis gadauxdelobis gamo.



`rodesac qorwineba kanonieria, bavSvebimamis mdgomareobas iReben, ukanonoqorwinebisas ki _ dedisas.~ celsiusi, digestebi, wigni I, tituli V, 19.

`qorwinebis gareSe Casaxulad iwodebian is [pirebi], romlebsac mamaze miTiTeba arSeuZliaT, an, Tumca SeuZliaT, magram[kanoniT] maTi mamoba daSvebuli ar arisda maT spurii (ukanonod Sobils) uwodeben. modestinusi, digestebi, wigni I, tituli V, 23.



`xolo monebad an ibadebian, an [Semdeg] xdebian. ibadebian CvensmxevalTagan. monebad [Semdeg] xdebian an xalxTa samarTliT, e.i. tyveobis Sedegad; an civilurisamarTliT... monaTa mdgomareobaSiaraviTari gansxvaveba ar arsebobs.~ instituciebi, wigni I, tituli III, 4.



`xolo monebi Cveni batonobis qveS an civiluri samarTliT eqcevian anda xalxTasamarTliT. civiluri samarTliT [monad iqcevian im SemTxvevaSi] Tu vinmem, oc welsgadacilebulma, gasayidi fasis garkveuliwilis miRebis mizniT sakuTari Tavis monad gayidva dauSva. xalxTa samarTliT Cvenimonebi arian isini, visac Cven mterTaganvatyvevebT, an vinc Cveni mxevlebisaganibadeba.~

marciane, digestebi, wigni I, tituli V, 5.



`dabadebiT Tavisufalni arian isini, vincTavisufalma dedam dabada. amasTan, sakmarisia, rom deda Tavisufali iyos Svilis dabadebisdros, Tundac bavSvi mxevlad yofnisasCaisaxos, da piriqiT, Tu dedam bavSviTavisufalma Casaxa da amis Semdeg igimxevali gaxda, bavSvi Tavisuflad iTvleba. da ara aqvs mniSvneloba igi kanonierqorwinebaSi Caisaxa Tu mis gareSe, vinaidandedis ubedurebam ar unda avnos imas, `vinc

mucelSia.~ marciane, digestebi, wigni I, tituli V, 5.



monobis Sewyvetis gzebi (gaazateba)

• sajaro gancxadebiT _ Tu monaTmflobelisajarod ganacxadebda magistratis winaSe, romaTavisuflebda monas;

• Tavisufal moqalaqeTa siebSi SeyvaniT, romelsac 5 weliwadSi erTxeladgendnen (manumissio censu),oRond amis Sesaxeb unda scodnoda cenzors;

• monis gaazateba anderZis safuZvelze(manumissio testamento).



`TavisufalTa Soris ki mravali

gansxvaveba arsebobs, vinaidan isini

an dabadebiT Tavisufalni arian, an

_ gaazatebulni~.

instituciebi, wigni I, tituli III, 5.



`gaazatebulni arian is pirebi, romlebickanonieri monobidan ganTavisufldnen. xolo gaazateba ki Tavisuflebis micemaa, vinaidanvidre vinme monobaSia, igi [sxvis] xelsa da xelisuflebas eqvemdebareba, xolo gaazatebuli [am] xelisuflebidanTavisufldeba. es saqme saTaves xalxTasamarTlidan iRebs, vinaidan bunebiTisamarTlis Tanaxmad, yvela Tavisufali ibadebada ar iyo cnobili monis gaTavisufleba(gaazateba), radgan ucnobi iyo Tavad monoba.~

instituciebi, wigni I, tituli V.



`xolo gaazateba mravalnairad xdeba. saxeldobr, an wminda konstituciiT wminda saxalxokrebaze, an vindiqtiT, an megobrebis winaSe, an weriliT, an anderZiT, an sxva nebismieriukanaskneli nebis [gamovleniT].

xolo monebi, Cveulebriv, TavianTi batonebis mierSeiZleba nebismier dros iqnengaTavisuflebulebi; Tundac gzaSic ki, magaliTad, rodesac pretori, prokonsuli an prezesi abanoSi an TeatrSi midis.~instituciebi, wigni I, tituli V.



gaazatebuli (liberti, libertini) miuxedavad imisa, rom iuridiulad romis moqalaqe iyo, uflebaunarianobis TvalsazrisiT maincizRudeboda; mas ar SeeZlo TavisufalmoqalaqesTan daqorwineba, sapatio, arCeviTi Tanamdebobis dakaveba da aseveyofili patronis mimarT garkveuldaqvemdebarebaSi rCeboda; mas yofilipatronisaTvis unda mierTmia ZRveni, gaewiasamsaxuri da sxva.



pekuliumi (peculium) iyo mebatonis mier monisaTvis, an ojaxis ufrosis (paterfamilias) mier mis xelisuflebaSi myofi pirisaTvis samarTavadgadacemuli qoneba.

pekuliumis meSveobiT sxvis xelisuflebaSi myofpirs samarTavad SeiZleboda gadascemoda miwisnakveTi, xomaldi, savaWro farduli, fuli dasxva.

xelisuflebaSi myofi piris (Tavisufalis an monis) mier dadebul garigebebze, pekuliumismoculobis gaTvaliswinebiT, pasuxs ojaxisufrosi (paterfamilias) agebda.



koloni (colonus)III saukunidan moyolebuli, romaelebma

daiwyes provinciebSi miwis ijariT gacema; miwis ijariT amRebs koloni ewodeboda. IV saukunidan iwyeba kolonebis miwazemimagreba. kolons ekrZaleboda mamulismesakuTris Tanxmobis gareSe miwis nakveTismitoveba, mesakuTres ki am miwebidankolonebis gandevna; mesakuTres mxolodkolonebis erTi mamulidan meoreSigadayvanis ufleba hqonda.



iuridiuli pirebi

(universitates, korporacia)romaeli iuristebi xedavdnen, rom samarTlebrivi

urTierTobis subieqti, calkeul SemTxvevebSi, SeiZleboda yofiliyo aramarto fizikuri piri, aramed adamianTa gaerTianeba, korporacia, romelic samarTlebriv urTierTobaSigamodioda rogorc erTi mTliani iuridiulisxeuli. aseTi SesaZloa yofiliyo Temi, damkrZalavTa gaerTianebebi, xelosnebisgaerTianebebi da sxva.



respublikis xanaSi kerZo korporaciebiswarmoSobas saxelmwifo ar zRudavda, magramaxali welTaRricxvis mijnaze korporaciisdaarsebisaTvis senatis Tanxmoba iyo saWiro. kolegia kanonierad CaiTvleboda, Tu misiarseboba nebadarTuli iyo senatisa daimperatoris mier. nebarTva mxolod religiurigaerTianebis daarsebisaTvis ar iyo saWiro.

Tavdapirvelad saxelmwifo ar gamodioda, rogorc iuridiuli piri, magram SemdgomSiaseTad aRiqmeboda, mag. municipaliteti.



• kerZo samarTlis sferoSi, iuridiuli pirebiiseve aRiqmeboda, rogorc fizikuri piri;

• calkeul pirTa gamosvla ar iwvevdakorporaciis moSlas;

• korporaciis qoneba gankerZoebulia misiwevrebis qonebisagan (piri ver gaitans Tavisqonebas, korporaciis vali misi vali araa);

• korporacia sxva pirebTan urTierTobasamyarebs fizikuri piris an pirebismeSveobiT.



iuridiuli piris saqmianobaSewydeboda Tu:

• dasaxul mizans miaRwevda, im SemTxvevaSi,

rodesac konkretuli mizniT iyo Seqmnili;

• misi saqmianoba kanonsawinaaRmdegogaxdeboda;

• misi wevrebis raodenoba samzenaklebi iqneboda.



persona

status libertatis

status civitatis

status familae

persona sui iuris

persona aliena iurus



capitis deminutio maxima

capitis deminutio media

capitis deminutio minima

ius conubii

ius commercii

caput

infamia



latini prisci

latini coloniarii

servus

manumissio

liberti

libertini


peculium

colonus

universitates

romis samarTali (safuZvlebi) kazusebi

kazusi

gaqceuli mona barbariusi airCiespretorad da is asrulebdapretoris movaleobebs manmade sanam cnobili ar gaxda rom is gaqceuli mona iyo.

2012 40DAVIT BOSTOGHANASHVILI

gaqceuli mona barbariusi airCies pretorad da isasrulebda pretoris movaleobebs manmade sanamcnobili ar gaxda rom is gaqceuli mona iyo.

kiTxvebi:

• gaqceuli iTvleba Tu ara monad?

• vis sakuTrebad iTvleba is?

• SeuZlia Tu ara mis patrons ganacxados Tavisiuflebebi barbariusze?

• pretoris Tanamdebobaze yofnis drosbarbariusis mier gamocemul aqtebs gaaCniaT Tu ara kanonieri Zala?

• pretoris Tanamdebobaze yofnis periodSibarbariusis mier SeZenili qoneba CaiTvleba Tu ara misi patronis sakuTrebad?

• SeuZlia Tu ara pretors monis ganTavisufleba?



pasuxi:

ulpiane Tvlis, rom barbariusispretoris Tanamdebobaze yofnisperiodSi mis mier miRebuligadawyvetilebebi ar unda gauqmdes. romael xalxs SeeZlo misTvis miecaes xelisufleba, da Tu ecodineboda, rom is gaqceuli mona iyo _ mianiWebda mas Tavisuflebas, amis ufleba aqvs aseve imperators.



kazusi

markusis mxevali lucia misgan daorsulda. es rom markusma Seityo is magistratiswinaSe sajaro gancxadebiT monobidangaaTavisufla. magram lucia valebis gamomaleve isev monobaSi moeqca da Svilicmxolod amis Semdeg gauCnda.

Tavisufalia Tu ara lucias Svili? daasabuTeT.



` ...daisva kiTxva: Tu orsuli mxevaliganTavisuflda da Semdeg [isev] mxevaligaxda... maSin igi Tavisufals Sobs Tumonas? dabolos, swored gadawyvites, rom[am SemTxvevaSi] Svili Tavisufaliibadeba da rom muclad myofis[Tavisuflad aRiarebisaTvis] sakmarisia, rom deda drois raRac SualedSiTavisufali iyos.~ marciane, digestebi, wigni I, tituli V, 5.


romis samarTali (safuZvlebi)

silabusi da saprezentacio masalebiSegiZliaT moiZioT el.fostaze:

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romis samarTali(safuZvlebi)

SekiTxvebi?gmadlobT

yuradRebisaTvis!gisurvebT warmatebebs!


Documents

romis samarTali (safuZvlebi) pirebi romis samarTalSi · vinaidan... mas kanoniT memkvidreoba ekuTvnis~. iuliane, digestebi, wigni I, tituli V 12. `vinc muclad aris, igi zustad isevea